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యూరప్ మరియు ఆఫ్రికా మధ్య వంతెన ఎందుకు లేదు? Why is there still no bridge from Europe to Africa?
The political origins of the project arise from the Common Hispanic-Moroccan Declaration of Fez, of 16 June 1979, and signed by the kings of Spain and Morocco.[11] One consequence of the declaration was the creation in 1981 (42 years ago) of SECEGSA, the Spanish government-funded corporation whose job is to study and promote the crossing.[12]
In December 2003, Spain and Morocco agreed[13][14] to explore the construction of an underwater rail tunnel to connect their rail systems. The tunnel would have linked Cape Malabata near Tangier with Punta Paloma in the El Estrecho Natural Park 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of Gibraltar.[15] In late 2006, Lombardi Engineering Ltd, a Swiss engineering and design company, was retained to draft a design for a railway tunnel.[16] According to the company, the main differences between the construction of this tunnel and that of the Channel Tunnel, linking France and Great Britain, are the depth of the sea and the geological conditions. The area under the Strait is less stable than that under the English Channel. An active major geologic fault, the Azores-Gibraltar Transform Fault, bisects the Strait, and severe earthquakes have occurred in the area. The presence of two deep Quaternary clay channels in the middle of the Strait makes construction complex,[8] causing doubts about the feasibility of the project and proposals for an exploratory tunnel.[17]
No official figures about the cost of the project had been announced by 2007, but previous estimates exceeded €5 billion.[18]
In February 2023, after a high-level bilateral meeting between Spain and Morocco, the Moroccan and Spanish governments resolved to relaunch the project for an undersea railway tunnel under the Strait of Gibraltar. As of 2023, the project is planned to start construction in 2030.[19]
Technical aspects
The proposed rail tunnel's length is 40 kilometres (25 mi), 300 metres (980 ft) deep,[9] and its construction would take 15 years. An earlier plan was to link the two continents via the narrowest part of the strait, but this idea was dismissed as the tunnel would be 900 metres (3,000 ft) below sea level. For comparison, the currently deepest undersea tunnel, the Norwegian Ryfylke Tunnel, is 291 metres (955 ft) below sea level. A tunnel deeper than Ryfylke is under construction, also in Norway; Rogfast will be 27 kilometres (17 mi) long and 392 metres (1,286 ft) deep, expected to be completed in 2028-29.
The construction of terminals, similar to the Eurotunnel Folkestone Terminal and Eurotunnel Calais Terminal at either end of the Channel Tunnel, might be required for transshipment of road vehicles.
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Strait of Gibraltar crossing# Is it possible to build a bridge from Africa to Europe?# Why building a fixed link between Europe and Africa matters
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