You have 3 brains. This is how to use them | Robert Sapolsky

[@kiandelacour2641]

Much as I love Robert Sapolsky's work in general, "The triune brain idea is one of the most successful and widespread errors in all of science” (Lisa Feldman Barrett 2020 - references below). When it was first described by Paul MacLean, as Robert says, in "The Triune Brain in Evolution. Role in Paleocerebral Functions" (1990) it was immediately and robustly critiqued (Reiner 1990). The "neo-cortex" is not new, is not unique to modern humans and does not "regulate" the mythic "emotional brain". Evolutionary neurobiology showed, as long ago as the early 1970s, that human brain development is simply a scaled-up version of all mammalian brain development and that all vertebrates possess the same basic brain regions (Cesario et al 2020). Including reptiles. Despite being ubiquitous, continued use of the triune brain fallacy is not supported by the data - and has important implications for how emotions and agency are conceptualised. For example, the idea that rationality = thinking = the absence of emotion when, in practice, thinking can be profoundly irrational and emotion profoundly rational. Law, economics and much of daily discourse assumes there is a sharp distinction between the rational and the emotional, but this is a story, without foundation in how the brain actually evolved, works and is structured. For those still teaching or otherwise engaging with the triune brain fallacy, I urge you to explore more current neuroscience by research scientists rather than commentators (this is NOT a pop at Robert Sapolsky. It's just that many, maybe most proponeents of the triune brain fallacy are not involved with directly testing the hypothesis). The papers below (and especially Lisa Feldman Barrett's books and KZbin interviews) centre a whole-brain view of our construction of reality. And is supported by ample evidence, unlike the 90's neo-Platonic theory. • Your Brain's Most Important Functions - Dan Pink in Conversation with Lisa Feldman Barrett (2023) kzbin.info/www/bejne/hJXQYWmkj6-leKMsi=G7O2nLEnmJOV-aQB • Cesario J, Johnson DJ & Eisthen HL (2020) Your Brain Is Not an Onion With a Tiny Reptile Inside. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(3), 255-260. journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963721420917687#bibr34-0963721420917687 • Feldman Barrett, L (2018) How Emotions Are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain. Pan. lisafeldmanbarrett.com/books/how-emotions-are-made/ • Feldman Barrett, L (2020) Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain. Picador. lisafeldmanbarrett.com/books/seven-and-a-half-lessons-about-the-brain/ • Reiner A (1990) An explanation of behavior: Review of The Triune Brain in Evolution. Role in Paleocerebral Functions. Paul D. MacLean. Plenum, New York, 1990. Science, 250:4978, 303-305. DOI:10.1126/science.250.4978.303-b www.researchgate.net/publication/6043837_The_Triune_Brain_in_Evolution_Role_in_Paleocerebral_Functions_Paul_D_MacLean_Plenum_New_York_1990_xxiv_672_pp_illus_75 • Steffen PR, Hedges D and Matheson R (2022) The Brain Is Adaptive Not Triune: How the Brain Responds to Threat, Challenge, and Change. Frontiers in Psychiatry 13:802606. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.802606 www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.802606/full

[@nolamikey]

Thank you both for the detailed comment and the additional sources of information to explore. Lots to chew on.

[@freyc1]

The criticism is simply based on (sometimes quite dishonest) misinterpretation of MacLean's ideas. For instance, the very idea that thought is not independent for emotion was actually the origin of his theory. It's called the triune brain, not the tripartite brain. He never said these "parts" were independent, or that they were successively added to one another during evolution without prior basis or that the "reptilian brain" in mammals was the same as in reptiles.

[@sheilawade433]

0:34 Thank you for the references. "schematic" -good reason for lifelong ongoing educational renewal Disparities in generational educational opportunities create generations of disparities in common working knowledge and communication.

[@Darknight526]

Thanks!

[@emilysha418]

wow! thank you for this detailed answer! I love it when people provide nuance, context and citations for their criticisms! A rare and valuable comment indeed.

[@LokiBeckonswow]

this guy is my favourite kind of celebrity cos of his great ability to communicate complicated + relevant info in interesting and accessible ways, absolute legend

[@manoftheworld1000]

This guy is definitively my favourite neurobiologist! His work is a real treasure trove for my work as a self-employed neuropsychological clinician!

[@anywallsocket]

Bro said all that in a single sentence 😂 I absolutely love this man, his Stanford lectures are phenomenal 🙏

[@indigoblue4791]

Agreed 😊

[@dukeallen432]

Watch his lecture on religion.

[@vandolmatzis8146]

Bro has four brains.

[@monseniore]

So many ppl in the comments saying that this is not real... in 0:40 he litterally addresses that this is just schematic, the brain is not like this, its just a simple way of analysing how it works

[@Justineyedia]

“The subconscious mind is ruled by suggestion, it accepts all suggestions - it does not argue with you - it fulfils your wishes.” “Your subconscious mind does not argue with you. It accepts what your conscious mind decrees. If you say, 'I can't afford it,' your subconscious mind works to make it true.

[@user-kj2gf1cn1p]

thank you for this justin 🙏🏽🖤

[@user-kj2gf1cn1p]

what is this from?

[@Samsara__]

​@@user-kj2gf1cn1pSounds like Napoleon Hill or even Robert Anton Wilson to me

[@djayjp]

No, often the subconscious mind sends signals to the conscious mind.

[@bloodsonnet]

What the thinker thinks the prover proves

[@emilcioran8873]

I admire this man so much. I have heard many people speak. Most of the intellectual ones I've heard, I did so on the internet. But this man manages to stand out. Among the great ones, this man is truly an exception.

[@TNT-km2eg]

Explanations without solutions

[@raginald7mars408]

a meso potamian fossil going extinct

[@luddity]

@@TNT-km2eg Solution TLDW: When SHTF, go to your happy place.

[@poladelarosa8399]

Always a pleasure as well as an education to hear the eminent Robert Sapolsky.

[@MI-gn9lg]

Thank you for not cluttering this video with a cut rate Philip Glass-like soundtrack and corny stock footage as in some of the other entries in this series.

[@PG-wz7by]

Listening to Mr Saplsky talk lowers my blood pressure :)

[@ArtemusBlue]

Nowhere is this more strikingly obvious than in people with mental illnesses, and I think those of us with anxiety have an intrinsic awareness of how our mental and emotional state affects our bodies, because damn if I'm not sitting here in a buttload of pain that I learned to tune out when I was a teenager because my cortisol flooded brain makes the muscles in my body tense 24/7, and I don't remember the last time I didn't have a headache! I can't get rid of the anxiety completely, so I can't get rid of the pain completely either, and the pain often makes my emotional state worse, que the vicious circle 🤷‍♀️

[@nielsderyst]

I understand, as someone that also suffers a lot of daily anxiety (1 of my symptoms of my autism), I strongly recommend trying out cbd, thc and even tripping, because it helped and helps me a lot.

[@riveteye93]

Used to have a lot of anxiety and panic attacks, but fixed them for good with breathe work. It's kinda almost stupid and tragic how much pain and loss I could've prevented just by breathing in spesific ways for like 10-15 minutes a day.

[@robh5695]

Read Psychocybernetics. You'll understand.

[@bh4872]

I highly recommend you check out Dr. Russell Kennedy's work, and his approach to healing anxiety

[@Bravedom]

I’ll jump on the advice wagon and say if you haven’t already done so look into how nutrition can help you. The food we eat has a lot of impact on our brain and and rest of our body. I’m glad you learned to control your state of mind and I hope you’re able to conquer this challenge entirely 🙏🏼

[@Lucas-wk2zh]

He was the best in very bad trip, didn't know he was that smart. Very interesting.

[@danielbrowne9089]

Good hair, good beard and good brain

[@The-Well]

Good comment! 😉

[@spookyboo333]

Frfr❤

[@NathanHarrison7]

Genius. How I love these series. The science of thinking. Thank you for sharing your decades of knowledge. Powerful.

[@seansayer7684]

In my darker moments I judge the world for ignorance, but essentially it is a form of guiding the mind away from certain problems in order to survive, that all of us engage in, sometimes without knowing it.

[@diegoX6Turbo]

The professor mentioned three functional layers of the brain, the same brain, NOT 3 BRAINS!.

[@jamaalrichardson4966]

It is perfectly acceptable to speak of the "3 Brains" schema. What we currently understand about the evolution of the brain, specifically the human brain, the hind, limbic, and forebrain are stratified and came about through evolutionary pressures that had no single end-goal in mind.

[@AL_THOMAS_777]

Its just meant s y m b o l i c !

[@diegoX6Turbo]

@@jamaalrichardson4966 I'm not a doctor, but that would be like title a video: "learn to use your 4 hearts" (just because the human heart has four chambers), I just criticized the title of the video, of course my absolute high respects for the professor Robert Sapolsky.

[@johannesdeboeck]

"You don’t have an inner lizard or an emotional beast-brain. There is no such thing as a limbic system dedicated to emotions. And your misnamed neocortex is not a new part; many other vertebrates grow the same neurons that, in some animals, organize into a cerebral cortex if key stages run for long enough. Anything you read or hear that proclaims the human neocortex, cerebral cortex, or prefrontal cortex to be the root of rationality, or says that the frontal lobe regulates so-called emotional brain areas to keep irrational behavior in check, is simply outdated or woefully incomplete. The triune brain idea and its epic battle between emotion, instinct, and rationality is a modern myth." Excerpt From Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain Lisa Feldman Barrett

[@jshankar1098]

Thinking about something totally different from our present external situation isn't as easy as it is being said. But with practice it can be done. Practice to think. Take 30 mins of lone time and spend it to think, various scenarios, not fictitious, past, present and future, and when in stress, this will help you think better. Great video.

[@throughthoroughthought8064]

Thank you. I was looking for a TLDR. But why not fictitious? I've heard that large parts of the brain can't tell the diff.

[@sonialopes7367]

I read Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers around 20 years ago and I've been a huge fan ever since. Loved this video.

[@AayushiRohilla]

He is ICONIC, and the way he explains things 🙌🏼 thank you sir

[@ralphdoe8308]

Explaining so much in such a short period of time is an incredible expression of human altruism or love! Wow!

[@SUCCESSPASS]

Consciously focusing your attention on something positive, exciting or relaxing just before you go to bed and when you wake up in the morning is really helpful.

[@slugface322]

I mastered this in mid 80s And you can as well. Well not really most people are too far gone. They are easily identified and avoided. Everything flows from your mental health, nurture and protect it as though your life depended on it cuz it sure as hell does!

[@VotersAreIdiots-g3x]

You sound pretty ego driven though.

[@pennymiller2254]

Every time I listen to him my brain gets excited evidently I’ve been doing biofeedback for a couple decades now I just didn’t know that’s what it was called God bless everybody happy Fourth of July

[@lauramariamusic]

So nice! Seems to explain how practicing gratitude for the good things in your day or your life are good for your well being 😊

[@THEWAY-jf2ny]

Very well explained. Thanks

[@The-Well]

Thanks for watching, we're glad you're here!

[@DrDavelope]

Fascinating! Very informative. I’ve known many of these concepts separately but Rob connects the dots for us, creating another wonderful Aha moment.

[@waynebiro5978]

You have many areas in the brain with specialized functions. The three brain perspective is just one perspective, only a partial truth (since any object has many partial truths from different perspectives). The question is, how useful is your partial perspective, which depends on what you are doing.

[@oscarcorbiere2899]

Those “many areas” are specific to certain functions, eyes, ears etc. Robert is talking of how our mental/ emotional/ autonomic systems and how they interrelated, and control your behaviour, dispute having the largest neocortex of species

[@-hx7on]

the man is ahead of his time. although old, his courses from Stanford and " the great courses" are life changing.

[@ogungou9]

Each time I listen to him, my hope for humanity goes up ...! I'm more positive.

[@neildutoit5177]

Ahead of his time? This model of the brain was obsolete years ago. He's far behind.

[@-hx7on]

@@neildutoit5177 obviously you know nothing about him or read any of his books..take care.

[@VotersAreIdiots-g3x]

How is he ahead oh his time? We’ve always had brains and people attempting to explain them. He’s quite brilliant though.

[@amusicment4829]

Wonderful, thank you, Dr. Sapolsky

[@Олександр-к6о2л]

It's like a calming rap. Gifted narrator.

[@JoeyCahan]

I do this for chronic pain all the time!!

[@econrith]

Going by your excellent advice, it looks to me that hypnosis sessions to achieve, say weight loss or learning the piano easier and in less time spent is a big win win. Your book Determined is also a very thought provoking read. I wonder that you do not put that all to a video format. In general folks seem to lack social science guiding them in early and later educational years. Professor Sapolsky saves the world.

[@z-horn7265]

I love it even more, that this genius is so appreciated

[@granitfog]

What about the contrast between the Default Mode Network and the Task Positige Network. They seem to be in Part 3 in the description given above. For most people the DMN is default mode (hence the name) of perception and response, while the mind shifts into the TPN unconsciously depending on the focus of attention and action. But training (meditation) can allow the person to select greater involvement of the TPN to guide attention and action.

[@ArcusofAllah]

Very insightful, thank you

[@alexisscarbrough4083]

I find it fascinating that we just came out of a couple of strong dieting decades and a lot of us were raised by starving parents who were cruel

[@roseannarabia6461]

I've been waiting for this kind of explanation of how the brain communicates my entire life! I wish our educational system would teach this as it's most basic level starting in elementary school. It makes sense why meditation works, and how athletes and soldiers overcome their physical and mental obstacles when they are deemed, 'in the zone', and how some people have survived seemingly insurmountable circumstances. I feel like I just had the entire history of humanity's behavior summed up in an a matter of minutes.

[@ClownWorld63]

Freud talked about the diff parts of the brain, Timothy Leary talked about the diff parts of the brain, Jung also. He just adds to it.

[@PovilKa]

Very informative and perspective shifting! As for the last part: he coul call it meditation. People call it praying, yoga or positive thinking as well.

[@The-Well]

So true!

[@brucey7164]

We don’t use our brain; it uses us.

[@gratefulkm]

First there is a mountain then there is not, then there is

[@VotersAreIdiots-g3x]

Why create the division? Did you or your brain create that hierarchy?

[@maymorton7390]

8f u have a healthy liver u have self control , its the largest organ it matters its the seat of good health it filters everything u eat its not only the brain that thinks the liver is the planner .

[@youforelearning244]

Love the way this has been simplified

[@VotersAreIdiots-g3x]

The Tao does as well.

[@Matteopolska]

He's the beast in explaining and storytelling 🎉

[@musselchee9560]

Cheers. I needed that: to think about listening to a schematic talk on thinking about what motivates me; Three talks to two who talks to one.

[@Mattytube18]

The great Robert Sapolsky!

[@BehaviorCoachNeysa]

Yes. We can learn and practice self-regulation skills to improve health and happiness. No drugs or equipment necessary.

[@leviathanv3135]

Is there a longer video on the same subject with the same guy?

[@zacharydavis4398]

Thanks for spending the time to create and share this content awareness/perspective

[@cheri238]

Thank you again, Dr. Saplosky, you are a genius among many. 🙏❤️🌎🌿🕊🎵🎶🎵

[@serengetilion]

Look here, somebody needs to figure this out cause I just saw another video uploaded 3 days ago from Big Think , she says no the brain isn't made up of 3 systems, that that is the old thinking, that it's ridiculous. I wanna know what's really how it is..

[@Vagabond-Cosmique]

Do you remember the name of that person? Or do you have a link to that video?

[@nancychace8619]

I'm reminded of therapies, or potential ones, for folks with PTSD. How can we out-think the trauma we've through? How can we get our limbic systems past those ingrain associations? Please correct me if I'm not on the right track - Am also reminded of Bernie Siegel's work to help cancer patients heal - Seems he's been able to help people reach past the surface with regard to these systems. Thank you for sharing.

[@MaxDooDat2]

Thank you Dr. Sapolsky for this info. But what I would like to understand is whether or not our subconscious mind and its thought generation are totally controlled by the limbic area. For instance, when people attempt to meditate we observe "mind chatter". Unwanted thoughts that annoyingly get injected over and over again into our consciousness and temporarily interrupt our focus. Such thoughts seem to be emanating from our subconscious, but are they actually originating in our conscious mind? But the real bottom line question here is, "What is the most efficient method for stopping them?"

[@jediTempleGuard]

As a 2 brainer, I highly appreciate the information given by this 4 brainer gentleman.

[@twohoursto]

Thanks Odin, I'll do my best to use this information practically to improve my life 🥰

[@LokeyeMC]

I'm surprised he doesn't mind referring to it as the Lizard Brain. I like to call it the Nematode Brain, since that's about the time we split off on the evolution arc, prior to the reptiles coming around. It just shows how confident he is with his knowledge, since he clearly sidesteps any of the issues of referring to it as literally a reptilian brain.

[@fookinmatei]

i really really love this!

[@bazpearce9993]

Fascinating.

[@StudioPlus555]

live in present with full awareness is a success

[@regulus8518]

this guy is a certified genius .... recipient of the macarthur genius grant for his work on neuroscience

[@Bonnatella]

Im just here for his hair routine. Those curls are moisturized and healthy ✌️✨

[@chaosordeal294]

If you like this, I urge you to seek out his classroom lectures here on yt -- great stuff!

[@Moonless6491]

I'm dealing with a pain condition caused by mind body syndrome. The Lizard brain is creating pain to distract from the emotions the limbic system is feeling. The Lizard brain sees the emotions as just as dangerous as a bear, but instead of hiding pain like it usually does when it aroused temporarily, it creates pain because the limbic is aroused chronically, thus the pain becomes a chronic response like a stuck open neurological valve. It becomes chronic and I have to unlearn it. Dr. John Sarno pioneered this theory.

[@TranceGurl20]

I'm convinced that the lizard brain was created by actual reptilian extraterrestrials there are civilizations that have lived before us we were not the first ones on the planet I'm sure we our DNA manipulated

[@MindWorld]

I admire your creativity and the unique perspective you bring to your videos🌟🌟

[@jdd1565]

Absolutely genius! 👏

[@nicholasburch2122]

Distract yourself! Feel bad? Distract yourself and think about something that makes you feel good!

[@marafenton8178]

Gurdjieff covered this idea back in 1900ish. Been a while since I read Ouspendsky’s “In Search” but I think he outlines it in that book. So the ancients knew about this far back in millennia. 🤷‍♀️🙏

[@kenschulz4186]

Would love to hear his thoughts on using breath as a communication channel between layer 1 and 3. Conscious means to influence the reptile

[@foodchewer]

@ 6:32 OK but if you have serious damage to your peripheral blood vessels, some kind of chronic sodium imbalance, or some other kind of disease that's caused damage to your blood vessels or your autonomic nervous system's ability to regulate their diameter and tone, you can't just "think" your way out of hypertension. As far as I know, the approach he's describing would only work if the primary cause of hypertension is psychosomatic.

[@philly8184]

1. "If you think about the brain and behavior long enough, you can’t help but conclude that free will is an illusion. Our actions are shaped by our biology, our environment, and our experiences, and all of these are beyond our conscious control." 2. "When you realize that so much of what you do is not under your control, it’s liberating in a way. You can stop beating yourself up for your mistakes. You can recognize that you’re a product of forces far beyond your control, just like everyone else." 3. "One of the kindest things we can do for ourselves is to stop shaming ourselves for things that are beyond our control." 4. "In family relationships, understanding that free will is an illusion can lead to more empathy." 5. "Compassion arises naturally when we recognize that everyone is doing the best they can with the circumstances and biology they’ve been given." Neurobiologist Dr Robert Sapolsky

[@TheNoerdy]

I love these videos.

[@JustPassinBy3]

Same!

[@rai.lete.wishthinker]

so is the decision to think about something to get a limbic response, is that a choice? or an inevitability?

[@kimfroman2023]

This name is familiar. Did he write a book about animals? It was a book i read decades ago. off to Google now!

[@cowoverthemoo]

He is a professor at stanford.

[@m-z-nzedjali4043]

Sometimes when you are fasting you feel a mental clarity after that initial state of hunger. And why is that is something I still struggle to understand?

[@Keithzzzzt]

Its the ketones that your body is producing by fasting. The brain loves them. Plus the lack of insulin eliminates hypoglycemia and the liver ramps up gluconeogenesis. Epinephrine and noradrenaline become elevated. All of this combines to give you great clarity of thought and focus. From an evolutionary perspective this makes absolute sense. When do you need more alertness, focus and energy? When you have to go out in the dangerous world and hunt for game or run down an antelope. Fasting increases metabolic rates , switches the body into fat utilization and spares lean muscle catabolism.

[@Knifymoloko]

So for those afflicted with PTSD, the limbic layer is influence the lower layer and upper layers? Is trauma merely a memory that needs to be reevaluated in a way that is 'healthy' for the individual?

[@gratefulkm]

Real Trauma is locked behind a DREAD of neurons, that the cortex will only show you when the cortex believes your imagined self is ready that the thought process is a REAL as it can get to deal with the coming reality In other words complete disassociation with the words whirling around Muruguns finger And you are like Kumar :)

[@Mahle-f2b]

Well explained.

[@fnm500]

Everything he says after 5:33 assumes we have some control, some free will..But recently Sapolsky came out with a new book that pretty much says we have no free will. How to reconcile the somewhat contradictory messages?

[@oscarcorbiere2899]

Sapolaky simply means the things that came before shaped our personalities. If you're here those things that shaped you make you willing to learn and accept the findings in these studies I've wondered this myself as there are certain peoples that change- drug addicts, criminals and even just emotionally disturbed people. But we can make choices along our path. It's not out of character to choose life over demise which is sometimes the case with addicts. It comes down to which program is stronger. Do you choose to be arrogant, abusive or retaliatory? No. That program was initiated when you were born or even before. Epigenetics speaks to this. So strong upheaval of the 3 brain systems can in fact cause a change, but is our executive system in charge there? No. Not really

[@jasonweaver3629]

Such a legend, thank you.

[@MelvinArthurMurray]

Not just the beard but the knowledge.

[@Elassyahmed]

What a pleasure to stumble upon a video by this amazing mind.

[@dubbedwarrior957]

🎯 Key Takeaways for quick navigation: 00:00 🚀 *Setting and achieving goals doesn't have to feel like hard work; the key is implementing the advice from this video.* 01:08 🧹 *A clean room reduces distractions, lowers stress hormones, and improves focus; spend 5 minutes tidying it up every morning or night.* 02:29 📱 *Phones, computers, and game consoles can be major time-suckers; consider reducing screen time using apps like Unplug or built-in screen time options.* 03:38 👫 *The people you spend the most time with significantly influence you; surround yourself with positive individuals through clubs, sports, or online communities.* 04:58 🎉 *The tips shared in the video are aimed at making productivity enjoyable, eliminating distractions, and can be easily implemented by anyone for significant differences.* Made with HARPA AI

[@The-Well]

Much appreciated! 💡

[@cheesyptp]

Ooh, think nice thoughts! Never thought of that

[@feralbluee]

you make everything so logical, it really helps me to parse my emotional life, which right now is overwhelming me. (i think it matters , i’m 78 :) 🌷🌱

[@tjmozdzen]

I'm not sure I caught how I can choose to use them differently other than the bio-feedback part. I'm currently reading his book "Determined" and find his views parallel mine. The book is giving me more details to support what I think is true about free-will.

[@Christifit406]

Wow. He is good

[@The-Well]

We couldn’t agree more!

[@MT4eva21]

thoughts interact with affect interact with behavior interact with motivational states, and not necessarily in that order

[@kolyataracyk9560]

So insightful stuff, thanks

[@simonanardi4312]

Fascinating! Thanks!

[@glenrotchin5523]

I wonder if this three brain scheme relates to our ability to conceive of time in terms of past, present and future. Reptilian thinking seems to be present mindedness. The emotional limbic brain seems to associate with memory and learning and therefore the past. The neocortex seems associated with the future, being able to think logically about outcomes and consequences.

[@naranyala_dev]

basics animals (fight or flight) < mammals (emotional support) < homo sapiens (rational thinking)

[@a.bodhichenevey1601]

Outstanding Lecture!

[@monami7092]

Great video

[@SuhailNizar-k2r]

Brain is a loyal soldier of mind.

[@terenzo50]

Explains the Snickers TV commercials. Explains method acting and sense memory.

[@_negentropy_]

He’s my favourite.

[@ramseydoon8277]

Thank you!

[@tatiyana8934]

😍❤️ The most kind man to explain madly complected things so, that even such a 'paramecium' like me can understand something! /🙏🏻👍🏻❤✌🏻

[@AwareLife]

This deciding to think about certain memories, images to modify lesser level systems, I was wondering how to do this geninely and on time etc, if I am totally determined, without free will? Your power of explanation is excellent and very helpful. It is wonderful to see in an academic because sometimes it doen't always follow. Thank you very much. But I am not convinced of your interpretation about no free will at all. We make a decision about our experienced thoughts, the result of all this complexity at unseen layers. If a deeper "decision" is already indicated at neural level, is it not possible that it is the proposed projection for our consideration and conscious decsion? If we decide yes , it looks like the decision was made before, but do you have data that show NOT deciding "Yes" when the proposal is presented to our conscious free will decisions happen? I accept many things/influences are detrmined or not known by us conciously but I cannot see absolutley no power of decision at all. A real active effective decision is a point of free will. 🙏

[@mattkanter1729]

Robert ! Professor !! Nice . Great user manual for the / my brain(s) . I am really enjoying the increased awareness of and fascination with the stuff in my scull . Just one question please: ¿ what was your favorite Talmudic tractate when you were growing up , or now ? Just curious, plus I would love to learn / chavrusa with you holy dude ! Thanks

[@johnaugsburger6192]

Thanks

[@lukecarey613]

Fantastic advice. Thank you.

[@The-Well]

Glad it was helpful!

[@مرادمحمدصبري]

Thanks a lot

[@martyduty2598]

Where has this channel been my entire life?

[@The-Well]

Right here, waiting for you! 💡

[@skeptikson3894]

Dear Robert, I have been following your lectures with pleasure for years and I find them very interesting, but I have a question. What is your diagnosis?