I was taught in the old days that it was 66.7%. But hey... I was also taught that it was was a FULL WAVE bridge rectifer instead of a FULL BRIDGE. (Because with half a bridge you ain't going nowhere)😂. Thanks for your video though.
@paulpkaeКүн бұрын
Thanks for the comment. I don't know where 66.7% comes from but 63.2% is basically 1-(1/e).
@chillipaste218323 сағат бұрын
I guess the 66.7% comes from 2/3 of 100%. I.e. 66.66666(recurring)%
@karlsangreeКүн бұрын
I love these videos. They are a master class in how to simply explain difficult concepts.
@paulpkaeКүн бұрын
Many thanks, much appreciated.
@averystablegeniusКүн бұрын
Great job, as usual, PKAE. May I ask what tools you used to create this video? Specifically, what tool created the 'slides,' and what tool recorded the animation, and how did you generate and capture the circular cursor?
@paulpkaeКүн бұрын
Thanks very much! Believe it or not, I simply use PowerPoint for the slides. It's quite cumbersome to get the animated stuff working right, but I have kind of been mastering it over the last year or so. I also use tools like Gimp to edit images and various web based tools. The circular cursor is an app called SwordSoft Mouse Track which you can download Free, but I paid for the full version several years ago. It's only $7.
@averystablegenius17 сағат бұрын
@@paulpkae Many thanks, Paul. You are indeed the master of PowerPoint. I look forward to trying out Swordsoft. Meanwhile, please keep posting your excellent videos.
@markusbrekka8551Күн бұрын
Great video! This is a really great introduction to capacitors and I hope we get similar video for inductors! They're great for giving friends/family a peak into electrical engineering without frying their brains, haha! Two small comments regarding the formulas; 1) I would have appreciated a quick explanation on how the 63.2% relates to and can be used instead of the formula. (For those who see this and might wonder it's because when you plug in your time constant as your time into the V(t) = V_out(1-e^-(t/tau)) formula you end up with v_out(1-e^(-1)) = V_out(1-0.367...) = V_out(0.632) = 63.2% of V_out) 2) I personally like the formula myself, haha, it's really handy when plotting the charge/discharge graphs on a calculator as you only have to go back and change (t) for each of the 5 steps! :D But that's personal preference of course!
@paulpkaeКүн бұрын
Many thanks. The 63.2% is indeed basically derived from the full formulae using Euler's number. I have just uploaded my Spreadhseet that I put together to plot the curves and you can now download a copy of it from here:- 1drv.ms/f/c/10f323cd9840b5df/Enqgf2SPoDJKkn3XGLOYIk8BcAAsRnPbToovsfLdxyhl0Q?e=TumFSJ The full formulae is indeed the better option, but I think mathematical exponents and Euler's number would put many people off unnecessarily. 63.2% equates to 1-(1/e) Once again, thanks for the comment and hope you keep engaging....
@DustinWattsКүн бұрын
Very well explained. You said it, but skimped over it. You will never reach the input voltage on your capacitor.... it will always be charging or discharging with an ever de-/increasing amount. Continuing with your example after a lot of RC's the voltage will reach 4.999999999999 but never 5V exactly. But you did state state after 5RC we call it fully charged or discharged. Because it is close for normal cases. Again, thanks for the video!
@paulpkaeКүн бұрын
Thanks for the comment. Yes, after 5 time constants, the capacitor will trickle charge/discharge indefinitely. That's assuming perfect components which don't exist of course. In reality, after 5 time constants, the supply voltage at the capacitor terminals is likely to be fluctuating more than the remaining capacitor's purely mathematical charge/discharge rate.
@DustinWattsКүн бұрын
@@paulpkae Yeah, because the 5V is almost never exactly 5V. There is always some ripple. Depending on the supply there is more or less ripple.
@thanujadayasri793Күн бұрын
Thank you very much !!!
@paulpkaeКүн бұрын
You are welcome. Glad you enjoyed and many thanks for the comment.
@SameAsAnyOtherStrangerКүн бұрын
This Only Fan's channel rules.
@alanturner1184Күн бұрын
Thanks for another great video
@paulpkaeКүн бұрын
Thanks for watching and thanks for the comment.
@paulsto6516Күн бұрын
Good show! 👍👍
@paulpkaeКүн бұрын
Many thanks.
@jeffschroeder48052 күн бұрын
Is the ESR of the capacitor normally considered negligible, thought it might be added to the resistor value. ESR is relatively small, usually tenths or hundredths of an ohm. I guess it would increase in significance if the resistor chosen was smaller?
@paulpkaeКүн бұрын
The ESR is really insignificant in this instance. If you are designing a basic RC timer circuit, then the Resistor you choose would typically be many orders of magnitude greater than the parasitic resistance of the capacitor. Your question does highlight though, that even without a resistor, the capacitor does not instantly charge; that would require infinite current (which is not possible). There is always unwanted resistance in your circuits including the connecting wires (or copper traces), power supply or battery output impedance and indeed ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) of capacitors.
@REL1C10 күн бұрын
great intro, thank you. i was always confused by the word "impedance" because it sounded similar to "resistance".
@paulpkae10 күн бұрын
Thanks for watching and thanks for your comment.
@Andrew-lk5ov10 күн бұрын
An exceptionally well presented video that is one of the best, if not the best, I have seen -- it is an excellent tutorial! Obviously a tremendous investment in time and effort was needed to produce it. My only comment (quite minor) involves the ≥ 6V sign used in the state change chart (11:39) for Comparator 2 -- it had been my understanding that equal input voltages for op amps would always produce a zero output voltage and that a voltage differential would be required to initiate a change. Either way, wonderful work.
@paulpkae10 күн бұрын
Many thanks.
@dartme1811 күн бұрын
0:38 I don't see any Diodes :'(
@sharkbaitsurfer12 күн бұрын
I've had a little book called 555 and it's applications for literally decades - never got around to reading it, now I am seriously going to read it - yours is probably one of the best, if not the best explanation of electronics I have ever encountered. SUBSCRIBED!
@paulpkae12 күн бұрын
Brilliant! Thanks for the comment and especially for Subscribing too.
@Huiando18 күн бұрын
Brilliant explanation. Thank you!
@paulpkae18 күн бұрын
Glad it was helpful!
@pauldarthurs18 күн бұрын
Thank you, very vivid explanation! Love the bicycle pump and fly wheel analogies!
@paulpkae18 күн бұрын
Glad you enjoyed it!
@pauldarthurs18 күн бұрын
Great video, extremely well laid out. Thank you sir!
@paulpkae18 күн бұрын
Glad you enjoyed it and thanks for the comment.
@djenning9020 күн бұрын
This is the clearest explanation of how the 555 timer works, that I’ve ever seen!
@paulpkae20 күн бұрын
That's great. Many thanks for your comment, much appreciated.
@Brayo920 күн бұрын
I flunked this test years back....but all i needed was this video....😮
@paulpkae20 күн бұрын
If only I published it sooner 😆
@dalenassar915221 күн бұрын
What about just using the 555 in bi-stable mode?
@paulpkae21 күн бұрын
Really depends how you want the Switch to operate your device. In Bi-stable mode you typically utilise two momentary push button switches; one to latch a HI output and the other to latch LO. The behaviour is therefore quite different to a single push operation.
@mwerensteijn22 күн бұрын
Thanks a lot, very helpful and interesting video!
@paulpkae20 күн бұрын
Glad it was helpful and thanks for the comment.
@CybisterBug22 күн бұрын
Ok, before that my favourite was schmitt trigger debounce method, now I have to try this. Thank you very much, Michael
@paulpkae22 күн бұрын
Thanks. A dedicated Schmitt IC is the better option, although I suspect many hobbyists have 555s in their home collection but not necessarily Schmitt triggers.
@CybisterBug22 күн бұрын
@ I see. Actually I also have a bunch of 555. And I like the idea of hysteresis configuration. Btw, are you planning to describe a different variations of 555 maybe? For example speedy ones: Lmc555(up to 3MHz) or Tlc555 (over 2Mhz) I have no idea where I could use such a speedy species of this family. For the radio devices construction, maybe?
@UrbanGT23 күн бұрын
Thanks!
@paulpkae23 күн бұрын
Welcome!
@emreparlak272923 күн бұрын
i got the first explanation where you connect one LED to output and gnd, and the other LED reversed polorised to output and vcc. but i didnt understand the second diagram where both ends of LED sets are connected to both outputs
@paulpkae23 күн бұрын
It's a bit confusing because the Output pin can both "Source" and "Sink" current. So when it's HI, it provides a positive voltage. When it's LO, it's like connecting to ground. Does this help?
@emreparlak272923 күн бұрын
@paulpkae yes thank you. You also explain this in the following video with the simplified version
@emreparlak272923 күн бұрын
i didnt know you could do these kind of things with excel. you should also teach excel, man
@paulpkae23 күн бұрын
Excel is incredibly powerful and useful tool.
@paulpkae24 күн бұрын
Thanks to @bruceaitken1918 for spotting an error at 10:04. The t1 and t2 results should have both been 0.01525 not 0.0165 Seconds!
@bruceaitken191824 күн бұрын
Confused - I'm making a spreadsheet so I can play with the circuit of 10:25 but my numbers don't match yours - I get t1 = t2 = 0.01525 seconds. Not a huge error, but I can't see how it happened. Clues?
@paulpkae24 күн бұрын
Well spotted, you are the only person so far to mention that. I can see now that my calc is incorrect and your result is indeed right! My apologies for the confusion. I have been trying to work out how I inadvertently arrived at 0.0165 but can see no obvious reason. It must have been a mad moment or a cut and paste boo boo from something else. I will add a correction note in the comments. Thanks for this.
@zeddgara125 күн бұрын
Is their more math to the xc equation, I don't get 72 when I use it with those numbers.
@paulpkae25 күн бұрын
No, its exactly as shown. 1 over 2 x PI x Freq (in Hz) x Capacitance (in Farads). Make sure you multiply the bottom line first, i.e. 6.283x1000x0.0000022 = 0.0138226. Then take the reciprocal (or one over) of this result and you get 72.345......
@zeddgara124 күн бұрын
@@paulpkae Ah I missed a step thank you
@danman3225 күн бұрын
Basically this configuration of the 555 is a Schmitt trigger inverter. If you only need one and need to save board space, this will do. Otherwise get a hex Schmitt trigger, more popular as an inverter. If you get the inverter but don't want an inverted output, you have 5 other inverters in the package
@paulpkae25 күн бұрын
Thanks for the comment. For those interested in the Schmitt Trigger IC alternative see my previous video here:- kzbin.info/www/bejne/gKOmepp4irWbqNEsi=zdwQePjjZ9tjILGp
@kbiane25 күн бұрын
I apologize for the very basic question. I'm new to electronics and am trying to get a handle on the fundamentals. Could someone explain the role a capacitor plays in this context? I understand that it charges and then discharges when the switch is pressed, but I don’t quite understand why this is necessary
@paulpkae23 күн бұрын
Great question thank you. When the circuit is in the ON state, the capacitor provides sufficient delay, for when the switch is pressed again, to allow the MOSFET to turn off. Without it, then when the BJTs turn off, the right-hand side of the switch is immediately pulled high (via the 660K and middle 100K resistor) and subsequently the BJTs turn back on before the MOSFET had a chance to turn OFF.
@kbiane23 күн бұрын
@@paulpkae Thank you!
@mucrew744025 күн бұрын
Title image said one's guys missing? I can't work out Watts missing?
@paulpkae20 күн бұрын
Reactance ☺️
@ibrahimmahrir26 күн бұрын
Awesome!!! Great video from a great channel.
@paulpkae25 күн бұрын
Thanks so much!
@michaelrtreat26 күн бұрын
Great stuff
@paulpkae26 күн бұрын
@@michaelrtreat many thanks.
@alanturner118426 күн бұрын
Another great video explained well thanks, Yesterday tried your police blue lights with grandson worked very well cheers working on sirens to add now
@paulpkae26 күн бұрын
@@alanturner1184 that's great! Thanks for your comment. Your grandchild will probably remember that presious time for years to come.
@alanturner118426 күн бұрын
@@paulpkae Keeps me on my toes if you asked me what a breadboard was just over a year ago for cutting bread would of been reply Cheers again
@sadeghmollaii987326 күн бұрын
Nice
@paulpkae26 күн бұрын
@@sadeghmollaii9873 thank you.
@Mark1024MAK26 күн бұрын
Of course if you just want a nice clean pulse with a minimum pulse length from a push button, you could use the 555 in it’s monostable configuration.
@paulpkae26 күн бұрын
Video coming for Monostable operation. 😁
@wilhelmvonn961925 күн бұрын
There 's no guarantee that the contacts will break cleanly. If they bounce as they open the monostable may trigger again.
@danman3225 күн бұрын
The problem with using a 555 in monostable state for denouncing is that the 555 won't hold the delay while the trigger is triggered. Say you have the 555 delay for 100mS, and you hold the switch down for 1S, the 555 will still reset at least briefly after 100mS.
@CybisterBug22 күн бұрын
@@danman32 actually a good point. I have to check if there is possibility to avoid this. If no, well - In this case I think usage of comparator will be more reliable…
@danman3222 күн бұрын
@@CybisterBug there is if you're not particular about the timing. Use a transistor to hold the capacitor discharged whenever and during the time the trigger is asserted. Timing will then start once the trigger remains deasserted The problem with 555's, especially in monostable mode is that there's a timing difference between right after power up when capacitor is completely discharged, to during normal operation where capacitor would be at 1/3 VCC at idle.
@shadowopsairman158326 күн бұрын
R is used in dc, impedance, capacitive and inductive reactance are used in ac circuits, impedance is natural in conductors, can't stop laws of physics
@Mark1024MAK26 күн бұрын
In the past there were other manufacturers of the NE555 other than TI. I suspect there all work the same though.
@paulpkae26 күн бұрын
Hi. Yes they all adopt the same architecture but with varying characteristics such as maximum current, rise/fall times, CMOS/TTL, BJT/FETs.... etc
@chriswright981927 күн бұрын
Great video
@paulpkae27 күн бұрын
Glad you enjoyed it
@toomdog28 күн бұрын
Oh my... I haven't heard talk like that in 6 or 7 years; not since I passed microelectronics. I'm surprised how much was still common knowledge to me.
@paulpkae28 күн бұрын
Thanks for the comment. I think once you've truly learnt something you never really forget; you just need a little reminder. :)
@danman3229 күн бұрын
I love the graphics
@paulpkae28 күн бұрын
Thanks.
@StefanoBorini29 күн бұрын
Excellent stuff. Let me see if I can put everything together when it comes to power factor. Big induction motors have massive X_l and very low R, which means they would have a very "steep" triangle. So they add a massive capacitor to compensate for it, subtracting away the X_c until the load is purely resistive as X_l and X_c cancel each other. That's when you have an optimal power factor of 100%. Am I correct?
@paulpkae29 күн бұрын
Yes you are correct, but you are missing the "Power" bit. Power factor is the ratio of real power (the actual power consumed) to apparent power (the combination of real and reactive power, where reactive power is the unused portion), indicating how effectively electrical power is being used in a circuit. Capacitors are added to temporarily store the reactive energy generated by inductive loads during the AC cycle, helping to improve the power factor by reducing the overall reactive power demand. I will be doing a follow up video on Power Factor pretty soon.....
@Electronzap29 күн бұрын
Very cool circuit.
@paulpkae29 күн бұрын
Thanks Electronzap, and hi to a fellow Tuber. I have watched some of your channel previously.
@Electronzap28 күн бұрын
@@paulpkae That's awesome :)
@tammasus29 күн бұрын
Wtf, where’s the explanation?
@paulpkae29 күн бұрын
There's a link at the bottom of this Short video to the main video with full explanation. This is the first Short I have tried out BTW. Or use this link:- kzbin.info/www/bejne/anmno52NfdukoKssi=qggWJUkDeMSisndC
@BrunoAmaralBorges29 күн бұрын
This video was mind blowing. Thanks!
@paulpkae29 күн бұрын
Glad you liked it and thanks for your comment.
@lightfdarАй бұрын
Did this before and boy did I forget just about all of it.
@JustRob96Ай бұрын
My fave thing about impedance is how it allows us to look at the world and think about what a certain wave considers to be a solid wall. This video did not cover impedance matching (understandable, out of scope), which one must consider when connecting two regions of different impedance. How the impedance changes across the boundary controls how much of the wave is transmitted or reflected. Impedance is a feature of all waves, not just circuits however. Consider a trumpet, or any other brass instrument, why have they got that horn shape? The shape is a kind of impedance matching between the resonating cavity of the instrument and the open air. The horn shape helps match the impedance so that the maximum amount of power is transmitted from the cavity to the air!
@paulpkaeАй бұрын
Thanks for watching and your info. If anyone is interested about Impedance Matching, I did do a follow up video in response to another viewer's request some time ago. See link below:- kzbin.info/www/bejne/a6GTp2qQipWKmaM
@JustRob96Ай бұрын
@@paulpkae oh excellent, that's my tea-time sorted
@robgooderham7344Ай бұрын
I think that’s one of the best explanation I have ever seen. Fantastic video 👍🏻