"Domestication syndrome" does NOT refer to unforseen negative health consequences but to a series of traits that tend to come with selecting for being more tolerant of humans and less flights (specifically floppy ears, spots and more varied coat patterns and so on).

12:54 Dinosaurs and Crocodiles are actually both Archosaurs which is a very separate group of reptiles from Lizards and are more closely related to modern day birds!

If you have multiple species then magic must be involved in understanding other species. They will hear and speak outside human hearing range.

A deity is a patron, and clerics are warlock's.

The greatest science fiction write of all time (so far) Robert Jordan was a master of hard and soft magic. The way he did hard magic was perfect and something most people are unaware of. Most people think of Jordan as a fantasy writer... which isn't untrue, its just not all of the truth. The Wheel of Time is actually very much a Science Fiction setting. Many of the core ideas around the magic came from either science, or pseudo-science that was just on the cusp of being real if you squint hard enough. "The invocation, manipulation, or manifestation of supernatural forces, beings or entities brought into the physical, natural world." If you want to write a good strong magic system *DO NOT* use this definition. Before we go further lets say the same thing with fewer words "The manipulation of supernatural forces brought into the physical world." Now the problem with this definition is that it's nonsense and your readers will know it. In a world with magic, where magic is an inherent part of the makeup of the universe, there is no such thing as "magic" vs "science". That distinction would not, could not exist. Magic is not "The manipulation of glop brought into the physical world." What is glop? Glop is "nonphysical"? What does that even mean? How does the nonphysical (whatever that is) interact with the physical? Here is a better quote "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.". "She picked up her wand casting the spell voicelessly calling forth images on the scrying mirror." I literally just described a woman turning on a TV. "From his staff he called forth a bolt of fire blowing apart the wall before him" a man firing an RPG. "A bolt of lightning struck her target." A taser. Think of "mana" as Joules and magic systems not only become easier but also pull your reader in because you are grounding the reader in the real world while delivering the aesthetic of the fantastic. Fantasy looses a lot of readers because the absurdity makes the cost to high.

This was excellent! As a less important side to types of domesticated animals, animals may also be used for a specific purpose like science such as lab rats, live among sapient beings intentionally like pigeons, or even be completely reliant on living in sapient creatures homes like bed bugs.

They were called the "horse latitude" because in the days of sailing ships, they would hit doldrums, where no winds blow. This could last for days or even weeks. The only way to move the ship was to rig lines to the life boats and literally tow the ship. If the ship was laden with cargo, the cargo might be jettisoned. Sometimes that cargo was horses. As Jim Morrison so eloquently put it: "When the still sea сonspires an armor And her sullen and aborted currents Breed tiny monsters True sailing is dead Awkward instant And the first animal is jettisoned Legs furiously pumping Their stiff green gallop And heads bob up Poise Delicate Pause Consent In mute nostril agony Carefully refined And sealed over"

Worth mentioning that early instruments would depend also on biology. As most wind instruments require lips to be played, Silarians would be more likely to develop rhythmic instruments such skin drums, shakers, and maybe some early string instruments.

Is the malaurum necessarily a bad thing? The mutations and regenerations they provide can be good, right?

Slight correction for 8:52 Peatlands are not necessarily acidic. Bogs always are, but fens could be slightly acidic, but are more often neutral or alkaline. It doesn't really matter, but since it was brought up anyways, I figured I'd mention it.

I recently learned that "religion" as a distinct concept is a relatively recent invention, only a few hundred years old (700 if we're being lenient, 400 if we're strict; Before this the cognates of "religion" meant "bondage by an oath") and intrinsically related to ideas like agnosticism and atheism; And that as such, it is actually very difficult to precisely define, since it's a classification for a lot of unrelated concepts while also excluding related ones (eg magical praxis and creation stories are both religion, but experimental knowledge (science) and history are not, even though to the subject of study magical praxis and science are part of the same thing and creation stories and history are part of the same thing, but magical praxis and creation stories are not part of the same thing). The definition you give, incidentally, suffers from this imprecision as well (to whit, it would include any objective scientific knowledge or beliefs). In worldbuilding "fantasy" or mythological settings, this becomes an even bigger issue. The big implication behind the term "religion" is the same sort of disdainful condescending sense of "modern, enlightened superiority" with which anthropologists used to use terms like "animistic" or "savage," namely that the difference between "knowledge" and "religion" is that knowledge is correct and religion is not (and curiously, you will be hard-pressed even in the modern day to find an exception to this; Religious people, as in, those who are not atheist or agnostic, will tend to either treat the word "religion" as synonymous with their own supernatural beliefs, or defend their own beliefs as _fact_ but leave the rest of "religion" to rot). In a mythological setting, the gods are real, magic is real, the afterlife is real and creation really happened like that (most of the time), so "religion" is really just science and history in that context, maybe with a flavour based on "religion" in our own world. Learning that "religion" is a modern construct enlightened me on all of these other things, and I feel like a lot of stuff makes a lot more sense now, like I can see what used to be a blind spot for me (both as a writer and just as a person living around other people). "Magic," while a much older term (or concept; Magus is a very old word, but also words like sorcery and miracle and witch are clearly related if distinct in various ways, and are also old), faces a similar issue of specificity in modern parlance. It seems to a modern, educated observer that we generally know how almost everything works (which is probably farcical, and it probably seemed the same way to an educated individual in ancient or medieval societies as well, who believed that many things happened because of things we now call "magic" or "supernatural" because we are reasonably certain they are not actually real), and so magic is stuff that isn't or shouldn't be possible in the real world (hence the popular interpretation of Carl Sagan's assertion that sufficiently advanced technology would be indistinguishable from magic (advanced meaning "ahead of the observer's context"), that he meant for example that going back in time and showing a caveman a smartphone would seem like the supernatural work of ghosts to him). But "magic" means, historically and etymologically, "the work of the wise," or any esoteric craft. Medicine was once considered magic, even though some people understood, more or less, how it worked, how to do it and that it actually did work; But the knowledge was limited to the handful who could understand it, so it was magic. Writing was similarly magic for a time in many cultures. Stonemasonry can be magic, carpentry can be magic, giving good advice can be magic, parting the waters of a sea can be magic, flying and turning invisible can be magic. Magic can be supernatural, but it doesn't have to be; On the other hand, if every child knows how to use mana to shoot fireballs, shooting fireballs with mana is NOT magic. It's just something people can do. (And this "true" definition still works, arguably better, with Sagan's quote, of course; Consider that in the modern day, computer programming is one of the few esoteric practices that garners real results, and for most people it is mysterious and its results profound.)

This is great. But there is one thing semi out of place here: This works best with a world that's geographical sciences are like our own. One rarely considers that in some worlds, the growing of land formations, water bodies and weather may be very different than our own. Mountains may form due to other forces in the earth, Rivers may run differently due to what their source may be. Different forms of air currents may differ where deserts are formed. While some people feel coming up with a whole geological science for a RP world may be too much (and I so get that) you should never feel trapped in the same earth-based geology. Instead of the whole planet crust sitting on a ball of lava, maybe the world is more solid with lava tubes laced throughout the core. Let your imagination flow free.

question.... is there a difference between "rain forest" and "jungle"? or maybe is a Jungle just a sub-type of Rain forest? just curious. any way awesome video and amazing series.

A big element I try to keep in mind for my (fantasy) worldbuilding is the factors of the world that are wildly different from Earth, or any hypothetical real planet that is likely to exist, the most pressing for most fantasy settings being magic (depending on the system, of course). If there is an ambient magical force on the planet, and animals don't harness it, why not? Why would they not practically all evolve to do so? And if an animal is going to evolve sapience and advance tool-use, and it has access to telekinesis, for example, does it even need a prehensile appendage? If telepathy exists, does spoken language need to exist? Also I appreciate that your setting basically has the Elder Scrolls races: Humans (Humans), Khajiit (Urakan), Argonian (Silarin) and Elves (Na'qwuil).

Hot tip for worldbuilders: If your world rotates in the opposite direction, just rotate the map 180 degrees. Which magnetic pole you call "north" and which "south" is arbitrary and planets undergo magnetic reversal where the two flip anyway. East and west are defined by which side the sun rises on, so the sun always rises in the east. A sphere is symmetrical so there's no such thing as "rotating the other way" unless you're doing a weird AU of Earth itself where it rotates the other way.

There are more dicotomies: Soft/Hard: As you said, soft/hard is how well the rules are defined *and known by the reader* . Rational/Irrational: How much as system can be extrapolated. Superman is a hard and irrational systems since we know well what he can and cannot do, but we cannot infer from one power he has other powers. Limited/Unlimited: How much powerful the magic is, limited magic cannot do powerful stuff while unlimited can go wild in power. Low/High: How much magic is present in your world, how much people know about it. The cuthulu example you gave is not a part low part high, but a Low and Unlimited magic system (also soft and irrational). Bedning is Hard-Mid, Rational (you can predict sweat, blood, and mental bending as a viewer, and the powers follow one another) Harry potter is also Hard/Irrational - it's clear how each spell works, but you cannot infer new spells or abilities from existing ones.

A LOT of early warfare used clubs. Even up until the renaissance, maces were being used which is just a fancier metal club. Whole whole armies are rarely equipped with clubs, they weren’t very rare to see.

plink

The ocean currents at the end was exactly what I wanted to know, thanks!

First time watching one of your videos "My name is Matthew, or atleast that is what archealogists one day will decide" got me immediately! Good job and thanks!

Dude passed long ago guys, there's no need to ask for further episodes

in my world, i have an organism(called the Kakopoios) similar to your terrasicaris but instead of directly paralysing them, they excrete on the roots of one of the keystone species of the wetlands, which infect the plant with a disease that can paralyse or kill most animals that feed on this grass. The disease has no visual effect on the plant, so animals can't detect the disease until consumed. The Kakopoios then feeds on the dead animal.

In you azk me i wouldnt just drop out the coda. I would find a way that the deleted coda still marked its trace onto the previous syllable. For example, tones, vowel quality, phonation, vowel length, something cool like that. Heck, even you could do something as weird as this: /tat , tak/ > /tʼa , ɡǁɔ/

10:40 looks like horned kangaroo

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Bold of you to think that voting in parliament requires intelligence

3:23 /ğ/ ? seriously ?

I made a race that evolve from humankind. I call them Thirums

On my fictional world, there are fungi that live in the tropical rainforests that make parasites to kill other plants. They send these parasites through their mycelium, which sort of latches onto the roots of plants. The parasites then slowly hack away at the plant, and the nutrients and matter are absorbed and taken in by the mycelium in the process. What i find cool is that these fungi sexually reproduce to make these parasites; the male sends parasite gametes to the female. Parasite eggs get fertilised in a separate "womb". When the parasites have hatched, they are distributed among the 2 and they send them to get food for them.

this whole energy transfer bc of entropy idea actually solved a big issue I had with my sci-fi verse and its godtech/"magic". thanks!

So do the Naqil not have a religion?

Very good and helpful video! I'm also like n° 1K btw

I’m so glad I’m going to school with GIS under my belt alongside graphic design as my major.

Thank you for all the videos you uploaded. I noticed you stopped doing and I hope you keep doing your work because it is amazing. I hope you create series about character building and also societies building. Will ve so interesting. Have a nice day and I hope we can see you again very soon.

Your series is so great! I started making a map for my fantasy world of Izitho and I created its version of the “New World” already. After watching this video it’ll be easier to create the islands and mountains of Izitho and you are one of the channels that got me inspired to create worlds, so thank you very much and keep up the great job! 😊

Heracles/Hercules used a club. The frost giants of Norse Mythology used clubs. Samurai used kenabos which are a type of club. Odo Biship of Bayeux used a club in the battle of Hasting 1066. Native Americans used clubs Indians used clubs

In german, my name sounds like "Odom"

A little late to the party, but copper still has a massive advantage over stone. It can be fixed or remelted. If a complex stone tool broke, you would need to recarve the stone tool, and work painstakingly into it again. Copper could just be fixed using a hammer, or if necessary, re-smelting it, which was complicated, but would be compensated by its longer durability.

The definition of a state does have a formal definition. Article 1 the Montevideo Convention.

The issue with this video is that agriculture didn't appear in Egypt and lowland Mesopotamia, because those places were either just too arid to have "primitive" rain-fed agriculture or because they were too swampy like the Nile was during the African Humid Period. Agriculture was discovered in the semi-arid and mediterranean Levant, northern Mesopotamia and South-East Turkey

I have two languages hexian and leyvronian

PLEASE COME BACK I NEED YOU PLEASEEEEEEEE

I'm over here trying to use this to figure out the timeline for my creatures. They're of magic origin, and basically got to speedrun the paleolithic thanks to divine intervention, then left to figure out the rest themselves. I'm trying to pinpoint how far they would have feasibly gotten during the following 3000 years.

If Magic is making improbable things more likely, then it makes sence to have a magic system around luck. And it gives a default starting point for almost any action; things that are more unlikely are harser to cast. A raindance that works 6 days later is much easier then one, which works immediately, which is much, much less likely than shooting lightning out of your hands to hit someone. Luck has a unit; entropic skew mesured in bits, which I took from information theory, which took from thermodynamics. Imagine lining up every possible outcome of an event and ordering them using some methods. Ordinary, you would pick one world, and that would be what would happen, but entropic skew of 1, you select 2 worlds and choose the best one, 2 and you select from 4 worlds Entropic skew is gathered by objects with very specific shapes, honed through trial and error. The huristic events selected for are written nearby in a very poetic language with very limited vocabulary, similar to toki pona. Because of how many double meanings and flowery metaphor there are, getting exactly what you want is extremely difficult. You can set up the world into a line of percentiles according to some hurristic, and skew that distribution. Most luck has aplications in large industries like farming and insurance guilds and is seldom powerful enough in combat, because most wars are fought