10. Introduction to Neuroscience I

(April 21, 2010) Nathan Woodling and Anthony Chung-Ming Ng give a broad overview of the field of neuroscience and how it relates to human biology. They discuss the different lobes of the brain and the cells within as well as neuropharmacology and re-uptake.
Stanford University
www.stanford.edu
Stanford Department of Biology
biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on KZbin
/ stanford

[@menwithven8114]

These lectures helped me get over my heroin addiction. Im a more Science based person so NA didn't help to explain why I was feeling the way I did. 2 plus years sober. Thank you!!!

[@malachykinney1598]

recovERed gamER Super cool. Good luck. Have a nice day.

[@blackjack2770]

What helped you stay clean? I'm curious

[@marianoperez3750]

@@blackjack2770 Im guesssing probably by gaining an new/deeper understanding of how one can better themselves with an understanding of how their mind works and will react to certain decisions and/or environments, but uh, thats just speculation, wont really know till "men with ven" replies

[@lucabaar1]

Gratitude was the key

[@kaushalkumarshukla25]

great to know , there are more objective people. even i have trouble reading any self help (all of them sound outright BS) rather understanding brain helps us control our behaviour way better.

[@OscarOscarOscar97]

The ending to this lecture must never be erased from the enternal records of time wow. Phenomenal.

[@lsmayhew1]

I've imprinted on Sapolsky. where's mama?

[@chiaradina]

Agree. 😂

[@carlosandres7006]

He’s in the back of the classroom. He told us in the next lecture or so

[@koftu]

this is a great comment, but honestly a lot of these grad students' lecture styles also seem imprinted on Sapolsky, too!

[@nicholaschib3068]

This comment made me lol😂

[@emanuelefaraoni4674]

@@carlosandres7006 so you came back from the future to tell us!

[@rosemaryrainer9983]

If I was a student, every time he would say "you don't need a memorize this", I would become less and less stressed.

[@arbenhajri1212]

In fact, this expression is a mind trap. I often use it during my teachings. If you say " don't memorise it" your brain makes the opposite.

[@DEADtoRISE08]

Rosemary Rainer reverse psychology

[@MightyForSure]

@Avo Danielian You're an over-thinker, I think haha

[@btsjiminface]

@@arbenhajri1212 Oh no, no wonder I always did poorly in those classes where the teacher often says you don't have to memorize something.

[@arbenhajri1212]

@@btsjiminface That happened to you (you did poorly) because you took seriosly what they (teachers) said to you. It's your main aim to be receptive at what is taught in the classroom. Random students are asked to memorise, so they are habituated of the quest. This repetitive quest makes them dull of attention. So to keep attention alert you have to do the oppossite.

[@elaaphos]

Eighth grader here. My dream is to become a medical researcher in the field of behavioral neuroscience and biology. But, I've gotta start somewhere

[@sunnythymes5444]

J.C. Palmer 🤗🌻🌸🍃😊

[@nmv_dp]

Way to go, man, keep those marks up for sure in your high school year. I think that's crazy you already have a specific science field chosen at your age! :)

[@vm1ccc]

Stanford has an online high school

[@richardhille6419]

weird flex, but ok

[@peoplepleaser117]

same.

[@beenaplumber8379]

You can sometimes tell who the advisor is by listening to the grad student give a presentation. Nathan clearly learned a lot from Prof. Sapolsky :-) "Illegal in seven states..." "tears of joy fall down their faces, they fall to their knees weeping..."

[@XephreWolf]

Isn't it great how the internet lets us learn any discipline we want in-depth without having to pay a dime? I'm majoring in Information Systems Technology with the end goal of becoming a certified Network Admin. I'm not planning on taking many science courses but I can still become a self-taught expert on it for free!

[@nathanhopkins7976]

+XephreWolf It's pretty amazing isn't it! It lets you learn your whole life through.

[@thisisgoat124]

Yes, thanks for saying that. One of the most common misconceptions out there is that the internet and social media is unfavorable to our acquisition knowledge because it doesn't teach us about different subjects the way that books do; but the reality of it is that if one knows how to utilize social media and what to search for on the web one can learn just as much due to its variety of information. One just has to know what to avoid

[@archives1485]

PearlyWhites It's wonderful

[@tobiasbernard1795]

Probably my favourite thing about the internet

[@donaleveck2417]

PearlyWhites so true! I live in France, but I have attended classes at Cambridge, Oxford, McGill, almost ever Ivy League school, Stanford and a few more. Recently, I was explaining quantum mechanics to some friends at dinner, when I was ask, "How do you know all of this?" I told them, "I studied Physics at ETH Zürich!" I paused and then added "On KZbin!" 😉

[@jaidenitiss1651]

And to think I'm learning All of this for free

[@cameronmarler6223]

A lot of universities will let you audit classes for free if you are interested in other subjects. I get your point though, this class is a lot higher caliber than an average university course.

[@Ray2311us]

Like a person with adhd, what you learn is optimally useless. If it isn’t in depth and has a degree attached to it for jobs to accept you.

[@zain4019]

Yay!:)

[@elgooges]

This same class at ASU would have been like $1,300 for the semester.

[@jesusleadstheway4028]

Not really

[@nirajgupta9982]

Man... This lecture came out 5 years ago and this is all new to me. I can only imagine the advances that have been made with that time...

[@mirmalchik]

"Since then, we've discovered that meerkats can actually fly, and they've just been sticking to the ground the whole time we've been studying them in order to fuck with us."

[@jeffzerb7710]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/p4HMqZKOYp6nbac

[@ErikAsRoYa]

Man... This comment came out 3 years ago.... I can only imagine how much niraj knows about the new advances

[@HR-eb4vs]

​@@ErikAsRoYa Man... This comment came out 4 months ago.... I can only imagine how much Erik knows about the new advances that have been made with that time...

[@RomanSnow]

@@HR-eb4vs Man... This comment came out 2 weeks ago... I can only imagine how soon the next comment will be...

[@gabrieldelatorre564]

I'm a senior in high school and this stuff just amazes me, and my goal is to become a neuroscience student.

[@MatthewHoHiWorld]

I'm a sophomore at Cherry Creek High and neuroscience amazes me too.

[@antr6092]

I'm a stoner dropout and I'm also interested in smoking out of braincases

[@HortonScoutHD]

So am I, although I'd prefer to specialize in neuroscience's role in behavior rather than simply brain processes.

[@kllawre210]

Great goal! I agree it's fascinating.

[@kpoptastic1877]

Gabriel De La Torre same. I think I'd love to do neurosurgery

[@marianacazares9223]

Such a wonderful lecture, but it's a pity that we cannot see most of the slides.

[@mirmalchik]

if you use your imagination the slides can look however you want them to look

[@SkromnitsaKrasotka]

agreed

[@currant77]

write to him x

[@danielchmiel1706]

That's what you need to pay for

[@NazriB]

Lies again? NS Meds

[@joanniefischer8108]

It's wonderful to see we, as a society have free access to information at our fingertips. It is so essential to our continued learning. Thank you for sharing this lecture for anyone who is interested in the overview of neuroscience

[@nataliabranco9544]

I actually found his lecture very easy to follow. He has a nice way of explaining things. If this guy, for some reason, ever see my comment, thank you for the lecture, it was very useful! :) [ok, I mean, the first one :P ]

[@nataliabranco9544]

***** Yeah, exactly haha Sapolsky is genuinely funny. I guess with time they will get better, or maybe not, but it's too soon to say they are bad lecturers.

[@ClassPunkOnRumbleAndSubstack]

***** It sounds like they lack the capacity for political-incorrectness as an adaptation to their consistently-offended environment, which is to say that they're afraid to branch into what will actually make people laugh because they will be bullied by social justice warriors. Politically-correct comedy is as worthless in its effect as getting a blowjob from a skeleton, and the only people it works for have done so much time in the church basement that they've developed the superpower to laugh at it-- whereas a mosque basement would be more somber due to the explosive manuals. My suggestion to politically-incorrect teachers is that if you have irrational hate mobs forming around you, accept that you might get shot by a woman with an inferior brain, and carry the bigger mattress.

[@gnaly3774]

Natália Castelo

[@EVEUX]

Natália, tu é brasileira?

[@Ghryst]

#StupidRelatesToStupid

[@TrulyFave]

I love Neuroscience so much. I plan on majoring in it in college. I'm a senior in HS as of now. This lecture was very interesting and easy to understand.

[@ziggystardust1809]

Same here! Except I am a sophomore haha. This is such an informational video and I'm so happy I took the time to watch this!

[@mattw3340]

HS is wasting time. 1st year high school students are capable of walking into first year university courses on these topics and passing, before continuing on etc.. HS seems like an awfully inefficient pathway to higher education. Scrap it and sign up to university today.

[@kamiiu]

@@mattw3340 100% AGREE. I say this all the time.

[@garret1930]

@@mattw3340 it isn't all about the knowledge itself, as children nearly anyone can easily learn multivariable calculus fairly early, lower level schools are supposed to form the foundation of your general knowledge.

[@kelsymuhamet1284]

Truly Fave same but I’m a 7th grader oops lol

[@XAvengedX7]

I'm in my second Neuroscience class at college and this video has helped me more than both combined. Good professors make all the difference

[@prakharkumar4653]

What are you doing now ??

[@grocioherrada5148]

For me, "You don't need to memorize this" means that "you don't need to memorize this right now" because we are going to repeat it so many times, then, it will be automatically in your mind.

[@shmonn.]

for me it means that you just need to understand the process but the naming isn't important

[@SleepyCity0001]

That end rap was too great for my existence 👽

[@Johann757]

haha I wonder if the real Wutang clan ever saw it

[@brunohisse387]

SAME

[@christianimageco.3758]

1 of the high points of my day 😂

[@datherax]

Thanks for revisiting the general and important ideas multiple times, because this is definitely a lot of information.

[@sablemartino3833]

"The chief function of the body is to carry the brain around" Thomas Edison This was a fabulous video to watch while working out. I enjoyed the overview of the brain I found it quite fascinating. As an individual diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis at a young age I grew up hearing terms like Nervous System and Cerebellum, now I feel I am closer to understanding them. Thank you sincerely.

[@briseboy]

+Sable Martino Accomplished neuroscientists actually will tell you that brains exist for movement. Some of human movement is actually imagined and social.(You've heard Sapolsky say "strategic", which is related to intentional.) So, although Edison an engineer, said that quote it is as if you said the function of a car is to carry an engine around. Pretty incorrect, with a more correct analogy, eh? I have tried to tell people in speaking about brain function, that the brain is the body. Every sense, every motor action is the brain acting.However, neuronal sensing is not limited to the body - sound, light, , molecules that olfactory and vomeronasal catchers influence action potentials, and even the wind blowing your hair, make your brain extend out to your sight limits and beyond. Nothing occurs within your cellular world is unknown to your brain, so they - cells - transmit as well, if only through their numbers or chemical output. Not different than what a terminal button does. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are even produced (the molecules have other uses) by bacteria (gut bacteria is a relatively new area of study. Serotonin is just one group) and plants, as those who smoke any substance found. It (drug use) was a source for MANY neurotransmitter discoveries, although the use was largely of analogues. Alcohol affects some receptors, so it also makes you cease production of enough of your own, and creates a kind of desire for connection with it, so, some of your brains also include bottled crap way out there in your environment. (people drink alcohol to forget, and they generally get their wish, though far more permanently than they intended. consistent use of just about any exogenous neurotransmitter analogue pretty much dumbs down the brain - after all a joke about alcohol having to do with its inhabiting glutamate and GABA receptors, is that you think VERY clearly about Nothing - all puns intended.

[@SineN0mine3]

@@briseboy Every statement ever made about the importance of the brain was created by a brain, so you should always take that assertion with a grain of salt.

[@clawsoon]

He missed a great example at the end of the lecture: Parkinson's treatment with dopamine agonists leads to impulsive behaviour in about 50% of patients, which was first discovered among seniors who suddenly started blowing all their money in Las Vegas.

[@btd9lord]

Thanks man

[@PH1FER]

This video is 10 years

[@jeffjohnson8624]

what are. some examples of dopamine agonists? and what foods have the dopamine agonists or the food combinations have atoms or molecules that make up Dopamine agonists? let food be thy medicine.

[@jeffjohnson8624]

what are. some examples of dopamine agonists? and what foods have the dopamine agonists or the food combinations have atoms or molecules that make up Dopamine agonists? let food be thy medicine.

[@clawsoon]

@@jeffjohnson8624 I'm no expert, but as far as I know any food which has a big impact on dopamine (e.g. coca) quickly gets classified as a drug. It's a powerful subsystem to try to mess with on purpose.

[@Shafimondal]

This one hour lecture summarized 3/4th of my 2 credit neuroscience course. Thanks :D

[@higorhi72]

I love it that the comments are always as good as the videos. So many interesting people, stories and thoughts!

[@Nadia-ku9ze]

This is a very intriguing lecture. I'm currently a sophomore in HS and aspiring to pursue neuroscience in college. I look forward to taking these classes. Thanks for posting :)

[@tasmiahakter8366]

did you end up pursuing neuro? im a hs sophomore currently :)

[@kaiyanechouldjian1473]

@@tasmiahakter8366 did u pursue neuroscience in the end? i’m debating still as a sophomore myself

[@tasmiahakter8366]

@@kaiyanechouldjian1473 I did! I feel pretty confident that even if I don’t end up in medicine or as a scientific researcher, I’ll always be doing something neuro related (like a public health program) in the future. Tbh, these videos changed my life. I recommend taking extra courses on psych or neuro topics to confirm if this is what you wanna do. I honestly haven’t looked at life the same since getting into neuro (in a good way). Best of luck to you on your journey :)

[@naimas8120]

How has it been for you ma'am! I'm hoping you're now a neuroscience major!

[@TheToxicMegacolon]

This lecture deepened my love for neuroscience even more.

[@Racingnorthstar]

Hey Nathan great video mate! You're summarizing a lot of complex things about the brain really really well and providing great quality info thanks yeah!

[@soumyadipray1502]

Absolutely amazing lecture!! I'm feeling motivated in neuroscience after watching the video.

[@gabibmw]

Amazing introductory lecture! Thanks so much!!

[@Natsumereal]

The lecture is so good, it's easy to catch up, very understandable. I graduated from social and economic major, yet after watched this lecture, I'm more than ready to enter university again to learn more about Neuroscience, I know that it includes physics and biology as well, but I just love it xD

[@ObligateFailure]

I had an animal behaviour exam coming up as part of my degree, had finished my revision, so thought I'd listen to someone else deliver similar info. It's great to hear someone else explain things you've already learned. Most of it is revision, but some bits make you think " aha, I never would have thought to explain that in that way". Then I got a bit addicted........I've got an exhibition to do, and then I'm going to come back for the rest of the videos :). Awesome resource!

[@sebytro]

That video at the end made it all so awesome! :D That right there is the healthy spirit of University studies

[@yurirodrigues2216]

I think when you refer a breakthrough like, "they discovery that hippocampus is responsible for..." is for the best to say when in the history... this would help the students to follow how the knowledge was built... Nice class!

[@MrMikkyn]

That ending was funny. I’m also a musician and songwriter, and I find using music helps me remember things. Its funny because I also wrote a song about neurons, its unfinished and based on the Appendix I of Behave by Robert Sapolsky. The melody and chords are based off the verse section of Beatles Lucy in the Sky, in 6/8 time: They're a hundred billion Or so neurons in our brains They communicate with eachother Forming circuitry, chains. Glial cells provide structure And support, insulation. Greatly they influence The communication Of how neurons speak To one another. Here are four sub parts of the neuron Let’s see what they're about The dendrites are the ears The axons are the mouths And the terminals of the axons Are on their way out Axon terminals connect to the dendrites And dendrites connect to the next neuron in line Thus, the dendritic ears are informed That the neuron behind it's excited What's more? This information then sweeps from the dendrites To cell bodies, then to the terminals Passing all the way down to the next neuron Here's what goes on Inside these terminals Flowing information Electrical excitation Inside the neurons Are some charged ions Some negatively charged Some positive

[@chakacaca1372]

I think I just fried my synapse connections just trying to think about how many synapse connections we have to think about those synapse connections....

[@Might_be_bipolar]

+Chaka Caca :)))))))))))))))))))))))))))

[@SeriousBlank]

Synapsception

[@ItsThatMarioKid1]

Action potential going crazy

[@charlesbrightman4237]

Consider the following: With so many brain cells and brain cell interconnections, how exactly does the brain even think a coherent thought? How does the energy signal 'know' where to flow? Obviously it does, but how exactly does it do it? For example, spread the brain out like a map. The towns and cities represent the brain cells and the roads and highways represent the interconnections between those brain cells. A vehicle traveling between one or more towns and/or cities represents a coherent thought. How exactly does the 'unconscious' vehicle 'know' what path to take to complete a specific journey? A higher intelligence would have to tell the unconscious vehicle what path to take to complete a specific journey. But, that is a 'specific journey' or coherent thought in and of itself. So, how exactly does our brain think a coherent thought before it thinks that coherent thought? How exactly do thoughts think? What is the specific 'higher intelligence' that controls the 'unconscious vehicle' or energy signal to follow a certain path in the brain to achieve a specific journey or thought? Consider also, that at every intersection or juncture, something would have to control the chemical flow between the neurons to have the energy signal flow a certain way. I once heard it said that as the energy flows in the brain, it strengthens that connection, kind of like water flowing down a hill due to gravity. But then, why isn't the brain stuck on thinking only the same thought over and over and over again as each time that thought is thought, it would ingrain that thought deeper into the brain? But obviously, that is not how reality appears to be. Or at least from my side of my 'consciousness' that I am supposedly experiencing. You might be experiencing reality differently than I, assuming of course that 'you' and 'I' even actually exist. It's possible that only 'I' exist and you all are just a figment of my imagination. I don't perceive reality to be that way, but then again, how could I ever truly know for sure? And for 'you', do 'I' even actually exist or am 'I' just a figment of your imagination? Or then again, maybe there is a 'higher intelligence' imagining both of us imagining each other? But also, 'if' there is a 'higher intelligence' behind the very thoughts I think, that thinks the very thoughts before I think them, then do I even have my own thoughts and own freewill? How could I if I couldn't even think my own thoughts? And if the 'higher intelligence' is a part of my own brain, (let's say my sub-conscious mind or even unconscious mind), then how exactly does it think thoughts before my conscious mind thinks those thoughts? And if those thoughts can already be thought before I consciously think them, then why even have a consciousness that can think thoughts? Obviously, thoughts could be thought somehow, someway, without all those pesky neurons and interconnections getting in the way cluttering up the map. So, how exactly do thoughts think? Do I even think my own thoughts? What exactly is the 'higher intelligence' that thinks my thoughts before 'I' think those thoughts? Do 'I' even actually exist to even think my own thoughts? If so, then how does it all work. Tell me your thoughts, if in fact you actually exist and even actually have your own thoughts to think and could convey those thoughts to my thoughts. At least so I currently think, if I even actually exist and am thinking these thoughts that I appear to be thinking.

[@ericdew2021]

How does it compare to a typical microprocessor (where the number of transistors may substitute for synapses)?

[@AP-nf5mi]

These two grad students do a fantastic presentation

[@craftingemily]

I love this! I have a clinical psych undergrad and want to go and get my masters in neuropsych. Unfortunately my path has taken a turn as when I was 10 I had a brain tumor touching the brain tumor but hadn’t protruded through the brainstem. It was mainly in the cerebellum (Pre tumor I played the piano I no long play the piano because I never practiced right after surgery to reteach my brain aka fine motor skills.) This lead me to having postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome POTS. A autonomic nervous system disorder. Undiagnosed until I was in college, so it kept getting progressively worse from 10 till 24 when stared somewhat treating it, because there is no treatment. My job now is to get better physically and mentally as my POTS has debilitated me. Over the years it has gotten better and in a few years a do hope to go back to school, but for now I have used my degree to train my Service Dog. Watching lectures like this has helped me with reminding me what I learned and also learning new things!

[@HannahTran1]

I’m a neuro major :) I’m a freshman and just completed a neuroscience class. Got all A’s on my exams, very interesting. I take intro to neuroscience sophomore year!

[@lenz0101]

You don't see the sunset, taste the apple, smell the flower and hear the ocean. You only sense what are in front of you. However, if you are doing the same procedure while simultaneously closing your eyes, blocking your ears, plugging your nose and emptying your mouth you may get the same feelings as the previous day, I.e., de javu. As similar net sensory inputs would result in similar neuronal responses.

[@NgoWunKnows]

That parody of Wu-Tang Clan's "Gravel Pit" at 00:57:03 is one of the greatest things I've ever seen hahahahaha

[@sinmoy]

Love you guys for sharing such incredible knowledge. Thanks and namaste from India!

[@shintakirana5443]

I hope someday i'll be there. Learning something new and got a lot of experience. I want to learn biology so bad, so this can help me to fix and keep the earth save.

[@eyeswideshut7354]

Good lecture. I especially like Dr. Woodling's clarity when explaining concepts. If anything I would say that this presentation needs serious visual aids to follow along with. Other than that very informative.

[@nirajgupta9982]

+Benny Palma very much agreed

[@Jilaena1]

Thank you for this. Great job guys! Really helping me to put it all together after some heavy reading. (Doctor of Nursing Student, advanced patho class)

[@zain4019]

Jilaena Freitas Good on you! It’s a very exciting field to be in:)

[@X3R0D3D]

that rap at the end is actually really well done if you know the original song, many of the rhyme schemes are closely matched, same wit the backup vocals etc. quite good!

[@Gothicc_senpai]

i work with film, but i watch all these lectures to learn more. if my films ever get rich i will cite all the students and professors here haha great videos knowledge is truly priceless

[@CrewtonRamone]

I'm a big fan of the Glu-tang Clan.

[@mirmalchik]

All my centers, are you with me? Where you at? In the front, in the back, cortical lobes on attack All my centers, are you with me? Where you at? Smokin' brains, hittin' cats, on the block, with the facts

[@davidharrison7825]

I know that was random af

[@ZijnShayatanica]

Their mixtape would be FIREEEEEEE... ING MY DOPAMINE RECEPTORS.

[@healthyauthentic7453]

Now stuck in my head, "Open Open, Close Close" lol

[@TheHelveticanbarbie]

Rap battle for extra credit 😂

[@TianXiaoMao]

I just need to listen from 57:09 on repeat thanks. ♡

[@godofallgodswithnoothernam920]

That video was so cool all of them, the gravel pit song at the end was wicked highly informative and funny as anything.

[@Desimcd]

35:01 Nathan did a great job with this lecture. I am a business student and I found it easy to follow.

[@jclester8187]

I love me some free education! Nothing better than free information to make a population of critical thinkers, let's hope it stays this way.

[@kyliestanfill7938]

Second speaker !! Love his energy!!!

[@amandayax407]

Great lecture! Very easy to follow along with :)

[@blackcat5809]

For a non-native English speaker like me this lecture was pretty difficult to understand and process. Thanks for the subtitles guys!

[@PH1FER]

I reeeeeally wish they had an updated set of lectures from Sapolsky to see how things have grown in the field. Some of THESE students probably have helped with that!

[@wisconsingoldrush8270]

5:32 if you want to skip the intro

[@christianimageco.3758]

Excellent 👏🏾👏🏼👏🏻👏👏🏿 Thank you Stanford.

[@sandrachatwin5599]

Love this guys lectures

[@saltypotatochip4707]

Why can`t youtube ever recommend me stuff like this? :(

[@drvivekpatel1259]

It is a good discuss and also update more videos on neuro related topics in details

[@mmedeuxchevaux]

I wish we could watch all the lectures in this class.

[@magenoir999]

No one is talking about those hots rhymes at the end

[@TankNSSpank]

The song in the end is getting into my head.

[@George-bs3nb]

Nice job, highly informative.

[@erikaeb1129]

12 years ago, but still such a good introduction to neuroscience 🤯

[@wafikiri_]

Santiago Ramón Cajal: this was the way he used to sign his papers. Although "Ramón" usually is a first name, this is not the case here. His first family name was Ramón, his second family name was Cajal Junquera. Reference as "Cajal" is thus incorrect: it should be "Ramón" instead when referencing in abbreviated form.

[@carolinakozimaCK]

I'm a big fan of professor Sapolsky, my dream job is to do research in the same field and approach. I saw these videos a lot of times, but recently I was rewatching them kinda tired and fell asleep in this one exactly. I had the most crazy dream, I was actually watching the course live as a student of the university, and this guy that's presenting this lecture presented himself as the "prof Sapolsky's assistant" saying that he would only introduce us to the specific vocabulary that the professor was going to use from now one on neuroscience... When it ended, he got off the stage and we walked together while chatting to the next class. The university was so dreamy (you won't say), like Hogwarts. Lol and I slept within 5 min of the vid and only woke up in the next morning, it's like that little story took the entire night to be dreamed, so unusual. Honestly I have no idea what my brain invented as neurology terms to the guy making the speech but I was really paying attention... Wish I could remember what terms he said... It must be so funny finding out what my brain used to fill in these gaps on its own story...

[@bogdanbogdanovich140]

The end video is just outstanding.

[@AlexTrusk91]

Made it to the end of the video. This was refreshing

[@TheMrVengeance]

Huh. I always thought it was called the temporal lobe because of time stuff, since it deals with memory. Never figured it was just because it's location is by the temple. 😅

[@herauthon]

don't underestimate the intestinal tract and bowel movements. Various virus, fungi and bacteria colonies that make the brain work because they decompose our food into nutriëns and vitamines.

[@maheshm5463]

herauthon four it is called Gut Brain axis

[@zain4019]

Undercover Diatom There have been cases where extreme mental handicaps and severe emotional issues in children and adults have been cured simply by simply rebalancing gut bacteria and removing allergens in the diet.

[@bogdanbogdanovich140]

That is nutrients, without them nothing, including the brain wouldn't work. They don't control the brain directly, it makes sense that some people's brains may be suffering because of incorrect gut stuff but it doesn't control it.

[@coc8848]

Grateful to watch this free

[@parkersnowe]

One is education the other entertainment. I might have music on in the background while doing other things, this I am watching to expand my mind and it has my full attention!

[@pleasemusic3314]

I’m now on a Sapolsky binge

[@keithhuang1450]

lol

[@superchef78]

"Intelligence has nothing to do with what you already know," -- Without intelligence, it would be impossible to know and to grasp/garner knowledge.

[@4philipp]

So how could intelligence be measured or characterized? Same number of neurons but more connections? More/ less mutations on connections? Or a mutated/defective transmitter treating a less effective protein?

[@SineN0mine3]

@@4philipp I would guess that you can't measure intelligence without observing higher level behaviour. A neuron connection is only 'intelligent' if it produces greater awareness and understanding in the brain it belongs to. Random and insignficant connections would be of no benefit to a being's intelligence so measuring the number of neurons and/or connections seems like a tangential at best indication. There are some parallels here to machine learning studies, more neurons or connections don't lead to good outcomes for neural nets when the training data is bad or the model for understanding it is flawed. There's some interesting philosophical ground to cover in order to unite the concept of biological intelligence with AIs. I imagine a brain which forms connections too indiscriminately would percieve the world like someone who has taken a heavy dose of hallucinogens, perhaps capable of extremely novel ideas, but rarely useful ones. I'm totally unqualified to talk to either point though, so I welcome any corrections!

[@Ayuaisya]

Very a good topic to discuss to...currently im into topic of subcontious mind and neuroscience .

[@moonxx6700]

I loved this !! this is what I wanna study for future

[@grace-lu5tu]

I'm 13 and watching this at 4:30 in the morning. Idk how I got here but all of this is really fascinating to learn about.

[@xaphon89]

Most people are coming to these videos from academicearth.org. You can find more courses and lectures there for free. If you can follow a lecture like this at your age, then I encourage you to pursue more, because the material taught at your grade level in public school isn't going to challenge you. When I was your age, this kind of material wasn't available online (the internet was still kinda new), so I was stuck "waiting" to learn things that interested me. Always take advantage of every resource available to you.

[@ncuber4762]

jjk I'm also 13, but I'm already enrolled in online university courses, so this is all basic stuff.

[@MrKmanthie]

I'm totally with you on that! I've learned much more by reading, watching things like this around the internet or on something like UCSDTV/UCTV than I ever learned in school. One reason for this is probably because I've always started out reading or watching out of pleasure/curiosity (or both) and it wasn't something "shoved down my throat" as well as it not being the typical interchangeable curricula (interchangeable w/every school system in US), which is basically teaching one to be a "good consumer", a "productive member of society", even though there is ONE avenue I really wish now that I had more vigorously pursued back in school (elem & HS): mathematics. Arithmetic, of course is very simple, it, like all math, is just pure logic (2+2 HAVE to equal 4, any other answer would make no sense, right? One could say the same about any other basic artith. prob: 100/4 HAS to equal 25, anything else would be counter to all common sense & even nature). I wish I had really worked hard at both algebra (harder, at least) and really nailed geometry, but even more so is that I wish I had learned calculus & trigonometry since I've discovered so many disciplines in which a basic knowledge of the latter 2 are essential for understanding or providing/understanding "proofs" of some specific statement, some "given" (though it may be actually be a widely accepted "theory" like gravity or evolution or many climate science ideas, though the latter has a lot less theoretical modes to it & more pure science stuff that is not controversial but universally acknowledged) and you fucking christians: don't say a goddamn word about evolution being "wrong" just cuz you believe in some fairy tale "god" who really did the work; anything you say is going to be pure bullshit; so keep your pie holes shut!!! The rest of you, thanks for reading!

[@Name-ex1yh]

Kent Manthie I absolutely agree with what you have said, but the christian part was a bit harsh, don’t you think? And I don’t say that because I’m christian, but because I’m christian and also believe in science and scientific proofing. Why? Because I don’t think every word that’s written in the Bible is nothing but the truth. And I don’t have to. To me religion and science are to different things. Science is something that effects, rules and determines all lives an all things in space, whereas religion focuses on the individual in coherence with others. And that’s the thing, they both seek “truth” but their ”truths” are not congruent. That’s also why there can be different religions simultaneously and still give them, the believers, the right truth. But still everything else you said, I stand behind that. My perception might change, I don’t know, I’m only 18 but that’s my spin on things. Greetings from Germany :)

[@TheJefferson1998]

I'm a fetus, and I have a PhD in quantum physics.

[@moritzkorsch9029]

Great free lecture, my deepest gratitude to everyone involved! Good catch up lesson. *If viewers are just here for Prof. Sapolsky* and think about skipping this one: if you learned about brain function, specifically neurons and synapse function, you should be able to skip the second part (by Anthony Chung-Ming Ng) as he is mostly talking about well known chemical neurotransmitters being introduced in future lectures. The first part of the catch-up (by Nathan Woodling) goes into the specific names and functions of the neuron's different cell parts, which might be helpful, so I recommend at least giving it a go if you are not well versed in that (put on quicker playback speed, if you are somewhat familiar). Why is no one talking about that full rap track at the end, though? 🔥

[@penguinshoes7928]

Presentation tanked at the out-of-place video. Great for middle school, maybe. Could have mentioned how close GABA Is to glutamate in structure, differing by one carboxyl group, which makes sense to have the most 'gas' and 'brake' to counter it.

[@whywatchthistv]

I don't study Neuroscience nor do I want to study it at uni however I have to admit Neuroscience is one of the most interesting topics in science. I think it's important to study a bit of other subjects separate from your main interest to expand your mind.

[@damiendesmond8893]

That "you've got mail" sound was so well-timed around 29:45 😂

[@emanuelvazquez6492]

Everyone of my teachers: You dont have to memorize this *2 minutes before exam* I hope yall studied that thing from last week

[@dhilipraja]

ya understandable studying and memorizing are 2 different things

[@epowouid6715]

Learned a lot thnx!

[@the_0_man]

Here after I was unable to understand Appendix 1 of Behave by Robert Sapolsky. It's clear now. Thanks Stanford.

[@danicntno]

Great video, it really helped me out.

[@pawan-td6ff]

Most decent way of saying 'fuck' I've ever witnessed 🤣

[@99nej]

Shout out to the rappers at the end, lmao! Plus, another great video - what youtube was meant for :)

[@ToriKo_]

That thing at the end made me so happy

[@smduffy2968]

The music video is amazing ! Sounds like The Propeller Heads with Shirley Bassey.

[@flores23ization]

wu-tang REMIX! this is officially the greatest class ever.

[@aTruster]

Until man began laying roads the chicken had nothing to cross. The chicken crossed the road, because the road was there.

[@elaaphos]

Interesting thought! Would there be any other factors? I'm curious.

[@missbliss3089]

Well a chicken can fly.Water has always been here.We should be asking ourselves why do they fly

[@N12Gautam]

Truster why do some cross it slow, and some quick?

[@Psychol-Snooper]

As we all know a chicken is just a chicken egg's method for producing another chicken egg, thus all chicken behavior is chicken egg production related.

[@4philipp]

@@Psychol-Snooper then there is only one conclusion why the chicken crossed the road : the 4 F’s …Food, Nesting, Breeding

[@venkatesanmunusamy7319]

Great Leisure. Thank you sir.

[@covert_warrior]

I forget the name of the 2nd guy. But wow. Both of you wow. But the 2nd one made me understand why I can't take SSRI's! I always knew it messed me up but you really helped me understand

[@LoveCultTO]

I love how the lecturer is adopting Sapolskys persona in terms of speech and humour. They’re both great communicators.

[@Beedbit]

Would a bachelor's in Psych or Biology be better for this major? Psych right?

[@noeditbookreviews]

The brain gets me pretty pumped. Literally. It's an autonomic function of the hypothalamus.

[@silasfrisenette9226]

He doesn't get the laughter he deserves - he is so funny 😀😁 Aside from being informative, ofc

[@infinityminuszero]

this stuff should be mandatory teaching starting at elementary school... unfortunately the modern education system is built to grow ignorance rather than bestow true knowledge.

[@fifimsp]

Can I ask why you feel that way?

[@4philipp]

@@fifimsp blaming a higher power removes all personal responsibility. It’s the easy way out. Basic human behavior ;)

[@fifimsp]

@@4philipp I agree. that's not why I was asking.

[@c.m.b.7567]

I am minoring on this for my pre-med.

[@AngelaBengela]

thanks nathan!! :) this helped so much!

[@gabrielobrien8850]

Thank u Stanford really appreciate this

[@misterandylink]

"The Gift of Gaba" made me actually laugh.