16. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞 𝗙𝐨𝐫 𝗠𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝗜𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐧 𝗛𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐡 👩‍⚕‍ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝗠𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐞💉🩺💊
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to a group of genetic disorders that affect the adrenal glands, a pair of walnut-sized organs above the kidneys. The adrenal glands produce important hormones, including:
Cortisol, which regulates the body's response to illness or stress
Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, which regulate sodium and potassium levels
Androgens, such as testosterone, which are male sex hormones
In people who have CAH, a genetic problem results in a lack of one of the enzymes needed to make these hormones.
Although there is no cure, with proper treatment, most people who have congenital adrenal hyperplasia can lead normal lives.
There are two major types of congenital adrenal hyperplasia:
Classic CAH. This form is rarer and is usually detected in infancy. Approximately two-thirds of people who have classic CAH have what's known as the salt-losing form, while one-third have what's referred to as the simple-virilizing form.
Nonclassic CAH. This form is milder and more common, and may not become evident until childhood or early adulthood.
Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of CAH vary, depending on which gene is defective and the level of enzyme deficiency.
Classic CAH
Female infants who have classic CAH may have a condition known as ambiguous genitalia, in which the clitoris is enlarged or the genitals look more like those of a male child. Male infants who have classic CAH have normal appearing genitals. Both male and female infants can be seriously affected by a lack of cortisol, aldosterone or both. This is known as an adrenal crisis, and it can be life-threatening.
The salt-losing form and simple-virilizing form of classic CAH cause children's bodies to produce an insufficient amount of cortisol. These children can have problems maintaining normal blood pressure, normal blood sugar and energy levels, and are more vulnerable to stress. An excess of the male sex hormones can result in short height and early puberty for both boys and girls.
Signs and symptoms of classic CAH in children and adults include:
Appearance of pubic hair at a very early age
Rapid growth during childhood, but shorter than average final height
Nonclassic CAH
Often there are no symptoms of nonclassic CAH when a baby is born. The condition is not identified on routine infant blood screening and usually becomes evident in late childhood or early adulthood. Cortisol may be the only hormone that's deficient.
Teenage and adult females who have nonclassic CAH may have normal appearing genitals at birth, but later in life, they may experience:
Irregular or absent menstrual periods
Masculine characteristics such as facial hair, excessive body hair and a deepening voice
Severe acne
In both females and males, signs of nonclassic CAH may also include:
Early appearance of pubic hair
Rapid growth during childhood, an advanced bone age and shorter predicted final height
#congenitaladrenalhyperplasia #adrenogenitalsyndrome #gynaecology #nnetpg #fmge

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