32. Infectious Disease, Viruses, and Bacteria

MIT 7.016 Introductory Biology, Fall 2018
Instructor: Barbara Imperiali
View the complete course: ocw.mit.edu/7-...
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This lecture covers microorganisms and some of the threats they pose to human health, such as infectious diseases. Professor Imperiali also discusses antibiotics and the mechanisms by which bacteria become resistant.
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at ocw.mit.edu

[@danielle1103]

Wow! I could sit and listen to your professor all day long! She’s extremely smart and very articulate. I’ve graduated from 2 different colleges and I never had a professor this good..

[@gratefulamateur1393]

I am an electrical engineer and know zip about microbiology. This was fascinating. Thank you!

[@42_10_]

yo my fellow electrical engineer, same brooo

[@42_10_]

yo my fellow electrical engineer, same brooo

[@tasadar1695]

As a recent biochemist graduate, thank you oh so much for these lectures! I understand about 80% something I could not phantom 3 years ago.

[@IndriidaeNT]

Diseases and infections and the bacteria, viruses and protozoa that cause them carried by vectors: (Animal hosts) Bubonic Plague a.k.a. The Black Death spread by fleas and rats, this bacteria plague can be prevented with antibiotics like the fungus Penicillin which helps your T cells and Neutrophils kill this bacteria while they are infecting cells. Yellow Fever and Malaria, a virus and protozoa also plagues carried and transmitted by mosquitoes in tropical eras, yellow fever can be prevented by vaccinations and booster shots, giving your B cells the information they need to create antibodies for that virus to stop them from causing infections in your body without being exposed to or getting sick or infected by the virus beforehand, while we have not yet found a cure, vaccine or drug to protect people from Malaria. Malaria, a protozoan, is more deadly than Yellow Fever, a virus. Lyme Disease, a bacteria that is transmitted by ticks and deer, and found in woodlands, a common antibiotic can protect us from this bacteria. COVID-19, a virus and the cousin to the Common Cold that is transmitted by tigers and other great apes and caused a major pandemic from 2020 to 2023 it can now easily be prevented by a common vaccine. Any more you can think of for me? Diseases and infections spread only through direct contact and are easier to eliminate and eradicate or prevent by antibiotics and vaccines and your white blood cells, (T cells, B cells, Neutrophils, etc.) antibodies and immune systems: The Common Cold, obviously. No vaccine can prevent it, only antiviral drugs. (A virus) The Flu, prevented by vaccine and Flu shot. (A virus) Cancers (Caused by no bacteria, viruses, protozoa or fungi, just abnormal cell division.) T cells and bacteria and cancer radiation can stop this. HIV (A virus) A virus. Smallpox, eradicated worldwide by the world health organization and vaccines in 1980. Chicken Pox, common in the USA till 1995. Both viruses. Strep throat, prevented by antibiotics. A bacteria. Cavity, treatable with cavity fillings, is a bacteria. Ebola, a deadly virus that is preventable by vaccines. Spanish Flu, Cholera, Athlete’s Foot, Strap, E. Coil, and Giardia, etc.

[@themetaphysicalaxe5506]

She is fantastic at conveying information in an easy to understand manor

[@lifeandsciencecomicsfacthi1916]

very grateful to find such prof to make bacterial resistance more clear thanks alot my darling

[@zerobahamut03]

A few hours ago I just finished my final for microbiology and here I am watching a lecture of what I just studied.

[@philzan3627]

10:00 it's important to mention that all of these resistances take a toll on the replication rate and viability of the pathogens. Whereas normal E. coli would take 12 mins doubling time at perfect conditions, penicillin resistance will make it 2 hours doubling time.

[@thomasmcgee7990]

I've heard of doubling times as little as 20 minutes but never 12

[@IndriidaeNT]

Functions of different white blood cells: Neutrophils: The most common white blood cells, they eat and consume any bacteria, virus, protozoa or fungi that first enters the human body usually in an injury or anytime. It is the immune system’s first line of defense. Eosinophils: A type of white blood cell that targets and destroys allergens and fungi and anything that gives the body allergies. T cells: A T cell is a lymphocyte that destroys and kills bacteria and viruses, protozoa and fungi while they are infecting cells or any cells being infected by bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi in total, or abnormal cells like Cancer, they also alert the immune system when dangerous germs are present and give information to B cells to create antibodies. Antibiotics and antiviral drugs also help T cells kill bacteria and viruses while they are infecting cells or kill cells once infected. B cells: A B cell is a lymphocyte that creates antibodies which they use to bind to germs like bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi to render them useless and kill them and kill them before they can infect any cells, antibodies are also used to stop the body from getting sick and infected from the same infection and germ over and over. Vaccinations can help B cells gain the information they need to create antibodies for a specific type of bacteria, virus, protozoa or fungi to use to kill those bacteria and viruses and protozoa and prevent the body from being infected by them. A B cell can only stop a germ from infecting! T cells can only kill cells once infected or even germs while they are infecting cells! (lymphocytes) The immune system’s second line of defense after neutrophils.

[@leptonsoup337]

I love how even folks at MIT question whether or not they are pronouncing the names of bacteria correctly. Glad I'm not alone :D

[@thomasmcgee7990]

if they don't know then does anybody actually know?

[@brainstormingsharing1309]

Absolutely well done and definitely keep it up!!! 👍👍👍👍👍

[@dautuhaiphong]

thanks for your course

[@ohobrenda]

very good and educational video, this teacher's awesome!

[@brettm.1770]

Professor

[@janetanna8542]

Thank you professor!

[@CrankyPantss]

Good lecture. Thank you.

[@joyceinuaesiet1251]

Thank you so much very good lecture

[@rameshworibasukala5146]

Thank you so much ma,am very good lecture.

[@glennfulford58]

Minor technicality, at the beginning of the lecture about most dangerous animals: I thought that bacteria and viruses are not cassed as animals (i,e. they are members of different biological kingdoms). Still it.as aninteresting lecture.

[@KigaliSiren]

thanks alot

[@AbhilashNairSpartnax]

Very informative

[@badrakhariunchimeg1031]

Mud is mush like coral like thing made by some broke down tree do to high humidity calcium were used as fungus all sort of protozio eventualy did make other side of mountain

[@amosamos.hlongwane7324]

Great lecture

[@badrakhariunchimeg1031]

What would it be so much hot and lots of iron lots of humid spor got to river trying to condensate

[@gargeeprakash]

Damn it. It's so helpful.

[@df4086]

Thank youuu!!

[@csmrfx]

Humans have gone to moon, learned the bacterial cell wall molecule structure through organic chemistry, and sequenced their own DNA - but they can't use readable font size in slides.

[@buddikakumaranayake]

Wow.. Thanks MIT

[@tanmayaadebta927]

Thank u ma'am

[@nibussss]

More mutations?.....is it the increased heat?clim changes?

[@hugodaniel8975]

Those students are probably working on covid 19 vaccine right now

[@diannemurray]

This is a introductory level course. You don't get to work on vaccines and such until you graduate and even then you wouldn't be leading any studies. You usually need a Ph'D and that takes at least 6 more years after the initial 3 or 4 years to get your B. Sci

[@JaGWiREE]

@@diannemurray maybe when they aren't MIT students ;)

[@nibussss]

Mycobacteria....cell wall strongest? Hard to kill?

[@badrakhariunchimeg1031]

After kahoot era some dinosaourus flesh got to decayed properly

[@user-fs3gz9qb8h]

Interesting

[@badrakhariunchimeg1031]

I that is sucks all related to carbon dioxide fixing environment but not magnezium but iron centric

[@badrakhariunchimeg1031]

Almost make decision

[@badrakhariunchimeg1031]

Tried to float

[@badrakhariunchimeg1031]

Magnezium were not their food oxygen were not habitable

[@colorlight9702]

The lasy try end my life

[@kiratkaurshergill6972]

love out yo

[@saadsalman5188]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/pp25nGeEi66Inpo link for the video that was restricted in the last part of the lecture

[@mrjonnydz]

Thanks for this...

[@garetgrossman539]

I'm interested in disease from industrial toxins, in particular, toxins in industrial/technological medicines (virtually all based on petrochemicals). So we have on our hands probably the greatest irony in human history, that is, that the main causes of disease cannot be named because government and industry have always been in bed with eachother. Government protects industry, the economy, and capitalism. At 8:30 the speaker says once we thought we'd take care of microbes with our drugs. Not so. The 'we' refers to the Western biomedical model which always had its critics. In the early 1940s, it was correctly argued that the birth of a new system of national healthcare, as envisaged by the creators of the NHS in the UK, would lead inexorably to an expansion in illness. That's how capitalism works, and that's exactly what we've seen year on year. No purported virus has ever been isolated and the idea of viral pathogens is make-believe.

[@rdallas81]

Absolutely truth right here. The whole med system is a con.

[@rdallas81]

Yes. We understand what a virus is .

[@user-fp5jg7ke7b]

😮

[@nibussss]

25 is age here ...i love mom.....dad less