(42) Gas Chromatography | Introduction, Theory, Instrumentation of Gas Chromatography | IMA Lectures

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Gas chromatography (GC) is an analytical technique used to separate and analyze compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. It is widely employed in various industries including pharmaceuticals, food and beverage, environmental analysis, forensics, and more. GC operates on the principle of selective partitioning of compounds between a stationary phase and a mobile phase, typically involving a gas.
The basic components of a gas chromatograph include:
1. Injector: Where the sample is introduced into the system. It vaporizes the sample and injects it into the chromatographic column.
2. Column: The separation of compounds occurs within this long, coiled tube. It is packed with a stationary phase (solid or liquid) that interacts differently with the sample components, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.
3. Carrier Gas: The mobile phase, usually an inert gas like helium, nitrogen, or hydrogen, carries the sample through the column.
4. Detector: Located at the end of the column, it detects the separated compounds based on various principles, such as thermal conductivity, flame ionization, electron capture, mass spectrometry, etc. This creates a signal that is used to generate a chromatogram, a graphical representation of the separated compounds.
During the process:
1. The sample is injected into the chromatograph, vaporized, and carried by the mobile phase (carrier gas) through the column.
2. As the sample components interact with the stationary phase, they experience different rates of travel through the column based on their affinity for the stationary phase. This causes the components to separate.
3. The separated components exit the column and reach the detector, which generates signals proportional to the quantity of each compound detected.
4. The signals are recorded and used to create a chromatogram, which shows peaks corresponding to individual compounds and their respective quantities.
GC is valuable for its ability to separate and quantify individual components within a mixture, making it an essential tool in research, quality control, and various analytical applications. Coupling GC with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) provides additional identification capabilities by analyzing the mass-to-charge ratio of separated compounds, enhancing the technique's specificity and reliability in compound identification
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