9.3 Hybridization | General Chemistry

Chad provides a lesson on hybridization and hybrid orbitals. The lesson begins with an introduction to Valence Bond Theory which describes a bond as resulting from the overlap of atomic orbitals. It is then shown how it is not possible for carbon to be using its 's' and 'p' orbitals to form bonds with the hydrogen atoms in CH4 (methane) as it would not result in the proper bond angles (109.5 degrees). The combination of carbon's 's' and 'p' orbitals results in the creation of four sp3 hybrid orbitals that are oriented 109.5 degrees apart, and these are responsible for bond formation when overlapping with the 's' orbitals of the hydrogen atoms.
The lesson is concluded by showing how to determine the hybridization of an atom based upon the number of electron domains around it:
2 electron domains = sp hybridization
3 electron domains = sp2 hybridization
4 electron domains = sp3 hybridization
5 electron domains = sp3d hybridization
6 electron domains = sp3d2 hybridization
The last two, sp3d and sp3d2 hybridization only occur with expanded octets which are only possible for elements in the 3rd row of the periodic table or below which will have d orbitals in their valence shell.
I've embedded this playlist as a course on my website with all the lessons organized by chapter in a collapsible menu and much of the content from the study guide included on the page. Check this lesson out at www.chadsprep.com/chads-gener...
If you want all my study guides, quizzes, final exam reviews, and practice exams, check out my General Chemistry Master Course (free trial available) at www.chadsprep.com/genchem-you...
00:00 Lesson Introduction
00:53 Hybrid Orbitals Explained - Valence Bond Theory
04:16 sp3 Hybridization in CH4
10:36 sp vs sp2 vs sp3 Hybridization
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[@johnfischer120]

no lie this is the only explanation that I've gotten that makes perfect sense to me. thank you so much

[@ChadsPrep]

You're very welcome - glad it helped!

[@shahadbahnasi_]

THAT WAS LITERALLY THE BEST EXPLANATION ABOUT HYBRID ORBITALS THAT I HAVE EVER WATCHED!! THANK YOU SO MUCH EVERYTHING MAKES SO MUCH SENSE NOW

[@ChadsPrep]

EXCELLENT! 😁😁😁

[@Enderman-ww6pq]

you are a real chad , Chad .....this really helped me and that one illustration at the end removed the confusion I've had with this topic for the past few months

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad it helped!

[@Grazie10]

This was literally what i had been looking for this whole time. Such great explanation, i appreciate it so much.

[@ChadsPrep]

You're welcome - Glad it was helpful!

[@kaylaquilantang5380]

Thank you so much for this lesson! My professor didn't teach it as efficiently and with an exam coming up with hybridization as one of the covered topics, I was concerned with my lack of comprehension. You explained this so well in a manner that was so easy to understand. I can't stress how thankful I am :D

[@ChadsPrep]

Excellent - I hope you do well on your exam!

[@user-io8zp6ge4v]

Thank you so much! This makes a lot of sense in such a short video! Thank you for you hard work explaining this and making such a nice video, too!

[@ChadsPrep]

You're very welcome!

[@user-ko7zt4oo7u]

Extremely Helpful. Thank you for also putting the chapters in order. It helps for those of us lacking the proper prereqs but are trying to get ahead!!

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad it is helping you.

[@laurensoq9126]

This is the best explanation of Hybridization. I have been looking for this for like an hour

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad you found us - Happy Studying!

[@Sky-bk8hu]

damn your a life saver, my professor sucks at explaining things. They spent an hour trying to explain hybridization and you did it better in a quarter of the time

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad the video helped you - Happy Studying!

[@quincyhunt1577]

So helpful and so organized! Thank you! Breaking it down into two visual steps really helped. Also, one of the best youtube "calls to action" I've heard in a long time. :-)

[@ChadsPrep]

Thanks for saying so - Happy Studying!

[@zyrelsy1618]

I was struggling in this topic but now I understand it. You have the best explanation that I have ever watched. THANK YOU SO MUCH!

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad to hear it - you are most welcome!

[@makayleenelson6287]

you're amazing and your comment at the end about calling your mom and telling her you love her was adorable I LOVE YOU CHAD

[@ChadsPrep]

Thanks for saying so.

[@derrennicholaskwee8752]

A beautiful explanation, I could finally understand thoroughly regarding my upcoming Chemistry Worksheet, God Bless You Chad

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad to hear it and Thank You.

[@itzayrton5862]

This helped me a lot while studying on AP Chemistry. Thanks for explaining it briefly!!

[@ChadsPrep]

You're welcome - glad it did!

[@elenagentry7017]

This was so helpful! I couldn't find any other explanation that made sense to me!

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad it was helpful!

[@markyacoub639]

You have no idea how much this video helped mee. It all makes sense now... Thank u sm chad! ❤

[@ChadsPrep]

You're welcome - Glad to hear it!

[@aisharaj6356]

Thank you so much this is literally a 1 hour lecture in 20 minutes and explained so much better!!! You are doin amazin work

[@ChadsPrep]

You're welcome and Thank You!

[@speedfreak9470]

Great work, makes so much sense compared to what I learnt in the lecture halls. Look forward to seeing more of your vids

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad you found us - Happy Studying!

[@12.duongquanghuy62]

I'm so excited for your video. In the class my professor teach very quickly but when I watch your video, I understand. From Vietnam!

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad to hear it - Happy Studying from USA!

[@demiblair4]

This helped me so much! I have an organic chemistry exam today and this explained it so well! Thank you!

[@ChadsPrep]

Most welcome - hope you do well on your exam!

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[@ChadsPrep]

You're welcome and Thank You.

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Today I found this this Channel and am already a big fan,. great explanation, students need intuition of whats exactly happening and how

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad you found us - Happy Studying!

[@GasepMichaelTut]

My sincere thanks on a very interested lesson of hybridization.

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad it was helpful!

[@rishiraj_7]

Brilliant Work Sir. Love from India

[@ChadsPrep]

Thank You from USA

[@estimatingonediscoveringthree]

You do a great job explaining a contrived system! Can’t wait until we actually figure out how electrons “work”

[@ChadsPrep]

In person, I would often tell my students at the end of this lesson that "Oh, by the way, this is all really a lie." The look on their faces was priceless. We don't have any perfect models but they all have their utility. I'll be releasing a new lesson on Molecular Orbital Theory later this week and we'll get a little closer to reality. 🙂

[@estimatingonediscoveringthree]

@@ChadsPrep we homeschool, we are using a curriculum that I’m very unsatisfied with…we are subscribing to your master classes so we can actually get through the sophistry and learn something. Thank you

[@estimatingonediscoveringthree]

@@ChadsPrep (I have to ask, have you looked into the spherical geometry atomic model? Just a thought. They are developing modeling programs for it. It explains octet rule and radioactivity better then anything else I have considered)

[@student048]

thank you so much, this makes so much more sense

[@ChadsPrep]

Very welcome

[@nadiaaltun5079]

thank you for explaining so good!!

[@ChadsPrep]

Very welcome!

[@nyakebakokerubomariam9541]

Thank you....I now understand...May God bless you

[@ChadsPrep]

You're welcome and Thank You!

[@Clipaholick]

this was the explanation I needed for my exam!! Thanks, Chad!

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad to hear it - hope you do well on your exam!

[@somayahbird4527]

Thank you for this great explanation

[@ChadsPrep]

You are welcome!

[@KyleARotelli]

Phenomenal explanation

[@ChadsPrep]

Thank you

[@BarazaJosephat]

Wow this is what I've been looking for

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad you found us!

[@rahuljagadishnadig5826]

TYSM BRO. Your 10 minutes of teaching >>>> teachers at my school

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad it helped you out!

[@timothymilsom1392]

Thanks so much Chad!

[@ChadsPrep]

You're welcome.

[@mekeyasmekuria8907]

Beautiful Explanation

[@ChadsPrep]

Thank You

[@LordFarquad-ml6tf]

Thank you Chad.

[@ChadsPrep]

Very welcome, LF.

[@WatsonOpoku]

I love this explanation ❤

[@ChadsPrep]

Excellent!

[@dancansoro9699]

The best explanation ever😊

[@ChadsPrep]

Thank you

[@roj-nc2iq]

thank you! could you please explain if C is always obligated to undergo promotion in order to get hybridized?

[@pebabmey]

this whole time, I was just wondering: where does that unhybridized orbital go?? I really appreciate this video as someone who needs to know what is going on in depth, and this explanation was perfect. I have your next videos queued up!

[@ChadsPrep]

Awesome! Welcome to the channel :)

[@RapidReels116]

This was the explanation i need in my exam Thank you sir ❤ From 🇮🇳India

[@ChadsPrep]

You are most welcome - from USA.

[@joorginal2356]

you are good sir

[@serinetyx]

bless your heart

[@ChadsPrep]

Thank you

[@soozy927]

what if we are given the molecular formula and asked to explain the hybridization and determine its type, and then draw Lewis structure and predict the geometry. So we cannot know the number of electron domains.

[@mmbb9518]

I love you. It’s finally clicking

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad to hear it!

[@allthingszany1489]

Great video

[@ChadsPrep]

Thank you

[@user-jx8ts4mm8k]

THANK YOU SO MUCH

[@ChadsPrep]

You're VERY welcome!

[@arash4108]

Very helpful

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad to hear it.

[@1jg3]

راقي استمر

[@ChadsPrep]

Thank you

[@farinsintaha9512]

Would you mind o share that what type of hybridisation is present in HF? Is it SP or SP2 or SP3? and please explain. TIA

[@e-nq5ro]

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[@ChadsPrep]

You're welcome 😊

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[@ChadsPrep]

Most welcome - glad the video helped you!

[@user-xh1cu5cx4i]

thank youuuu!!!!

[@ChadsPrep]

Yooouuuuur'e Welcome!

[@Periwinkle-oo4uz]

I just found this channel and I must say you are a great teacher. I have a question that the geometries of these hybrid orbitals are not fixed these are generally obtained, right?

[@Periwinkle-oo4uz]

e.g an sp3 orbital is mostly a tetrahedral but it might also be a pyramidal or V-shaped and why is that

[@ChadsPrep]

It depends on the number of bonding electron domains and nonbonding electron domains (i.e. lone pairs) on the central atom. For sp3 hybridized central atoms: 4 bonding domains = tetrahedral 3 bonding / 1 nonbonding = trigonal pyramidal 2 bonding / 2 nonbonding = bent The molecular geometry is named based upon where the atoms are located around the central atom (it doesn't factor in where the lone pairs of electrons are located). This video from earlier in the chapter expounds on this: kzbin.info/www/bejne/aKfJgqetjtB3qsk Hope this helps!

[@Periwinkle-oo4uz]

@@ChadsPrepThankyou it explains! and sorry for replying so late

[@ChadsPrep]

@@Periwinkle-oo4uz Most welcome.

[@ezioauditore4109]

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[@ChadsPrep]

Thank you

[@BiochemTv]

Couldn't get in touch with my mom, so I smashed that like button for you.

[@ChadsPrep]

Awesome!

[@edenassraf5196]

14:26 hello!!! first off, i love your videos and you have the best chemistry channel on here hands down. next, i had a question on this part of the video. you said that one of the electrons in the lone pair on CO is going to be in one of the sp hybrids. where is the other electron? i am trying to to visual lose the sp hybridization with CO but i got a little lost. can you help? thank you😄😃😃

[@edenassraf5196]

sorry also one more thing! in the beginning at 1:49 , the overlapping s orbitals are not hybrids correct? hybridization only occurs between the orbitals of a single atom? thank you!

[@edenassraf5196]

Please help 😢😫

[@melaniegalaxy697]

At 4:40 how is there only 4 valence electrons? When I see 6. Do you just ignore the 1s2 or something?

[@derrennicholaskwee8752]

if you want to see the full diagram then of course 1s2 would be included, although in hybridization, only the last 2 orbital should be considered as they are the one that will be combined after all.

[@noahboucher54]

does every bond with every compound ever have hybrid orbitals? or is this a special thing for a few compounds?

[@ChadsPrep]

Hey Noah - are you asking if all bond types are hybrid orbitals? Only sigma (single bonds) if so

[@Jay-bk1fm]

i’m in organic chemistry now and all this info went down the drain after gen chem lol. thanks for your help!!

[@ChadsPrep]

Glad the channel is helping you - Happy Studying!

[@mindlesstalks]

helping me so much before my exam

[@ChadsPrep]

Awesome!

[@tapio8417]

At 14:20 isn't it a bit wrong that in CO the C's SP has only one electron in the first box? I mean the the first hybridized orbital is fully occupied so there should be both lone electrons in the box (up and down arrows)?

[@tapio8417]

Great video btw so thanks for that!

[@ChadsPrep]

Hey Tapio! This is one of the 'rules' in orbital diagrams that we fill empty orbitals first before pairing up electrons because electrons in their own orbitals experience less repulsion than in an up/down spin pair. Best way I found to remember this is if you got on a bus you would find an empty seat before sitting next to someone (if they are a stranger anyway)

[@tapio8417]

Ah yea of course! Thanks for the reply!@@ChadsPrep

[@ChadsPrep]

@@tapio8417 no worries happy to help :)

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[@ChadsPrep]

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Goat

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Chad - can you explain why my wife left me please

[@ChadsPrep]

Yikes! Something to do with General Chemistry???

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This must be ver

[@ChadsPrep]

:)