Alcohol Metabolism, Methanol Poisoning, Fatty Change Alcoholic Hypoglycemia Fomepazole

www.stomponstep1.com/alcohol-m...
Ethanol is relatively harmless when consumed in small amounts, but problems can arise when alcohol is consumed in excess. When alcohol is consumed in large quantities Acetaldehyde, an intermediate of alcohol metabolism, builds up faster than it can be metabolized. This excess Acetaldehyde contributes to hangover symptoms.
When alcohol is consumed in excess the NADH generated from alcohol metabolism can also cause many health effects. This buildup of NADH can be exacerbated when large quantities of alcohol are consumed without food being consumed. NADH is an electron transporter. Its presence signals liver cells that there is ample energy present. The presence of this signal leads to increased breakdown of glucose (Glycolysis), decreased creation of glucose (Gluconeogenesis), and decreased fat breakdown (Fat Oxidation). NADH is also used to convert Pyruvate to Lactate, which means high levels of NADH leads to increased Anaerobic Glycolysis and Lactic Acidosis.
Alcoholism can also cause Traumatic Injuries Due to Falls or Esophageal Tears due to frequent vomiting. Alcoholism is also associated with many health outcomes which I will cover in other sections. Wernicke-Korsakoff, thiamine deficiency, is common among alcoholics, because alcoholics sometimes get a majority of their calories from alcohol. Excessive alcohol intake is also associated with Pancreatitis. Chronic steatosis can lead to liver inflammation ("non-viral" Hepatitis) and eventually Liver Cirrhosis. Unlike viral hepatitis, inflammation due to alcohol usually presents with an AST Elevated More than ALT. I remember this by thinking Alcohol --) Steatosis --) Higher AST. Excessive alcohol consumption by pregnant woman can also lead to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and mental retardation.
Alcohol Withdrawal must be watched carefully in any hospitalized patients with a history of alcoholism as it can be life threatening. It usually occurs a couple days after abrupt cessation of alcohol (usually in the hospital where alcohol is not accessible). Mild withdrawal may present as Agitation or aggression a couple days after being brought into the hospital. Severe withdrawal can include Tremors, Seizures, confusion, and psychosis. This collection of symptoms is referred to as Delirium Tremens (DTs). Treatment for DTs is Benzos.
The best type of treatment for alcoholism is a 12 step program like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). In some patients, Disulfiram is also used. This drug Inhibits Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase and makes patients very sick if they drink any alcohol as Acetaldehyde builds up much faster. You are essentially giving them a really bad hangover on purpose to dissuade them from drinking. However, this it is not always effective as there is relatively low compliance for this drug. Patients considering drinking can think ahead and easily not take their medication to avoid the consequences. Disulfiram intentionally causes these hangover like symptoms after alcohol consumption, but other drugs (such as Metronidazole) inadvertently have this same effect. Drugs with this type of side effect are often described as having a Disulfiram-Like effect.
Methanol is in antifreeze, paint thinner and improperly prepared moonshine (illegally produced spirits). It can accidentally be consumed by children or adults mistaking the liquid for ethanol. Methanol itself does not cause problems, but after being metabolized by Alcohol Dehydrogenase Formaldehyde is formed. Formaldehyde can cause blindness and death so treatment focuses on preventing aldehyde formation. Fomepizole Inhibits Alcohol Dehydrogenase decreasing the amount of methanol that is metabolized into Formaldehyde. Alcohol can also be given as it utilizes the same enzyme and will compete for alcohol dehydrogenase.
Now that you are finished with this video you should check out the next video in the Biochemistry section which covers Chediak-Higashi, I-Cell Disease & Kartagner's Disease (www.stomponstep1.com/chediak-h...)
Pictures Used (In order of Appearance)
• This work is a derivative of "Bottle Beer Bottle Alcohol Drinking" available at pixabay.com/en/bottle-beer-bot... under Creative Commons 1.0 Public Domain Dedication
• This work is a derivative of "Liver steatosis fatty change" available at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liv... under Public Domain

[@mariac.gonzalezmcdougall4884]

you have taken your time to help us get a fast and organized way of review. The least i can do is take a minute to say thank you! These videos are amazing and i don't want to break things anymore when i hear the word Biochemistry. Please keep on the good work. i hope all of your time and help gets rewarded.

[@stomponstep1989]

+Maria Carlota Miranda thanks so much for the kind words!

[@stomponstep1989]

If you liked this video and want me to make more please let me know by commenting, liking this video or by subscribing to my KZbin channel. If you have a question, please don’t hesitate to ask and I’ll try to answer it ASAP.

[@janya80085]

+Stomp On Step 1 Thank you for making this understandable! :)

[@stomponstep1989]

+Janniah Fajardo thanks for watching!

[@chocolatepudding6146]

Hey your videos are helping me a lot in my preperation. Are you still making them? Can I do anything to help you out?

[@stomponstep1989]

I unfortunately had to put the project on hold this year as I am an intern. But I hope to start making new videos later this spring. If you would like to support the project there are a number of things you can do to help. www.stomponstep1.com/support-us/ Any of the things listed here would really help the project

[@ryrythesailorman]

Awesome video! Another good way for lab testing alcohol-related injury to liver is GGT and ALP if both are increased it is likely related to alcohol consumption (over time)

[@demohealthcare1588]

PLEASE CONTINUE MAKING THIS VIDEOS...PATHOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY ETC.......

[@minning5678]

Hi, love your videos very much. Short and concise =) May I request a video on Diabetic Ketoacidosis? Thanks so much!

[@TheArtistical]

Thank You!

[@Epotimet93]

Thank you!

[@josieread5012]

dude! you ROCK! seriously, you have a great soul.

[@stomponstep1989]

+Josie Read Thanks so much for the kind words!

[@demohealthcare1588]

I LIKE THESE VIDEOS THEY ARE EASY TO UNDERSTAND THE FACTS WE DREAD! PHEW!. THANKS AND GOD BLESS

[@stomponstep1989]

+Demo Healthcare thanks so much for the feedback :)

[@quintonburkham50]

I am not a chemist but I do work with a lot of paints and lacquer and thinner in particularly is there any way you could do a video on the proper filters to where while you are spraying lacquer

[@Ania5277]

You can also use ethanol as a methanol poisoning antidote. Ethanol and fomepizole delay methanol's metabolism.

[@pptrf]

Really thanks a lot:)

[@ayobamioduwole8211]

Great explanation I must say..short. ..brief. .yet it's got all you need to knw..I'm definitely using your vedios to study for my step exam...Thanks a lot for sharing..and I checked the ones on genetics. ..omg..so cool..guys pls check them out .

[@stomponstep1989]

elizabeth davis Thanks so much for the kind words!

[@EarlLedden]

Great explanation , especially with visuals. I there any benefit to alcohol consumption? Not talking about the resveratrol of wine, just the alcohol itself. Might I better drink grape juice than red wine for instance?

[@stomponstep1989]

Hmmm. That is a good question. I haven't studied alcohol extensively outside the context of studying for the medical board exam and this isn't something that would show up on the USMLE exam so I'm not positive, but I'll give the question a sho. As you alluded to certain types of alcohol like wine have added benefits, but it sounds like you are more interested in the effects of pure ethanol. Ethanol is converted to energy. Many developed nations get an excess of calories, but there are certainly some situations where that energy could be beneficial even though it is not accompanied by the vitamins and minerals in most other forms of food. There are certainly also some social and/or psychological benefits that come with moderate alcohol consumption (euphoria, relaxations, sedation ...). Ethanol has some effects on the metabolism of other substances, but most of those interactions are not beneficial. The only example of that that I can think of off the top of my head that is good is how alcohol can be used to "treat" methanol poisoning. Other than these guesses I'm not really sure. Thanks for the comment! If you find anything else on the topic let me know and if there is anybody else reading this that has anything to add please comment

[@budlast245]

Great video except for one thing. Saying that A.A. is the best treatment for alcoholics is ludicrous. With success rates in the low 10%, I would hardly call that the best treatment...

[@reesedare2208]

Loving this so far. Got my step in about a month. I love the idea of the HYR system. Wondering if you've got a master list out there, maybe you could post it up on your site...Thanks Stomper.

[@stomponstep1989]

Reese Dare LOL I like the name Stomper. Maybe I should start going by “Brian the Stomper of Step”. It sounds regal. Unfortunately I don’t have a list of all of the HYRs. I haven’t done the HYR calculations for most chapters as I do them as I go along and make the videos. The Master list I use for myself is a giant overly complicated excel spread sheet that has lots of short hand only I would understand. If anybody else looked at it it would probably look like it is in another language. I do have a HYR "master list" for biostats which you can see here www.stomponstep1.com/high-yield-rating-list-for-biostatistics-and-epidemiology/. I was considering making a similar video for each chapter, but I haven’t gotten much feedback about it so I’m not sure if it is worth the effort. Do you think doing that would be a good idea? Thanks for the comment!

[@reesedare2208]

Stomp On Step 1 I think it would be a good idea. My plan is to go over everything anyways, but as review, I want to hit the >4 HYR harder than anything else. The biostats master list will help a lot when I get there I think. I like that idea especially for a topic like biostats that can bog you down.

[@stomponstep1989]

Sounds good. I'll add that to my to do list. Hopefully I'll have the HYR videos for genetics, vitamins, psych etc. out in the coming weeks

[@MdAli-sk4sg]

gr8

[@luke_7132]

Formaldehyde poisoning