All of Proto-Indo-European in less than 12 minutes

[@AhrkFinTey]

evil jan misali (uses light theme)

[@zidanidane]

jan mal or whatever the word is

[@bootmii98]

Jan Ike ​@@zidanidane

[@oravlaful]

light mode is good

[@jolkert]

​@@zidanidane show me the bibliography 🙄

[@love2o9]

Naj Ilasim

[@bredmond812]

Me: Japanese is not an Indo European language. Zzineohp: I threw in Japanese for no reason. Me: **puts away keyboard. **...😢.

[@gustavolopes5094]

Me: "Nothing because you threw japanese in at random" Him: "Nothing because I threw japanese in at random" I felt like Sherlock.

[@lipamanka]

amazing all of your plain plosives are aspirated and your aspirated plosives sound like you're choking this is a fantastic video

[@succadick2424]

So true

[@jdmichal]

Yeah. If I remember correctly, in initial position, unvoiced stops are aspirated, and voiced stops are very close to what other languages would call a plain stop. Dr Lindsey did an excellent video on this called "Speech is really SBEECH". I'll link it in an additional comment following this one, as KZbin likes to shadowban comments with links.

[@jdmichal]

m.kzbin.info/www/bejne/i2SamYtug7WaoLM

[@jdmichal]

m.kzbin.info/www/bejne/i2SamYtug7WaoLM

[@yerkishisi]

thats we aspirated-language people's skill issue. i speak turkic, i cant fuqing make unaspirated plain unvoiced stops

[@franmiskovic7630]

PIE is the quantum physics of linguistics

[@KostyaT]

No, if you're going to compare to QM, then PIE is the Hidden-Variable Theory of linguistics :P

[@xXxSkyViperxXx]

wait till you get to the other deep proto-languages

[@iskanderaga-ali3353]

Then what is the equivalent of Palawa-kani?

[@hp67c]

I had a similar thought: I'd argue that PIE is the Particle Zoo of linguistics. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_zoo

[@rizkyadiyanto7922]

nothing is special about proto indo european. there are other languages family.

[@valentinaaugustina]

wow you sure did pronounce those sounds!

[@htwtrbg1]

That was the pronunciation of a language ever.

[@noobguyadvanced4735]

As a speaker of languages that still use the "bh", "dh" and "gh" (Hindi and Marathi), it was nothing less than an experience watching him trying to pronounce those sounds haha

[@valentinaaugustina]

@@noobguyadvanced4735 as someone who struggles a lot with aspirated voices stops, i feel better about myself

[@sana-helwa-ya-jamil]

the guh guh GUH took me out

[@Nous98]

Too much

[@andyleighton6969]

That's actually a three hour lecture in 12 minutes.

[@hp67c]

I'd say it's more like a three semester course sequence in 12 minutes

[@aliqureshi9727]

As a Pashto speaker we have all the sounds indo European Alphabets in our language ❤

[@Dsamuell]

This is the proof I would use anything to procrastinate homework

[@birdwalkin]

timeline of video 0:00 intro 2:40 guh guh GUH 3:07 hhereeeeee haaaaahhh 4:33 yuh yuh 5:20 m()n ģ(')rh²()nts d()nģhw(') h²s 11:30 got bored and skipped to end to hear the Dark Speech of Hell youre welcome

[@livelikelokth]

Thank you. This has been a real eye opener for me and my family. Because of you I have had the opportunity to do so many great things. I am now a multi millionaire and own several companies. My mental health has improved significantly. I found this comment at the right place, at the right time. Again I say: Thank you for everything birdwalkin.

[@EvenRoyalsNeedToUrinate]

​@@livelikelokth this is a very touching story Sir and I don't like to be touched

[@mosquitobight]

"the neuter gender plural suffix *-egh becomes *-agh in the past tense, except when it's raining, then it becomes *-ngh, or alternately *-ngwr when used in the interrogative case during the first quarter of the Moon, except when the speaker is an elderly upper-class female, then it becomes *-ngwah..."

[@echuidor]

@@mosquitobight But in early PIE there was no /a/?

[@cykkm]

@@echuidor “in early PIE there was no /a/?” - probably not, phonemically. It's rare in late PIE, too.

[@VoidUnderTheSun]

I like how in the final reconstruction you can clearly see "big"'s evolution to "mega" in later Greek.

[@KolasName]

and *píph₃eti turned into → beverage | beer ; *ǵʰós-tos → 'горсть' (slavic for 'a handful')

[@flutterwind7686]

@@KolasName Also in hindi the word for "drink" is "piina" or "pyew"

[@aarpftsz]

​@@KolasNamemore like russian, or east slavic

[@KolasName]

@@aarpftsz you caught me, its russian/ukranian orthography. Let's add 'hrst' for Czech, 'garść' for Polish and 'гршт' for Serbian

[@Sciller4]

​@@KolasNameSerbian? Boo. Gršt for Croatian.

[@realityisenough]

I gonna force my gf to watch this with me again and she wont enjoy it but she loves me

[@w花b]

Good

[@falkkiwiben]

True love

[@Makaneek5060]

Remember to explain why hands are feminine.

[@hp67c]

ITYM she will have used to have loved me (that's the ex-dative case)

[@garfocusalternate]

I lied. I don't have Netflix. Take your shoes off, we're learning Proto Indo-European to make learning Ancient Greek easier.

[@notnamed3400]

0:02 why did you say Gujarati with an Italian accent?

[@spelcheak]

🤌🤌Ita justa sounded right🤌🤌

[@fredriks5090]

Because it sounds like Maserati

[@mortache]

Gujaratti

[@Tusharplays69]

Well expect for that rr. I guess it was perfect.

[@DanilegoPlays]

Bruno Bucciarati!

[@ea-nasir420]

Unfathomably impressive, dense and academic walkthrough of an extremely dry and difficult topic without being boring at any point. Best youtube recommendation I have gotten in years.

[@Eustathe]

@ea-nasir420 obviously this video was made using quality copper

[@magnushmann]

Spanish: Shows Spanish flag English: Shows American flag I know it's probably not even meant as a joke or anything, I just found it funny.

[@adriaticvenetians]

what's weird about using spain for spanish

[@mr.booboo1]

@@adriaticvenetians new world vs old world flags. he's a stickler for consistency

[@davidcoxinparis]

@@mr.booboo1 Plus, if the narrator was gonna use any proper flag for English, he should have used a Jesus flag, cuz as all Americans know, Jesus spoke and wrote in English. That's how the King James Bible came to be. Of course. /snark/

[@Amadis691]

Yeah, we Spanish speakers should find an internet logo of Spanish. The flags are so lame, there are too many Spanish-speaking countries.

[@magnushmann]

@@Amadis691 I find resorting to what is the modern-day equivalent of the geographical source of the langue works sufficiently. If one wants to specify that this is a dialect from a specific country, then you can use the flag from there. This is also often done, when there are more versions of each language available in a selection screen.

[@thecloudwyrm7966]

Didn't expect much from a video with less than 1,000 views but this is... really good. The pacing was good, the small jokes were funny, and it was generally educationally. awesome

[@joeyjohnsonson4341]

my boy is on the rise 🔥🔥🗣

[@bca_4321]

I have no idea how you have so few views. Incredible video. Subscribed.

[@scurly0792]

It was published 6 hours before your comment

[@zzineohp]

9:14 why did you pronounce that e wrong? Everyone know the e makes a e sound. LOL! Western liberals these days really don't understand anything

[@Zaftrabuda]

Bro responded to his own video and liked his own comment ☠

[@iumiforgot]

when you make an 11 minute video people can't even look away from I think you can spare a single mispronounced syllable, loved the video!

[@zzineohp]

@@iumiforgot no that's how your supposed to pronounce it, the h³ changes the way you pronounce e

[@ea-nasir420]

​@@zzineohpDamn bro did you just pretend to be a snarky commenter calling you out just to set up a pedagogical correction of said satirical self-correction? This is weapons grade meme/youtube educational content crossover!

[@rizkyadiyanto7922]

cringe as fuck.

[@perrywilliams5407]

With all those hard ejective and aspired phonemes, I gather the video ended cuz you passed out. 😆 Excellent job, and you gave it your all!

[@dragskcinnay3184]

There were... no ejectives?

[@AzraNoxx]

"For that reason, P.I.E. has 14 vowels, except not really . . ." "So P. I.E. only has seven vowels. Eeeexcept not really. You see . . ." "So P.I.E. only has five vowels. Except . . . so that's the only reason 'a' exists. But people will take their views on the existence of 'a' to their graves. . ." "Proto-indoeuropean really only has four vowels." *beat* "So you're not going to believe this, but P.I.E. only really has one vowel."

[@anarchosnowflakist786]

it is not weird that all your examples revolve around drinking water, as it is very important to stay well hydrated ! thanks for the video btw, pie is a fascinating topic that I didn't know enough about

[@boi905]

Your pronunciation of all the voiced aspirated stops was the highlight of this video

[@ToxicallyMasculinelol]

This video is so good. I'll recommend it to anyone who asks me about PIE. I've been reading about this language and its speakers for 2 years and barely understanding any of the linguistics, getting discouraged, and moving onto something else, but my fascination with my long-dead ancestors is stubborn so I keep coming back to it and getting overwhelmed again by the awful wikipedia articles. I learned more from this 11 minute video (finally understanding ablaut for example) than in the last 2 years combined. So many elusive concepts resolved in my head into a coherent picture. A university would be wise to hire you...

[@JohnSmith-of2gu]

6:12 I love that diagram! In general I like it when the progression of a word/phrase from PIE to a modern language has the phenomenon that caused the change clearly explained. All too often people just show each stage without commentary so the progression of the language looks like a series of entirely arbitrary changes to someone without linguistics training. Aside from that, that thing about most word roots not being usable on their own and needing a suffix explains is fascinating! This is a nice quick rundown of how PIE works, and how we figured some of it out. Nice work demystifying it. 8:20 Naive question: If there are 216 possible inflections (and some impossible in practice), how could PIE get more that 250 out of it? Or was that a typo and should it be 150?

[@zzineohp]

i knew someone would catch that but I was too lazy to fix it...😭

[@Josecannoli1209]

@@zzineohpit’s cool you gave it the old college try and it’s a good video.

[@shuubil]

I loved this video! The energy and humour stayed immaculate throughout, and I learnt a great deal about PIE. This deserves a sub!! Great job!

[@shinjiikari5174]

Me: "Yeah, I love linguistics! It's a pretty neat science." P.I.E.: "Hello there~" Me: *Screams in Euskara*

[@anyalei]

I feel a deep longing in my chest whenever i hear spoken reconstructions of PIE

[@benjaminaburns]

I have no idea what I just watched, but I enjoyed every minute of it.

[@star_lings]

this is a masterpiece. please continue making these!!!

[@londoncrotty560]

this is such a cool video on a topic that I didn't know much about, you deserve more views and likes for this masterpiece

[@liquidoxygen819]

Bro used the Twitter Gujaratimaxxed Yamnaya phenotype 💀

[@troyjacobs8530]

He bulks with phonetics and cuts with semantics, dry scoops etymology as pre-workout

[@redhidinghood9337]

I burst out laughing every time you say the breathy vowels😂😂 I don't think you need that much pressure or explosiveness

[@miro.georgiev97]

To be fair to the guy, English speakers (including me) generally can't perceive the difference between aspirated and unaspirated plosives, so he had to exaggerate the difference so that it could be heard at all. Apparently, according to commenters of Indo-Iranian background, when he was pronouncing them normally, he was actually already aspirating those consonants the whole time, which leads me to believe that the distinction between b and bh and p and ph just isn't big enough to even be made. It just needlessly complicates matters and leads to insecurity among learners of these languages that make the distinction by overcompensating and exaggerating the difference just so they can hear it for themselves.

[@ArkhBaegor]

@@miro.georgiev97 That can't be right. English has both types of plosives. map: unaspirated p, appear: aspirated p. English speakers can clearly hear the difference when they hear a non-native speaker get it wrong.

[@samuelbarham8483]

@@ArkhBaegor Yes, but it's not a phonemic distinction. English speakers don't usually perceive them as categorically different sounds, and panic a bit when asked to consciously produce them outside of their usual conditioning environment in English.

[@silphonym]

​@@miro.georgiev97 your belief is stupid and incorrect. English speakers struggle to differentiate between the two is not enough to say that there is no real difference. The speech (s-BEECH) issue only tells us that English speakers do pronounce p as b there, not that it is impossible to do so. s-PEECH is possible, it just sounds stupid.

[@ahwabanmukherjee5065]

@@miro.georgiev97 Yes, as an Indian, I can attest. Native English speakers always and unknowingly pronounce their consonants with the aspiration; indifference to such distinctions in Hindi or Bengali can get one wierd looks at best and slippers at worst. Also the same reason why the Indian English accent has unaspirated consonants as one of its most distinctive features.

[@TornadoInAJar]

I love the effort you put into this video, but you almost took me out on the k-g-gh! 😂 Thank you for your service! I needed the laugh, and the enlightenment.

[@TheTomster3375]

10/10 video. You have earned a subscriber. Keep it up, I'm eager to watch more! (Gonna go through the catalogue later)

[@Hayakaru]

You are clearly extremely well versed in this subject. That was an excellent video.

[@Taletad]

I don’t know how this wa recommended to me but this is exaclty the kind of content I like

[@kupkaekmusic]

biblidarion and nativelang are your friends

[@Taletad]

@@kupkaekmusic yeah I’m a long term subscriber to Native Lang

[@lettuceandotherveggies715]

@ everyone complaining he used an American flag for English: have we considered that the guy with an American accent who constantly makes jokes about living in America might use an American flag for English because it’s the language he speaks in American?

[@zzineohp]

no i did specifically to annoy people

[@Abram-kb3ux]

​@@zzineohp😂

[@ceisiwrserith2224]

Nice summary of the basics. Thanks. I disagree on the sounds of the laryngeals, but where would be the fun in historical linguistics if everyone always agreed. (I think H1 is ɂ (a glottal stop), H2 is χ (a voiceless velar fricative, as in German "Bach"), and H3 is γw (labialized voiced fricative, because it rounds a following [e] into [o] (because it's labialized) and voiced a following consonant (because it voices a following consonant)). But that's a minor disagreement, and I learned some things from the video, so good on you.

[@carlosbarragan2223]

Oh my god, thank you, thank you so much for making this video. I hadn't laughed this hard in ages. My entire body is shaking, and my neck and stomach are hurting. It's like therapy.

[@skywalkerwifive2595]

yeahh dont look at his other tabs at 0:36

[@Lou-q6d7l]

😮

[@danburgess6068]

You made my day

[@cedriko1662]

Carl92 classic

[@NeilWick]

That's a lot of details to pack into 12 minutes, but it's a great overview and pretty entertaining at the same time.

[@sojjjer]

your destined to hit around 300k subscribers in a year or two

[@cruztastrophe]

I needed this video so badly because wiktionary doesn't have a way to hear what's in the chart.

[@scoutintime]

i am 2 minutes in and having an aneurysm. good job i think i dont know im scared

[@SuperSirex1272]

i think this is the best >1K subs channel ive ever been recommended

[@dkmarzipan]

Longest and most interesting hydration reminder I've ever heard. Thanks!

[@MOPCLinguistica]

You actually left the little squares of the missing Avestan fonts 2:30

[@kovoc1]

What an elegant sounding language. This must truly be the language of the gods.

[@b43xoit]

Deus Pater in particular.

[@HighlyEntropicMind]

This is awesome, I'll try to send some views your way

[@appleoxide4489]

i came this way

[@HighlyEntropicMind]

@@appleoxide4489When I first read your comment I interpreted it in a VERY different way

[@varoonnone7159]

I did come this way 😳

[@EvenRoyalsNeedToUrinate]

​@@varoonnone7159and that's ok, we like the way you came

[@firenter]

Don't think I've ever laughed so much at a linguistics lecture! This is incredible, to the front page with you!

[@_marwan_]

PROUD INDO EUROPEAN SPEAKER HERE ❤ I AM KURDISH! , unfortunately our language is dying out i am trying my best to keep it alive

[@siraco4278]

Its not dying out at all in bashur or rojhelat which combined have a population of about 18 milion

[@tantuce]

How is it dying out? Have a look at Estonia - a country in northern Europe. Population is 1.3m in Estonia, and in total 2 million Estonians worldwide (including Estonian). And they don't think Estonian is dying out.

[@garethjones2596]

The infinitive was not an inflectional category in Proto-Indo-European, but there was a stative verbal paradigm called the perfect (as distinct from the perfective called the aorist)

[@dominusalicorn3684]

The split second frame at 8:03 with the example of dual verb conjugation made me spit with laughter when I finally paused it in time to see it. Turtledoves and partridge... very well done.

[@pyromelonz9020]

One of the best thumbnails ive seen

[@CalvinWiersum]

“And they were actually kyuh guh GYUH”

[@Alorand]

If you grow up hearing this every day I can see how you might be in the mood to conquer parts of Eurasia.

[@amaurylannes]

Damn this is an impressive video deadass

[@PersonManManManMan]

Using PIE as acronym for Proto Indo European is delightfully delicious

[@kmr_tl4509]

Answered a lot of questions I've been thinking about for a long time.

[@такпросто-ж2п]

4:25 but that little circle means that the consonant is voiceless, not syllabic

[@zzineohp]

yeah and /y/ is supposed to make a [y] sound. PIE doesn't use the ipa.

[@такпросто-ж2п]

@@zzineohp ok

[@davidlericain]

Subscribed. Love it!

[@emmafischer6067]

I have no idea what I just watched but I loved it

[@demeurecorentin]

Legit banger of a video, thx

[@CBlargh]

Mid-Atlantic has reverted to the original pronunciation of water...

[@KingLinm]

I think something similiar to 5:30 survives in gheg albanian. For example the name “Fatmir” which means “one that has good luck”, the “i” in it is pronounced as a near-close near-front unrounded vowel “ɪ” but in “fat i mirë” which means “good luck” the “i” is pronounced as a close front unrounded vowel “i”.

[@freddietallonvera2727]

Fun video! The way vowels are chosen depending on the inflection and suffixes reminds me of Semitic languages. Is it possible that they were related in the distant past?

[@zzineohp]

I think that's just a common way for vowel sounds to develop

[@TenorCantusFirmus]

From "Egh péhom undés ghesorm méghihm" to "I drink a large glass of water" the ride has been long and wild...

[@wintercaesaria2492]

Small correction (correct me if i am wrong): I'm pretty sure [ph th kh] are the standard english , its just we dont notice because... they're the standard. [p t k] are actually the sounds made when appear after another consonant(and probably in other places) such as in speaks. They sound somewhat simmilar to but they are unvoiced. The way to tell the difference is if you feel a lot of air coming out of your mouth, your doing the ones with the h, if not its the normal one. Look up more videos on the subject if you are interested.

[@zzineohp]

Firstly there are multiple theories on how to realize the PIE plosives, a secondly rather than being accurate it's more important for my English-speaking audience to tell the difference And for what it's worth, I made one of those "videos on the subject"

[@wintercaesaria2492]

@@zzineohp fair enough. I just put in too much effort learning how to pronounce aspirated stops and I need to lord it over even people who probably can >:(

[@davidcoxinparis]

Absolutely brilliant and so very funny! Great presentation!

[@itz_marcus0819]

In Latvian 🇱🇻 the sentence is: Es dzēru lielu glāzi ūdeni. Exact translation: I drank big glass water.

[@loskam]

Very good video but I think it'd benefit from better quality audio (recording and/or audio mixing)

[@zzineohp]

yeah people were complaining about my mic being too quiet, apparently this was not the way to fix that

[@KGTiberius]

📍 Consider a visual flow/tree charts of PIE: 🔹 common root words, (mother, father, water, fire, sun, moon, earth, sky, night, horse, wheel, tree, gold, etc.) 🔹 branching/deviation, (semantics/zen are cognates *seh₂-) 🔹 dead ends (lost linguistic features) 🔹 word order in sentence structure. @UsefulCharts collaboration? ❓ Also a secondary LIST of all hypothetical PIE words? I’m thinking along the lines of programming AI for how PIE was reverse-engineered, then use the human mapped models for a larger AI analysis and reconstruction.

[@UCXWmsx-oM-WKahAKSNy-ATw]

youre person mitchell but better. Please keep these bangers coming 🔥🔥🔥

[@tovarishchfeixiao]

Inventer of "h1, h2, h3" be like: "let's make up letters that never existed so we can make up more cognates out of nowhere"

[@roedagardet]

Great video! Can't wait to share it with all of my friends who know nothing about linguistics! (They will hate me for the rest of my life)

[@yerkishisi]

same

[@sortingoutmyclothes8131]

could you link some of the sources pls i wanna read

[@zzineohp]

I'll put it in the description

[@40watt53]

no

[@isensmith]

this is exactly the PIE language video I was looking for!

[@mew2knight337]

you can't even imagine how much time you saved me thanks to this video, ❤

[@warboats]

Wow i might have actually finally sussed out basic grammar cos of this video. probably not but that was probably the best way its been presented to me so far probably... got not idea what was the other mess you were chatting

[@matttiberius1900]

7:57 this is actually one of the clearest explanations of inflections I've ever seen.

[@johnhoelzeman6683]

Your pronunciations are killing me 😂😂 they're definitely correct, just they way you did it

[@bantorio6525]

... excellent ... !!!

[@ambiguousi9075]

what were u on when you made the "aspect" column lmao. funny video though, i rate it a glottalic theory out of ten.

[@Hampter-m7r]

I think PIE is like AfroAsiatic language(hebrew, arabic, old egyptian, ...)

[@sweetcorm]

“Water is just an idea, that the glass belongs to, and the water being in the glass is just a product of that” - Zzineohp, 2024

[@servantofaeie1569]

I actually learned something new from this video! The ablaut specifically I'm definitely on team "regular dorsals" were actually uvular and also on team "voiced unaspirates" were ejectives and voiceless plosives were aspirated like their voiced counterparts. So Armenian and Germanic are actually a bit conservative while everyone else changed.

[@kalacaptain4818]

rapidly approaching simon roper levels of linguistics content

[@eruditydosaine3351]

‘The piranhas drank all my shampoo’ - I’m loving these example sentences

[@shishir12789]

Great video. Now I know why its such a pain to learn Sanskrit and German, it's because they preserved so much of the PIE lexeme system

[@randomguy-tg7ok]

So... did the piranhas die from that, or ate they still swimming around somewhere?

[@arkanon8661]

it seems very strange that a language from so long ago would be so complicated, surely there were many stages before it where it was much less complex (perhaps most of the inflections were just extra words or phrases that add context?)

[@gavinrolls1054]

it's not really any more complicated than modern languages.

[@mrcolmiyo]

It's really not all that strange that an ancient language would be so complicated, since the complexity of a language has nothing to do with the advancement of the culture that speaks it. For example, the Navajo weren't a very advanced culture (by the standards of technology), but their language was fiendishly complicated. On the other hand, America is arguably one of the most scientifically advanced nations in the history of the world, and English has barely any word inflection at all. However, you are right about the earlier stages of PIE. We just don't know what these earlier stages looked like, since there are no substantiated theories for macrofamilies further back in time than ~6000 years ago, and we'd need to know about PIE"s sister languages to reconstruct anything. In fact, your idea about inflections being extra words/phrases that added context is a near-perfect expression of the process of grammaticalization, which is when lexical words (i.e. words that have independent meanings) erode and become grammatical markers. We've seen this happen all over the world, and it's happening right now. A good example would be the so-called "Saxon his," which was when speakers of Old English would use the word "his" as a sort of particle for possession, which eventually eroded and became the suffix "-s."

[@sevenssymbols]

​@@mrcolmiyoof course :) all languages go through this cycle eventually: seperate words fuse and grammaticalize, agglutinating and then becoming synthetic, fusional, and then dropping off entirely and being replaced by other words (like the Latin genitive being substituted with "de" in Spanish etc.) Eventually the languages with synthetic grammars will become isolating (sort of like Mandarin or other languages) and then the new grammatical words will again agglutinate onto other words, beginning the cycle again :)

[@joshuachan6317]

11:32 Do we also have three grammar of PIE reconstructed? 😮

[@gavinrolls1054]

we do but and he showed it but he used the wrong word order and used grammatical gender when really there was only grammatical animacy in early PIE

[@sevenssymbols]

​@@gavinrolls1054​ early pie is even more theoretical than late pie, and when someone says "PIE" they usually refer to late PIE, the last common ancestor of the Indo European languages (the language being described in this video). the syntax given here is... strange... the verb should probably come last (and maybe the adjective before the noun? that's far more vague tho)

[@nikolay4101-s7r]

1:57 I saw in a video once that in ancient Greek, while while kʷ and gʷ had already transformed to b and p (thus their letters Β and Π), the barely lingering gʷʰ was still turning into pʰ (later f), and thus the Greeks split Ϙ and Φ, but once the sound shift was complete Ϙ and it's descendant Q was left with no distinct sound. So this odd old sound survived juuust long enough to affect the alphabets we know and use today

[@az.floral]

just a question, how often do you drink dihydrogen monoxide?

[@Patrick-gg6tt]

I'll be honest man, that thumbnail scared me for a bit until I watched this video.

[@mavmav0YT]

small correction at 7:40, "grow, grew, growing, grown" are not lexemes, that is, they are different forms of a single lexeme, represented by the citation form (lemma) "grow". The lemma is just the canonical form of the lexeme, while the lexeme is the collection of all the inflected forms.

[@zzineohp]

And grows

[@cariyaputta]

It's good to learn more about my ancestor.

[@spaghettiisyummy.3623]

I love your pfp!

[@baltulielkungsgunarsmiezis9714]

Great video

[@anthonycardott3541]

ok dude you got my attention at 3:25, (s) alternation. what's your source on that please??? and the skwalos example was really good, I'm convinced

[@sparshjohri1109]

Look up s-mobile

[@SUUOOOMMIIIPERRKKEEELEEEEE]

Make a video about Proto-Uralic! 🙂

[@y11971alex]

So this video contains the idea that e/o ablaut is conditioned rather than lexical. Keep that in mind.