Ammonium perchlorate: NH4ClO4. Rocket fuel from construction foam!

Ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4) is a powerful oxidizer!
The primary use of ammonium perchlorate is in making solid fuel propellants
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Reaction timing:
0:44 Ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4) decomposition
1:54 Ammonium perchlorate and Zirconium powder NH4ClO4 + Zr
2:05 Ammonium perchlorate and Hafnium powder NH4ClO4 + Hf
2:47 Ammonium perchlorate, magnesium and polyurethane NH4ClO4 + Mg + [C(O)-NH-Ph-CH2-Ph-NH-C(O)-O-C2H4-O-]n
4:24 Ammonium perchlorate and Decaborane NH4ClO4 + B10H14
4:52 Ammonium perchlorate and Lithium borohydride NH4ClO4 + LiBH4
5:55 Ammonium perchlorate and Lithium aluminum hydride NH4ClO4 + LiAlH4
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Subscribe bro ^_^

[@mgresham424]

He clipped the mic to his beard lmao. Honestly pretty smart move.

[@BeastM140i]

Not only smart; but an absolute alpha move

[@pebblesoatsen9085]

Never would of thought of that, pure genius

[@XenXenOfficial]

I fucking laughed my ass off as soon as I seen him. Never thought about that before! Smart and resourceful lol

[@RaymondRChammas]

haha, that was pretty funny

[@beeman1885]

I need to grow my beard back so I have a better microphone mount.

[@Samonie67]

absolute perfect placement of the lavalier microphone, it's barely noticeable and probably doesn't hurt at all. I love it.

[@Bert2368]

A couple of points related to this chemical- Sufficiently fine ammonium perchlorate doesn't need to be mixed with a fuel to DETONATE, similar to the explosive properties of bulk ammonium nitrate. Check the UN shipping classification- AP finer than 15 micron particle size and dry ships as division 1.1, high explosives. AP for propellant use is carefully segregated by particle size, only a particular "cut" of particle sizes is chosen for any specific application. If you want repeatable results, you will need to control for AP particle size. Don't try to use random sized powders for rocket engines. Also, use a binder that doesn't FOAM as the insulation product used here does! Those bubbles would lead to very fast burning and probably an exploded motor. If you wish to mix AP with Magnesium as was done for the "rocket fuel" (and have the mixture last more than a short time), you had best coat the Mg particles with chromate. This may be done by adding the Mg powder to a hot water solution of Potassium dichromate, then filter, dry and dispose of the nasty hexavalent chromium waste solution responsibly- It would be better to use a fine spheroidal Aluminum powder, as is usual for aerospace applications. Although Al powder based fuel may not ignite for demonstrations easily when unconfined, it is what you want in real world rocket fuel applications. If you have very fine Hafnium carbide powder available at your lab, you might find mixing some of THAT with fine AP and igniting the mixture entertaining. Even though HfC is used as a refractory ceramic, it burns with lots of energy once you get it going...

[@dudemcnude1314]

Damn dude.

[@Bert2368]

@@dudemcnude1314 You just KNOW some precocious 14 YO was going to try and stuff a metal casing full of that insulation foam bound improvised "rocket fuel" and try to fly it. And find out the hard way that the OP tuned it to ignite easily and burn impressively in the open for his demonstration, which equals KABOOM! if ignited when confined.

[@dudemcnude1314]

@@Bert2368 thought so too. Unfortunate.

[@TheExplosiveGuy]

Yeah Ammonium Perchlorate rocketry isn't exactly simple stuff, it's leaps and bounds more dangerous and powerful than the sugar rockets most amateurs play with. There are way more variables that go into them, and you _really_ don't want to be near an AP rocket going cato. Might want to consider your HPR certs if you really want to make them.

[@TheExplosiveGuy]

@@traitorousbipeds well it's not exactly something you jump into, you'll need to do a _lot_ of reading and studying to even understand the basics. There are a number of forums you could become a member of, those will be great sources of info, and Wikipedia can be great for defining some of the nomenclature. Knowledge of chemistry will help out a bit, but it's not entirely necessary if you just want to fly some small rockets, practical knowledge is more important than anything, like the OP said there are tons of variables that go into Ammonium Perchlorate rockets including the physical grain size and shape of fuels and oxidizers, the type of core shape you use (rocket motors have a hollow core, and different shapes of that core produce different thrust profiles), fuel ratios and additives, the profiles of the nozzle you are using, the list goes on and on. Honestly if you are new to rocketry I'd say take baby steps first and learn how to perfect sugar rockets first, they can be quite powerful with the correct additive such as a 2% addition of red iron oxide to the mix as a burn rate catalyst. Potassium Nitrate and Sorbitol with iron oxide (58/40/2 ratio by weight) is a good place to start, it's a lot easier to prepare than table sugar rockets due to a much lower melting temp (regular sugar has to be brought to it's melting temp for a melt cast rocket, which is only a couple hundred degrees below the ignition temperature, can get dangerous if you're new). Start with powdered and pressed mixes first, melt cast rockets are somewhat difficult to pour properly in small rockets, it needs to be injected into your grain mold to avoid air pockets. Better performance but not by a whole lot, it just increases the density of the fuel a bit. Getting into HPR (High Power Rocketry) certification will require a lot of knowledge on your part, don't expect to get into it any time soon. Baby steps first, get comfortable with the basics, find a group of people online who know what they are doing, gain some experience, then see where that takes you. And for God's sakes start small, you _really_ don't want a big rocket going Cato (catastrophic failure) on you, they can be just as powerful as a pipe bomb minus the metal fragments (never use a metal casing for a rocket). Let me know if you have any questions, I'm no expert but I do know a thing or two about making rockets.

[@spacecomma4678]

There’s a KZbin video by the company that makes this solid propellant for the aerospace industry. A two-part polymer resin is used. The perchlorate is mixed w/ the “hardener”, then the the aluminum is added w/ the resin, mixed and allowed to harden. It’s much easier to do than mixing the powders and then trying to get your “goo” to absorb them at the same time.

[@benny1330]

Trimethylaluminium would be a very interesting compound most people will never see in their lives elsewhere

[@GABRIEL-dz9mh]

Trimethylaluminum and air = spontaneous fire

[@benny1330]

@@GABRIEL-dz9mh Exactly, wouldn't that be a cool thing to see?

[@steampunkastronaut7081]

@@benny1330 _Famous last words_

[@WineScrounger]

Niv 'Mohnd if a chemist says “watch this” then just run... shit’s going down

[@LuisBorja1981]

Well, I work with that for my PhD thesys and it's too reactive for its own sake. You can do NOTHING with that compound outside a glovebox or a Schlenk line, for it spontaneously burst in flames.

[@reactivechem7408]

Great vid, now I want ammonium perchlorate even more

[@warwolfsoad4270]

I love your content it's making me enjoying chemistry more and more after each video, you're a genius, thank you for your awesome work ! Keep up !

[@ChemicalForce]

Thank you very much!

[@kswe6540]

I simply love it how much ur channel has gained attention

[@GABRIEL-dz9mh]

The Mg-NH4ClO4 ball was so satisfying

[@49_salonimishra36]

Thank you for this video....I really enjoyed it a lot and appreciate your hardwork.....

[@ChemicalForce]

thank you!

[@RaExpIn]

This reminds me of the fact, that perchlorates are more stable than chlorates, which is quite counterintuitive. Nice video!

[@coreyfoe2578]

Interesting consept using cf as a binding agent really cool

[@dappa4608]

Man you make chemistry so cool

[@ChemicalForce]

thank you, man :D

[@spiderdude2099]

One of my favorite perchlorates is silver perchlorate. Mainly due to the fact that it has the unusual property of being a silver salt that is soluble in organic solvents, namely toluene. This allows for some really interesting reactions.

[@vector8310]

Your videos inspire me to learn chemistry. Some people would say the ignitions excite the sensations and that I'm mistaking that for intellectual stimulation. But it's more than that. They stimulate because its fascinating how these mechanisms produce these reactions. I look around me and inquire where else do these reactions lie in wait. Not at all because anyone wishes to blast things but because things CAN blast of their own volition and its empowering to recognize that potential. It's one of the highest forms of scientific awareness of one's boundaries.

[@chris25979]

Your wonderful teacher!

[@MistahHeffo]

YAY!! Im on a list now!

[@WarBringerRedBeard]

Thank you so much for the educational and entertaining content. Can you maybe do a brief video on your lab set up and some of the tools you use? Very interested

[@joeestes8114]

Awesome video!

[@josephhaley7576]

Goodness gracious - great balls of fire!

[@hrvojeknez9584]

So good.

[@ernestoterrazas3480]

Very nice experiments always interesting CONGRATULATION and thank you for shearing your big knowledge.

[@noahcoulombe4125]

Thank you for your contribution in my tiny airplane rocket thing

[@peterpiso7384]

Great video please keep up your great videos

[@CarterColeisInfamous]

30 seconds in and i already love your channel

[@ChemicalForce]

one comment and I already love you

[@bilboproudfoot]

Gotta love a beard mic. So, powdered hafnium? Yea, that's some common stuff there.... All the best to you Sir!

[@skewtzzDBD]

i like the subtle(?) humour on this channel

[@David-wk6md]

I heard than knowledge was power Thanks cousin

[@lunchbr4ke528]

Super cool channel, really what I was looking for!!! :) I found you through you collab with Explosions&Fire

[@susancuenca3813]

very cool vid!!!!

[@jimmyday656]

Add a clip from the Henderson Blast in Nevada when a factory vanished in an instant.

[@pebblesoatsen9085]

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[@firas4912]

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[@mastmar]

I love energetic chemical reactions

[@zaryabahmed9025]

You are great sir

[@WarbirdPylonRacer]

I would really be interested in seeing a video testing different potassium nitrate combinations and finding the best one for a pvc rocket motor. Which one produces the most thrust for the longest? Great video!

[@jhyland87]

This channel has amazing content!

[@ChemicalForce]

thank you!

[@jhyland87]

@@ChemicalForce you're welcome. Keep it up!

[@robertjames1259]

He comes up with the wildest fuels Some more like explosive

[@theheretic3764]

Can you give some info on sulfuric acid and mekp? Specifically the dangers? Different reactions? Saw it combine in a small amount and flash fire recently.

[@EzeePosseTV]

5,000 subscribers at the end of 2019.. Its now 2021 and you now you have almost 80K

[@JohnsonQi]

nice job, now i can start my rocket project with a 10kg warhead

[@user-uu7lv1tf7g]

Классные эксперименты !!!💥💥💥 В интернете мало видео про NH4ClO4. Хочу попробовать сделать топливо для ракеты. Самое сложное это добиться стабильного горения. NH4ClO4 очень агрессивно горит, и его реакцию нужно чем-то тормозить... Очень много переменных. Начинается от состава топлива, заканчивая формой топливной шашки. Большое спасибо !!! 💥💥💥

[@Calilasseia]

The LiAlH4 watch glass footage ... that white mixture visibly heaved like a mini Mount St Helens before the combustion phase ... that's quite an interesting phenomenon. Of course, ammonium perchlorate is a substance to treat me with respect. I point everyone to footage of the Pepcon incident in 1988. No less than 4,500 tons of this reagent cut loose in an uncontrolled manner, and levelled the plant. Generated a 3.6 Richter scale earthquake when it detonated. Which illustrates nicely why it's used as a rocket propellant.

[@redox4k]

I swear one day I will understand everything in your videos

[@shahyarexperiments9082]

nice man

[@FarhanAmin1994]

NH4ClO4 is interesting in that the cation has N in its lowest possible oxidation state (-3) while the anion has Cl in its highest possible oxidation state (+7).

[@michalchik]

Since ammonium perchlorate has both a reducing agent and a oxidizing agent, ammonia and perchlorate respectively oh, it might be cool to see if there's some sort of catalyst that can lead to a spontaneous decomposition when gently heated. Maybe mixing some rainy nickel

[@akashmukherjee2405]

Hi! It's kinda curiosity!!! Is it possible to make a low smoke producing/smokeless solid rocket fuel?

[@Rashadrus]

Mix: NH4ClO4+some NaCl+Zn and some water.... - cool heater ready!

[@jessemayle1380]

I really like this channel and I'd like to see you make and test RDX

[@memejeff]

Epic

[@Miata822]

Rocket fuel! Love it.

[@williamhill2221]

That's ICBM

[@ninoland498]

Cool

[@JoakimfromAnka]

What is the formula for AP reacting with Al? I keep finding 2 different answers. 3 NH4ClO4 + 3Al = Al2O3+AlCl3+6H2O+3NO or 6 NH4ClO4 + 10 Al = 4Al2O3+2AlCl3+12H2O+3N2

[@benny1330]

Peroxoacid anhydrides would be another thing, like Perchloric Acid anhydride

[@SomeAustrianGuy]

Why stop at perchloric acid? Apparently Peroxynitric Acid exists and is stable at low temperatures.

[@benny1330]

@@SomeAustrianGuy That Sounds amazing👌 thats truly a compound that deserves Chemical Force, Eventhough I bet it would be hard to get the anhydride😂😂

[@tmfan3888]

perchloric acid doesnt hv peroxo grps!!!

[@benny1330]

@@tmfan3888 I'm not talking about PeroxY acids rather than Periodic, Perbromic, pernitric, perchloric acids

[@djisydneyaustralia]

Loads of byproduct? Isn't there a hetter way? Weight vs thrust is it an efficient oxidiser fuel combination?

[@htomerif]

Is this the chemistry version of flexing? You've just got decaborane laying around do you?

[@joeestes8114]

Awesome video! Thanks for sharing!

[@rabihalkaysi]

What makes NH4ClO4 detonate instead of decomposing slowly?

[@nigeljohnson9820]

It would have been interesting to see the reaction with hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene. This I understand is the preferred binder mixed with aluminium powder. I would like to see the reaction that forms the polybutadiene. I understand the production of the rocket fuel involves thorough mixing, followed by curing under vacuum.

[@jmar1371]

HTPB+Al+SrNO3+NH4ClO4=APCP "Wimpy Red" kzbin.info/www/bejne/q5rHqKqZh7WBnZY

[@ardad9292]

If the two oxidizers combine, will the power increase more? for example KNO3 - NaNO3 thank you

[@moritz.s2859]

How do you get things like Hafniumpowder, do you work as a chemist or something?

[@caesarcch3879]

Yeah he works in a company that supplies labs with chemicals :D

[@HomemadeChemistry]

I was going to say the same, mixing an oxidizer just casually with Hafnium powder... I was wondering if there was something deeper behind it :D

[@donaldhoot7741]

Great video! Now I am only a couple of decades behind Elon Musk in my quest for Mars!

[@christopherleubner6633]

The mix in a lot of military rockets is a bunch of ammonium perchlorate, some alumium powder, some zirconium powder, a little iron oxide and a polymer binder, either rubber or polyethelene. Has very high impulse. 🤓

[@MikeYoungeasytravel]

Thiokol’s SRM used ammonium perchlorate, iron oxide, aluminum, and a binding agent. Can you please try this combination?

[@matthiasschmitz87]

Interesting, there is the structure of Sildenafil in the backgroud^^

[@beautiful....285]

How you get idea for reactions?

[@user-be4yc2vr5c]

Whats this neat lil channel I just stumbled on?

[@ChemicalForce]

ChemicalForce :D

[@donyoung1701]

I'm very curious about H2FeO4, can you give us some experiments about this material? I think we can start with K2FeO4. And I'm also very interested on whether H2FeO4 can exist out of solutions, and FeO3

[@justneep3191]

can be used Amonium chlorate in strobe fule?

[@jaxblonk5127]

I've always wanted to see ammonium dinitramide

[@RobertSzasz]

Why were you stirring it with a rod like that? Wouldn't the usual mixing by rolling the mix around on a bit of paper be safer (that's some super fine magnesium powder)

[@user-vb6qz5qe8z]

Why does ammonium perchlorate combustion when heated? We obtained ammonium perchlorate by double decomposing sodium perchlorate and ammonium chloride. To observe its thermal decomposition, we put it in a glass test tube and applied a temperature of 160 degrees or higher to watch the process, and NH4Cl4 -> Cl2 + HCl + N2 + O2 + H2O should be carried out without flames, but combustion occurred in the video. What's the reason for this? Is it because impurities were mixed in the synthesis process?

[@imsidetracted]

I like how you dont tell us the interesting stuff. I'm in such awe that you let me view it I'm certain I'm unworthy of knowing what your doing.

[@tokajileo5928]

take 100 % HCl I mean liquified HCl (no water) and toss a chunk of sodium in it. What happens?

[@redpeterdragon.impressions3868]

Is Rocket fuel Radiation proff? Would the construction foam be if it was?

[@Trifosgene]

2Hf + NH4ClO4 ---> 2HfO2 + NH4Cl (same with zirconium) could be?

[@yetizero5563]

solid propellant rocket

[@harrys2k]

Nice vid, but please don't mix AP with Mg powder dry... the mixture will literally detonate by shock. Mix the binder and metals first, then add the AP.

[@RobertSzasz]

Seeing that mix get stirred about with the glass rod was a pucker moment.

[@EG-cs3wv]

Great video. Great beard.

[@seetv61]

Dear Sir! Can Ammonium Chloride be changed in to an oil like substance ? Can C9 be liquefied as a deep yellow oil with chemicals? I saw doing this by an old alchemist, without being seen by him, in my youth. How is it posible? He liquefied Diamond in a China pastel mortal.

[@MrGovno3]

Nice micro Dude :D

[@ChemicalForce]

Thank you, Dude :D

[@keithyinger3326]

4:05 aww RIP little crystallization dish. Fear not little feller, for you will live on as boiling chips.

[@ChemicalForce]

RIP ;(

[@dvdavid4677]

Intro music nice remember NES alian game? Got from twincitys mall good there but not home.

[@n-n.n3248]

Ummm... Curious question, if chlorates can be made by chloride electrolysis, chloric acid could be made by hydrocloric acid electrolysis?

[@9787nalin]

Please make video of indoor cold pyro chemical mixture

[@zonex001]

What does the dichlorine heptoxide look like ?

[@massaosaito4084]

MUAHAHAHAHAHAHA, you fixed your mic in your beard, I respect that, have my like XD

[@douro20]

The reaction of this chemical with the HDPE drums used to store it caused the PEPCON disaster.

[@firas4912]

I am looking for how to prepare acetylene dithiocyanate

[@zakiranderson722]

At 4:00min that was amazing!

[@ihbarddx]

Why not a video on sulfate flash mixtures? The most common mixture is MgSO4 + Mg powder. Was thinking of two more interesting examples. The first is hydrazine sulfate and aluminum powder. The second is triethyl ammonium sulfate and aluminum powder. (The last one should produce a fire ball in air, but never tried it.)

[@bishoyelkes1833]

Could you make copper sulphate + phosphoric acid reaction , please? ❤❤

[@jeffreysoreff9588]

Great video! Has anyone succeeded in making ammonium superoxide yet?

[@brokeunnecessary3246]

Make some super explosive reaction videos...

[@Wunderbred66]

Nice video, I like how you have the times for each reaction in the info. But it would also be cool if you showed the equation for the reaction or if you want the reaction mechanism in the video while explaining. Still I a great video.

[@ChemicalForce]

A text animation your talking about takes a lot of time

[@Wunderbred66]

@@ChemicalForce No animation needed just an image overlay in the corner like Nilered does with many videos.

[@eschdaddy]

Good placement of clip-on. Keep that beard in check!

[@kryptocat4240]

I will try to build a SRB using ammonium perchlorate

[@jinnahkhan1149]

Best good .

[@ketnoiammepkl1950]

Tôi có thể biết amonium kết hợp như thế nào để cho ra nguyên liệu đẩy