Animation vs Physics - An Over-Analysis

[@untrouble8191]

"Even I don't understand what this means" is the most terrifying thing you can hear from a physics professional

[@OneColdRepublican]

The last thing you hear, before reaching Singularity.

[@megalampada2372]

I got surprised by that. I almost just froze here like "what you mean 'you don't know'? YOU'RE HERE TO EXPLAIN IT"

[@TheMergan326]

Im studing phisics and a teacher said that when he was explaining especial relativity xd

[@mixtressreve]

There was another video analyzing this video that did actually know the concepts that were being put into place in that section! I don't recall who made it, but it's a good watch, too!

[@DMTHOTH]

what do you think physicists are?.. there are many professional fields and nobody undestand everything all at once, especially those dumb string theories/parallel universe/membrane yada yada yada.

[@rein_reeee]

1:54 I had a conversation with my sister and we realized that this “ice floor” is actually the slippery, frictionless plane we often find in highschool physics tests. “Assuming there is no friction” type of problems, so when an object recieves force, it gains 100% of it, just for the sake of clean numbers for practices.

[@mite3959]

Glad that I thought of that too!

[@thedabmaster287]

bro is the guy in physics problems

[@GoofyAhOklahoma]

​@@thedabmaster287bro's the guy with 37 watermelons and 22 mangos

[@blutophat]

​@@GoofyAhOklahomaYou turned him into the math problem guy ☠️

[@GoofyAhOklahoma]

@@blutophat physics is applied math

[@Eradicator-jv9xr]

Did no one notice how TSC literally ran almost as fast as the average speed of Usain bolt, at 10m/s? Dude could run faster than most of us as a stick figure

[@fakeletobr730]

in a way, what makes as slower is muscle mass, but is not like we can achieve those speeds without it, the reason the stick figures are so fast, they dont either depend of muscles or actually react equally to most stuff, TSSC was unnefected by that black hole gravity and also sun temperature, running 10 meters easily trough purely animation is not the most unbelievable thing

[@litterbox019]

he was spinning an infinitely tall cylinder with a mass of 10 suns

[@shibainu2528]

He did just barely outrun the inverted big bang of the Minecraft multiverse (Saying that because all the dimensions were presumably deleted) *while* holding the source of this IBB in AvM 30, so...

[@ayuballena8217]

@@litterbox019that too

[@ayuballena8217]

@freerobux49where does it says that?

[@atigerclaw]

There's some touching on String Theory going on in this video. The basic, VERY basic summation is that the dimensions of space we can see are only part of a larger group of dimensions. Space and time are just the 'expanded' dimensions, while there are more that are 'compacted' or folded in on themselves. But the scale at which the compacted dimensions exist is down at the Planck length, more or less that distance that was getting infinitesimally small as TSC 'swam' towards the singularity near the end. In these folded dimensions, small 'strings' of energy vibrate, being forced into open or closed one-dimensional patterns. Now, the last time I read a book on this was the 2000s, but it went on to discuss how all these string constructs, in combinations, are the most basic form of all the matter an energy in existence. The Calabi Yau Manifold is the name of the shape of the compact, folded up dimensions the strings are vibrating around in. That is why the quantum apple briefly morphed into it. The reason it is called a manifold is because, quite literally, it is a manifold. A series of dimensional 'tubes' folded in on itself. Of course, quantum mechanics and string theory are something to take with a salt mine. You're at the far end of theoretical physics when you get to them. The part where physicists get into fist fights, and mathematicians drink themselves under the table.

[@artyfarty99changingtohoiii78]

that’s what i thought too

[@prosciutto1727]

What is the meaning of 'mathematicians drink under the table'?

[@atigerclaw]

@@prosciutto1727 "driking one's self under the table" is a turn of phrase that means to drink until blackout drunk. As in to drink until you're so drunk that you can no longer stay in your chair and end up on the floor, usually resulting in your being physically 'under the table', literally. This is usually used to describe a person is upset or depressed and drinking to forget the pain, and doing so excessively as to be destructive to their health. So when I said 'mathematicians drinking themselves under the table', it is to imply that this corner of theoretical physics causes mental anguish to those involved to the point they start actively partaking in a self-destructive activity such as excessive heavy drinking. After all, theoretical physics such as String Theory exist almost EXCLUSIVELY as clumps of higher math scrawled on a white board. This makes them very, very taxing to visualize and explain, and near impossible to test. Be aware, however, that this turn of phrase is being used facetiously, or as a joke of exaggeration. If only barely. It is entirely possible that my words are accurate, and that physicists DO in fact get into fist fights over it, and mathematicians DO in fact finish scrawling formulas on the board, look at them for five seconds, and then break open that bottle of scotch they kept in the desk.

[@danieltan7344]

One of my friend always says the difference between physics as we normally know and theoretical physics is one is more enjoyable to be solved, while the other one is more enjoyable as a story of discussion rather than tried to be 'solved'. As he always said too, enjoy physics when there's still equations to work with.

[@bloberson]

QM is well known to be at least mostly true, string theory is very questionable.

[@shahwajakhtar5411]

I'm a Physics graduate, and I totally get "Even I don't understand what this means" part...

[@sealestiale]

its refreshing to see that when someone doesn't understand something, they admit it. it made me laugh that after the newton's law stuff you were just like "i have no idea what is happening" felt like we are learning together! i haven't learned a thing but maybe you have, i'm still trying to understand the math one

[@aserfgyujkop._]

i do know it its not hard manipulating people

[@LokiThePug]

You know the team did a good job when even the one that’s trying to explain doesn’t actually know what’s going on

[@MCWaffles2003-1]

Is that really a good job though?

[@Nova-_-]

​@@MCWaffles2003-1I think it just shows how vast and complex the field of physics is

[@sploofmcsterra4786]

They spent a significant percentage of the non-newtonian physics on string theory, which is largely seen as a waste of time by contemporary physicists. I don't think the end was done too well.

[@LokiThePug]

@@sploofmcsterra4786 I mean when the most interesting stuff comes from a place that has yet to be fully comprended, it will always have its flaws as it is only a theory for us now

[@leudast1215]

@@sploofmcsterra4786 Gravity is a theory too mate. You humans have no idea how your universe works. you're throwing proverbial sh*t at the wall (and sometimes human beings) until something sticks and pretend you know what you're doing. Until you hit the next wall. and the next. and the next.

[@BfdiSfs]

Physics is life. Physics is everything.

[@stacyimagination3936]

I mean it is how nature work

[@ishnenigans]

without physics things would really go out of hand

[@Alex-zu4lg]

God is everything

[@blomblorpf]

Life is Life and everything is everything, Physics is how humans model an understanding.

[@rhum_1802]

@@blomblorpf you're mixing physics with maths, two completly different domains

[@ghost-qm2lj]

this is my best interpretation of the video from 11:36 11:36 starting from here, TSC is falling through a red cylinder. This is a worldsheet, which is a one-dimensional enclosed string (a circular shape) stretched into a cylinder. The height dimension of the cylinder represents time. Essentially, worldsheets describe the path a string will take over time. TSC has shrunk to the point where he is falling through one of the quarks, since quarks can be represented as strings. Neutrinos are also seen flying by, which makes sense since they are much smaller than quarks. 11:45 Now TSC has shrunken to the point where he leaves the quark. My guess is that the worldlines represent the light cone of the singularity at the center. There are two light cones that emanate from an object. One cone represents the past possible light paths and one cone represents the future possible light paths. Anti de-Sitter space (AdS space) is a type of space where no points in space or time can be told apart from one another, and it has a negative curvature (aka hyperbolic geometry). Conformal field theory is a type of quantum field theory that remains unchanged when its lengths and curves are changed but its angles are kept the same. SInce the video directly mentions Anti de-Sitter space and a conformal field, this implies that the video is referencing AdS/CFT correspondence. I don't really know too much about it though. This also implies that the black hole that TSC entered was an AdS black hole, which is a black hole with a negative cosmological constant. A black hole with a negative cosmological constant approaches AdS space. Maybe AdS black holes have some special properties. AdS space is probably why hyperbolic space is mentioned at 13:17. 12:02 In the bottom right, there is a diagram. The diamond on the right is our universe, and the diamond on the left is a parallel or alternate universe. Black holes that are connected to white holes have a special property. The black hole region can contain particles that fell in from either universe, and particles in the white hole region can escape into any universe. White holes are a region of the singularity's past, while black holes are a region of the singularity's future. That's why there's a "future singularity" and "past singularity" in the two circles that TSC is approaching. The distance meter that is on the screen displays a distance close to a planck length, or the smallest possible length possible in the universe. Also, keep in mind that I am not an expert in quantum physics and most of this is speculation, so I might be extremely wrong about most parts. (And unfortunately, in real life you can't use black holes and white holes to cross between universes. It is impossible to enter a white hole, so you can't enter the other universe throught the white hole side. Meanwhile, if you try to enter through the black hole side, you will reach the singularity and die.)

[@yesdadbut960]

4:25 you would die here just in case lol

[@_oklahoma_7732]

Oh, an addition to the diagram at 12:02, it's called the Penrose Diagram. It's essentially as you said. The diagram is frequently used to illustrate the causal structure of spacetimes containing black holes, like the one in the vid.

[@hanchen267]

Correction: you will die before you reach the singularity It takes an infinite amount of time to go to the singularity from outside the black hole

[@antheosenigma]

@@hanchen267 that would assume the singularity is infinity far from the horizon, and since its not, having two separate objects which can be referred to means they have a distance between them (thats what space is by definition) and therefore a noninfinite space, and since space and time swap inside the event horizon, it would take a finite time to reach the singularity, though it would not necessarily within your lifespan, it would depend on the mass of the blackhole, since that changes the distance of the horizon from the singularity (this all assumes that the singularity of infinite density exists and isnt just a divide by 0 error in G.R.).

[@SunnyKimDev]

​@@yesdadbut960Even without oxygen and atmospheric problems, you just hit a metal object in the head at escape velocity. I don't think you can survive that.

[@fordthelord1133]

I love how accurate everything in the animation is! Taking physics now and man, if it doesn't feel like I'm using an education for something finally! Really though, its fun how everything is logical and reasonable up until the black hole, where quantum mechanics go "Eh... probably!"

[@fakeletobr730]

i think the most innacuracy is actual time travel + where do i begin asking where the other TSC went when jumping at that hyperbolic sstuff at the end? that did not receive an answer

[@DatBoi_TheGudBIAS]

@@fakeletobr730im pretty sure it is an infinite cicle. the future and present TSC give stuff to past TSC, and when the past TSC crosses into the singularity zone, the future TSC jumps to take the past TSC place, and the present TSC turns into the future TSC, while the past TSC turns into the present TSC

[@kosuken]

​@@DatBoi_TheGudBIAS inside a black hole, where you accelarate to the speed of light (and maybe further, we dont know enough about effects of the singularity on immortal beings such as TSC) thats prob where the time travel shit occurs, and we dont know enough about quantum mechanics to give a reasonable explaination, its all theory (quantum computers will help when they come to pass)

[@fakeletobr730]

@@DatBoi_TheGudBIAS i don't think so, he did pick a choice before jumping, was it to erase its own memorys? also if he didnt, he would have know all the cicle so the future one prob did escape into an alternate reality that its his own original reality, and he is the future self needed to create the paradox, but that doesnt mean every single present that meets and becomes the future needs to have built everything, future and present are paradoxal to the past, that means that the present self will only shown what future shown it while he didn't made all the stuff to make past self reach the present point

[@DatBoi_TheGudBIAS]

@@fakeletobr730idk how his memory would be whiped. it just seemed like the theme of the video. u start in the planet. u end in the singularity and another one

[@itsmetaphor2153]

Even though you didnt understand it as much as your math one, you still did a great job! Loved this video when it came out!

[@booma2]

As a student of black hole physics and having some research in the area of black hole, I've endeavored to explain each physics concept presented in this absolutely amazing masterpiece by Alan Becker. I'd greatly appreciate your comments on my review, "Black Hole Physics Student Reacts to Animation vs. Physics by Alan Becker | Comprehensive Analysis," as it would enhance our mutual learning experience. I started working on my review just an hour after the video was released, and I feel fortunate to have stumbled upon your review after posting mine. Much respect from my side. cheers!

[@Shibva_]

It was the lead animator that made this I believe

[@oscarwillimott9296]

I have not got a Theoretical Physics PhD or degree. But, I think: The Wormhole thing they were messing around with was an Einstein-Rosen Bridge. Or, a wormhole. As an aside, any Mass moved via the Einstein-Rosen Bridge must be taken out of it, but due to a Black Hole having Infinite Density, this can be avoided. But as Space and Time are linked (Space-Time) it can also affect Time too, by creating Tipler Cylinders as seen in the video. Those 1-D Strings come from String Theory. Everything is made up of them. That's the extent of my knowledge there. The Apple turning into a 6-D object was likely due to, at this unfathomable, Physics-Breaking gravity inside the Singularity, the several hidden dimensions (from M-Theory) of the Universe can act on objects here.

[@priyank5161]

What's tipler cylinder? I wanna know about it

[@litterbox019]

isn't m theory controversial among scientists?

[@Lausanamo]

​@@litterbox019It is VERY controversial. Alan Becker did a good job in the beginning of this video but then he went too deep into string theory, which is similar to presenting conspiracy theories in a video about politics.

[@oscarwillimott9296]

@@litterbox019 Dunno.

[@oscarwillimott9296]

@@priyank5161 "A Tipler cylinder, also called a Tipler time machine, is a hypothetical object theorized to be a potential mode of time travel-although results have shown that a Tipler cylinder could only allow time travel if its length were infinite or with the existence of negative energy." -Wikipedia. The Infinite Length variation of it would likely be the version going on here, due to the intense gravity of the Black Hole; Or they could've used Tipler's original idea that a finite cylinder could produce time-like curves (a method of time travel) if spun fast enough.

[@ThatUnknownDude_]

After 11:45 where majority of the stuff gets Theoretical physics and some quantum physics stuff. After a somewhat "ok-ish" understanding from google/wikipedia here is what the terms I think means: Worldsheets: Worldsheets are basically a part of string theory, where basically it is a 2D surface which shows how a string (from the string theory, is 1 Dimensional so that the traced path thing becomes a sheet) is embedded in spacetime. It basically shows the properties it is currently exhibiting. World line: World lines are kind of similar to worldsheets. It is basically the same, showing the properties of a particle (0-Dimensional so that the traced path thingy becomes a line) over space time Conformal Field: This is yet another Quantum Mechanic + String theory thingamajig. Basically in this, it is a field where you can change the size of an object, while maintaining its shape. For example, in a 2D Conformal field, A quadrilateral's size could increase but the angles of each sides would remain the same. In a 3D one, the apple size would be increased, while the shape of the apple remains the exact same, down to the minute details Anti-De Sitter space: (AdS) is basically like a solution to Einstein's equation of general relativity if we were to apply negative cosmological constant (determines the shape of spacetime). It basically suggests that the universe is shaped like a Pringle's shape (or like a Horse saddle, where all points curve away from each other) (12:02) Penrose diagram of blackholes: Basically this is a pretty complex (took my like 1 hour to understand) diagram/concept. In the simple diagram, it is just the sheet of spacetime in a diamond like shape, with the left-right vertice being space-infinity (space-like infinity bcuz if you were to calculate the distant between the starting point of your journey to this vertice it would be infinity), and the top-bottom vertice being time-infinity (top being the infinite future and the bottom being the infinite past). The side between the timelike infinity and spacelike infinity is called lightlike infinity. Basically the simple one is a down-scaled graph showing the path of an object in space and time as its axis. Now for the diagram shown in the video, it is the Penrose diagram for blackholes & singularity. In this the angles of the sides are 45° because photons (light) always travels at a 45° angle (thus why that side is called lightlike infinity) (Google Light cones for more info). And so when TSC enters the blackhole region of the diagram, his trajectory shifts towards the center, because in the horizon, space and time axis swap, making space unidirectional (only move in one direction, while time you can go forward and backward). Because of this he ends up where his future self would end up, where basically all of his versions are going to end up (kind of making like a destined fate *once* he entered the black hole). Calabi-Yau Manifold: What Gallium-Gonzollium said was not exactly correct. Basically it is a geometric space (like a sheet of graph) which is a very complex manifold (fancy way of saying another dimensions. Like basically it is telling us the shape of the dimension its referring to). This Manifold has features such as having Ricci Flatness (basically flat everywhere) and Vanishing Chern Class (basically Chern Class is a measurement to display the value of the curvature of one point to the other on a geometric space. Its like a tool rather than a object, but pretty sure its used here for Visualization and entertainment form. (13:24) Outside of the whitehole side of the penrose diagram: Basically it is showing how due to TSC once he entered the horizon, he went downwards in the Penrose diagram (depicting him going back in time) and so he can view him at the start of the video. Also a fun reference to that scene from Interstellar... i think. (13:55) neat representation as to how in string theory, the way those 1-D strings vibrate can make different matter. here the close looped one made the big heavy ball and the open one made the rope, and the third one Future TSC configured it in such a way it represented a rocket (altough in reality if string theory is true, the strings would represent the subatomic particles not entire objects) (14:57) Reminds me of the Oppenheimer soundtrack "can you hear the music?". Lol (15:20) No idea why it came back, most definetly bcuz of Entertainment purposes. (15:33) Just like I said before in the penrose diagram of blackhole, current TSC we have been following is now the future TSC for the past TSC we were looking from the Hyperbolic disk, basically fate is destined for TSC. Basically the bootstrap paradox. (15:38) Probably the future TSC going to parallel universes (exiting the blackhole region of the penrose diagram on the opposite side). (No idea I could be 100% wrong) Thanks for reading :)

[@fortuna19]

Very good explanation. I would just add onto the last point. The future TSC is "selecting" a type of string theory universe, in this case from Type I to Type IIB. Whether this means he has gone to a "parallel" universe or just cannot interact with current TSC's universe is dependent on how you interpret string theory. As can be seen in the video there are 6 types of string theory, and some even consider them all as partial descriptions our one universe (see M-theory).

[@ThatUnknownDude_]

@@fortuna19 Oh it says Type I ans TypeIIB.. I couldn't see it properly lol thanks :)

[@arbodox]

Not bad! Though I have a nitpick with the displacement definition at 0:40 -- displacement is the distance between TSC and some starting position (so the distance between d1 and d6), not total distance accumulated. I don't blame you however, since the animation confusingly presents displacement with the sum of distances traveled for some reason. Since I'm a college physics student and I have no life, I'll write down some more detailed notes for the underexplained parts of the video just for fun: 6:06 - Gravity assist equation: U = planet's velocity, v_i = initial velocity of TSC before entering the planet's gravitational field, θ = angle between the planet's velocity U and TSC's initial velocity v_i. 7:29 - "H = (B/μ) - M" is the equation for the magnetic field strength (also called "magnetic field intensity"; SI units are Ampere/meter), where: * B = magnetic field (more specifically called "magnetic flux density" since "magnetic field" is a very vague term; SI units are Tesla) * μ = the magnetic permeability, which describes how easily a material can become magnetized in a magnetic field. In a vacuum (empty space), the magnetic permeability is μ0 = 4π x 10^-7 Henry/meter. The animation doesn't write the subscript 0 next to μ, which is a minor mistake. * M = magnetization, which describes how strongly a material is magnetized (SI units are Ampere/meter) 7:29 - "B = (μI)/(2πr)" is the equation for the magnetic flux density (B; SI units are Tesla) produced by a circular loop of a wire (circumference 2πr) with current (I) flowing through it. 7:29 - The vectors for force (F), current (I) and induction (B) are all perpendicular to each other. This is in accordance to the equation for the magnetic force experienced by a wire with a current (I=dq/dt) in a magnetic field, F = IL × B, which involves a cross product (×) that makes all three vectors perpendicular to each other. This equation is derived from the more general magnetic force equation F = qv × B = q(dL/dt) × B. Here, L = length, distance traveled by charges in a current, q = charge, and v=dL/dt, velocity or change in distance. 7:31 - "F = ∇(m⋅B)" is an equation for magnetic force (F). The upside down triangle "∇" (called "nabla" or "del") tells us to take the gradient (partial derivatives for each x, y, z component) of (m⋅B). "(m⋅B)" is the dot product of magnetic dipole moment (m) and the magnetic field (B). The magnetic dipole moment (m) is a measure of the object's tendency to align with a magnetic field. The dot product (⋅) of two vector quantities (m and B have magnitude and direction) produces a scalar quantity (magnitude only, no direction). The gradient essentially means that F = ∇(m⋅B) =〈∂/∂x (m⋅B), ∂/∂y (m⋅B), ∂/∂z (m⋅B)〉; the partial derivatives (∂) for each direction (x, y, z) tell us what is the rate of change of (m⋅B) is depending on the position (x, y, z). Also note how the gradient turns the scalar quantity (m⋅B) into a vector. 7:34 - The animation shows the symbol ∇ with parentheses enclosing a bunch of horizontal arrows pointing left. I honestly don't know what it means exactly, but I'm guessing it's a visual way of writing out the magnetic force equation "F = ∇(m⋅B)", where (m⋅B) probably represents the horizontal arrows. I don't know if this is accurate, but it looks cool! 7:36 - "Φ=BAcosθ" is the equation for magnetic flux (Φ; SI units are Tesla * meters^2), which is a measurement of the total magnetic field (B) passing perpendicularly through a surface area (A). The cosine part of the equation (cosθ) just tells us to include only the component of the magnetic field vectors (B) that are perpendicular to the surface area (A). 11:33 - A proton is made up of 2 up quarks and 1 down quark. The quarks are colored red, green, and blue, which visualizes their property of "color charge". The quarks are stable under the strong force since their red, blue, green colors cancel out. Note that the word "color" in "color charge" has nothing to do with actual color that you see with your eyes; it's just an analogy (because physicists suck at naming things). 11:34 - A photon collides ("interacts") with an up quark to produce a quark-antiquark pair. The antiquark which has opposite electric and color charge to its normal quark counterpart (the antiquark is colored green, which I assume means "antigreen" to pair with the green quark?). I'm not sure if the photon-quark interaction shown here is accurate, because electric and color charge should be conserved in a particle interaction---if the quark-antiquark pair is a green-anti-green pair, then their colors would cancel out, leaving only red and blue in the proton, which wouldn't be stable to the strong force. 11:42 - Worldsheets = similar to a worldline, but in two dimensions: a worldsheet is a 2D path (like a sheet of paper or ribbon) traced out by a 1-dimensional string (objects that make up the fundamental particles like electrons according to string theory) moving in 4-dimensional spacetime (3 dimensions of space and 1 dimension of time). 11:49 - The worldline is a 1D path (like a line or curve) that is traced out by a point-like object moving in 4-dimensional spacetime. 11:49 - (3+1) conformal field = A conformal field theory (CFT) is a quantum field theory that does not change under coordinate transformations that preserve both angles and shapes, but not size or curvature. 11:49 - 5-dimensional anti-de Sitter space = An anti-de Sitter space describes a universe that has a constant negative curvature, kind of like how a 3D saddle shape has negative curvature. An anti-de Sitter space universe would have a decelerating rate of expansion. I think the "5-dimensional" part of the name refers to 4 dimensions of space, and 1 dimension of time. For further reading, I'd like to direct you to "Simplified Guide to de Sitter and Anti-de Sitter Spaces" by Bob Klauber. 12:01 - The diagram shown at the bottom right is called a Penrose Diagram, which graphs space horizontally and time vertically. The black hole's event horizon or point of no return is represented by the top triangular region bounded by the two solid diagonal lines that separate the "parallel universe" (left) and "universe" (right) region.

[@arbodox]

Gonna post my notes here (and maybe add them to the original comment) because editing removes the the hearted comment: 7:29 - The vectors for force (F), current (I) and induction (B) are all perpendicular to each other. This is in accordance to the equation for the magnetic force experienced by a wire with a current (I=dq/dt) in a magnetic field, F = IL × B, which involves a cross product (×) that makes all three vectors perpendicular to each other. This equation is derived from the more general magnetic force equation F = qv × B = q(dL/dt) × B. Here, L = length, distance traveled by charges in a current, q = charge, and v=dL/dt, velocity or change in distance. 7:31 - "F = ∇(m⋅B)" is an equation for magnetic force (F). The upside down triangle "∇" (called "nabla" or "del") tells us to take the gradient (partial derivatives for each x, y, z component) of (m⋅B). "(m⋅B)" is the dot product of magnetic dipole moment (m) and the magnetic field (B). The magnetic dipole moment (m) is a measure of the object's tendency to align with a magnetic field. The dot product (⋅) of two vector quantities (m and B have magnitude and direction) produces a scalar quantity (magnitude only, no direction). The gradient essentially means that F = ∇(m⋅B) =〈∂/∂x (m⋅B), ∂/∂y (m⋅B), ∂/∂z (m⋅B)〉; the partial derivatives (∂) for each direction (x, y, z) tell us what is the rate of change of (m⋅B) is depending on the position (x, y, z). Also note how the gradient turns the scalar quantity (m⋅B) into a vector. 7:34 - The animation shows the symbol ∇ with parentheses enclosing a bunch of horizontal arrows pointing left. I honestly don't know what it means exactly, but I'm guessing it's a visual way of writing out the magnetic force equation "F = ∇(m⋅B)", where (m⋅B) probably represents the horizontal arrows. I don't know if this is accurate, but it looks cool! 7:36 - "Φ=BAcosθ" is the equation for magnetic flux (Φ; SI units are Tesla * meters^2), which is a measurement of the total magnetic field (B) passing perpendicularly through a surface area (A). The cosine part of the equation (cosθ) just tells us to include only the component of the magnetic field vectors (B) that are perpendicular to the surface area (A). 11:33 - A proton is made up of 2 up quarks and 1 down quark. The quarks are colored red, green, and blue, which visualizes their property of "color charge". The quarks are stable under the strong force since their red, blue, green colors cancel out. Note that the word "color" in "color charge" has nothing to do with actual color that you see with your eyes; it's just an analogy (because physicists suck at naming things). 11:34 - A photon collides ("interacts") with an up quark to produce a quark-antiquark pair. The antiquark which has opposite electric and color charge to its normal quark counterpart (the antiquark is colored green, which I assume means "antigreen" to pair with the green quark?). I'm not sure if the photon-quark interaction shown here is accurate, because electric and color charge should be conserved in a particle interaction---if the quark-antiquark pair is a green-anti-green pair, then their colors would cancel out, leaving only red and blue in the proton, which wouldn't be stable to the strong force.

[@arbodox]

Theoretical physics is not my thing (I don't care to learn jack about it honestly, it's too much for me to understand lmao), but I'll leave brief descriptions here anyway: 11:42 - Worldsheets = similar to a worldline, but in two dimensions: a worldsheet is a 2D path (like a sheet of paper or ribbon) traced out by a 1-dimensional string (objects that make up the fundamental particles like electrons according to string theory) moving in 4-dimensional spacetime (3 dimensions of space and 1 dimension of time). 11:49 - The worldline is a 1D path (like a line or curve) that is traced out by a point-like object moving in 4-dimensional spacetime. 11:49 - (3+1) conformal field = A conformal field theory (CFT) is a quantum field theory that does not change under coordinate transformations that preserve both angles and shapes, but not size or curvature. 11:49 - 5-dimensional anti-de Sitter space = An anti-de Sitter space describes a universe that has a constant negative curvature, kind of like how a 3D saddle shape has negative curvature. An anti-de Sitter space universe would have a decelerating rate of expansion. I think the "5-dimensional" part of the name refers to 4 dimensions of space, and 1 dimension of time. For further reading, I'd like to direct you to "Simplified Guide to de Sitter and Anti-de Sitter Spaces" by Bob Klauber. 12:01 - The diagram shown at the bottom right is called a Penrose Diagram, which graphs space horizontally and time vertically. The black hole's event horizon or point of no return is represented by the top triangular region bounded by the two solid diagonal lines that separate the "parallel universe" (left) and "universe" (right) region.

[@oscarwillimott9296]

It's really to see actual researchers of this use the terminology, and see how far off I was.

[@life_riderthe1748]

huh it was bob klauber to use neat. www.quantumfieldtheory.info/dS_and_AdS_spaces.pdf was it this one?

[@krishnavedampudi6535]

@arbodox you will go to places bro, I admire you

[@VrayCat]

The idea of the universe as a “hologram” or a “bubble” is rooted in deep and fascinating theories in cosmology and quantum physics, exploring the nature, origin, and potential end of our universe. Let’s break down each concept: The Universe as a “Hologram” The holographic principle suggests that all the information contained in our three-dimensional universe could actually be represented on a two-dimensional surface at the edge of the universe. This means that, much like a hologram, what we perceive as our 3D universe could be a kind of projection from a lower-dimensional “surface” or boundary. Why is this idea important? It offers a potential bridge between quantum mechanics (the physics of the very small) and general relativity (the physics of the very large). It also hints that space and time might not be as “fundamental” as they seem, which could help solve complex physics puzzles like black hole information paradoxes. The Universe as a “Bubble” The “bubble” concept comes from the theory of Eternal Inflation. According to this theory, when the universe began, it underwent an extremely rapid expansion (called inflation) and may still be “inflating” in certain regions beyond our observable universe. In this view, our universe is like one bubble within a much larger, potentially infinite “multiverse” of bubbles, where each bubble represents a different universe. 1. Eternal Inflation: This theory posits that the universe’s inflation never fully stopped. Instead, it creates “bubbles” or regions where inflation slows down and forms a universe like ours. Each bubble could have different physical constants, laws, and properties. • Why it’s significant: Eternal Inflation gives a framework for the multiverse. It suggests that there are possibly countless other universes with different properties, each formed within its own “bubble.” 2. No-Boundary Theory: Proposed by Stephen Hawking and James Hartle, this theory suggests that the universe has no boundaries in time or space. Think of it like a globe where there’s no “edge”; it just wraps around itself. At the universe’s beginning, there would be no distinct point or boundary - only smooth, seamless conditions. • Why it matters: This theory suggests that the universe could have spontaneously appeared without needing a definite beginning point, helping address some mysteries about how the universe was born. It also meshes with concepts of a finite universe without requiring a singular starting point. 3. Higgs Boson Doomsday: This concept comes from the discovery of the Higgs boson, which gives particles mass. The Higgs field could potentially be unstable in the very far future, and if it destabilizes, it could cause a sudden shift in the universe’s structure - known as “vacuum decay.” This shift would create a new bubble of “true vacuum” that would expand and essentially erase everything. • Importance: While it’s a very remote possibility, Higgs Boson Doomsday adds an interesting wrinkle to the story of the universe. It implies that our universe might not last forever and gives scientists insight into the universe’s stability and the fundamental constants that allow it to exist. How They All Relate Each of these ideas provides a different perspective on the nature and potential origins of the universe, with hints at what might come next: • Eternal Inflation and the Bubble Universe relate to the multiverse idea. They suggest that our universe could be just one of many, each with unique properties. • The Holographic Principle could explain how information and physics are stored, hinting that our reality is only a projection of more fundamental physics happening elsewhere (potentially outside of our “bubble”). • No-Boundary Theory suggests that the universe didn’t need a clear beginning, meaning that the multiverse or even other “bubble universes” could also be boundary-free, stretching infinitely. • Higgs Boson Doomsday ties into this by reminding us that the universe might not be infinitely stable - there could be mechanisms, even within this multiverse framework, that could lead to the end of everything as we know it. Why It’s Important These theories are crucial in modern physics because they aim to answer some of our biggest questions: 1. Origins of the Universe: Understanding these concepts helps us trace how the universe began, or if it had a beginning at all. 2. Nature of Reality: The holographic principle and the idea of multiverses make us question the very nature of reality - are we part of a projection or one of many different worlds? 3. Fundamental Physics: These theories challenge and expand the boundaries of quantum mechanics, relativity, and cosmology, moving us closer to a unified theory of everything. 4. Practical Curiosity and Exploration: Studying these concepts doesn’t just satisfy curiosity but can lead to technological advances in areas like quantum computing, as well as deepen our understanding of physics in extreme conditions (like black holes). Tips to Remember • Bubble vs. Hologram: Think of bubbles as different universes existing independently, whereas the hologram is about the entire universe being “encoded” on a 2D surface. • Eternal Inflation: Like bubbles that keep forming in an endless pot of boiling water. • No-Boundary Theory: Imagine the Earth’s surface, where there’s no edge, just a continuous surface. • Higgs Boson Doomsday: It’s like a rock rolling off a hill; if it’s very stable, it stays at the top, but if not, it could roll down, causing a big change - a “vacuum decay.” These ideas push the boundaries of what we understand and imagine about the universe and may eventually reshape our understanding of space, time, and reality itself.

[@rpengler1]

11:45 By the time you reach this point, we get into string theory, meaning everything that happens after this point is not absolute. Only what is believed with current science of 4d mechanics.

[@LoneTiger]

4:34 _"Gravity is so weak!"_ Black Hole: _"Hold my beer."_

[@vervetwrydavigy3006]

I mean, infinite amounts of a weak force is still infinite.

[@VrayCat]

1. **Doppler Effect:** • Imagine you’re standing on the side of a road and a car zooms by with its horn blaring. As the car approaches, the pitch of the horn sounds higher, but as it passes and moves away, the pitch sounds lower. That’s the Doppler effect! • The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave 🔉 (like sound or light) as the source of the wave moves relative to an observer. If the source is moving toward the observer, the frequency increases (higher pitch), and if it’s moving away, the frequency decreases (lower pitch). 2. **Doppler Beaming:** • Doppler beaming is like a spotlight that gets brighter or dimmer as it moves toward or away from you. It’s a special case of the Doppler effect that applies to light. 🔦 • When a light source is moving toward you, its emitted light gets brighter and more concentrated in the direction of motion. Conversely, when it’s moving away, the light becomes dimmer and more spread out. 3. **Red Shift and Blue Shift:** Now, let’s talk about colors! You know how a siren sounds different as it moves past you? Well, light does something similar. When an object is moving away from us, its light appears shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. This is called redshift. 🔴 On the flip side, when an object is moving toward us, its light appears shifted toward the blue end of the spectrum. This is called blueshift. 🔵 (Connection to Physics and Astronomy: • The Doppler effect, Doppler beaming, Redshift, and Blueshift are all crucial concepts in physics and astronomy. • In astronomy, Redshift and Blueshift tell us about the motion of celestial objects relative to Earth. They help astronomers measure the speeds of stars, galaxies, and even the expansion of the universe.) (Importance: • Understanding these phenomena helps astronomers study the universe’s large-scale structure, the dynamics of galaxies, and the evolution of the cosmos over time.) In summary, the Doppler effect and its related phenomena, like Doppler beaming, Redshift 🔴, and Blueshift 🔵, are essential tools in astronomy for understanding how objects in the universe move and how the universe itself evolves over time 🌌🕰️.

[@ERRORRubiksZeraBrand]

did you just use chatgpt?

[@VrayCat]

Gravity does affect time! This concept comes from Einstein’s theory of General Relativity, which shows that the stronger the gravity, the more time slows down. It’s called gravitational time dilation. How Gravity Affects Time Think of time as something like a river. In a strong gravitational field, this “river of time” flows more slowly. In a weaker gravitational field, it flows faster. So, if you’re near a massive object with intense gravity - like a black hole - time moves much slower than it does in places with weaker gravity, like on Earth. Black Holes and Time Black holes are extreme examples of gravitational time dilation because they have such a powerful gravitational pull that even light can’t escape once it’s too close (the “event horizon” is this point of no return). Time behaves very differently around black holes: 1. Slow Down Near a Black Hole: The closer you get to a black hole, the slower time moves. If you were hovering just outside the event horizon, time would pass much slower for you than for someone far away from the black hole. For example, a few hours for you might be equivalent to years for someone far away. 2. Speeding Up at a Distance: From the perspective of someone watching from far away, they would see your time moving slower near the black hole. But if you looked back at them, they’d seem to be moving really fast because you’re in “slow motion” near the black hole due to the strong gravity. So, time seems to speed up or slow down depending on where you’re standing in relation to the gravitational source. Key Conditions for Time Changes: • Extreme gravity slows down time. • Farther from gravity sources, time flows faster. This effect is important in physics because it could theoretically be a way to experience “time travel.” You might age only a little while the rest of the universe ages much more if you stayed near a black hole or another extremely strong gravitational source. Could This Be a Key to Time Travel? Yes, theoretically! If you spent time near a black hole, you’d age very slowly compared to someone far away from it. When you return, you’d experience the future - almost like time travel to the future. The concept of tachyons, hypothetical particles that move faster than light, adds another layer. If tachyons existed, they could theoretically “move backward” through time. Combining gravitational time dilation with tachyon theories has led to interesting speculations about creating a method of traveling backward and forward in time, though this is still theoretical. Tips and Tricks to Remember 1. “Gravity = Slower Time”: More gravity means slower time; less gravity means faster time. Imagine a heavy weight pressing down on a clock, making it tick more slowly. 2. “Black Hole = Time Stretch”: Near a black hole, time stretches out. Picture yourself moving in slow motion as you get closer to the event horizon. 3. Tachyons as “Time Messengers”: If tachyons could exist, think of them as particles that defy the normal flow of time and could theoretically enable backward movement through time. Analogy to Understand Imagine you’re on a road trip to a place called “Futureville”. If you drive in normal conditions (no black holes), you’ll experience time normally and get there along with everyone else. But if you took a detour near a “gravity tunnel” (like a black hole), time would slow for you on this detour, while people taking the regular road would get to Futureville much faster. By the time you exit the “gravity tunnel,” you’ve reached a future state of the world - like stepping into the future while you barely aged. Why This is Important • Space Exploration: Time dilation around black holes might give insights into the physics of the universe and potentially allow for exploration of future states of the cosmos. • Fundamental Physics: It deepens our understanding of how time works, not as a constant but as something that varies with gravity. • Theoretical Time Travel: It offers a plausible pathway to time travel (forward at least), potentially opening doors to new technologies. In summary, gravity does affect time, and black holes show this effect in extreme ways. The closer you are to intense gravity, like near a black hole, the slower time flows for you. Combined with the idea of tachyons, these concepts offer exciting possibilities for understanding time, gravity, and perhaps even time travel.

[@VrayCat]

Let's delve into these fascinating concepts in Astrophysics 🚀 of these Black Hole terms ⚫️: 1. **Chandrasekhar Limit:** Imagine a suitcase 🧳 that can only hold a certain amount of clothes 👔 before it becomes TOO HEAVY to carry 🏋️‍♀️. The Chandrasekhar Limit is like this MAXIMUM weight limit but for white dwarf stars ⚪️🌟. It's the maximum mass a white dwarf can have before it collapses under its own gravity to become a neutron star ☢️⭐️ or black hole ⚫️. This limit is around 1.4 times the mass of our Sun ☀️. 2. **Innermost Stable Circular Orbit (ISCO):** Picture a tightrope walker walking on a NARROW rope 🪢. The ISCO is like the closest distance the tightrope walker can walk without falling into the centre. In Astrophysics, it's the SMALLEST stable orbit ⭕️ that a particle can have around a black hole 🕳️ WITHOUT BEING PULLED into the black hole due to its intense gravitational pull 💪. This orbit depends on the black hole's MASS and SPIN. 3. **Ergosphere:** Imagine a whirlpool in a river, where the water flows rapidly 🌊 around a CENTRAL POINT 🔘. The Ergosphere is like this REGION around a rotating black hole 🕳️ where space itself 🌌 is dragged into a whirlpool-like motion 🌊 by the black hole's rotation 🕳️🔁. Anything entering the Ergosphere is FORCED TO ROTATE with the black hole, and it's even possible to extract ENERGY from this region 🔋using a process called the Penrose Process🔺🌹. 4. **Penrose Process:** Within the Ergosphere, particles or photons ⚛️ can enter orbits ⭕️ that carry them in the direction of the black hole's rotation 🕳️. As they do so, they can split into two parts ☯️: one of which FALLS into the black hole, increasing its mass ⚫️➕, while the other ESCAPES, carrying away MORE ENERGY than the initial object had 🔋. This process allows for the extraction of rotational energy 🔁🔋 from the black hole itself 🕳️. It's like skimming energy from a spinning top as it rotates. The Penrose process is one of the mechanisms by which Black Holes 🕳️ can TRANSFER their rotational energy 🔁🔋 to surrounding matter ⚛️ or radiation ☢️. 5. **No Hair Theorem:** Think of a person with different hairstyles 💇‍♀️, but all you can see is their silhouette 👤 because the details of their hair are HIDDEN. The No Hair Theorem is like this idea applied to black holes👨‍🦲⚫️, suggesting that black holes can be described by just THREE PROPERTIES: Mass 🏋️‍♂️, Electric Charge ⚡️, and Angular Momentum 😵‍💫 (Spin). According to this theorem, all other details, such as the matter that formed the black hole, are "LOST" ❌ and CANNOT be observed from the outside 👤. (**Tips to remember and differentiate:** - Chandrasekhar Limit is like a WEIGHT LIMIT 🧳 for White Dwarf Stars ⚪️🌟. - ISCO is the closest stable orbit ⭕️ around a Black Hole 🕳️. - Ergosphere is a region around a rotating Black Hole 🔁⚫️ where Space itself 🌌 is dragged into MOTION 🫨 and FORCED TO ROTATE 😵‍💫 with the Black Hole. -The Penrose Process 🔺🌹 allows for the extraction of rotational energy 🔁🔋 from the Black Hole itself 🕳️, carrying away MORE ENERGY than the initial object had. - No Hair Theorem 👨‍🦲 states that Black Holes ⚫️ can be described by JUST 3 properties: Mass 🏋️‍♂️, Electric Charge ⚡️, and Angular Momentum (Spin) 😵‍💫) Understanding these concepts helps us unravel the mysteries 🧐 of Black Holes ⚫️ and their behavior, providing insights into the nature of spacetime and gravity in extreme environments of black holes.

[@terminusest9179]

I like how once it got into quantum mechanics and string theory, you just went blank, just like every one of us pretty much.

[@VrayCat]

Anthropic Principle, Fine Structure Constant, and Fine-Tuned Universe These concepts in physics and cosmology try to explain why our universe is the way it is, especially why it’s seemingly perfect for life as we know it. Anthropic Principle Explanation Like You’re a Child: Imagine you’re on a planet with just the right amount of air, sunlight, and water to keep you alive. The Anthropic Principle is a way of saying, “If the universe wasn’t just right for us to be here, we wouldn’t be here to notice!” What It Means: • Definition: The Anthropic Principle suggests that the universe’s laws and constants are exactly what they need to be for life to exist. • Why It’s Important: It helps explain why our universe is set up perfectly to support life, from the strength of gravity to the energy of light. Analogy: Think of Goldilocks in the story of the Three Bears - the porridge had to be just right for her to enjoy it. Similarly, the universe’s “settings” are just right for life to exist. Tips to Remember: • “Anthropic” = “Human-Friendly”: Remember, “anthropic” relates to humans, and this principle wonders why the universe is so “human-friendly.” Fine Structure Constant Explanation Like You’re a Child: The fine structure constant is a super-tiny number, like a magic dial that sets how strongly things like atoms and light interact. What It Does: • Definition: The fine structure constant (denoted by the Greek letter α, alpha) is a number that measures the strength of the electromagnetic force, which keeps atoms together. • Why It’s Important: This constant is critical because even the smallest change would make atoms unstable or prevent them from forming altogether - meaning no planets, no stars, no life. Analogy: Imagine you’re tuning a radio. If the frequency isn’t exactly right, you get static. Similarly, the fine structure constant keeps the “frequency” of forces just right for atoms and matter to exist. Tips to Remember: • Fine Structure Constant = “Magic Dial” for Matter: Think of it as the universe’s “fine-tuning knob” that controls the electromagnetic interactions holding everything together. Fine-Tuned Universe Explanation Like You’re a Child: Imagine playing a game with hundreds of rules, all set up perfectly so you can play and enjoy it. That’s the idea of a fine-tuned universe: every “rule” (or physical constant) is perfectly adjusted to make life possible. What It Means: • Definition: The fine-tuned universe theory suggests that the physical constants in the universe are exactly what they need to be for life to exist. This goes beyond just one constant - it’s everything from gravity to the speed of light. • Why It’s Important: It raises the big question: if any of these “rules” were slightly different, life might not exist at all. This makes us wonder if there’s a reason behind the universe’s “settings.” Analogy: Imagine building a giant Lego castle. Every single block has to be perfectly aligned for it to stay together. If one block moves, the whole thing falls apart. That’s what a fine-tuned universe is - everything aligned just right. Tips to Remember: • Fine-Tuned Universe = “Perfect Setup for Life”: Just like a “Goldilocks” world, our universe is “just right” for life due to perfect settings of all physical constants. Why These Are Important in Real Life and Physics These concepts aren’t just philosophical; they prompt questions about why our universe supports life and encourage us to explore further: 1. Anthropic Principle: Reminds us to consider why the universe has the right conditions for life and how these conditions came to be. 2. Fine Structure Constant: Highlights the precision required in nature’s forces, important in fields like chemistry, atomic physics, and even engineering. 3. Fine-Tuned Universe: Challenges us to think about our universe’s origins and the possibility of multiverses or other conditions where life could exist differently. These ideas are also important in physics because they drive theories that attempt to unify our understanding of the universe - whether that’s through string theory, multiverse theory, or other advanced concepts.

[@VrayCat]

1. **What is String Theory?** - Imagine the tiniest, most basic building blocks of everything in the universe. String theory says these building blocks aren't tiny dots, but tiny, vibrating strings 🧵🪢-kind of like the strings on a guitar. 🎸 2. **How Does it Work?** - These tiny strings vibrate at different frequencies, like different notes on a guitar. Each vibration pattern corresponds to a different particle or force in the universe. So, everything we see around us is like a cosmic symphony played by these vibrating strings. 3. **Why is it Important?** - String theory tries to explain everything in the universe-how particles interact, how gravity works, and even the nature of space and time. It's like trying to solve the ultimate puzzle of the universe! 4. **Tips to Remember:** - Think of string theory as a grand musical composition where each vibrating string plays a unique note, creating the beautiful harmony of the universe. - Remember, string theory is still a theory, so scientists are still working to understand and prove its ideas. So, while String Theory might sound like something from a science fiction movie, it's actually a serious attempt to unlock the deepest secrets of the universe using the language of music and vibrations.

[@VrayCat]

If you stayed near a black hole, you would experience time very, very slowly compared to people far away from it. So while 1,000 years pass for others, only a fraction of that time would pass for you, meaning you’d reach the year 3000 much faster from your perspective! How This Works Near a black hole, because of gravitational time dilation, you’re in a “time bubble” where time moves more slowly. People on Earth or away from the black hole will experience 1,000 years in “normal” time, while you experience a much shorter amount of time. The exact difference in time depends on how close you are to the black hole’s event horizon and the black hole’s mass. For a very massive black hole, like one with millions of times the mass of the Sun, you could stay close to it without getting pulled in, and time would slow down dramatically for you. Approximate Example To give you an idea of the scale: • If you’re at a safe distance near a supermassive black hole (like the one at the center of our galaxy), you might experience only about a week while 1,000 years pass on Earth. This means that from your perspective, you’d be “jumping” into the future as you orbit close to the black hole. • If you’re closer but still not crossing the event horizon, time could slow down even more. For instance, you could experience just a few hours like 10 hrs, while 1,000 years pass for others. In Short So, you would wait far shorter than 1,000 years! Depending on your distance to the black hole’s event horizon, you could reach the year 3000 by only waiting a few hours, days, or weeks in your own perception of time. Why This is Possible This dramatic difference in time is all due to the intense gravitational field around the black hole, which “stretches” time near it. So, by taking a shortcut through intense gravitational time dilation, you’re effectively traveling to the future without aging much yourself - a bit like natural “time travel” to the future.

[@VrayCat]

1. **Ions and Ionization:** ⚡️⚛️ - Ions are like the superheroes of chemistry! They're atoms or molecules that have gained ➕ or lost ➖ electrons ⚡️⚛️, so they have a positive or negative charge. -Ionization is the process of turning neutral 🟰 Atoms or Molecules into Ions by adding ➕ or removing ➖ Electrons ⚡️⚛️. 2. **Similarity to Magnetics and Electricity:** -Just like Magnets 🧲 and Electricity 🔌 involve the movement of electrons, ions also involve electrons⚡️⚛️. -When an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes an ion, which can have different properties than the neutral atom. 3. **Difference between Ionization and Polarization:** - Ionization involves the creation of Ions by adding ➕ or removing ➖ Electrons⚡️⚛️. It's like changing the superhero's costume! 🦸 - Polarization, on the other hand, is about how charges ⚡️ are arranged within a molecule or material ⚛️. It's like lining up soldiers in a formation 🪖. Polarization DOESN’T involve adding or removing electrons, just REARRANGING them. 4. **Tips to Remember and Differentiate:** - Think of Ionization as CHANGING the electrical charge of an atom, like adding ➕ or removing electrons ➖ to make it a superhero. 🦸 - Polarization is more about ARRANGING the electrical charges within a molecule or material, like soldiers lining up in formation 🪖. So, while both Ionization and Polarization involve the movement or arrangement of Electrons, Ionization specifically deals with creating Ions by ADDING or REMOVING Electrons, whereas Polarization deals with ARRANGING existing charges within a molecule or material.

[@A207.]

There is one thing i'd like to ask to Alan, when did TSC had the time to carry all those things to his "past" self, or it could maybe be the original TSC at the very start of the first timeline where there was basically no predetermined future or past, where TSC hasnt met his "future self" in the singularity and had to offer his past self the items needed Tbh, thats the only valid explaanation i could think of

[@祈-x6n]

I think it just like the movie of interstellar

[@Javy_Chand]

Its the self-fulfilling paradox, one hypothesis says that, if we were able to interact with our past selfs, then we are in a closed time curve, meaning that every action was already determined, and repeating.

[@A207.]

@@Javy_Chand but then that defeats the existence of that flashback TSC having done all That helping to his past self if meeting your past self means that every action is predetermined and will lock in place, then that can still be overridden by a history that exists yet isnt shown, such as the TSC appearing when the cylinder time machine machine Albeit this also has another problem, if the TSC who gave all those magnets, the solar system, and so on and so forth really is the first ever TSC that didnt mean his past self, then who gave all those shits like the solar system and stuff, or even the metal rod

[@TactileTherapy]

@@A207. Look up Causal Loops

[@hackerbrinelam5381]

I like your guess of "first timeline where there was basically no predetermined future or past, where TSC hasnt met his "future self" in the singularity and had to offer his past self the items needed", maybe he is as u said a place where no begining and no end of time, maybe at the pervious "Animation vs Math" when TSC got sent to right before the Big Bang, my idea is that since he in a place where no begining and no end of time, maybe he created the past so he can have a future to move to? By creating a time loop that after somehow create the begining and therefore the future where he leaves at the end of the video there

[@GoldYolkOmelet]

Bro calculated 1 million times my brain in just 6 hours meanwhile my ass just sittin there watching, knowing 25% of this sht Nice job

[@MCWaffles2003-1]

I like how all the parts where magic is introduced just go unexplained

[@VrayCat]

Let's simplify and differentiate Isotopes, Ions, and Quarks ⚛️: 1. **Isotopes:** - Imagine you have a group of puppies, and they all look alike but have different sizes and weights. 🐶🐕 That's like isotopes. - Isotopes are versions of the same element that have the SAME number of Protons but DIFFERENT numbers of Neutrons in their nuclei. They're like siblings of the same element, with SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT WEIGHTS. ⚛️🏋️‍♂️ - Isotopes are important because they can have different properties and behaviors, like some puppies being bigger or smaller than others. They're useful in various fields, such as nuclear chemistry, archaeology, and medicine. 2. **Ions:** - Now, imagine you have a group of friends playing with magnets, and some friends have a positive charge ➕⚡️, while others have a negative charge ➖⚡️. That's like Ions. - Ions are atoms or molecules that have GAINED or LOST electrons, giving them a positive or negative charge. They're like friends with different charges playing together. ⚡️⚛️ - Ions are important because they play a crucial role in chemical reactions, electricity, and biological processes. They're useful in fields like chemistry, biology, and electronics. 3. **Quarks:** - Lastly, picture a group of tiny, colorful beads, each with its own unique color. 🔴🔵🟢 That's like Quarks. - Quarks are elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons, which are the building blocks of atomic nuclei. They're like the colorful beads that form larger structures. ⚛️ - Quarks are important because they help us understand the fundamental structure of matter and the forces that govern it. They're studied in particle physics to unravel the mysteries of the universe. **Remembering Tips:** - Think of Isotopes as siblings with different Weights 🏋️‍♂️⚛️ (neutrons). - Think of Ions as friends with different Charges ⚡️⚛️ (positive or negative). - Think of Quarks as colourful beads 🔴🔵🟢 that make up bigger Particles ⚛️ (protons and neutrons). In summary, Isotopes, Ions, and Quarks are all essential components of the atomic world, each with its own unique characteristics and roles. Understanding their differences helps scientists unlock the secrets of matter and its interactions in the universe.

[@VrayCat]

Let's simplify Maxwell's equations ⚡️🧲📝: 1. **Gauss's Law for Electricity (1st Equation):** - Imagine you have a big, invisible net surrounding a charged object. This equation tells us how much electric flux (flow) passes through that net. ⚡️🥅 - It helps us understand how electric charges create electric fields around them, and how those fields affect other charges nearby. 2. **Gauss's Law for Magnetism (2nd Equation):** - Now, picture a bunch of invisible loops swirling around a magnet. 🔁🧲 This equation tells us that there are no magnetic monopoles (like single north or south poles) and that magnetic field lines always form closed loops. 🔒 - It helps us understand how magnetic fields are created by magnets and how they interact with other magnets and moving charges. 3. **Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction (3rd Equation):** - Imagine you have a magical loop of wire surrounded by a changing magnetic field. 🧲🏟️ This equation tells us that the changing magnetic field creates an electric field⚡️🏟️ along the wire, inducing an electric current. ⚡️🔃 - It's like the magic trick of turning/changing motion into electricity, and it's how generators and transformers work! 4. **Ampère's Law with Maxwell's Addition (4th Equation):** - Now, let's think about a loop of wire carrying an electric current. This equation tells us that the electric current⚡️🔃 creates a magnetic field 🧲🏟️around the wire, which can INTERACT with other magnetic fields. - Maxwell added a little extra to this law, saying that changing Electric fields can also create Magnetic fields, which leads to Electromagnetic-Waves like light.⚡️🧲🔉 (**Tips to Remember and Differentiate:** - Remember, Gauss's laws are about electric and magnetic fields spreading out from charges and magnets, - While Faraday's and Ampère's laws are about how those fields change and interact with each other) **Here’s a recap of each equation:** (1. Gauss’s Law for Electricity: It’s like a net around charged objects, helping us understand electric flux and how charges create electric fields. 2. Gauss’s Law for Magnetism: Imagine swirling loops around magnets, reminding us that magnetic field lines form closed loops and there are no magnetic monopoles. 3. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction: Picture a magical wire loop in a changing magnetic field, showing how changing fields create electric currents. 4. Ampère’s Law with Maxwell’s Addition: Think of a wire carrying current and creating a magnetic field, with Maxwell’s addition showing how changing electric fields can also create magnetic fields, leading to electromagnetic waves like light.) So, Maxwell's equations are like the superhero toolkit for understanding Electricity and Magnetism, helping us design everything from circuits to power grids to the technology we use every day!

[@VrayCat]

Quantum Leaping ⚡️⚛️🤾: Imagine you’re playing a video game where your character can INSTANTLY JUMP from one platform to another WITHOUT moving through the space IN BETWEEN. That’s a bit like what happens in Quantum Leaping! What Is Quantum Leaping? - **Definition:** Quantum leaping (or a Quantum Jump) happens when an Electron⚡️⚛️ in an Atom JUMPS from ONE ENERGY LEVEL to another INSTANTLY⚡️🛗, WITHOUT TRAVELING through the space IN BETWEEN. - **Energy Levels:** Think of energy levels as different floors in a building. An Electron⚡️⚛️ can only stay on one floor at a time 🛗 and can jump to another floor 🤾🛗WITHOUT BEING IN BETWEEN. Real-World Analogy - **Staircase Hopping:** Imagine a superhero 🦸‍♂️ who can LEAP 🤾 from the FIRST FLOOR 1️⃣ to the THIRD FLOOR 3️⃣ without using the stairs ❌. They just disappear from one floor and reappear on another. That's how an electron jumps between energy levels. Tips and Tricks to Remember - **Mnemonic:** "Quantum Leap = Superhero Jump" - Just like a superhero can JUMP floors 🦸‍♂️🛗, an Electron makes a QUANTUM LEAP⚡️⚛️🤾 between ENERGY LEVELS. Importance in Quantum Physics - **Atomic Behavior:** Quantum leaping helps explain how Atoms ABSORB and EMIT light. When an Electron⚡️⚛️ jumps to a HIGHER energy level 🔋, it ABSORBS ENERGY 🧽 (like light). When it jumps down to a LOWER level 🪫, it RELEASES ENERGY💡 as light . - **Spectroscopy:** This process is crucial for understanding the spectra of different elements. Each element has a unique pattern of energy levels, so the light they emit (or absorb) acts like a fingerprint. Why It’s Important and Useful in Real Life - **Understanding Light and Color:** Quantum leaps explain why different elements produce different colors when heated. This principle is used in neon lights and fireworks. - **Medical Imaging:** Techniques like MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) rely on the principles of quantum leaps to create detailed images of the inside of our bodies. - **Quantum Computing:** The concept of quantum leaps is foundational in developing quantum computers, which promise to be much more powerful than traditional computers. Informational Details and Facts - **Energy Absorption and Emission:** When an Electron ABSORBS ENERGY 🧽 (like from a photon of light), it leaps to a HIGHER ENERGY LEVEL 🔋. When it RELEASES ENERGY💡, it leaps back down🪫, emitting light in the process. - **Instantaneous:** Unlike classical physics, where objects move continuously, quantum leaps are INSTANTANEOUS, meaning the Electron is NEVER IN BETWEEN the two energy levels 🛗. Relation to Quantum Concepts and Mechanics - **Quantum Mechanics:** Quantum leaping illustrates one of the key principles of quantum mechanics: Particles like Electrons exist in specific STATES (energy levels) and can TRANSITION between these states in discrete jumps ⚡️⚛️🤾. - **Wave-Particle Duality:** The behavior of electrons during quantum leaps supports the concept that particles can exhibit both WAVE-like and PARTICLE-like properties. Example Analogy - **Elevator Jumps:** Imagine you’re in an elevator that only STOPS at specific floors 🛗 and can TELEPORT you instantly between these floors. You can’t be in between floors; you’re either on ONE FLOOR OR ANOTHER. This is similar to how electrons behave with quantum leaps⚡️⚛️🤾. Summary - **Quantum Leaping:** Instant jumps of Electrons between ENERGY LEVELS in an Atom ⚡️⚛️🤾. - **Analogy:** Superhero jumping between floors or an elevator that teleports ⚛️🛗. - **Mnemonic:** "Quantum Leap = Superhero Jump 🦸‍♂️" - **Importance:** Explains how atoms ABSORB and EMIT light, fundamental for technologies like neon lights, MRI, and quantum computing. - **Quantum Mechanics:** Supports the key principles of quantum mechanics, such as discrete states and wave-particle duality. Understanding quantum leaping helps us unlock the mysteries of the atomic world, leading to technological advancements and a deeper comprehension of the universe.

[@VrayCat]

Gravitational waves are one of the most profound discoveries in modern physics, offering us a new way to understand gravity and the universe itself. Their detection and study are not just important for confirming Einstein’s theory of General Relativity, but also for revolutionizing how we observe cosmic events and test the limits of our understanding of physics. Yes, gravitational waves are directly related to gravity, and they provide a deeper understanding of how gravity works in the context of Einstein's theory of General Relativity. ### Gravity in General Relativity: The Curvature of Spacetime In General Relativity, gravity isn't just a force between masses (like it is in Newtonian physics). Instead, gravity is the effect of mass and energy curving spacetime. Massive objects, like stars or black holes, create distortions or "ripples" in the fabric of spacetime. This curvature of spacetime is what causes what we experience as gravitational attraction. The more massive an object is, the more it warps the fabric of spacetime around it, and this is how gravity is described in Einstein's theory. ### Gravitational Waves: Gravity in Action Gravitational waves are a disturbance in this curved spacetime, essentially ripples caused by the acceleration of massive objects. When extremely massive objects, such as two black holes or neutron stars, spiral toward each other and eventually merge, they generate ripples in spacetime that propagate outward at the speed of light. These ripples carry energy away from the source, and as they travel, they stretch and compress space itself. This propagation of spacetime distortions is the essence of gravitational waves. Imagine it like throwing a stone into a pond. The resulting waves spread outward, radiating energy across the surface of the water. Similarly, when massive objects in space accelerate, the resulting gravitational waves spread outward through the fabric of spacetime, carrying energy with them. These waves are detected on Earth by advanced instruments like LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory), allowing us to measure the tiny changes in distance between two points on Earth caused by the passing of these ripples. ### Gravitational Waves Are Gravity - Just in a Dynamic Form In classical physics, gravity is typically thought of as an attractive force between masses due to their mass. Gravitational waves don’t function in quite the same way as that "force." They are fluctuations in spacetime itself, caused by the motion of massive objects. So in that sense, gravitational waves aren’t gravity as we usually think of it (like the Earth pulling on an apple). Rather, gravitational waves are a dynamic, propagating effect of gravity - the curvature of spacetime in motion, carrying gravitational energy across the universe. Thus, gravitational waves are directly related to gravity because they are a natural consequence of the spacetime curvature created by mass and energy. They aren’t separate from gravity; they are gravity itself, just in a wave-like form. They represent a dynamic feature of gravity, not just a static force that pulls objects together. ### Gravitational Waves as a New Way to Observe the Universe The detection of gravitational waves is an unprecedented breakthrough because it offers a new way to observe the universe. Traditional astronomy, which relies on light and electromagnetic radiation, can only give us a limited view of the cosmos. Gravitational waves allow us to detect cosmic events that were previously undetectable - such as black hole mergers, neutron star collisions, and other high-energy phenomena. For instance, when two black holes collide, they create a massive distortion in spacetime that sends gravitational waves across the universe. These waves allow us to directly measure the properties of these black holes - their mass, spin, and even the way they merge - without needing to rely on traditional light-based observation methods. This opens up an entirely new observational window into the universe, providing insights into some of the most extreme and energetic processes in nature. ### Testing General Relativity and the Nature of Gravity Gravitational waves are not just a new way of observing astrophysical events - they also provide a unique tool for testing the limits of General Relativity. Though Einstein's theory has been confirmed in many ways, it has never been tested in environments as extreme as those where gravitational waves are produced, such as near black holes or neutron stars. By studying the precise properties of gravitational waves - how they stretch and compress spacetime as they pass through detectors on Earth - scientists can verify whether General Relativity still holds true in these extreme environments or if there are deviations that could point to new physics. For example, the binary black hole mergers detected by LIGO provide an extraordinary test of the theory. The waves detected from these events match Einstein’s predictions almost exactly, strengthening our confidence in the theory. However, if the data had deviated from predictions, it would have suggested a need to modify our understanding of gravity in extreme situations, potentially leading to new discoveries. ### Gravitational Waves as a New Messenger of the Cosmos The discovery of gravitational waves also marks the beginning of a new era in multi-messenger astronomy. In the past, we have relied solely on electromagnetic radiation (light, radio waves, X-rays, etc.) to study the cosmos. But gravitational waves offer a **complementary "messenger"** that provides additional information about cosmic events. By combining gravitational wave data with traditional electromagnetic observations, we can create a more complete picture of the universe. For instance, when LIGO detected the collision of two neutron stars in 2017, the event was simultaneously observed in light, radio waves, and gamma rays. This multi-messenger approach allows scientists to gather a wealth of data about such events, including their exact location, energy output, and the types of elements created in the explosion (such as gold and platinum, which were formed in the collision). ### Gravitational Waves and the Early Universe In addition to revealing the most energetic cosmic events, gravitational waves could also help us probe the early universe. Primordial gravitational waves - ripples in spacetime from the Big Bang itself - could provide clues about the conditions in the universe during its earliest moments. Detecting these waves would be a breakthrough in cosmology, offering insights into the origins of the universe and the very nature of space and time. ### Conclusion: Gravitational Waves Are Gravity in Motion In essence, gravitational waves are gravity in action, not just the static attraction of masses as once thought, but a propagating wave that carries energy across spacetime. They provide us with an entirely new way to study the universe - one that reveals some of the most energetic and mysterious processes in nature. Their detection confirms that gravity - as described by General Relativity - is not just a force, but a dynamic feature of spacetime itself, capable of transmitting information across vast distances. Gravitational waves, by allowing us to "hear" the distortions of spacetime caused by massive cosmic events, open up a wealth of opportunities for discovering new phenomena, testing the limits of physics, and exploring the universe in ways that were previously unimaginable. Gravitational waves are indeed a direct consequence of gravity. They are the dynamic, propagating aspect and ripples of spacetime curvature that mass and energy create. They represent a new form of gravitational influence, allowing us to observe and measure cosmic events that were previously beyond our reach. This confirmation of Einstein’s predictions is just the beginning of a new era in astrophysics - one that will continue to shape our understanding of gravity, the universe, and the very nature of reality itself.

[@VrayCat]

Let's simplify the Laws of Thermodynamics 🔥: 1. **Zeroth Law:** - Imagine you're making a cake, and you want to make sure it's cooked evenly. The Zeroth law of thermodynamics is like using a thermometer to check if two parts of the cake are at the same temperature. 🌡️⚖️ - The Zeroth law states that if 2 systems are in thermal equilibrium with a 3rd system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. 2. **First Law:** - Imagine you're playing with a toy car, and you push it across the floor. The First law of thermodynamics is like keeping track of how much energy you put into pushing the car and how much it speeds up or slows down. 🏎️💨 - The First law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. 🔥 It's like saying you can't make energy magically appear or disappear-it just changes from one type to another. 3. **Second Law:** - Imagine you're playing with a ball, and you throw it into the air. The Second law of thermodynamics is like knowing that the ball will eventually fall back down to the ground because of gravity. - The Second law states that the entropy of a closed system tends to increase over time. 🤪 Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system, so this law is like saying things tend to get messier or more disorganized over time. 4. **Third Law:** - Imagine you're trying to clean up a messy room, but there's always a bit of clutter left behind. The Third law of thermodynamics is like saying you can never completely remove all the clutter and make the room perfectly clean. ❌🧼 - The Third law states that as the temperature of a system approaches Absolute Zero 🥶, its entropy approaches a minimum value. In simpler terms, it's impossible to reach Absolute Zero temperature, and there will always be some residual entropy left in a system. (**Similarities and Differences:** The laws of Thermodynamics are similar to Newton's laws of physics in that they describe fundamental principles governing the behavior of systems. However, they apply specifically to the transfer of energy and the behavior of matter at the macroscopic scale. - The Zeroth law establishes the concept of temperature and thermal equilibrium 🌡️⚖️ -The First law deals with energy conservation. 🔥 -The Second law introduces the concept of entropy and the directionality of processes 🤪 -The Third law addresses the behavior of systems at very low temperatures. 🥶 Together, these laws form the foundation of Thermodynamics and have broad applications in physics, chemistry, engineering, and other fields. Think of the laws of Thermodynamics as rules for how energy behaves, just like Newton's laws are rules for how objects move.) - Remembering their names can help differentiate their concepts: "zeroth" for Temperature 🌡️, "first" for energy conservation 🔥, "second" for entropy 🤪, and "third" for absolute zero 🥶.) In summary, the laws of thermodynamics describe fundamental principles governing the behavior of energy and matter in the universe. They're like rules that help us understand how thermodynamic systems work and why things happen the way they do, with broad applications in science, engineering, and everyday life.

[@VrayCat]

Let’s simplify Maxwell’s demon 😈🌡️: 1. **Imagine a Tricky Gatekeeper:** • Picture a mischievous little gatekeeper named Maxwell’s demon 😈 who sits by a gate between two chambers filled with gas molecules. This demon has the ability to open and close the gate selectively, allowing only fast-moving molecules to pass from one chamber to the other. • Maxwell’s demon seems to defy the second law of thermodynamics, which says that entropy, or disorder, always increases over time. By selectively sorting molecules, the demon appears to create order out of chaos. 2. **Purpose and Concept:** The purpose of Maxwell’s demon is to illustrate a paradox in thermodynamics-the study of heat and energy. 🔥 It challenges our understanding of entropy and the idea that energy tends to disperse evenly over time. Maxwell’s demon conceptually demonstrates how information and intelligent manipulation could potentially violate the second law of thermodynamics by reducing entropy in a closed system. 3. **Similarity to Schrödinger’s Cat:** Maxwell’s Demon 😈 and Schrödinger’s Cat 🐈 are both famous thought experiments that challenge our understanding of fundamental principles in physics. While Maxwell’s demon explores the concept of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics, Schrödinger’s cat delves into the paradoxes of quantum mechanics, specifically the idea of superposition and observer effect. (**Practical Purpose:** • While Maxwell’s demon is a thought experiment rather than a practical concept, it stimulates scientific inquiry and philosophical debate about the nature of entropy, information, and the second law of thermodynamics. • It encourages scientists to explore new ideas and theories in thermodynamics and information theory, leading to advancements in our understanding of complex systems and their behavior.) In summary, Maxwell’s Demon is a thought experiment that challenges our understanding of thermodynamics by proposing a hypothetical entity capable of reducing entropy in a closed system.

[@VrayCat]

1. **Conformity Field:** - Imagine you're in a crowded room, and everyone starts dancing 💃🕺 to the same beat without even realizing it! That's like a conformity field-a force that makes things in the universe behave in similar ways. 🪩 - In physics, a conformity field is a hypothetical concept that suggests there might be underlying principles or laws that govern the behavior of matter and energy on large scales, leading to conformity or uniformity in the universe 🌌. 2. **Worldline:** - Picture a cosmic rollercoaster 🎢 track tracing the path of a particle through spacetime. That's a worldline! - In physics, a worldline is the path that an object traces through spacetime over its entire existence, showing its position at every moment in time. 3. **Anti-de Sitter Space:** - Imagine a weird, warped room where distances seem to shrink as you move away from the center. That's like Anti-de Sitter space-a strange kind of spacetime with negative curvature ➖. - In theoretical physics, anti-de Sitter space is a solution to Einstein's equations of general relativity with negative cosmological curvature. It's used in string theory and other areas of research to explore the nature of spacetime and the universe. (**Importance in Physics and Astronomy:** - These concepts are important in physics and astronomy because they help us understand the fundamental nature of the universe, the behavior of matter and energy, and the structure of spacetime itself. - They're used in theoretical models and mathematical frameworks to describe the dynamics of particles, the evolution of galaxies and the cosmos, and the fundamental forces that govern the universe.) (**Tips to Remember and Differentiate:** - Think of the Conformity Field as the cosmic dance floor 🪩, the Worldline as the cosmic rollercoaster track 🎢, and Anti-de Sitter space as the cosmic funhouse with negative curvature ➖.) In summary, these terms help us delve deeper into the mysteries of the universe, from the fundamental forces of nature to the structure of spacetime itself!

[@VrayCat]

1. **Centrifugal Force:** - Imagine you're spinning around on a merry-go-round 🎠, and you feel like you're being pushed away from the center. That feeling is like experiencing centrifugal force. - Centrifugal force is the apparent outward ⬅️➡️ force experienced by an object rotating around a center point. It's like the feeling you get when you're in a car going around a sharp curve, and you feel like you're being pushed to the side. 2. **Centripetal Force:** - Now, imagine you're holding onto a string attached to a spinning ball, and you're pulling the ball towards you. 🧶The force you're exerting to keep the ball moving in a circle is like centripetal force. - Centripetal force is the inward ➡️⬅️ force that keeps an object moving in a circular path. It's like the tension in a rope or the gravitational pull that keeps planets orbiting around the sun. (**Similarities and Differences:** - Both Centrifugal force and Centripetal force are related to circular motion ⭕️, but they act in opposite directions. - Centripetal force points towards the center of the circular path and is responsible for keeping objects moving in a circle. It's like the "pulling" force that keeps things together. ➡️⬅️ - Centrifugal force, on the other hand, points away from the center of rotation and is experienced by objects in circular motion as they "push" outward. ⬅️➡️ It's an apparent force, meaning it's not a real force but rather the result of inertia trying to keep objects moving in a straight line.) (**Importance and Practical Use:** - Understanding Centrifugal and Centripetal forces is crucial in physics, especially when dealing with rotating systems ⭕️ like amusement park ride, planetary orbits, or even the spin cycle of a washing machine. - Engineers use these concepts to design safe and efficient machinery and structures, ensuring that forces are balanced and materials are used effectively.) (**Remembering Tips:** - Think of Centripetal Force as the "Center-Seeking" force that keeps objects moving in a circle, while CentriFugal force is the "Center-Fleeing" force that makes objects feel like they're being pushed away from the center. - Remembering their names can help differentiate their effects: "Centripetal" for center-seeking (to go towards in, to seek) ➡️⬅️ and "Centrifugal" for center-fleeing (to flee) ⬅️➡️. - Centrifugal “Fugere” in Latin means to “flee” 🏃‍♂️💨 - Centripetal “Petere” in Latin means to “to go towards in, to seek” 🧐) In summary, Centrifugal force and Centripetal force are essential concepts in physics that describe the behavior of objects in circular motion. While Centripetal force keeps objects moving in a circle by pulling them towards ➡️⬅️ the center, Centrifugal force is the apparent outward ⬅️➡️ force experienced by objects in rotating systems. Understanding these forces helps us design and analyze rotating machinery and structures in the real world.

[@VrayCat]

A Calabi-Yau Manifold is a special type of geometric object 📐💠 in mathematics, specifically in the field of differential geometry and algebraic geometry. Let's simplify it: 1. **Imagine a Stretchy Rubber Sheet:** - Think of a rubber sheet that you can stretch and bend in various ways. A Calabi-Yau manifold is like a fancy, high-dimensional version of this rubber sheet. 2. **Complex Shapes and Curvature:** - Unlike a flat sheet, a Calabi-Yau manifold can have complex shapes and curvatures. 💠 It might be twisted, folded, or have holes in it, but in a very precise and controlled way. 3. **Higher Dimensions:** - Calabi-Yau manifolds exist in higher dimensions than the familiar three dimensions of space we're used to. They might have six or more dimensions, making them difficult to visualize directly. 4. **Crucial in String Theory:** - Calabi-Yau manifolds play a crucial role in theoretical physics, particularly in string theory. In string theory, these manifolds provide the compact extra dimensions required to unify the fundamental forces of nature and explain the properties of elementary particles. 5. **Compactification:** - In string theory, the extra dimensions of space are thought to be compactified or curled up into tiny, almost invisible shapes. 🫥Calabi-Yau manifolds provide a mathematical framework for describing these compact dimensions. 6. **Importance in Physics:** - Understanding the geometry and properties of Calabi-Yau manifolds is essential for developing mathematical models of the universe in string theory and other areas of theoretical physics. In summary, a Calabi-Yau manifold is a geometric object 💠 with complex shapes and curvatures, existing in higher dimensions and playing a crucial role in theoretical physics, particularly in string theory, where they provide the compact extra dimensions needed to unify fundamental forces and explain the properties of particles.

[@VrayCat]

1. **Magnus Force:** - Magnus force is like a magical push that makes a spinning object, like a basketball or a frisbee, curve or bend ↩️ as it moves through the air. - It's caused by the air flowing around the spinning object, creating differences in pressure that push it in different directions. 2. **Buoyant Force:** - Buoyant force is like a friendly lift that helps objects float in water or other fluids. 🛟 It's the force that pushes up on an object in a fluid, counteracting the force of gravity. - It's caused by the difference in pressure between the top and bottom of the object, with more pressure pushing up than pushing down. 3. **Drag Force:** - Drag force is like a gentle tug that slows down 🐌 objects as they move through a fluid, like air or water. 💨 It's the force that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid. - It's caused by the friction between the object and the fluid it's moving through, which creates resistance and slows it down. 4. **Difference and Similarities:** - Magnus force is specific to spinning objects and causes them to curve or bend, -Buoyant force is specific to objects in fluids and helps them float. - Drag force is more general and affects any object moving through a fluid/gale whether spinning or not. All three forces involve differences in pressure or friction that affect the motion of objects, but they apply in different situations and have different effects. 5. **Importance and Practical Purpose:** - Understanding these forces is super important for things like sports, engineering, and designing vehicles. - For example, in basketball, understanding Magnus force helps players make curved shots, while in engineering, understanding Drag force helps designers make more efficient vehicles and understanding Buoyant force helps boats float steadily in sea conditions. (**Tips to Remember and Differentiate:** - Think of Magnus force as the force that makes spinning objects curve, Buoyant force as the force that helps objects float, and Drag force as the force that slows things down. - Remember, Magnus force is specific to spinning objects, Buoyant force is specific to fluids, and Drag force affects any object moving through fluid/gale.) So, whether you're shooting hoops, flying a frisbee, or designing a spaceship, understanding these forces helps us navigate the world around us and design things that work better and more efficiently!

[@VrayCat]

1. **De Broglie Wavelength:** - Imagine you're throwing a baseball. Now, imagine if the baseball acted like a wave 🔉 instead of a solid object ⚾️. That's the idea behind the De Broglie Wavelength-a concept in quantum mechanics that says all particles, like baseballs, electrons, or even you, can behave like waves under certain conditions. - The de Broglie Wavelength, Lambda (λ) is calculated using the momentum (p) of a particle and Planck's constant (h): λ = h / p. - This equation tells us that the wavelength of a particle is inversely proportional to its momentum. (In simpler terms, the more momentum a particle has, the shorter its De Broglie Wavelength.) 2. **Planck's Constant:** - Imagine you're baking cookies, and you need to measure the amount of flour precisely. Planck's constant is like the smallest possible unit ⚛️ of flour you can use-it's the fundamental constant of nature that sets the scale for quantum effects. - Planck's Constant (h) is a fundamental constant of nature that relates the Energy (E) of a photon or particle to its Frequency (ν): E = hν. - This equation tells us that the energy of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency. (In other words, the higher the Frequency of light, the more Energy it carries.) 3. **Importance and Practical Applications:** - These equations are crucial in quantum mechanics and help us understand the behavior of particles at the smallest scales. - They have practical applications in various fields, such as electronics, where they're used to design and understand semiconductor devices like transistors. - De Broglie's ideas revolutionized our understanding of the Dual-nature of Particles, while Planck's work laid the foundation for Quantum Mechanics, earning them both a place among the greatest physicists of the 20th century. (**Remembering Tips:** - Think of De Broglie's Wavelength as describing how particles "wave" around, and Planck's constant as the fundamental "building block" of quantum mechanics. - Remembering their names can help differentiate their contributions: "De Broglie" for Waves and "Planck" for Fundamental constants.) In summary, De Broglie's Wavelength and Planck's constant are fundamental concepts in quantum mechanics that describe the wave-particle duality of matter and set the scale for quantum effects. Their equations are essential in understanding the behavior of particles at the smallest scales and have practical applications in various fields of science and technology.

[@octillionus]

It got so complicated even Gallium-Gonzollium couldn't explain it

[@yomologus_on_fire]

Alan Becker animated the speed of light correctly where in 5:37 , if you change the playback speed to 0.25, you will notice the light will still be there for a split second even when Orange blocked the light for a very short time, this explains light's speed is not infinite but finite.

[@フェイザン]

Everything in this vid is perfectly calculated except black hole

[@VrayCat]

1. **What is Time Dilation?** - Time dilation is like a magical trick where time slows down ⏳ or speeds up ⏳ depending on how fast you're moving. It's one of the mind-bending ideas from Einstein's theory of relativity. 2. **How Does it Work?** - Imagine you're on a super-fast spaceship zooming through space. From your perspective inside the spaceship, time seems normal. But for someone watching you from Earth, time for you seems to slow down. It's like you're in a slow-motion movie! 3. **Why Does the Speed of Light Matter?** - The speed of light is super important because it's the cosmic speed limit-it's the fastest anything can go in the universe. When you start getting close to the speed of light, time dilation kicks in because space and time are connected, like two sides of the same coin. 4. **Proving Time Dilation:** - Einstein's famous equation, E=mc², tells us that Energy (E) is related to Mass (m) and the Speed of light (c). -When you're moving really fast, your energy increases, and since energy and mass are connected, your mass increases too. This extra mass causes time to slow down from the perspective of someone watching you. 5. **Examples:** - Imagine you have a twin brother, and you both have super-fast spaceships. You zoom off into space at near-light speed while your brother stays on Earth. When you return, you find that your brother has aged much more than you because time slowed down for you while you were zooming through space. 6. **Real-Life Hypothetical:** - While we can't travel at the speed of light yet (it would take an infinite amount of energy!), we can observe time dilation in experiments with particles moving at high speeds in accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider. So, Time Dilation is like a cosmic magic trick where time bends and stretches depending on how fast you're moving. It's one of the coolest ideas in physics and shows us just how weird and wonderful the universe can be!

[@paperrtow3l258]

This intricately constructed video, with its multifaceted layers of thematic depth and nuanced intricacies, resonates profoundly with my appreciation for complexity.(or simply i love this complicated video)

[@VrayCat]

1. **Perigee and Apogee:** - Perigee is like when you're CLOSEST to something, and Apogee is when you're FARTHEST away. In space lingo, PERIGEE is when something, like a satellite or the moon, is CLOSEST to the Earth 🛰️🌙🌍, and APOGEE is when it's FARTHEST away from Earth 🚀🌍. 2. **Importance in Gravity and Orbits:** - Perigee and Apogee are super important because they help us understand how things move around in space 🌌, especially when it comes to gravity. When something is CLOSER to a planet 🛰️🌍 (PERIGEE), Gravity pulls it stronger 💪, and when it's FARTHER away (APOGEE), gravity isn't as strong 😴. 3. **Difference between Outer Space and Orbit:** - Outer space is like the big, empty playground where planets, stars, and galaxies hang out. It's where all the cool space stuff happens! - Orbit is like riding a merry-go-round in space 🎡. When something, like a satellite 🛰️, is in orbit around a planet 🌎, it's like it's riding on a never-ending carousel 🎠, going round and round WITHOUT falling down. 4. **Rocket Analogies and Tips:** - Imagine you're riding a rocket 🚀 to the moon 🌕. When you're CLOSEST to the Earth, that's PERIGEE 🛰️🌍, and when you're FARTHEST away from the Earth, that's APOGEE 🚀🌍. - Think of outer space as the big, open sky above us 🌌, and orbit as the special path 🛣️ things follow around planets and moons 🪐🌕. So, Perigee and Apogee help us understand how things move in space, and Outer Space is like the big playground where everything happens, while Orbit is like riding a space carousel around a planet or moon!

[@VrayCat]

1. **Quantum Mechanics, Quantum Uncertainty, Quantum Entanglement:** - Quantum Mechanics is like the rulebook 📒 for the tiniest things in the universe 🌌 -Atoms and Particles ⚛️. It tells us how they move, behave, and interact. - Quantum Uncertainty is a big idea in quantum mechanics. It says that we can't know everything ❌🤔 about a particle at the same time. It's like trying to catch a firefly in the dark-you CAN’T see it CLEARLY and KNOW its exact position and speed at the same time 😵‍💫. -Quantum Entanglement is like having two magic coins 🪙🪙 that are linked together, no matter HOW FAR apart they are 🔗⚛️. When you flip one coin and it lands Heads, the other coin instantly knows to land Tails! Or when you flip one, the other one magically knows what happens to its twin! -It's like they're sharing a secret connection that lets them always know what the other is doing, no matter how far the distance, even on the other side of the Universe 🌌. 2. **How They Work:** - Quantum Mechanics works by using math and experiments to understand how particles behave, even though they sometimes act in strange ways 🤪 that don't follow the rules of Classical Physics. - Quantum Uncertainty works by showing us that the more we know about ONE aspect of a particle (like its Position), the less we can know about ANOTHER aspect (like its Momentum). It's like a cosmic game of hide-and-seek 👀! -Quantum Entanglement works by the involving the correlation of properties 🔗 between particles, even when they are separated by large distances. 3. **Tips to Remember and Differentiate:** - Think of Quantum Mechanics as the instruction manual for the tiny world of Atoms and Particles and how they work and behave and even in strange ways 🤪 that don’t follow Classical Physics. -Quantum Uncertainty is like the mysterious rule that says we can't know everything about them at once 🧐, meaning it refers to the inherent limits on our ability to precisely measure certain properties of particles simultaneously. -For Quantum Entanglement, tiny particles like Electrons can become entangled, just like our magic coins. When two Particles are Entangled🪢, their properties become Connected 🔗, so whatever happens to ONE particle INSTANTLY AFFECTS the OTHER, no matter how FAR apart they are ⚛️🌌⚛️. (Remember, Quantum Mechanics helps us understand how things work at the smallest scale ⚛️, Quantum Uncertainty reminds us that the universe can be full of surprises 👀, and Quantum Entanglement is like having a magical connection between particles that lets us do amazing things, even if we can’t see exactly how it works 🔗.) So, while these concepts about Quantum Physics seem confusing, they're all about exploring the tiny world of Atoms and Particles and uncovering the fascinating mysteries that lie within our reality as they help us understand the fundamental nature of the Universe at its smallest scale. ⚛️🌌

[@VrayCat]

1. **Imagine Bubbles in Water:** • Picture yourself diving into a pool and blowing bubbles underwater. Now, imagine those bubbles suddenly collapsing with a loud pop.💥 That’s cavitation! • Cavitation occurs when Bubbles 🫧 or Vapour 🌫️ pockets form and then rapidly collapse in a liquid, such as Water💧. 2. **Pressure Changes:** • When there’s a rapid change 💨 in pressure in a liquid, it can cause small voids or bubbles to form. 🕳️🫧 These bubbles can be created by changes in flow, such as around a propeller, or by intense forces, like those from a high-speed water jet. • When the pressure returns to normal or increases again, these bubbles collapse violently 💥, creating a shockwave and potentially causing damage to nearby surfaces. 3. **Underwater Effects:** • In underwater environments, cavitation can occur around fast-moving objects like ship propellers, underwater turbines, or even marine animals like dolphins. • Cavitation can cause erosion or damage to propellers and other underwater equipment, reducing efficiency and increasing maintenance costs. (Physics Behind Cavitation: • Cavitation is a complex phenomenon that involves fluid dynamics and the behavior of gases in liquids. • The rapid collapse of cavitation bubbles generates high temperatures and pressures, creating shockwaves and potentially producing tiny vapor-filled cavities or pits in nearby surfaces.) (Importance: • Understanding cavitation is crucial in various industries, including marine engineering, hydrodynamics, and fluid mechanics. • Engineers and Scientists study cavitation to design more efficient and durable underwater equipment and to minimize its negative effects on machinery and structures.) In summary, Cavitation is the formation and rapid collapse of Bubbles 🫧 or Vapour 🌫️ pockets in a Liquid💧, often leading to shockwaves and potential damage to nearby surfaces. It’s an important phenomenon to understand in underwater environments and has implications for various industries and scientific fields.

[@VrayCat]

Laws of Relativity 🏎️💨: Imagine you're playing with toy cars 🏎️ on a giant trampoline. When you zoom around 🏎️💨 in your car, you feel like you're going straight 📏, but someone watching from the side sees you curving 🔁 because of the trampoline's curve. That's a bit like RELATIVITY! 1. **Principle of Relativity:** This says that the laws of physics are THE SAME for everyone, NO MATTER how fast they're moving. It's like saying the rules of your toy car game are the same whether you're driving FAST 🏎️💨 or SLOW 🐌 on the trampoline. 2. **Special Relativity:** This is like putting on special glasses 😎 that make everything look different when you move really, really fast 🏎️💨. It says that Space 🌌 and Time 🕰️ can change depending on how fast you're going. For example, time can SLOW down or objects can SHRINK when they're moving SUPER FAST . 3. **General Relativity:** Now, imagine you're driving your toy car 🏎️ near a big heavy ball 🏀 on the trampoline. The ball makes the trampoline curve, and your car follows the CURVE. This is like how Gravity 🍃 works according to General Relativity. It says that Gravity isn't just about objects pulling each other-it's also about how they curve Space 🌌 and Time 🕰️ around them. Relativity is like seeing the world from DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES and understanding how things CHANGE depending on how you LOOK at them 👀. It's all about how Space, Time, and Gravity behave in different situations, whether you're driving toy cars on a trampoline or exploring the cosmos.

[@VrayCat]

Prograde 🔁 ✅🧭 and Retrograde 🔄 🔙❌ Motion: Imagine you’re watching cars race around a track. Most of the cars 🏎️ are going in the SAME DIRECTION ✅🧭, but every once in a while, one car might seem to go BACKWARDS 🔙❌ compared to the others. In space, planets and moons can appear to do something similar! Prograde Motion - **What It Is:** Prograde motion is when a Planet 🌍 or Moon 🌕moves in the SAME DIRECTION as the rotation of its parent star (like the Sun ☀️) or the main planet it orbits. - **Example:** Earth and most other planets in our solar system orbit the Sun in the SAME DIRECTION ↩️ that the Sun spins. This is Prograde Motion. Real-World Analogy - **Race Track:** Imagine all the cars on a race track moving in a Clockwise Direction 🏎️🔁. That’s like Prograde Motion. Tips and Tricks to Remember - **Mnemonic:** "Pro means go!" - Prograde motion is the normal, forward direction ✅🧭. Retrograde Motion - **What It Is:** Retrograde motion is when a Planet 🌍 or Moon 🌕 appears to move BACKWARDS 🔄, OPPOSITE to the direction of the rotation of its parent star or the main planet it orbits. - **Example:** Some moons, like Triton, orbit their planets in the OPPOSITE DIRECTION ↪️ to the planet's rotation. Occasionally, planets like Mars can appear to move BACKWARDS in the sky from our perspective on Earth. This is called Retrograde Motion. Real-World Analogy - **Race Track Backward:** Imagine one car 🏎️ on the race track starts moving in the OPPOSITE DIRECTION 🔙❌ to all the other cars. That’s like Retrograde Motion. Tips and Tricks to Remember - **Mnemonic:** "Retro means reverse!" - Retrograde motion is the BACKWARDS, OPPOSITE direction. Importance in Space - **Understanding Orbits:** Knowing whether a planet or moon is in Prograde 🔁 or Retrograde 🔄 Motion helps astronomers understand how celestial bodies move and interact. - **Predicting Positions:** It allows scientists to predict where planets and moons will be in the future, which is important for space missions and observations. What Happens If We Didn’t Have It? - **Confusion in Observations:** Without understanding Prograde 🔁 and Retrograde 🔄 Motion, it would be confusing 😵‍💫 to track and predict the positions of planets 🪐 and moons 🌕. - **Misperceptions:** Early astronomers were puzzled by the apparent BACKWARD motion 🔙 of some planets, which led to the development of better models of our solar system. Planet Analogies - **Earth:** Earth orbits the Sun in a Prograde Direction ✅🧭, just like most other planets in the solar system 🔁. - **Mars Retrograde:** From Earth, sometimes Mars seems to move BACKWARDS 🔙❌ in the sky because of the relative positions and motions of Earth and Mars. This apparent backward movement 🔄 is called Retrograde Motion. Yarkovsky Effect - **What It Is:** The Yarkovsky Effect is a force 💪 acting on a rotating body in space ☄️, caused by the way it ABSORBS SUNLIGHT 🔆 and then RE-EMITS that energy as heat 🥵. This re-emission of heat can cause a SMALL but SIGNIFICANT PUSH on the body ☄️🫷, changing its orbit over time. - **Example:** An asteroid heats up during the day and cools down at night. The heat is RADIATED away more STRONGLY 🥵💪 in the evening side 🌇, creating a TINY THRUST that can slowly ALTER the asteroid’s path ☄️🧭. Real-World Analogy - **Spinning Carousel:** Imagine a spinning carousel 🎠 in the sun ☀️. One side gets WARMER 🥵 and RADIATES HEAT🔥, pushing it very slightly in a different direction . Tips and Tricks to Remember - **Mnemonic:** "Sunlight sway" - Sunlight 🔆 HEATS one side of an Asteroid ☄️ more than the other, causing it to SWAY in its orbit. Relation to Prograde vs. Retrograde - **Prograde Motion and Yarkovsky Effect:** If an Asteroid is rotating in a Prograde Direction (SAME DIRECTION AS ITS ORBIT ✅🧭), the Yarkovsky Effect can cause it to spiral 🌀 OUTWARD ⬅️➡️ over time ⏳. - **Retrograde Motion and Yarkovsky Effect:** If an Asteroid is rotating in a Retrograde Direction (OPPOSITE TO ITS ORBIT), the Yarkovsky effect can cause it to spiral 🌀 INWARD ➡️⬅️. Summary - **Prograde Motion:** Movement in the NORMAL, FORWARD DIRECTION ✅🧭 (like most planets orbiting the Sun). - **Analogy:** All cars on a race track moving CLOCKWISE 🏎️🔁. - **Mnemonic:** "Pro means go!" - **Retrograde Motion:** Movement in the OPPOSITE, BACKWARD DIRECTION (like Mars appearing to move backward in the sky). - **Analogy:** One car on a race track moving COUNTER-CLOCKWISE 🏎️🔄. - **Mnemonic:** "Retro means reverse!" - **Yarkovsky Effect:** A tiny force 🔅💪 acting on a rotating body ☄️ in space due to the way it ABSORBS and RE-EMITS sunlight 🔆 as heat 🥵🔥. - **Analogy:** Spinning carousel warming in the sun. - **Mnemonic:** "Sunlight sway" Understanding Prograde and Retrograde Motion helps us make sense of the MOVEMENTS of planets 🪐 and moons 🌕, making it easier to study and explore our universe 🌌. The Yarkovsky Effect adds another layer, showing how Sunlight 🔆 can even change the paths of Asteroids ☄️ over long periods ⏳.

[@VrayCat]

In Particle Physics ⚛️, "Spin" is a fundamental property of Elementary Particles, like Electrons⚡️⚛️ and Quarks 🔴🔵🟢. Now, imagine you're playing with a spinning top. When the top spins, it has a property called "ANGULAR MOMENTUM" which makes it rotate around an axis 😵‍💫. In particle physics, "Spin" is a bit like that, but it's NOT QUITE the same as physical rotational spinning ❌😵‍💫. 1. **Physical Rotational Spinning:** When you spin a top or a ball 🏈, it physically rotates around an axis. You can SEE IT spinning 👀😵‍💫, and it has a MEASURABLE RATE of rotation. It's like watching a fan blade spin around. 2. **"Spin" in Particle Physics:** Now, let's talk about "Spin" in the particle physics world 😵‍💫⚛️. Imagine you have a tiny ball 🏈, SO TINY you can't even see it 🫥. This "Spin" property ISN’T ABOUT the ball ❌🏈 physically rotating like a spinning top. Instead, it's a FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY of the particle, kind of like an invisible tag 🫥🏷️ that says how "spinny" the particle is. Think of it like this: Imagine you're playing a game of "spin the bottle," but INSTEAD of a physical bottle spinning around ❌🍾, it's like each player has a HIDDEN TAG 🫥🏷️ that tells you how much "Spin" they have. You CAN’T see the tag ❌👀, but it tells you something important about how the game works. So, in Particle Physics, "Spin" 😵‍💫⚛️ ISN’T ABOUT physical rotation like a spinning top ❌🏈. It's a fundamental property of particles ⚛️ that INFLUENCES how they INTERACT 🤝 with each other and with other forces in the universe 🌌. (One tip is to think of Physical Spinning like something you can SEE 👀 and FEEL 🤚, like a spinning top or a fan blade. "Spin" in Particle Physics 😵‍💫⚛️ is more like an invisible property, a hidden tag 🫥🏷️ that particles have that tells you how much “Spin” they have. “Spin” 😵‍💫⚛️ is also a FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY of particles that influences how they interact 🤝 with other particles ⚛️ and forces 💪 in the universe 🌌, kind of like a secret superpower!)

[@VrayCat]

Let’s simplify Newton’s laws of motion and their equations: 1. **First Law (Law of Inertia):** • Imagine you’re on a smooth road with no bumps. Newton’s first law says that if you’re sitting still, you’ll stay🧍‍♂️still unless something pushes or pulls you. And if you’re moving, you’ll keep moving at the same speed and direction unless something stops you. • The equation for this law is: F = 0, where F is the net force acting on an object, and 0 represents no change in motion. 2. **Second Law (Force and Acceleration):** • Imagine you’re riding a bike, and you push the pedals harder. Newton’s second law says that the harder you push🫸 (the more force you apply), the faster 💨 you’ll accelerate (speed up). • The equation for this law is: F = ma, where F is the net force acting on an object, m is its mass, and a is its acceleration. 3. **Third Law (Action and Reaction):** • Imagine you’re playing catch with a friend. When you throw the ball, you feel a push back on your hand. Newton’s third law says that for every action, there’s an equal 🟰 and opposite reaction. • The equation for this law is: F₁ = -F₂, where F₁ is the force exerted by the first object, and F₂ is the force exerted by the second object, and they’re equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. (**Tips to Remember and Differentiate:** • First law is like staying still or moving at a steady speed unless something changes. • Second law is like pushing a heavy shopping cart-more force makes it move faster. • Third law is like bouncing a ball off a wall-your push on the wall is matched by its push back on you.) So, Newton’s laws of motion are like the rules that govern how everything moves in the universe, from planets orbiting the sun to cars driving on the road!

[@VrayCat]

Let's simplify Kepler's three laws of Planetary Motion 🌎🪐 and explore their importance: 1. **Kepler's First Law (Law of Ellipses):** * Imagine drawing circles and ovals with a pencil. ✏️ 
Kepler's First law says that Planets 🌎🪐 orbit the Sun ☀️ in shapes called Ellipses 🥚, NOT perfect circles ❌. * This law helps us understand the shape of planetary orbits, showing that they're not perfectly round but slightly elongated. 2. **Kepler's Second Law (Law of Equal Areas):** * Picture a Planet moving around the Sun at different speeds. 🌍💨☀️ Kepler's Second law says that a planet sweeps out equal AREAS in equal TIMES as it orbits the Sun 🟰☀️. * This means that a planet moves FASTER when it's CLOSER to the Sun 🐇☀️ and SLOWER when it's FARTHER away 🐢☀️ It helps us understand how planets move in their orbits. 3. **Kepler's Third Law (Law of Harmonies):** • Kepler's Third law says that the time it takes for a Planet 🌏 to orbit ⭕️ the Sun ☀️ (its period) is related to its distance from the Sun 📏☀️ (its semi-major axis). • Specifically, the FARTHER a planet is from the Sun 🪐 ☀️, the longer it takes to complete ONE ORBIT ⭕️. This law helps us understand the relationship between the size of a Planet's Orbit and its Orbital Period. 4. **Importance in Physics and Practical Life:** * Kepler's laws are crucial for understanding how planets 🌎🪐 move in space 🌌. They provide the foundation for modern celestial mechanics and our understanding of gravity's role in shaping the solar system.  * By studying Kepler's laws, scientists can predict the positions of planets in the sky 📌🌎, plan space missions 🚀, and explore the universe with greater precision 🔭. * These laws also help astronomers discover exoplanets orbiting distant stars 🌟, expanding our knowledge of planetary systems beyond our own. 5. **Relation to Gravity:** * Kepler's laws are directly related to gravity, as they describe how objects, such as planets, move under the influence of gravitational forces. * Newton later explained
Kepler's laws using his law of universal gravitation, showing that the gravitational force between two objects depends on their masses 🐘 and the distance between them 📏. 6. **Eccentricity:** • Eccentricity is a measure of how "OVAL" or ELONGATED 🥚 an orbit is compared to a perfect circle ⭕️. It ranges from 0 (perfect circle) to 1 (highly elongated). * Earth's orbit has a LOW Eccentricity of about 0.017, meaning it's ALMOST circular ⭕️.
Mercury, with a tad bit more Eccentricity of 0.20, has a more elongated orbit 🥚. * A HIGHER Eccentricity means that a planet's distance from the Sun varies more throughout its orbit. While a MODERATE Eccentricity like Mercury's is normal for some planets, EXTREMELY HIGH Eccentricities can lead to significant variations in temperature and other conditions. (**Tips for Remembering:** * Think of Kepler's laws as rules that describe how Planets 🌎
"dance"🕺💃 around the Sun ☀️ in their Orbits ⭕️. * Remember that Kepler's laws paved the way for our understanding of Planetary Motion, Gravity, and the Structure of the Solar System.) In summary, Kepler's Laws of planetary motion are fundamental principles that describe how planets move in space 🌎💨. They're essential for understanding the dynamics of our solar system and have paved the way for advancements in Physics, Astronomy, and Space Exploration. By studying these laws, scientists can unlock the mysteries of the universe and expand our understanding of the cosmos 🌌.

[@Hi-pk5mf]

I love how this isn’t just an analysis but has a bit of comments and things about the video.

[@VrayCat]

1. **What is Flux?** - In simple terms, flux refers to the flow or movement of something. 🌊 It could be particles, energy, or even abstract concepts like information. 2. **How is it Used in Physics and Science?** - In physics, flux often refers to the flow of a physical quantity through a surface. For example, in electromagnetism, magnetic flux represents the amount of magnetic field passing through a surface. In fluid dynamics, it refers to the flow rate of a fluid through a surface. 3. **Why is it Important?** - Flux is crucial because it helps scientists and engineers understand how things move or change. By studying flux, we can better understand processes in nature, design efficient systems, and predict outcomes in various scientific fields. 4. **Tips to Remember and Differentiate:** - Think of flux as the "flow" of something. Picture it like a river flowing through a channel. - Remember that flux can represent different things depending on the context, such as magnetic flux, electric flux, or flux in fluid dynamics. 5. **In Science Fiction:** - In science fiction, flux is often portrayed as a mysterious force or energy that can manipulate space, time, or reality itself. It's used to create intriguing plot devices, like time travel or alternate dimensions. So, imagine flux as the invisible currents that shape the universe, whether in the real world of science or the imaginative realms of science fiction.

[@VrayCat]

Lets explain these Quantum Physics concepts and effects ⚛️ 👯‍♀️🌊🎶🌀🧲🧊🤩🏀: 1. **Superconductivity and Cooper Pairs:** Picture a superhero duo 🦸‍♂️🦸‍♀️teaming up to conquer villains 🦹‍♂️ without any obstacles. In superconductors, Electrons ⚛️⚡️ form PAIRS 👯‍♀️ called COOPER PAIRS and move without resistance, allowing electricity to flow effortlessly. These pairs are like superhero teams, working together to overcome any obstacles in their path. 2. **Superfluidity:** Imagine a magical potion that flows endlessly without spilling 🌊, even climbing up walls. Superfluids are liquids that flow without any friction, allowing them to move without hindrance. They're like magical potions in the world of physics, exhibiting extraordinary properties like crawling up walls 🌊🧱 and escaping from containers 🫙🌊. 3. **Decoherence:** Think of a group of musicians trying to play in harmony 🎶🎼, but constant interruptions disrupt their performance 🤪. Decoherence is like these interruptions, causing quantum systems to lose their delicate coherence and behave more like classical objects. It's like trying to maintain a peaceful melody 🎶🎼 in a noisy environment 🤪. 4. **Quantum Hall Effect:** Picture a path through a maze 🌀 where each step is precisely measured and controlled 👣. The Quantum Hall Effect occurs when electrons ⚡️⚛️ move through a 2D conductor under a magnetic field 🧲, displaying quantized electrical conductance ⚡️. It's like navigating a maze with strict rules, leading to fascinating discoveries in physics. 5. **Casimir Effect:** Imagine two magnets 🧲🧭 pulling towards each other despite being far apart ⬅️➡️. The Casimir Effect is like the invisible force 🫥 that pushes objects together in a vacuum due to Quantum Fluctuations. It's a mysterious phenomenon that showcases the strange behavior of quantum particles in empty space. 6. **Phase and Topological Phase Transitions:** Think of a shape-shifting creature transforming into different forms without breaking apart. Phase Transitions involve changes in the STATE OF MATTER, like freezing 🧊 or melting 🫠. Topological Phase transitions are like transformations that alter the topology of a material's QUANTUM STATE, leading to exotic properties and behaviours 🤩🥳. 7. **Zero-Point Energy:** Picture a bouncing ball that NEVER stops moving 🏀, even when it should come to rest ❌😴. Zero-point energy is like the minimum energy that particles possess even at absolute zero temperature 🥶, arising from Quantum Fluctuations. It's like the constant motion ⚛️💨 of particles even in the ABSENCE of external energy.

[@RMX7777]

The portion where permanent magnets were used as an accelerator wouldn't be possible. The rocket would indeed accelerate as it converted the potential energy of the magnetic field into kinetic, but as soon as TSC crossed the center of the ring that kinetic energy would convert back to potential. Magnetic accelerators do exist, but the rings would need to be made from electromagnets. In this way, the magnetic field could be collapsed at the moment of maximum kinetic energy. that is the way electric motors function. Done in this way, the rocket would continue to gain a net positive kinetic energy from each consecutive ring.

[@VrayCat]

1. **Aphelion and Perihelion:** These terms describe the positions of objects in orbit around the Sun ☀️, like planets 🌍 or comets ☄️. - **Aphelion:** This is the point in an object's orbit where it's FARTHEST away from the Sun. - **Perihelion:** This is the point in an object's orbit where it's CLOSTEST to the Sun. So, if you imagine a planet like Earth going around the Sun, Aphelion is when it's FARTHEST from the Sun, and Perihelion is when it's CLOSEST. 2. **Apogee and Perigee:** These terms are similar to Aphelion and Perihelion, but they're used for objects orbiting around the Earth 🌍, like satellites 🛰️ or the Moon 🌙. - **Apogee:** This is the point in an object's orbit where it's FARTHEST from the Earth. - **Perigee:** This is the point in an object's orbit where it's CLOSEST to the Earth. So, if you think about a satellite going around the Earth, Apogee is when it's FARTHEST from the Earth, and Perigee is when it's CLOSEST. In summary, Aphelion and Perihelion are about orbits around the Sun ☀️, while Apogee and Perigee are about orbits around the Earth 🌍. They're similar concepts, just applied to different celestial bodies!

[@masela01]

"even i have no idea what this means" yeah we're fucked

[@ignosegnose5578]

11:48 This is showing stick-figures world line as he passes closer to the black hole; time flips to space, space flips to time - you can travel through time but move through space where normally it's opposite. The Anti-De Sitter space is space that exists outside of stick figures world line; it doesn't exist! it can't ever be, nor ever could have been, visited. Topology inside a black hole is... weird. 12:04 actually shows the time and space flip; instead of moving toward the future as time normally does, stick figure can move around time - but space ticks inexorably forward, toward the singularity, like the inexorable march of time outside a black hole.

[@flamer3985]

6:44 this works, because, reasons. *cinema sins ding* 10:54 He survives this. *ding* 12:20 Suddenly Dream's deep.

[@VrayCat]

1. **Hawking Radiation:** - Imagine a cosmic party where particles and antiparticles are constantly popping in and out of existence. Hawking radiation is like a cosmic party favor-a type of radiation that Black holes emit as they slowly lose Mass and Energy over Time. 🕳️☢️ (Hawking radiation occurs near the event horizon of a black hole, where pairs of particles and antiparticles spontaneously form. Sometimes, one of the pair falls into the black hole, while the other escapes into space as hawking radiation.) 2. **Antiparticles:** - Think of particles like puzzle pieces with specific shapes, and antiparticles as their mirror opposites.🪞For example, an electron has a negative charge, but its antiparticle, the positron, has a positive charge. (Antiparticles are crucial in particle physics and cosmology because they help us understand the symmetry and balance ⚖️ of fundamental forces in the universe.) 3. **Wave Function:** - Imagine a cosmic dance floor where particles move to the beat of quantum mechanics. ⚛️🪩 The wave function is like a dance routine-a mathematical description that tells us the probability of finding a particle in a particular state or location. (The wave function is a central concept in quantum mechanics and helps us understand the behavior of particles at the smallest scales.) 4. **Connection to Black Holes:** - Hawking radiation is a quantum effect predicted by physicist Stephen Hawking. It arises from the interaction between particles and the intense gravitational field near the event horizon of a black hole. - Antiparticles play a role in Hawking Radiation because they can escape from the vicinity of the black hole, carrying away energy and contributing to the gradual evaporation of the black hole over time. - The Wave Function describes the probabilistic nature of particles near a black hole's event horizon and helps us understand how Hawking radiation is emitted. (**Importance:** - Understanding hawking radiation, antiparticles, and the wave function is crucial for unraveling the mysteries of black holes, quantum mechanics, and the fundamental nature of the universe. - These concepts have practical applications in astrophysics, particle physics, and quantum computing, and they help us explore the boundaries of our understanding of space, time, and matter.) (**Remembering Tips:** - Think of Hawking Radiation as the "radiation glow" 🕳️☢️ around black holes, Antiparticles as their "mirror🪞opposites," and the Wave Function as the "quantum dance ⚛️🪩 routine.") In summary, Hawking Radiation, Antiparticles, and the Wave Function are crucial concepts in astrophysics and quantum mechanics that help us understand Black holes, Quantum Phenomena, and the fundamental nature of the Universe. 🌌 They're like pieces of a cosmic puzzle that help us unlock the mysteries of Space 🌌 and Time 🕰️.

[@Hardcore_Remixer]

10:01 You forgot that as the gravity increases the flow of time also slows down. The Black Hole being infinitely (kind of of) dense has a huge gravity which bends space much more than most other gravitational fields and can almost freeze the time in comparison to a perspective from outside it. However, the time keeps flowing for TSC. If you get infinitely much time in comparison to the outside world then you may as well witness your past and meet your future self.

[@johncollinowensy4255]

This has been a fair point of contention, so let me clarify: 6:35 TSC is not trying to *hand-wave* themself out of the star’s gravity. What is happening is that TSC tries to point the rocket up, but the escape velocity necessary to escape the sun is vast magnitudes greater than what the rocket is dishing out, so impact is imminent (note the warning beep). Note as well how even though TSC pointed the rocket up, the velocity is increasing, that’s just how massive the pull is **that** close. In a daring move, instead of pointing away from the star, TSC goes cowboy and rides perpendicular to the star’s surface, going around it and therefore extending where the impact site will be, until TSC reaches past its surface and enters a curved path around the star. Basically the Gravity Assist but with more daring space rocket adventures. After a nice round trip, TSC manages to gain (or rather, “steal) enough velocity to escape the star’s gravity. Note how with each scene change, TSC’s path gets just a little closer to the star’s surface, which goes to show just how nerve wracking and close of a call that sequence is. Think of it like that scene in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World’s End, where they can’t escape the whirlpool, so they cut into the middle to gain more speed and, if they wished, escape (though Barbossa did it to prevent the ship from stalling and getting sucked into the maelstrom)

[@CorvexThe1st]

That black hole animation was gorgeous.

[@djnicksedits5525]

Thanks to your Animation Vs Math Over Analysis I was able to get a few things I didn't understand. So same with this one. Amazing how quickly your able to put these out. I'm subscribing so that if Alan Becker puts out another one of these videos I can watch your over-analysis video first so I can understand the video more when I watch it for the "first time".

[@Beluga-ud1oy]

The density of physical: the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy. The subject matter of physics, distinguished from that of chemistry and biology, includes mechanics, heat, light and other radiation, sound, electricity, magnetism, and the structure of atoms.

[@rexroyulada6267]

Distance: "Measures how far you have traveled at a particular point in space" Velocity: "Your speed at a particular direction measured as: distance/time"

[@stealthlock6634]

I decided you were legit once you commented basically “GOSH that planet is dense!”

[@LexiLex421]

For people who don’t know, TSC stands for “The Second Coming”

[@SG239]

Barely even a day and you got this video out. You are incredibly smart!

[@the-protogen-of-the-sky]

Multiple TSC exist simultaneously in the black hole, explaining that inside black hole scene

[@lj-diep]

11:50 You can read {The Principle Behind the Interstellar Effect...} (a book)

[@VrayCat]

1. **Schrödinger's Cat:** - Imagine you have a magical cat 🐈 in a box. Inside the box, there's a contraption that might release poison and harm the cat. Now, according to Quantum Theory ⚛️, until we open the box and observe the cat, it's in a strange state where it's both alive and dead at the same time. It's like the cat is wearing an invisible cloak of uncertainty! 2. **Superposition and Quantum Uncertainty:** - Superposition is like having a magic trick where something is in two places at once or in two states at the same time. In the case of Schrödinger's Cat, the cat is in a superposition of being both alive and dead until we open the box and observe it. - Quantum uncertainty is about not knowing the exact state of a particle or system until we observe it. In the cat's case, we can't be sure if it's alive or dead until we open the box and check. 3. **Difference and Similarities:** - Superposition and quantum uncertainty are related concepts in quantum physics. Superposition refers to the state of a system being in multiple states simultaneously, while quantum uncertainty is about the inherent uncertainty in measuring certain properties of particles. - Schrödinger's Cat is a thought experiment that illustrates the concept of superposition and quantum uncertainty in a playful way, by imagining a scenario where a macroscopic object (the cat) is in a superposition of states. 4. **Tips to Remember and Differentiate:** - Think of Schrödinger's Cat as the ultimate mystery box-until you open it, you don't know if the cat is alive or dead, just like particles can be in multiple states until observed. (Remember: Superposition is about being in two states at once, while Quantum uncertainty is about not knowing the exact state until observed.) So, Schrödinger's Cat is like a furry friend caught in a quantum predicament of conundrums, showing us just how strange and mysterious the quantum world can be!

[@salempasangasp]

*everything has mass* Massless particles : im abt to end this man's whole career

[@Neptune_wastaken]

Great job! Even keeps downing this just for lacking in the quantum mechanics but idc and no one else should either, it’s not that easy to just straight up explain,lectures exist for a reason, also is it just me but watching that makes me feel like I’ve seen things I should see or I might cause some time phenomenon. Some crazy shit exists in our universe(?)

[@roronoazara7274]

with this animation and dialogue this can be definetly use in class and kids will surely like this😂

[@thomaseichler920]

Near the end of the video I was thinking: everything comes full circle eventually.

[@lukeyxo]

dude i love your videos, they make me appreciate the work you and alan do to create and explain this, pretty sure you also did this for math and it was amazing :) good job

[@aleafreinn]

Title: "An over-analysis" Gallium at 11:50 : "Even I have no idea what this means." lmaoo

[@Bingo901]

Physics and math teachers should show those videos to their students, it will show them the beauty of math and physics

[@VrayCat]

Quantum Gravity is like trying to blend two different flavors of ice cream 🍫🍨-General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. General Relativity, described by Albert Einstein, explains gravity on large scales, like planets 🪐 and galaxies 🌌, while Quantum Mechanics deals with the weird and wacky 🤪 world of particles ⚛️ on tiny scales ⚖️. The problem arises when you try to apply both theories together, especially when dealing with extreme conditions like those near a black hole 🕳️ or during the Big Bang 💥. General Relativity BREAKS DOWN at these tiny scales, and Quantum Mechanics DOESN’T FULLY explain gravity's behaviour ❌. Quantum Gravity aims to solve this cosmic conundrum by creating a theory that unites both General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics into a single framework ⚙️. Imagine it as a recipe for a new flavor of ice cream 🍫🍨 that combines the best of both worlds! This unified theory of Quantum Gravity could help us understand the fundamental nature of space 🌌, time 🕰️, and gravity 🍃 itself. It might even unlock the secrets of the early universe or provide insights into the mysterious workings of black holes 🕳️. However, creating a theory of Quantum Gravity is no easy task-it's like trying to solve a puzzle with missing pieces. Scientists are still working on piecing together this cosmic jigsaw puzzle, but when they do, it could revolutionize our understanding of the universe 🌌 on both the largest and smallest scales.

[@Shibva_]

One thing that I believe that they’re toying around with it some form of stable time loop as it shown that one relies on the actions of another, that are actively changing something in the past, for the one who came in the present to get to the location of where the past self is standing; implying that this is a very precise and well thought out storyline to exhibit the best chances of a hypothetical phenomenon; otherwise, this would be considered more or less paradoxical. Also, that thing on the bottom where “past” TSC change before entering the Einstein-Rosen bridge might be hinting at the fact that these “modes” might be representing the different theoretical and mathematical models; one comment was mentioning this type of black hole is specific and that dial at the bottom is making a reference to the other hypothetical models of what occurs this far down. In my opinion, this is fitting, considering that it is unknown which model is exactly correct and it may never be known unless there’s one model that makes all them fit or something; this is a clever way of implying that the“setting” is representing each of the models that possibly exist and/or are considered to be the most widely agreed-upon models for all we know… All we have to go off of this is that there’s different types label on it along with a visual, which might as well be, possibly implying a representation of what model is being looked at

[@Shibva_]

To further expand on my thinking with the “setting”; it could also be implied that these models that are being represented are also similar models that could be the most widely accepted the Einstein-Rosen bridge is considered “stable” or as being possible in the models being represented. it’s hard to know unless we ask Alan’s lead animator about what it implies, as this is nothing more speculation from another individual who can overthink things easily 😛 As for why the specific model of a black hole was used; that could be a variety of things, it could be just part of a narrative line that the animation goes off of that’s easy to translate, or some sort of statistical data was used to imply that this model that was depicted is considered the most popular of the hypothetical models of a black hole that are widely accepted out of all of them to-date.

[@xnneo_fr]

Really good explanation! Although I was a little disappointed that you didn’t explain the part about a singularity being in the finite worlds future

[@kinty255]

Thank you for doing this video! This was so helpful in remembering all the physics concepts I've forgotten haha!

[@fancygamer5896]

4:40 I’m pretty here TSC pull himself onto the rocket but we just can’t tell because he doesn’t have hands or fingers.

[@smileyp4535]

Pretty sure the "I don't understand" part is getting close to the singularity and the worldline being space is warped and bent so much from the strength of the gravity there is no other direction to go, like physically. That's why light can't escape black holes, there's literally no outside once you're in it

[@VrayCat]

Let's simplify the concept of a White hole ⚪️: 1. **Opposite of a Black Hole:** - Imagine a Black Hole 🕳️ ⚫️ as a cosmic vacuum cleaner sucking everything into its gravitational grip. Now, flip that image upside down, and you've got a White Hole ⚪️ -a cosmic fountain 🌌 ⛲️ that spews matter and energy out into space. - While a Black Hole traps everything, including light, within its event horizon. A White Hole ejects matter and light, making it the opposite of a black hole in terms of behavior. 2. **Hypothetical Existence:** - Yes, white holes are purely hypothetical at this point. While the equations of general relativity allow for the possibility of white holes, there's no observational evidence to support their existence. - However, the concept of white holes is intriguing to physicists and cosmologists because it offers new insights into the nature of space, time, and the universe. 3. **Connection to Time Travel:** - One of the most fascinating aspects of white holes is their potential connection to time travel. Some theories suggest that white holes could be linked to black holes through wormholes, hypothetical tunnels through spacetime. - If these wormholes exist and connect a black hole to a white hole, it could theoretically allow for exotic phenomena like time travel or shortcuts through space. 4. **Importance in Astrophysics:** - While white holes remain speculative, they're important in astrophysics because they push the boundaries of our understanding of gravity, spacetime, and the extreme environments of the cosmos. - They also inspire new ideas and theories about the fundamental nature of the universe and the possibility of exotic phenomena beyond our current understanding. 5. **Practical Implications:** - While white holes may seem far-fetched, they stimulate scientific inquiry and spark imagination. Exploring the hypothetical properties of white holes could lead to new insights and technologies, even if they remain purely theoretical for now. In summary, white holes are hypothetical cosmic objects that are the opposite of black holes, ejecting matter and light instead of devouring them. While purely speculative, the concept of white holes is important in astrophysics for pushing the boundaries of our understanding and inspiring new ideas about the nature of the universe.

[@ArturFernando-j8q]

I love how you dont pause the video and interrupt it and you just put the text in! it makes the video so much comfortable and watchable

[@ajmagallano332]

since there is no gravity, the way tsc rides the rocked is by slamming himself onto it lol

[@Sh1penfire]

Just to clarify distance is a scalar value while displacement is a vector, meaning that while distance was always positive, displacement had a direction and your total is the sum of your displacements, not distance Eg: you can have negative displacement, but not distance

[@mattstarwolf-08]

Very surprised you didn't mention the bootstrap paradox at the end.

[@autumn_quantumelectrodynamics]

other stuff that are not mentioned in the video: disclaimer: this is only based on my general knowledge, and may not be very accurate. Anti de sitter space, conformal field theory: based on Ads/CFT correspondence. Ads is a space with a negative cosmological constant (delta), as opposed to de sitter space. Thus, it acts like a container that can keep black holes in without it ever touching the side, due to the apparent repulsive force from the edges. Furthermore, time runs different and similarly sized objects become smaller when moved near the edge. Ads/CFT correspondence proves that 4 dimensional Ads is equal to 3 dimensional QCD theory and interactions. worldsheet: Plot where space is on the x axis, time on the y axis. world lines can be drawn on it. strings: from string theory. simplest 1 dimensional closed string is graviton, simplest 1 dimensional open string is photon. can be generalised to branes, where a string is 1-brane. selection at bottom when jump into einstein-rosen wormhole: five main types of string theory that found to describe, may arise as limiting conditions of 11 dimensional m-theory i may miss a few things, feel free to add

[@blackburgundy1659]

I could definitely see more people using the original video and analyzing it for a school project or assignment

[@SolitaryVirus48]

the video's math to physics in the original looked like enchantment table language to me but this video really explained it

[@ryuzaki5491]

At 12:06, an explanation maybe found in "Something strange happens when you follow Einstein's math" by veritasium.

[@sumtensor]

When the little guy is at the singularity, you're seeing the world according to string theory. The Calabi Yau manifold he showed is a complex manifold, meaning it locally resembles complex Euclidean space and its transition functions are holomorphic. Complex manifolds generalize the concept of a surface to higher dimensions, allowing for the study of spaces where each point has not just two, but 2n dimensions, where n is the complex dimension of the manifold. A calabi yau manifold is something called a Kähler manifold. This implies that it possesses a Kähler metric, a special kind of Riemannian metric that is compatible with the complex structure and symplectic structure of the manifold. Another key property of a Calabi-Yau manifold is that it has a Ricci-flat metric. This means that the Ricci curvature tensor, which describes a particular type of curvature of the manifold, vanishes everywhere. Ricci-flatness is a condition of Einstein's field equations in general relativity, where it describes vacuum solutions. The holonomy group of a Calabi-Yau manifold falls into special classes, such as SU(n) for n-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds. The holonomy group gives information about how parallel transport around loops in the manifold behaves. For Calabi-Yau manifolds, the specific holonomy groups have implications for the types of supersymmetry that can exist in string theory. The end of the video is largely based on superstring theory as far as I'm aware. You see the 5 different universes allowed in superstring theory in the end as those different worlds or game modes. Also, about the thing with entanglement. There's a hypothesis promoted by Leonard Susskind called ER=EPR. In quantum mechanics, the EPR paradox, formulated by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen, highlights the strange nature of quantum entanglement, where two or more particles can be in a state such that the state of one determines the state of the other, no matter the distance separating them and in general relativity, an Einstein-Rosen (ER) bridge is a hypothetical structure linking separate points in spacetime, commonly referred to as a wormhole. It's a solution to the Einstein field equations that manifests as a "tunnel" with two ends at different points in spacetime. The ER=EPR conjecture posits that these two phenomena are fundamentally related. Specifically, it suggests that a pair of entangled quantum particles (an EPR pair) is connected by a microscopic wormhole (an ER bridge). In this view, quantum entanglement is a manifestation of the geometric connection through spacetime. This conjecture has some implications for unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity into a coherent theory of quantum gravity. The ER=EPR conjecture can also provide insights into the black hole information paradox. If a black hole's interior is connected by wormholes to all the Hawking radiation it emits, this could potentially allow information to escape from the black hole, addressing the conservation of information problem. The conjecture is closely related to the holographic principle, particularly as it's realized in the AdS/CFT correspondence. This principle posits that a higher-dimensional gravity theory can be equivalent to a lower-dimensional quantum field theory without gravity. The video also illustrated the AdS/CFT corrospondance with the boundary between the 5 dimensional anti-de Sitter space and the 3+1 dimensional conformal field. Anti-de Sitter space is a type of spacetime that is commonly used in especially string theory. It has a constant negative curvature, which sets it apart from the flat spacetime of special relativity or the positively curved spacetime of de Sitter space. AdS spaces are central in the formulation of the AdS/CFT correspondence, proposed by Juan Maldacena, which posits a duality between a gravity theory in Anti-de Sitter space and a Conformal Field Theory (CFT) defined on the boundary of that space, as illustrated in the video. This correspondence is a major example of the holographic principle, where a higher-dimensional gravitational theory is encoded in a lower-dimensional quantum field theory. In the context of AdS/CFT, this conjecture implies that the entangled pairs in the boundary CFT may correspond to connected ER bridges in the bulk AdS space. This idea provides a geometric interpretation of entanglement in the context of the holographic principle. ER=EPR serves as a bridge (both literally and figuratively) between the geometry of spacetime and quantum entanglement, suggesting that the holographic principle might be a fundamental aspect of nature.

[@edwardbell4928]

Cooool...and the interesting thing is I think I actually understood all of that. Thank you😂

[@lrwerewolf]

The world sheets and mention of anti-DeSitter space portion means that we're moving into a speculative geometry -- specifically, the Penrose diagram of a spinning black hole is presented. Because the singularity at the center of a black hole is not physical, it's a coordinate singularity where the math simply fails, AB is moving beyond literal physics a bit at that point. His physics friend is also clearly a string ... I want to say crackpot but I'll give benefit of a doubt and say 'theorist), given the display of Calibi-Yau manifolds, which are used to explain the compactification of the excess spatial dimensions found in string pseudoscience and the later presentation of literal strings. While you're right that fitting five squares around a vertex necessarily implies a hyperbolic geometry, the fact this is referred to as dodecahedral hyperbolic geometry means we're actually tiling dodecahedrons (without any gaps, impossible to do in 3D geometry!). The fact we learn the sources of the objects isn't merely convenient, it's actually critical! By closing these loops, the physics friend of AB is invoking the Novikov Self-Consistency principle and in a sense using it to solve the blackhole paradox (since QM requires conservation of quantum information and black holes would seem to destroy quantum information, black holes under current models present a paradox). Here the information is 'leaking' back out through use of the Tippler cylinder, as the only way out of a black hole under current models is through the use of a time machine, of which a Tippler cylinder is a mathematically consistent (but physically unrealizable due to its having to be infinitely long) approach to time travel. The common description of Hawking radiation, particle-antiparticle virtual particles being separated, is an oversimplification that isn't accurate, but captures a core concept of it (indeed, if I recall correctly, Stephen Hawking himself originates this simplified model). The fact of the matter is that virtual particles do not, according to the mathematics, physically exist. PBS Spacetimes gives a much more accurate description of how Hawking discovered Hawking radiation in the math in their video, "Hawking Radiation" (video: kzbin.info/www/bejne/p4Gum2OPo7B0hNk ). At the very end, where TSC exits through the wormhole, you missed commenting on the significance of the labels under the wormhole. These are references to the various sub-theories that emerge out of M-Theory (or ostensibly merge into M-Theory). Type I refers to a model where strings are non-orientable and is the only one where open strings occur, type IIB leads to the AdS/CFT correspondence. Given the tip of the cowboy hat, this is clearly a reference to Type IIB being the variant found in Texas, explaining why Texas is so weird. (okay, this part is me just being funny... ;) )

[@mateihurba8580]

It indeed is speculative, but, as with Interstellar, makes for really entertaining stories :)

[@jaxondraws12]

Im about to enter highschool in 6 months and now I'm EXTRA confused on what the christ these animation vs physics/math videos cover. Thanks for explaining!

[@tejasbhattacharjee2327]

In 2:23 isn't he suppose to move non stop cause its friction less and external force is not applied. until the 1kg ball reduces its momentum by 1kg and his speed will slow down a little but still he is suppose to go infinitely non stop. for those who could't understood what i mean is------- his max velocity was 2m/s his weight is 50kg so his momentum is 100 kg m/s until 1 kg ball is acting as resistance so 99 kg m/s is my momentum so 99/50= 1.98 m/s will be my final velocity so he should be going infinitely without stopping at 1.98m/s

[@salempasangasp]

The part that you dont understand is called a penrose diagram. In this case of the video its shown as to represent the existence of mirror universe /parallel universe, this comes from a hypothesis where it says the Singularity of a black hole opens up as a white hole in another mirror universe. Thats a pretty cool theory. And abt the tipler cylinder its scarily accurate to have it inside a singularity which is the textbook definition of infinitely long, which fits perfectly for a tipler cylinder which is an infinitely long one. And the part where he rotates the Einstein rosen bridge is accurate too cos anything can pass through the other universe only either through a electrically charges or rotating singularity according to the solution.and yeah its supposed to be vertical