Animation vs Physics - An Over-Analysis

[@untrouble8191]

"Even I don't understand what this means" is the most terrifying thing you can hear from a physics professional

[@OneColdRepublican]

The last thing you hear, before reaching Singularity.

[@megalampada2372]

I got surprised by that. I almost just froze here like "what you mean 'you don't know'? YOU'RE HERE TO EXPLAIN IT"

[@TheMergan326]

Im studing phisics and a teacher said that when he was explaining especial relativity xd

[@mixtressreve]

There was another video analyzing this video that did actually know the concepts that were being put into place in that section! I don't recall who made it, but it's a good watch, too!

[@DMTHOTH]

what do you think physicists are?.. there are many professional fields and nobody undestand everything all at once, especially those dumb string theories/parallel universe/membrane yada yada yada.

[@Eradicator-jv9xr]

Did no one notice how TSC literally ran almost as fast as the average speed of Usain bolt, at 10m/s? Dude could run faster than most of us as a stick figure

[@fakeletobr730]

in a way, what makes as slower is muscle mass, but is not like we can achieve those speeds without it, the reason the stick figures are so fast, they dont either depend of muscles or actually react equally to most stuff, TSSC was unnefected by that black hole gravity and also sun temperature, running 10 meters easily trough purely animation is not the most unbelievable thing

[@litterbox019]

he was spinning an infinitely tall cylinder with a mass of 10 suns

[@shibainu2528]

He did just barely outrun the inverted big bang of the Minecraft multiverse (Saying that because all the dimensions were presumably deleted) *while* holding the source of this IBB in AvM 30, so...

[@ayuballena8217]

@@litterbox019that too

[@ayuballena8217]

@freerobux49where does it says that?

[@rein_reeee]

1:54 I had a conversation with my sister and we realized that this “ice floor” is actually the slippery, frictionless plane we often find in highschool physics tests. “Assuming there is no friction” type of problems, so when an object recieves force, it gains 100% of it, just for the sake of clean numbers for practices.

[@mite3959]

Glad that I thought of that too!

[@thedabmaster287]

bro is the guy in physics problems

[@GoofyAhOklahoma]

​@@thedabmaster287bro's the guy with 37 watermelons and 22 mangos

[@blutophat]

​@@GoofyAhOklahomaYou turned him into the math problem guy ☠️

[@GoofyAhOklahoma]

@@blutophat physics is applied math

[@sealestiale]

its refreshing to see that when someone doesn't understand something, they admit it. it made me laugh that after the newton's law stuff you were just like "i have no idea what is happening" felt like we are learning together! i haven't learned a thing but maybe you have, i'm still trying to understand the math one

[@aserfgyujkop._]

i do know it its not hard manipulating people

[@atigerclaw]

There's some touching on String Theory going on in this video. The basic, VERY basic summation is that the dimensions of space we can see are only part of a larger group of dimensions. Space and time are just the 'expanded' dimensions, while there are more that are 'compacted' or folded in on themselves. But the scale at which the compacted dimensions exist is down at the Planck length, more or less that distance that was getting infinitesimally small as TSC 'swam' towards the singularity near the end. In these folded dimensions, small 'strings' of energy vibrate, being forced into open or closed one-dimensional patterns. Now, the last time I read a book on this was the 2000s, but it went on to discuss how all these string constructs, in combinations, are the most basic form of all the matter an energy in existence. The Calabi Yau Manifold is the name of the shape of the compact, folded up dimensions the strings are vibrating around in. That is why the quantum apple briefly morphed into it. The reason it is called a manifold is because, quite literally, it is a manifold. A series of dimensional 'tubes' folded in on itself. Of course, quantum mechanics and string theory are something to take with a salt mine. You're at the far end of theoretical physics when you get to them. The part where physicists get into fist fights, and mathematicians drink themselves under the table.

[@artyfarty99changingtohoiii78]

that’s what i thought too

[@prosciutto1727]

What is the meaning of 'mathematicians drink under the table'?

[@atigerclaw]

@@prosciutto1727 "driking one's self under the table" is a turn of phrase that means to drink until blackout drunk. As in to drink until you're so drunk that you can no longer stay in your chair and end up on the floor, usually resulting in your being physically 'under the table', literally. This is usually used to describe a person is upset or depressed and drinking to forget the pain, and doing so excessively as to be destructive to their health. So when I said 'mathematicians drinking themselves under the table', it is to imply that this corner of theoretical physics causes mental anguish to those involved to the point they start actively partaking in a self-destructive activity such as excessive heavy drinking. After all, theoretical physics such as String Theory exist almost EXCLUSIVELY as clumps of higher math scrawled on a white board. This makes them very, very taxing to visualize and explain, and near impossible to test. Be aware, however, that this turn of phrase is being used facetiously, or as a joke of exaggeration. If only barely. It is entirely possible that my words are accurate, and that physicists DO in fact get into fist fights over it, and mathematicians DO in fact finish scrawling formulas on the board, look at them for five seconds, and then break open that bottle of scotch they kept in the desk.

[@danieltan7344]

One of my friend always says the difference between physics as we normally know and theoretical physics is one is more enjoyable to be solved, while the other one is more enjoyable as a story of discussion rather than tried to be 'solved'. As he always said too, enjoy physics when there's still equations to work with.

[@bloberson]

QM is well known to be at least mostly true, string theory is very questionable.

[@shahwajakhtar5411]

I'm a Physics graduate, and I totally get "Even I don't understand what this means" part...

[@BfdiSfs]

Physics is life. Physics is everything.

[@stacyimagination3936]

I mean it is how nature work

[@ishnenigans]

without physics things would really go out of hand

[@Alex-zu4lg]

God is everything

[@blomblorpf]

Life is Life and everything is everything, Physics is how humans model an understanding.

[@rhum_1802]

@@blomblorpf you're mixing physics with maths, two completly different domains

[@ghost-qm2lj]

this is my best interpretation of the video from 11:36 11:36 starting from here, TSC is falling through a red cylinder. This is a worldsheet, which is a one-dimensional enclosed string (a circular shape) stretched into a cylinder. The height dimension of the cylinder represents time. Essentially, worldsheets describe the path a string will take over time. TSC has shrunk to the point where he is falling through one of the quarks, since quarks can be represented as strings. Neutrinos are also seen flying by, which makes sense since they are much smaller than quarks. 11:45 Now TSC has shrunken to the point where he leaves the quark. My guess is that the worldlines represent the light cone of the singularity at the center. There are two light cones that emanate from an object. One cone represents the past possible light paths and one cone represents the future possible light paths. Anti de-Sitter space (AdS space) is a type of space where no points in space or time can be told apart from one another, and it has a negative curvature (aka hyperbolic geometry). Conformal field theory is a type of quantum field theory that remains unchanged when its lengths and curves are changed but its angles are kept the same. SInce the video directly mentions Anti de-Sitter space and a conformal field, this implies that the video is referencing AdS/CFT correspondence. I don't really know too much about it though. This also implies that the black hole that TSC entered was an AdS black hole, which is a black hole with a negative cosmological constant. A black hole with a negative cosmological constant approaches AdS space. Maybe AdS black holes have some special properties. AdS space is probably why hyperbolic space is mentioned at 13:17. 12:02 In the bottom right, there is a diagram. The diamond on the right is our universe, and the diamond on the left is a parallel or alternate universe. Black holes that are connected to white holes have a special property. The black hole region can contain particles that fell in from either universe, and particles in the white hole region can escape into any universe. White holes are a region of the singularity's past, while black holes are a region of the singularity's future. That's why there's a "future singularity" and "past singularity" in the two circles that TSC is approaching. The distance meter that is on the screen displays a distance close to a planck length, or the smallest possible length possible in the universe. Also, keep in mind that I am not an expert in quantum physics and most of this is speculation, so I might be extremely wrong about most parts. (And unfortunately, in real life you can't use black holes and white holes to cross between universes. It is impossible to enter a white hole, so you can't enter the other universe throught the white hole side. Meanwhile, if you try to enter through the black hole side, you will reach the singularity and die.)

[@yesdadbut960]

4:25 you would die here just in case lol

[@_oklahoma_7732]

Oh, an addition to the diagram at 12:02, it's called the Penrose Diagram. It's essentially as you said. The diagram is frequently used to illustrate the causal structure of spacetimes containing black holes, like the one in the vid.

[@hanchen267]

Correction: you will die before you reach the singularity It takes an infinite amount of time to go to the singularity from outside the black hole

[@antheosenigma]

@@hanchen267 that would assume the singularity is infinity far from the horizon, and since its not, having two separate objects which can be referred to means they have a distance between them (thats what space is by definition) and therefore a noninfinite space, and since space and time swap inside the event horizon, it would take a finite time to reach the singularity, though it would not necessarily within your lifespan, it would depend on the mass of the blackhole, since that changes the distance of the horizon from the singularity (this all assumes that the singularity of infinite density exists and isnt just a divide by 0 error in G.R.).

[@SunnyKimDev]

​@@yesdadbut960Even without oxygen and atmospheric problems, you just hit a metal object in the head at escape velocity. I don't think you can survive that.

[@LokiThePug]

You know the team did a good job when even the one that’s trying to explain doesn’t actually know what’s going on

[@MCWaffles2003-1]

Is that really a good job though?

[@Nova-_-]

​@@MCWaffles2003-1I think it just shows how vast and complex the field of physics is

[@sploofmcsterra4786]

They spent a significant percentage of the non-newtonian physics on string theory, which is largely seen as a waste of time by contemporary physicists. I don't think the end was done too well.

[@LokiThePug]

@@sploofmcsterra4786 I mean when the most interesting stuff comes from a place that has yet to be fully comprended, it will always have its flaws as it is only a theory for us now

[@leudast1215]

@@sploofmcsterra4786 Gravity is a theory too mate. You humans have no idea how your universe works. you're throwing proverbial sh*t at the wall (and sometimes human beings) until something sticks and pretend you know what you're doing. Until you hit the next wall. and the next. and the next.

[@fordthelord1133]

I love how accurate everything in the animation is! Taking physics now and man, if it doesn't feel like I'm using an education for something finally! Really though, its fun how everything is logical and reasonable up until the black hole, where quantum mechanics go "Eh... probably!"

[@fakeletobr730]

i think the most innacuracy is actual time travel + where do i begin asking where the other TSC went when jumping at that hyperbolic sstuff at the end? that did not receive an answer

[@DatBoi_TheGudBIAS]

@@fakeletobr730im pretty sure it is an infinite cicle. the future and present TSC give stuff to past TSC, and when the past TSC crosses into the singularity zone, the future TSC jumps to take the past TSC place, and the present TSC turns into the future TSC, while the past TSC turns into the present TSC

[@kosuken]

​@@DatBoi_TheGudBIAS inside a black hole, where you accelarate to the speed of light (and maybe further, we dont know enough about effects of the singularity on immortal beings such as TSC) thats prob where the time travel shit occurs, and we dont know enough about quantum mechanics to give a reasonable explaination, its all theory (quantum computers will help when they come to pass)

[@fakeletobr730]

@@DatBoi_TheGudBIAS i don't think so, he did pick a choice before jumping, was it to erase its own memorys? also if he didnt, he would have know all the cicle so the future one prob did escape into an alternate reality that its his own original reality, and he is the future self needed to create the paradox, but that doesnt mean every single present that meets and becomes the future needs to have built everything, future and present are paradoxal to the past, that means that the present self will only shown what future shown it while he didn't made all the stuff to make past self reach the present point

[@DatBoi_TheGudBIAS]

@@fakeletobr730idk how his memory would be whiped. it just seemed like the theme of the video. u start in the planet. u end in the singularity and another one

[@itsmetaphor2153]

Even though you didnt understand it as much as your math one, you still did a great job! Loved this video when it came out!

[@arbodox]

Not bad! Though I have a nitpick with the displacement definition at 0:40 -- displacement is the distance between TSC and some starting position (so the distance between d1 and d6), not total distance accumulated. I don't blame you however, since the animation confusingly presents displacement with the sum of distances traveled for some reason. Since I'm a college physics student and I have no life, I'll write down some more detailed notes for the underexplained parts of the video just for fun: 6:06 - Gravity assist equation: U = planet's velocity, v_i = initial velocity of TSC before entering the planet's gravitational field, θ = angle between the planet's velocity U and TSC's initial velocity v_i. 7:29 - "H = (B/μ) - M" is the equation for the magnetic field strength (also called "magnetic field intensity"; SI units are Ampere/meter), where: * B = magnetic field (more specifically called "magnetic flux density" since "magnetic field" is a very vague term; SI units are Tesla) * μ = the magnetic permeability, which describes how easily a material can become magnetized in a magnetic field. In a vacuum (empty space), the magnetic permeability is μ0 = 4π x 10^-7 Henry/meter. The animation doesn't write the subscript 0 next to μ, which is a minor mistake. * M = magnetization, which describes how strongly a material is magnetized (SI units are Ampere/meter) 7:29 - "B = (μI)/(2πr)" is the equation for the magnetic flux density (B; SI units are Tesla) produced by a circular loop of a wire (circumference 2πr) with current (I) flowing through it. 7:29 - The vectors for force (F), current (I) and induction (B) are all perpendicular to each other. This is in accordance to the equation for the magnetic force experienced by a wire with a current (I=dq/dt) in a magnetic field, F = IL × B, which involves a cross product (×) that makes all three vectors perpendicular to each other. This equation is derived from the more general magnetic force equation F = qv × B = q(dL/dt) × B. Here, L = length, distance traveled by charges in a current, q = charge, and v=dL/dt, velocity or change in distance. 7:31 - "F = ∇(m⋅B)" is an equation for magnetic force (F). The upside down triangle "∇" (called "nabla" or "del") tells us to take the gradient (partial derivatives for each x, y, z component) of (m⋅B). "(m⋅B)" is the dot product of magnetic dipole moment (m) and the magnetic field (B). The magnetic dipole moment (m) is a measure of the object's tendency to align with a magnetic field. The dot product (⋅) of two vector quantities (m and B have magnitude and direction) produces a scalar quantity (magnitude only, no direction). The gradient essentially means that F = ∇(m⋅B) =〈∂/∂x (m⋅B), ∂/∂y (m⋅B), ∂/∂z (m⋅B)〉; the partial derivatives (∂) for each direction (x, y, z) tell us what is the rate of change of (m⋅B) is depending on the position (x, y, z). Also note how the gradient turns the scalar quantity (m⋅B) into a vector. 7:34 - The animation shows the symbol ∇ with parentheses enclosing a bunch of horizontal arrows pointing left. I honestly don't know what it means exactly, but I'm guessing it's a visual way of writing out the magnetic force equation "F = ∇(m⋅B)", where (m⋅B) probably represents the horizontal arrows. I don't know if this is accurate, but it looks cool! 7:36 - "Φ=BAcosθ" is the equation for magnetic flux (Φ; SI units are Tesla * meters^2), which is a measurement of the total magnetic field (B) passing perpendicularly through a surface area (A). The cosine part of the equation (cosθ) just tells us to include only the component of the magnetic field vectors (B) that are perpendicular to the surface area (A). 11:33 - A proton is made up of 2 up quarks and 1 down quark. The quarks are colored red, green, and blue, which visualizes their property of "color charge". The quarks are stable under the strong force since their red, blue, green colors cancel out. Note that the word "color" in "color charge" has nothing to do with actual color that you see with your eyes; it's just an analogy (because physicists suck at naming things). 11:34 - A photon collides ("interacts") with an up quark to produce a quark-antiquark pair. The antiquark which has opposite electric and color charge to its normal quark counterpart (the antiquark is colored green, which I assume means "antigreen" to pair with the green quark?). I'm not sure if the photon-quark interaction shown here is accurate, because electric and color charge should be conserved in a particle interaction---if the quark-antiquark pair is a green-anti-green pair, then their colors would cancel out, leaving only red and blue in the proton, which wouldn't be stable to the strong force. 11:42 - Worldsheets = similar to a worldline, but in two dimensions: a worldsheet is a 2D path (like a sheet of paper or ribbon) traced out by a 1-dimensional string (objects that make up the fundamental particles like electrons according to string theory) moving in 4-dimensional spacetime (3 dimensions of space and 1 dimension of time). 11:49 - The worldline is a 1D path (like a line or curve) that is traced out by a point-like object moving in 4-dimensional spacetime. 11:49 - (3+1) conformal field = A conformal field theory (CFT) is a quantum field theory that does not change under coordinate transformations that preserve both angles and shapes, but not size or curvature. 11:49 - 5-dimensional anti-de Sitter space = An anti-de Sitter space describes a universe that has a constant negative curvature, kind of like how a 3D saddle shape has negative curvature. An anti-de Sitter space universe would have a decelerating rate of expansion. I think the "5-dimensional" part of the name refers to 4 dimensions of space, and 1 dimension of time. For further reading, I'd like to direct you to "Simplified Guide to de Sitter and Anti-de Sitter Spaces" by Bob Klauber. 12:01 - The diagram shown at the bottom right is called a Penrose Diagram, which graphs space horizontally and time vertically. The black hole's event horizon or point of no return is represented by the top triangular region bounded by the two solid diagonal lines that separate the "parallel universe" (left) and "universe" (right) region.

[@arbodox]

Gonna post my notes here (and maybe add them to the original comment) because editing removes the the hearted comment: 7:29 - The vectors for force (F), current (I) and induction (B) are all perpendicular to each other. This is in accordance to the equation for the magnetic force experienced by a wire with a current (I=dq/dt) in a magnetic field, F = IL × B, which involves a cross product (×) that makes all three vectors perpendicular to each other. This equation is derived from the more general magnetic force equation F = qv × B = q(dL/dt) × B. Here, L = length, distance traveled by charges in a current, q = charge, and v=dL/dt, velocity or change in distance. 7:31 - "F = ∇(m⋅B)" is an equation for magnetic force (F). The upside down triangle "∇" (called "nabla" or "del") tells us to take the gradient (partial derivatives for each x, y, z component) of (m⋅B). "(m⋅B)" is the dot product of magnetic dipole moment (m) and the magnetic field (B). The magnetic dipole moment (m) is a measure of the object's tendency to align with a magnetic field. The dot product (⋅) of two vector quantities (m and B have magnitude and direction) produces a scalar quantity (magnitude only, no direction). The gradient essentially means that F = ∇(m⋅B) =〈∂/∂x (m⋅B), ∂/∂y (m⋅B), ∂/∂z (m⋅B)〉; the partial derivatives (∂) for each direction (x, y, z) tell us what is the rate of change of (m⋅B) is depending on the position (x, y, z). Also note how the gradient turns the scalar quantity (m⋅B) into a vector. 7:34 - The animation shows the symbol ∇ with parentheses enclosing a bunch of horizontal arrows pointing left. I honestly don't know what it means exactly, but I'm guessing it's a visual way of writing out the magnetic force equation "F = ∇(m⋅B)", where (m⋅B) probably represents the horizontal arrows. I don't know if this is accurate, but it looks cool! 7:36 - "Φ=BAcosθ" is the equation for magnetic flux (Φ; SI units are Tesla * meters^2), which is a measurement of the total magnetic field (B) passing perpendicularly through a surface area (A). The cosine part of the equation (cosθ) just tells us to include only the component of the magnetic field vectors (B) that are perpendicular to the surface area (A). 11:33 - A proton is made up of 2 up quarks and 1 down quark. The quarks are colored red, green, and blue, which visualizes their property of "color charge". The quarks are stable under the strong force since their red, blue, green colors cancel out. Note that the word "color" in "color charge" has nothing to do with actual color that you see with your eyes; it's just an analogy (because physicists suck at naming things). 11:34 - A photon collides ("interacts") with an up quark to produce a quark-antiquark pair. The antiquark which has opposite electric and color charge to its normal quark counterpart (the antiquark is colored green, which I assume means "antigreen" to pair with the green quark?). I'm not sure if the photon-quark interaction shown here is accurate, because electric and color charge should be conserved in a particle interaction---if the quark-antiquark pair is a green-anti-green pair, then their colors would cancel out, leaving only red and blue in the proton, which wouldn't be stable to the strong force.

[@arbodox]

Theoretical physics is not my thing (I don't care to learn jack about it honestly, it's too much for me to understand lmao), but I'll leave brief descriptions here anyway: 11:42 - Worldsheets = similar to a worldline, but in two dimensions: a worldsheet is a 2D path (like a sheet of paper or ribbon) traced out by a 1-dimensional string (objects that make up the fundamental particles like electrons according to string theory) moving in 4-dimensional spacetime (3 dimensions of space and 1 dimension of time). 11:49 - The worldline is a 1D path (like a line or curve) that is traced out by a point-like object moving in 4-dimensional spacetime. 11:49 - (3+1) conformal field = A conformal field theory (CFT) is a quantum field theory that does not change under coordinate transformations that preserve both angles and shapes, but not size or curvature. 11:49 - 5-dimensional anti-de Sitter space = An anti-de Sitter space describes a universe that has a constant negative curvature, kind of like how a 3D saddle shape has negative curvature. An anti-de Sitter space universe would have a decelerating rate of expansion. I think the "5-dimensional" part of the name refers to 4 dimensions of space, and 1 dimension of time. For further reading, I'd like to direct you to "Simplified Guide to de Sitter and Anti-de Sitter Spaces" by Bob Klauber. 12:01 - The diagram shown at the bottom right is called a Penrose Diagram, which graphs space horizontally and time vertically. The black hole's event horizon or point of no return is represented by the top triangular region bounded by the two solid diagonal lines that separate the "parallel universe" (left) and "universe" (right) region.

[@oscarwillimott9296]

It's really to see actual researchers of this use the terminology, and see how far off I was.

[@life_riderthe1748]

huh it was bob klauber to use neat. www.quantumfieldtheory.info/dS_and_AdS_spaces.pdf was it this one?

[@krishnavedampudi6535]

@arbodox you will go to places bro, I admire you

[@ThatUnknownDude_]

After 11:45 where majority of the stuff gets Theoretical physics and some quantum physics stuff. After a somewhat "ok-ish" understanding from google/wikipedia here is what the terms I think means: Worldsheets: Worldsheets are basically a part of string theory, where basically it is a 2D surface which shows how a string (from the string theory, is 1 Dimensional so that the traced path thing becomes a sheet) is embedded in spacetime. It basically shows the properties it is currently exhibiting. World line: World lines are kind of similar to worldsheets. It is basically the same, showing the properties of a particle (0-Dimensional so that the traced path thingy becomes a line) over space time Conformal Field: This is yet another Quantum Mechanic + String theory thingamajig. Basically in this, it is a field where you can change the size of an object, while maintaining its shape. For example, in a 2D Conformal field, A quadrilateral's size could increase but the angles of each sides would remain the same. In a 3D one, the apple size would be increased, while the shape of the apple remains the exact same, down to the minute details Anti-De Sitter space: (AdS) is basically like a solution to Einstein's equation of general relativity if we were to apply negative cosmological constant (determines the shape of spacetime). It basically suggests that the universe is shaped like a Pringle's shape (or like a Horse saddle, where all points curve away from each other) (12:02) Penrose diagram of blackholes: Basically this is a pretty complex (took my like 1 hour to understand) diagram/concept. In the simple diagram, it is just the sheet of spacetime in a diamond like shape, with the left-right vertice being space-infinity (space-like infinity bcuz if you were to calculate the distant between the starting point of your journey to this vertice it would be infinity), and the top-bottom vertice being time-infinity (top being the infinite future and the bottom being the infinite past). The side between the timelike infinity and spacelike infinity is called lightlike infinity. Basically the simple one is a down-scaled graph showing the path of an object in space and time as its axis. Now for the diagram shown in the video, it is the Penrose diagram for blackholes & singularity. In this the angles of the sides are 45° because photons (light) always travels at a 45° angle (thus why that side is called lightlike infinity) (Google Light cones for more info). And so when TSC enters the blackhole region of the diagram, his trajectory shifts towards the center, because in the horizon, space and time axis swap, making space unidirectional (only move in one direction, while time you can go forward and backward). Because of this he ends up where his future self would end up, where basically all of his versions are going to end up (kind of making like a destined fate *once* he entered the black hole). Calabi-Yau Manifold: What Gallium-Gonzollium said was not exactly correct. Basically it is a geometric space (like a sheet of graph) which is a very complex manifold (fancy way of saying another dimensions. Like basically it is telling us the shape of the dimension its referring to). This Manifold has features such as having Ricci Flatness (basically flat everywhere) and Vanishing Chern Class (basically Chern Class is a measurement to display the value of the curvature of one point to the other on a geometric space. Its like a tool rather than a object, but pretty sure its used here for Visualization and entertainment form. (13:24) Outside of the whitehole side of the penrose diagram: Basically it is showing how due to TSC once he entered the horizon, he went downwards in the Penrose diagram (depicting him going back in time) and so he can view him at the start of the video. Also a fun reference to that scene from Interstellar... i think. (13:55) neat representation as to how in string theory, the way those 1-D strings vibrate can make different matter. here the close looped one made the big heavy ball and the open one made the rope, and the third one Future TSC configured it in such a way it represented a rocket (altough in reality if string theory is true, the strings would represent the subatomic particles not entire objects) (14:57) Reminds me of the Oppenheimer soundtrack "can you hear the music?". Lol (15:20) No idea why it came back, most definetly bcuz of Entertainment purposes. (15:33) Just like I said before in the penrose diagram of blackhole, current TSC we have been following is now the future TSC for the past TSC we were looking from the Hyperbolic disk, basically fate is destined for TSC. Basically the bootstrap paradox. (15:38) Probably the future TSC going to parallel universes (exiting the blackhole region of the penrose diagram on the opposite side). (No idea I could be 100% wrong) Thanks for reading :)

[@fortuna19]

Very good explanation. I would just add onto the last point. The future TSC is "selecting" a type of string theory universe, in this case from Type I to Type IIB. Whether this means he has gone to a "parallel" universe or just cannot interact with current TSC's universe is dependent on how you interpret string theory. As can be seen in the video there are 6 types of string theory, and some even consider them all as partial descriptions our one universe (see M-theory).

[@ThatUnknownDude_]

@@fortuna19 Oh it says Type I ans TypeIIB.. I couldn't see it properly lol thanks :)

[@rpengler1]

11:45 By the time you reach this point, we get into string theory, meaning everything that happens after this point is not absolute. Only what is believed with current science of 4d mechanics.

[@cruzeycruz]

4:51 probably there to show which direction TSC is facing because they’re 2-dimensional

[@VrayCat]

Let’s explore wave functions and their related concepts in simple, digestible terms! What Is a Wave Function? A wave function is a mathematical tool in quantum mechanics that describes a particle’s possible states. • It’s like a magic recipe that tells us everything we can know about a particle, but in terms of probabilities. • Instead of saying “the particle is here,” it says, “there’s a 30% chance it’s here and a 70% chance it’s over there.” Real-World Analogy: Imagine you’re trying to find your dog, Max, in the house. The wave function doesn’t tell you where Max is. Instead, it gives probabilities like: • 30% chance he’s in the kitchen, • 50% chance he’s in the living room, • 20% chance he’s in the yard. When you open the door to the living room, you find him there-the act of observing collapses the wave function to one definite result! Probability Wave Function The probability wave function is like a map for where a particle could be. • It shows a “cloud” of probabilities that describe the particle’s potential positions or states. • The brighter or denser parts of this “cloud” mean the particle is more likely to be found there. • When we measure the particle, it snaps to a specific location, collapsing the cloud. Wave Function Collapse • The collapse happens when a particle’s wave function “chooses” one definite state after being observed or measured. • Before the collapse, the particle exists in a superposition-a mix of all its possible states. • Measuring forces it to abandon this mix and settle into one state. Schrödinger’s Cat Example: 1. Before opening the box, the cat exists in a superposition of alive and dead. 2. Observing the cat collapses the wave function, and you see only one reality: the cat is alive or dead. Real-World Analogy: Think of flipping a coin but keeping it covered. The coin is in a superposition of heads and tails until you lift the cover (observe it), collapsing the uncertainty into one definite state. Why Does This Happen? • Quantum particles behave more like waves than tiny marbles. • Their position, momentum, and other properties are “smeared out” like a wave until you interact with them, forcing them to act more like particles. Why Is the Wave Function Important? • It’s the foundation of quantum mechanics. Everything about a particle (its energy, position, momentum) comes from its wave function. • It predicts quantum behavior that drives modern technologies like: • Quantum computing, • Lasers, • MRI machines. Key Points to Remember 1. Wave Function: • Describes the probabilities of where/what a particle might be. • It’s not physical-it’s a mathematical prediction. 2. Probability Wave Function: • Like a map showing “hot spots” where the particle is more likely to be found. 3. Wave Function Collapse: • The particle exists in multiple states until you measure it, forcing it into one state. Tips and Tricks to Remember 1. Wave Function = Map of Possibilities: • Like searching for a dog, it tells you where the particle might be, not where it is. 2. Collapse = Decision Time: • Like flipping a coin and then looking-before observing, it’s a mix of possibilities, but observing forces a definite result. 3. Think of Music: • A wave function is like a symphony with infinite notes playing at once (superposition). • Measuring it is like playing one specific note out loud-collapsing the wave of possibilities. Wave functions are strange but beautiful. They show us the quantum world isn’t black and white-it’s a colorful swirl of probabilities waiting for us to interact with it!

[@booma2]

As a student of black hole physics and having some research in the area of black hole, I've endeavored to explain each physics concept presented in this absolutely amazing masterpiece by Alan Becker. I'd greatly appreciate your comments on my review, "Black Hole Physics Student Reacts to Animation vs. Physics by Alan Becker | Comprehensive Analysis," as it would enhance our mutual learning experience. I started working on my review just an hour after the video was released, and I feel fortunate to have stumbled upon your review after posting mine. Much respect from my side. cheers!

[@Shibva_]

It was the lead animator that made this I believe

[@oscarwillimott9296]

I have not got a Theoretical Physics PhD or degree. But, I think: The Wormhole thing they were messing around with was an Einstein-Rosen Bridge. Or, a wormhole. As an aside, any Mass moved via the Einstein-Rosen Bridge must be taken out of it, but due to a Black Hole having Infinite Density, this can be avoided. But as Space and Time are linked (Space-Time) it can also affect Time too, by creating Tipler Cylinders as seen in the video. Those 1-D Strings come from String Theory. Everything is made up of them. That's the extent of my knowledge there. The Apple turning into a 6-D object was likely due to, at this unfathomable, Physics-Breaking gravity inside the Singularity, the several hidden dimensions (from M-Theory) of the Universe can act on objects here.

[@priyank5161]

What's tipler cylinder? I wanna know about it

[@litterbox019]

isn't m theory controversial among scientists?

[@Lausanamo]

​@@litterbox019It is VERY controversial. Alan Becker did a good job in the beginning of this video but then he went too deep into string theory, which is similar to presenting conspiracy theories in a video about politics.

[@oscarwillimott9296]

@@litterbox019 Dunno.

[@oscarwillimott9296]

@@priyank5161 "A Tipler cylinder, also called a Tipler time machine, is a hypothetical object theorized to be a potential mode of time travel-although results have shown that a Tipler cylinder could only allow time travel if its length were infinite or with the existence of negative energy." -Wikipedia. The Infinite Length variation of it would likely be the version going on here, due to the intense gravity of the Black Hole; Or they could've used Tipler's original idea that a finite cylinder could produce time-like curves (a method of time travel) if spun fast enough.

[@cerberusslavomiraarus1308]

I have several questions 2:23 does this actually work? It's still a closed system, so there shouldn't be a way to gain momentum like this, right? 8:24 shouldn't the magnetic ring pull TSC back as well? I thought such a speed up effect could only happen if the ring is an electromagnet and turns off after he passes it (like a railgun).

[@realElectroZap]

I think I have an answer to your first question, but am not too sure. By closed system, I'm assuming you mean there is no "new" energy being introduced, which can convert to angular, and later linear momentum. What I think is true, is that the force generated by TSC's "muscles" which cause him to swing the ball is "new" energy being generated by whatever anatomy stick figures have. This energy did not previously exist in the "system" and hence he was able to generate momentum. Edit: I used the wrong terminology, as expected :(

[@tibetje226]

You can not convert angular to linear momentum

[@realElectroZap]

@@tibetje226 yes you are right, it's my mistake. My terminology was wrong. What I was trying to say that spinning the rope like that was creating tangential or centripetal force (I forgot the exact term), which can then be converted to linear in the tangential direction to where you stop spinning

[@tibetje226]

I'm still not certain if the Ball throwing would work, and for the magnet, that should not work because it violates conservation of energy.

[@realElectroZap]

@@tibetje226 I agree about the magnet

[@raidernumber0118]

Detailed Explanations 1. Boltzmann Brain • Named After: Ludwig Boltzmann, an Austrian physicist who contributed to statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. • Concept: • A hypothetical self-aware entity that arises from random fluctuations in a high-entropy universe. • Thought experiment to explore the nature of reality and consciousness. • Importance: Highlights paradoxes in cosmology and entropy. • Etymology: Named after Boltzmann, who studied entropy (a measure of disorder). • Tip: Think of “Boltzmann” as “Brain from chaos” (randomness creates a mind). 2. Amygdala Hack • Named After: The amygdala, a part of the brain responsible for emotions, especially fear and aggression. • Concept: • Techniques to calm or control emotional responses (e.g., mindfulness). • Exploiting emotional biases in decision-making (e.g., in marketing). • Importance: Helps understand and manage emotional regulation. • Etymology: Greek “amygdalē,” meaning “almond,” due to its shape. • Tip: “Hack the almond” = controlling emotional responses. 3. Venturi Effect • Named After: Giovanni Battista Venturi, an Italian physicist. • Concept: • Describes how fluid speed increases while pressure decreases in a constricted space. • Used in aerodynamics, carburetors, and medical devices. • Importance: Crucial for understanding fluid dynamics. • Etymology: From Venturi’s studies on fluid mechanics. • Tip: “Venturi = vent + hurry” = fluid hurries in narrow spaces. 4. Instantons (Quantum Physics) • Named After: No specific person; derived from “instant” because they exist for an instant in quantum fields. • Concept: • Mathematical solutions in quantum field theory that represent tunneling events. • Key in understanding phenomena like quantum tunneling. • Importance: Explains how particles can transition through energy barriers. • Tip: “Instantons = instant jumps in energy.” 5. Multinomial Logistic Regression • Named After: Logistic (logit) function. • Concept: • Statistical model used for predicting outcomes with more than two categories. • Importance: Used in machine learning, marketing, and healthcare predictions. • Tip: “Multinomial = multiple categories.” 6. Kullback-Leibler Divergence • Named After: Solomon Kullback and Richard Leibler, statisticians. • Concept: • A measure of how one probability distribution differs from another. • Importance: Used in information theory, machine learning, and data science. • Etymology: Derived from their work in probability. • Tip: “KL Divergence = how distributions KLash.” 7. Sporadic Group • Named After: “Sporadic” because these are rare mathematical groups. • Concept: • Finite groups that don’t fit into any larger classification. • Importance: Crucial in abstract algebra and symmetry studies. • Tip: “Sporadic = special groups.” 8. Veblen Hierarchy • Named After: Oswald Veblen, a mathematician. • Concept: • Classifies ordinals in mathematical logic. • Importance: Helps understand infinities in set theory. • Tip: “Veblen = Very Big Numbers.” 9. Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) • Concept: • Cryptographic algorithm used for secure data transmission. • Importance: Foundation of cybersecurity, ensuring data integrity. • Etymology: “Hash” from hashing (compressing data). • Tip: “SHA = Secure Hashed Algorithm.” 10. Polyadenylation • Concept: • The addition of a poly(A) tail to mRNA, stabilizing it and aiding translation. • Importance: Vital in gene expression and regulation. • Etymology: “Poly” (many) + “adenylation” (adenine nucleotides). • Tip: “Poly(A) = many A’s for RNA stability.” 11. Linnaean Taxonomy • Named After: Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish biologist. • Concept: • Classification system for organisms (e.g., kingdom, genus, species). • Importance: Standardizes biological nomenclature. • Tip: “Linnaean = Life’s Labels.” 12. Angiogenesis • Concept: • Formation of new blood vessels. • Importance: Crucial in healing, cancer research, and vascular health. • Tip: “Angio = blood vessels; genesis = creation.” 13. Synesthesia • Concept: • A neurological condition where senses overlap (e.g., hearing colors). • Importance: Provides insights into sensory processing and brain function. • Tip: “Synesthesia = senses sync.” 14. Kolmogorov Complexity • Named After: Andrey Kolmogorov, a Russian mathematician. • Concept: • Measures the complexity of data based on the shortest program that produces it. • Importance: Used in information theory and data compression. • Tip: “Kolmogorov = Code’s Complexity.” Recap List 1. Boltzmann Brain 2. Amygdala Hack 3. Venturi Effect 4. Instantons 5. Multinomial Logistic Regression 6. Kullback-Leibler Divergence 7. Sporadic Group 8. Veblen Hierarchy 9. Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) 10. Polyadenylation 11. Linnaean Taxonomy 12. Angiogenesis 13. Synesthesia 14. Kolmogorov Complexity

[@A207.]

There is one thing i'd like to ask to Alan, when did TSC had the time to carry all those things to his "past" self, or it could maybe be the original TSC at the very start of the first timeline where there was basically no predetermined future or past, where TSC hasnt met his "future self" in the singularity and had to offer his past self the items needed Tbh, thats the only valid explaanation i could think of

[@祈-x6n]

I think it just like the movie of interstellar

[@Javy_Chand]

Its the self-fulfilling paradox, one hypothesis says that, if we were able to interact with our past selfs, then we are in a closed time curve, meaning that every action was already determined, and repeating.

[@A207.]

@@Javy_Chand but then that defeats the existence of that flashback TSC having done all That helping to his past self if meeting your past self means that every action is predetermined and will lock in place, then that can still be overridden by a history that exists yet isnt shown, such as the TSC appearing when the cylinder time machine machine Albeit this also has another problem, if the TSC who gave all those magnets, the solar system, and so on and so forth really is the first ever TSC that didnt mean his past self, then who gave all those shits like the solar system and stuff, or even the metal rod

[@TactileTherapy]

@@A207. Look up Causal Loops

[@hackerbrinelam5381]

I like your guess of "first timeline where there was basically no predetermined future or past, where TSC hasnt met his "future self" in the singularity and had to offer his past self the items needed", maybe he is as u said a place where no begining and no end of time, maybe at the pervious "Animation vs Math" when TSC got sent to right before the Big Bang, my idea is that since he in a place where no begining and no end of time, maybe he created the past so he can have a future to move to? By creating a time loop that after somehow create the begining and therefore the future where he leaves at the end of the video there

[@VrayCat]

These advanced concepts explore the nature of gravity, spacetime, and black holes in extreme scenarios and higher dimensions. Let’s break them down one by one, explain how they relate to black holes and gravity, and provide tips and analogies to remember and differentiate them. Black Strings • What Are They? Black strings are higher-dimensional generalizations of black holes. Imagine stretching a black hole along an extra spatial dimension-this creates a “string-like” black hole. • They appear in theories involving more than the usual 4 dimensions (3 spatial + 1 time) like string theory or higher-dimensional gravity theories. • Relation to Black Holes: • In 3D space, we get spherical black holes, but in 4D or higher, they can elongate into strings. • Black strings can collapse into black holes under certain conditions due to a phenomenon called Gregory-Laflamme instability, where the string gets unstable and “breaks up” into smaller black holes. • Analogy: Imagine a ball (a black hole) stretched into a cylinder or string. If the string gets wobbly and unstable, it breaks back into smaller balls. • Why They’re Important: • Black strings help scientists understand how black holes behave in higher dimensions. • They are key in exploring string theory and extra-dimensional physics. • Tips to Remember: • Think of “stretching”: a black string is just a black hole stretched into a string shape. • String = stretched black hole. Black Branes • What Are They? Black branes generalize black strings further. They are multi-dimensional objects that extend in several spatial dimensions rather than just one. For example: • A black string is 1D. • A black brane can be 2D (a flat sheet), 3D (a block), or even higher-dimensional. • Relation to Black Holes: • Black branes are higher-dimensional analogs of black holes in theoretical physics. • If black holes are “points,” black branes are “sheets” or “volumes” in higher-dimensional space. • Black branes can also undergo instabilities, just like black strings, collapsing into black holes under certain conditions. • Analogy: If a black hole is a “dot” and a black string is a “line,” a black brane is like a “plane” or “sheet” floating in space. • Why They’re Important: • Black branes arise in string theory and brane-world models, where our universe is thought to exist on a 4D brane within a higher-dimensional “bulk.” • Tips to Remember: • Think of “branes = sheets”: black branes are flat, higher-dimensional versions of black holes. • A black brane is like a stretched membrane in space. Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) • What Is It? Loop quantum gravity is a theoretical framework that tries to reconcile quantum mechanics and general relativity. It proposes that spacetime itself is made of tiny, discrete loops, like a woven fabric, rather than being smooth and continuous. • Relation to Black Holes and Gravity: • In LQG, black holes might not have a singularity at their center. Instead, the core could be a region where spacetime is “quantized,” avoiding infinite density. • This theory predicts new phenomena near black holes, like quantum corrections to event horizons and even potential “quantum bounces” instead of true collapse. • Analogy: Imagine spacetime as a knitted sweater. Up close, you see the threads (loops), but from far away, it looks smooth. • Why It’s Important: • LQG provides an alternative to string theory for unifying gravity and quantum mechanics. • It offers insights into what happens in extreme gravitational environments, like inside black holes. • Tips to Remember: • “Loops in spacetime”: LQG imagines gravity as built from tiny loops. • It’s a “weaved” view of spacetime, unlike the smooth fabric of general relativity. Supergravity • What Is It? Supergravity is a theory that combines supersymmetry (SUSY) and gravity. In SUSY, every particle has a “superpartner” with different properties. Supergravity extends this idea to include gravity as a fundamental part of the picture. • Relation to Black Holes and Gravity: • Supergravity predicts new types of black holes and solutions to Einstein’s equations in higher dimensions. • It connects black hole physics with quantum theories by providing a framework where gravity interacts seamlessly with other forces. • Analogy: Imagine the “force” superheroes (like electromagnetism, strong force) getting gravity as their team leader. Supergravity unifies them all in a single group. • Why It’s Important: • It’s a key step toward a theory of everything, linking quantum mechanics and general relativity. • Supergravity provides mathematical tools for describing extreme gravitational systems, like black holes. • Tips to Remember: • “Supergravity = SUSY + Gravity”: It’s like the superhero version of Einstein’s gravity. • Think of it as gravity being a fully integrated team player with the other forces. How They Relate to Black Holes and Gravity 1. Black Strings and Branes describe how black holes behave in higher dimensions. 2. Loop Quantum Gravity provides a quantum view of what happens inside black holes and spacetime. 3. Supergravity connects black hole physics with particle physics, helping to bridge the gap between quantum mechanics and gravity. Final Tips to Differentiate • Black Strings: Think “stretching” a black hole into a line. • Black Branes: Think “sheets” or “higher-dimensional planes.” • Loop Quantum Gravity: Think of “woven loops” making up spacetime. • Supergravity: Think of “superheroes” unifying gravity with quantum mechanics. These concepts are crucial in modern physics, offering paths toward unifying theories and deeper insights into the mysteries of black holes and the universe.

[@terminusest9179]

I like how once it got into quantum mechanics and string theory, you just went blank, just like every one of us pretty much.

[@LoneTiger]

4:34 _"Gravity is so weak!"_ Black Hole: _"Hold my beer."_

[@vervetwrydavigy3006]

I mean, infinite amounts of a weak force is still infinite.

[@VrayCat]

1. **Doppler Effect:** • Imagine you’re standing on the side of a road and a car zooms by with its horn blaring. As the car approaches, the pitch of the horn sounds higher, but as it passes and moves away, the pitch sounds lower. That’s the Doppler effect! • The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave 🔉 (like sound or light) as the source of the wave moves relative to an observer. If the source is moving toward the observer, the frequency increases (higher pitch), and if it’s moving away, the frequency decreases (lower pitch). 2. **Doppler Beaming:** • Doppler beaming is like a spotlight that gets brighter or dimmer as it moves toward or away from you. It’s a special case of the Doppler effect that applies to light. 🔦 • When a light source is moving toward you, its emitted light gets brighter and more concentrated in the direction of motion. Conversely, when it’s moving away, the light becomes dimmer and more spread out. 3. **Red Shift and Blue Shift:** Now, let’s talk about colors! You know how a siren sounds different as it moves past you? Well, light does something similar. When an object is moving away from us, its light appears shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. This is called redshift. 🔴 On the flip side, when an object is moving toward us, its light appears shifted toward the blue end of the spectrum. This is called blueshift. 🔵 (Connection to Physics and Astronomy: • The Doppler effect, Doppler beaming, Redshift, and Blueshift are all crucial concepts in physics and astronomy. • In astronomy, Redshift and Blueshift tell us about the motion of celestial objects relative to Earth. They help astronomers measure the speeds of stars, galaxies, and even the expansion of the universe.) (Importance: • Understanding these phenomena helps astronomers study the universe’s large-scale structure, the dynamics of galaxies, and the evolution of the cosmos over time.) In summary, the Doppler effect and its related phenomena, like Doppler beaming, Redshift 🔴, and Blueshift 🔵, are essential tools in astronomy for understanding how objects in the universe move and how the universe itself evolves over time 🌌🕰️.

[@ERRORRubiksZeraBrand]

did you just use chatgpt?

[@lj-diep]

11:50 You can read {The Principle Behind the Interstellar Effect...} (a book)

[@yomologus_on_fire]

Alan Becker animated the speed of light correctly where in 5:37 , if you change the playback speed to 0.25, you will notice the light will still be there for a split second even when Orange blocked the light for a very short time, this explains light's speed is not infinite but finite.

[@フェイザン]

Everything in this vid is perfectly calculated except black hole

[@Keyedothe1]

0:20 is incorrect Displacement is what distance was defined in the video. they are supposed to be switched. Displacement is closest distance from the starting point and distance is how far you travel so if you move 2 feet forward and 2 feet back it would be 4 feet of displacement and 0 feet of distance @Gallium-Gonzollium

[@VrayCat]

The idea of the universe as a “hologram” or a “bubble” is rooted in deep and fascinating theories in cosmology and quantum physics, exploring the nature, origin, and potential end of our universe. Let’s break down each concept: The Universe as a “Hologram” The holographic principle suggests that all the information contained in our three-dimensional universe could actually be represented on a two-dimensional surface at the edge of the universe. This means that, much like a hologram, what we perceive as our 3D universe could be a kind of projection from a lower-dimensional “surface” or boundary. Why is this idea important? It offers a potential bridge between quantum mechanics (the physics of the very small) and general relativity (the physics of the very large). It also hints that space and time might not be as “fundamental” as they seem, which could help solve complex physics puzzles like black hole information paradoxes. The Universe as a “Bubble” The “bubble” concept comes from the theory of Eternal Inflation. According to this theory, when the universe began, it underwent an extremely rapid expansion (called inflation) and may still be “inflating” in certain regions beyond our observable universe. In this view, our universe is like one bubble within a much larger, potentially infinite “multiverse” of bubbles, where each bubble represents a different universe. 1. Eternal Inflation: This theory posits that the universe’s inflation never fully stopped. Instead, it creates “bubbles” or regions where inflation slows down and forms a universe like ours. Each bubble could have different physical constants, laws, and properties. • Why it’s significant: Eternal Inflation gives a framework for the multiverse. It suggests that there are possibly countless other universes with different properties, each formed within its own “bubble.” 2. No-Boundary Theory: Proposed by Stephen Hawking and James Hartle, this theory suggests that the universe has no boundaries in time or space. Think of it like a globe where there’s no “edge”; it just wraps around itself. At the universe’s beginning, there would be no distinct point or boundary - only smooth, seamless conditions. • Why it matters: This theory suggests that the universe could have spontaneously appeared without needing a definite beginning point, helping address some mysteries about how the universe was born. It also meshes with concepts of a finite universe without requiring a singular starting point. 3. Higgs Boson Doomsday: This concept comes from the discovery of the Higgs boson, which gives particles mass. The Higgs field could potentially be unstable in the very far future, and if it destabilizes, it could cause a sudden shift in the universe’s structure - known as “vacuum decay.” This shift would create a new bubble of “true vacuum” that would expand and essentially erase everything. • Importance: While it’s a very remote possibility, Higgs Boson Doomsday adds an interesting wrinkle to the story of the universe. It implies that our universe might not last forever and gives scientists insight into the universe’s stability and the fundamental constants that allow it to exist. How They All Relate Each of these ideas provides a different perspective on the nature and potential origins of the universe, with hints at what might come next: • Eternal Inflation and the Bubble Universe relate to the multiverse idea. They suggest that our universe could be just one of many, each with unique properties. • The Holographic Principle could explain how information and physics are stored, hinting that our reality is only a projection of more fundamental physics happening elsewhere (potentially outside of our “bubble”). • No-Boundary Theory suggests that the universe didn’t need a clear beginning, meaning that the multiverse or even other “bubble universes” could also be boundary-free, stretching infinitely. • Higgs Boson Doomsday ties into this by reminding us that the universe might not be infinitely stable - there could be mechanisms, even within this multiverse framework, that could lead to the end of everything as we know it. Why It’s Important These theories are crucial in modern physics because they aim to answer some of our biggest questions: 1. Origins of the Universe: Understanding these concepts helps us trace how the universe began, or if it had a beginning at all. 2. Nature of Reality: The holographic principle and the idea of multiverses make us question the very nature of reality - are we part of a projection or one of many different worlds? 3. Fundamental Physics: These theories challenge and expand the boundaries of quantum mechanics, relativity, and cosmology, moving us closer to a unified theory of everything. 4. Practical Curiosity and Exploration: Studying these concepts doesn’t just satisfy curiosity but can lead to technological advances in areas like quantum computing, as well as deepen our understanding of physics in extreme conditions (like black holes). Tips to Remember • Bubble vs. Hologram: Think of bubbles as different universes existing independently, whereas the hologram is about the entire universe being “encoded” on a 2D surface. • Eternal Inflation: Like bubbles that keep forming in an endless pot of boiling water. • No-Boundary Theory: Imagine the Earth’s surface, where there’s no edge, just a continuous surface. • Higgs Boson Doomsday: It’s like a rock rolling off a hill; if it’s very stable, it stays at the top, but if not, it could roll down, causing a big change - a “vacuum decay.” These ideas push the boundaries of what we understand and imagine about the universe and may eventually reshape our understanding of space, time, and reality itself.

[@GoldYolkOmelet]

Bro calculated 1 million times my brain in just 6 hours meanwhile my ass just sittin there watching, knowing 25% of this sht Nice job

[@ignosegnose5578]

11:48 This is showing stick-figures world line as he passes closer to the black hole; time flips to space, space flips to time - you can travel through time but move through space where normally it's opposite. The Anti-De Sitter space is space that exists outside of stick figures world line; it doesn't exist! it can't ever be, nor ever could have been, visited. Topology inside a black hole is... weird. 12:04 actually shows the time and space flip; instead of moving toward the future as time normally does, stick figure can move around time - but space ticks inexorably forward, toward the singularity, like the inexorable march of time outside a black hole.

[@exclusiveextremo5799]

11:48 it is the center of a black hole, I think anything goes in that point

[@YackalipsDesmos]

idk if im right or wrongm, but I thought at 2:25 if you are on a frictionless plain, if you throw a ball to the right, then you will go the opposite direction. But then after the ball pulls on the string then that would make the net force zero again

[@gallium-gonzollium]

1:46 The coefficient of friction is 0.1, though it doesn’t really get obeyed in some parts of the animation.

[@VrayCat]

Gravitational waves are one of the most profound discoveries in modern physics, offering us a new way to understand gravity and the universe itself. Their detection and study are not just important for confirming Einstein’s theory of General Relativity, but also for revolutionizing how we observe cosmic events and test the limits of our understanding of physics. Yes, gravitational waves are directly related to gravity, and they provide a deeper understanding of how gravity works in the context of Einstein's theory of General Relativity. ### Gravity in General Relativity: The Curvature of Spacetime In General Relativity, gravity isn't just a force between masses (like it is in Newtonian physics). Instead, gravity is the effect of mass and energy curving spacetime. Massive objects, like stars or black holes, create distortions or "ripples" in the fabric of spacetime. This curvature of spacetime is what causes what we experience as gravitational attraction. The more massive an object is, the more it warps the fabric of spacetime around it, and this is how gravity is described in Einstein's theory. ### Gravitational Waves: Gravity in Action Gravitational waves are a disturbance in this curved spacetime, essentially ripples caused by the acceleration of massive objects. When extremely massive objects, such as two black holes or neutron stars, spiral toward each other and eventually merge, they generate ripples in spacetime that propagate outward at the speed of light. These ripples carry energy away from the source, and as they travel, they stretch and compress space itself. This propagation of spacetime distortions is the essence of gravitational waves. Imagine it like throwing a stone into a pond. The resulting waves spread outward, radiating energy across the surface of the water. Similarly, when massive objects in space accelerate, the resulting gravitational waves spread outward through the fabric of spacetime, carrying energy with them. These waves are detected on Earth by advanced instruments like LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory), allowing us to measure the tiny changes in distance between two points on Earth caused by the passing of these ripples. ### Gravitational Waves Are Gravity - Just in a Dynamic Form In classical physics, gravity is typically thought of as an attractive force between masses due to their mass. Gravitational waves don’t function in quite the same way as that "force." They are fluctuations in spacetime itself, caused by the motion of massive objects. So in that sense, gravitational waves aren’t gravity as we usually think of it (like the Earth pulling on an apple). Rather, gravitational waves are a dynamic, propagating effect of gravity - the curvature of spacetime in motion, carrying gravitational energy across the universe. Thus, gravitational waves are directly related to gravity because they are a natural consequence of the spacetime curvature created by mass and energy. They aren’t separate from gravity; they are gravity itself, just in a wave-like form. They represent a dynamic feature of gravity, not just a static force that pulls objects together. ### Gravitational Waves as a New Way to Observe the Universe The detection of gravitational waves is an unprecedented breakthrough because it offers a new way to observe the universe. Traditional astronomy, which relies on light and electromagnetic radiation, can only give us a limited view of the cosmos. Gravitational waves allow us to detect cosmic events that were previously undetectable - such as black hole mergers, neutron star collisions, and other high-energy phenomena. For instance, when two black holes collide, they create a massive distortion in spacetime that sends gravitational waves across the universe. These waves allow us to directly measure the properties of these black holes - their mass, spin, and even the way they merge - without needing to rely on traditional light-based observation methods. This opens up an entirely new observational window into the universe, providing insights into some of the most extreme and energetic processes in nature. ### Testing General Relativity and the Nature of Gravity Gravitational waves are not just a new way of observing astrophysical events - they also provide a unique tool for testing the limits of General Relativity. Though Einstein's theory has been confirmed in many ways, it has never been tested in environments as extreme as those where gravitational waves are produced, such as near black holes or neutron stars. By studying the precise properties of gravitational waves - how they stretch and compress spacetime as they pass through detectors on Earth - scientists can verify whether General Relativity still holds true in these extreme environments or if there are deviations that could point to new physics. For example, the binary black hole mergers detected by LIGO provide an extraordinary test of the theory. The waves detected from these events match Einstein’s predictions almost exactly, strengthening our confidence in the theory. However, if the data had deviated from predictions, it would have suggested a need to modify our understanding of gravity in extreme situations, potentially leading to new discoveries. ### Gravitational Waves as a New Messenger of the Cosmos The discovery of gravitational waves also marks the beginning of a new era in multi-messenger astronomy. In the past, we have relied solely on electromagnetic radiation (light, radio waves, X-rays, etc.) to study the cosmos. But gravitational waves offer a **complementary "messenger"** that provides additional information about cosmic events. By combining gravitational wave data with traditional electromagnetic observations, we can create a more complete picture of the universe. For instance, when LIGO detected the collision of two neutron stars in 2017, the event was simultaneously observed in light, radio waves, and gamma rays. This multi-messenger approach allows scientists to gather a wealth of data about such events, including their exact location, energy output, and the types of elements created in the explosion (such as gold and platinum, which were formed in the collision). ### Gravitational Waves and the Early Universe In addition to revealing the most energetic cosmic events, gravitational waves could also help us probe the early universe. Primordial gravitational waves - ripples in spacetime from the Big Bang itself - could provide clues about the conditions in the universe during its earliest moments. Detecting these waves would be a breakthrough in cosmology, offering insights into the origins of the universe and the very nature of space and time. ### Conclusion: Gravitational Waves Are Gravity in Motion In essence, gravitational waves are gravity in action, not just the static attraction of masses as once thought, but a propagating wave that carries energy across spacetime. They provide us with an entirely new way to study the universe - one that reveals some of the most energetic and mysterious processes in nature. Their detection confirms that gravity - as described by General Relativity - is not just a force, but a dynamic feature of spacetime itself, capable of transmitting information across vast distances. Gravitational waves, by allowing us to "hear" the distortions of spacetime caused by massive cosmic events, open up a wealth of opportunities for discovering new phenomena, testing the limits of physics, and exploring the universe in ways that were previously unimaginable. Gravitational waves are indeed a direct consequence of gravity. They are the dynamic, propagating aspect and ripples of spacetime curvature that mass and energy create. They represent a new form of gravitational influence, allowing us to observe and measure cosmic events that were previously beyond our reach. This confirmation of Einstein’s predictions is just the beginning of a new era in astrophysics - one that will continue to shape our understanding of gravity, the universe, and the very nature of reality itself.

[@TheMergan326]

2:23 that's totally false, without external forces the mass center shouldn't move. 4:21 what is being preserved is angular momentum, not the torque (which is 0). The angular momentum of the man is L=rmv. As the radius gets smaller, the velocity increases. Another analysis to this problem would be energy conservation: the potentical energy of the big ball is transformed into kinetic energy of the man. 4:26 he doesn't left the gravity of the world. The gravity is still acting but TSC has enough velocity to never fall back. 4:40 there is, the rocket and the man should be falling or orbiting. 5:41 the wavefront is in general the geometrical place where the phase is the same. The fact that bends is actually the difraction effect. 6:34 anything would survive that, the combustible tank would expand and the rocket would expote. Then it would evaporate. xd This is it for now

[@MCWaffles2003-1]

I like how all the parts where magic is introduced just go unexplained

[@shantanupathak2652]

why will he move at 2:22 , as there is no friction the momentum of the ball will push him backwards, if there is something that i can't recall please make me understand.

[@tejasbhattacharjee2327]

In 2:23 isn't he suppose to move non stop cause its friction less and external force is not applied. until the 1kg ball reduces its momentum by 1kg and his speed will slow down a little but still he is suppose to go infinitely non stop. for those who could't understood what i mean is------- his max velocity was 2m/s his weight is 50kg so his momentum is 100 kg m/s until 1 kg ball is acting as resistance so 99 kg m/s is my momentum so 99/50= 1.98 m/s will be my final velocity so he should be going infinitely without stopping at 1.98m/s

[@VrayCat]

Anthropic Principle, Fine Structure Constant, and Fine-Tuned Universe These concepts in physics and cosmology try to explain why our universe is the way it is, especially why it’s seemingly perfect for life as we know it. Anthropic Principle Explanation Like You’re a Child: Imagine you’re on a planet with just the right amount of air, sunlight, and water to keep you alive. The Anthropic Principle is a way of saying, “If the universe wasn’t just right for us to be here, we wouldn’t be here to notice!” What It Means: • Definition: The Anthropic Principle suggests that the universe’s laws and constants are exactly what they need to be for life to exist. • Why It’s Important: It helps explain why our universe is set up perfectly to support life, from the strength of gravity to the energy of light. Analogy: Think of Goldilocks in the story of the Three Bears - the porridge had to be just right for her to enjoy it. Similarly, the universe’s “settings” are just right for life to exist. Tips to Remember: • “Anthropic” = “Human-Friendly”: Remember, “anthropic” relates to humans, and this principle wonders why the universe is so “human-friendly.” Fine Structure Constant Explanation Like You’re a Child: The fine structure constant is a super-tiny number, like a magic dial that sets how strongly things like atoms and light interact. What It Does: • Definition: The fine structure constant (denoted by the Greek letter α, alpha) is a number that measures the strength of the electromagnetic force, which keeps atoms together. • Why It’s Important: This constant is critical because even the smallest change would make atoms unstable or prevent them from forming altogether - meaning no planets, no stars, no life. Analogy: Imagine you’re tuning a radio. If the frequency isn’t exactly right, you get static. Similarly, the fine structure constant keeps the “frequency” of forces just right for atoms and matter to exist. Tips to Remember: • Fine Structure Constant = “Magic Dial” for Matter: Think of it as the universe’s “fine-tuning knob” that controls the electromagnetic interactions holding everything together. Fine-Tuned Universe Explanation Like You’re a Child: Imagine playing a game with hundreds of rules, all set up perfectly so you can play and enjoy it. That’s the idea of a fine-tuned universe: every “rule” (or physical constant) is perfectly adjusted to make life possible. What It Means: • Definition: The fine-tuned universe theory suggests that the physical constants in the universe are exactly what they need to be for life to exist. This goes beyond just one constant - it’s everything from gravity to the speed of light. • Why It’s Important: It raises the big question: if any of these “rules” were slightly different, life might not exist at all. This makes us wonder if there’s a reason behind the universe’s “settings.” Analogy: Imagine building a giant Lego castle. Every single block has to be perfectly aligned for it to stay together. If one block moves, the whole thing falls apart. That’s what a fine-tuned universe is - everything aligned just right. Tips to Remember: • Fine-Tuned Universe = “Perfect Setup for Life”: Just like a “Goldilocks” world, our universe is “just right” for life due to perfect settings of all physical constants. Why These Are Important in Real Life and Physics These concepts aren’t just philosophical; they prompt questions about why our universe supports life and encourage us to explore further: 1. Anthropic Principle: Reminds us to consider why the universe has the right conditions for life and how these conditions came to be. 2. Fine Structure Constant: Highlights the precision required in nature’s forces, important in fields like chemistry, atomic physics, and even engineering. 3. Fine-Tuned Universe: Challenges us to think about our universe’s origins and the possibility of multiverses or other conditions where life could exist differently. These ideas are also important in physics because they drive theories that attempt to unify our understanding of the universe - whether that’s through string theory, multiverse theory, or other advanced concepts.

[@brepi312]

can you explain more how 2:19 is possible? "like a catapult" doesnt make sense as catapults have external work done on them to store more energy. here, the center of mass of TSC and the ball have no external force, so they shouldnt be able to accelerate. pushing the ball forward would push TSC the same amount backwards. and pulling the ball back to TSC would negate it again.

[@gallium-gonzollium]

It is a bit inaccurate in this animation, but in principle, a non-frictionless surface means that if the ball was moved slowly enough as to still keep TSC in place by friction, he can swing in for another throw.

[@djnicksedits5525]

Thanks to your Animation Vs Math Over Analysis I was able to get a few things I didn't understand. So same with this one. Amazing how quickly your able to put these out. I'm subscribing so that if Alan Becker puts out another one of these videos I can watch your over-analysis video first so I can understand the video more when I watch it for the "first time".

[@ryuzaki5491]

At 12:06, an explanation maybe found in "Something strange happens when you follow Einstein's math" by veritasium.

[@VrayCat]

If you stayed near a black hole, you would experience time very, very slowly compared to people far away from it. So while 1,000 years pass for others, only a fraction of that time would pass for you, meaning you’d reach the year 3000 much faster from your perspective! How This Works Near a black hole, because of gravitational time dilation, you’re in a “time bubble” where time moves more slowly. People on Earth or away from the black hole will experience 1,000 years in “normal” time, while you experience a much shorter amount of time. The exact difference in time depends on how close you are to the black hole’s event horizon and the black hole’s mass. For a very massive black hole, like one with millions of times the mass of the Sun, you could stay close to it without getting pulled in, and time would slow down dramatically for you. Approximate Example To give you an idea of the scale: • If you’re at a safe distance near a supermassive black hole (like the one at the center of our galaxy), you might experience only about a week while 1,000 years pass on Earth. This means that from your perspective, you’d be “jumping” into the future as you orbit close to the black hole. • If you’re closer but still not crossing the event horizon, time could slow down even more. For instance, you could experience just a few hours like 10 hrs, while 1,000 years pass for others. In Short So, you would wait far shorter than 1,000 years! Depending on your distance to the black hole’s event horizon, you could reach the year 3000 by only waiting a few hours, days, or weeks in your own perception of time. Why This is Possible This dramatic difference in time is all due to the intense gravitational field around the black hole, which “stretches” time near it. So, by taking a shortcut through intense gravitational time dilation, you’re effectively traveling to the future without aging much yourself - a bit like natural “time travel” to the future.

[@VrayCat]

Gravity does affect time! This concept comes from Einstein’s theory of General Relativity, which shows that the stronger the gravity, the more time slows down. It’s called gravitational time dilation. How Gravity Affects Time Think of time as something like a river. In a strong gravitational field, this “river of time” flows more slowly. In a weaker gravitational field, it flows faster. So, if you’re near a massive object with intense gravity - like a black hole - time moves much slower than it does in places with weaker gravity, like on Earth. Black Holes and Time Black holes are extreme examples of gravitational time dilation because they have such a powerful gravitational pull that even light can’t escape once it’s too close (the “event horizon” is this point of no return). Time behaves very differently around black holes: 1. Slow Down Near a Black Hole: The closer you get to a black hole, the slower time moves. If you were hovering just outside the event horizon, time would pass much slower for you than for someone far away from the black hole. For example, a few hours for you might be equivalent to years for someone far away. 2. Speeding Up at a Distance: From the perspective of someone watching from far away, they would see your time moving slower near the black hole. But if you looked back at them, they’d seem to be moving really fast because you’re in “slow motion” near the black hole due to the strong gravity. So, time seems to speed up or slow down depending on where you’re standing in relation to the gravitational source. Key Conditions for Time Changes: • Extreme gravity slows down time. • Farther from gravity sources, time flows faster. This effect is important in physics because it could theoretically be a way to experience “time travel.” You might age only a little while the rest of the universe ages much more if you stayed near a black hole or another extremely strong gravitational source. Could This Be a Key to Time Travel? Yes, theoretically! If you spent time near a black hole, you’d age very slowly compared to someone far away from it. When you return, you’d experience the future - almost like time travel to the future. The concept of tachyons, hypothetical particles that move faster than light, adds another layer. If tachyons existed, they could theoretically “move backward” through time. Combining gravitational time dilation with tachyon theories has led to interesting speculations about creating a method of traveling backward and forward in time, though this is still theoretical. Tips and Tricks to Remember 1. “Gravity = Slower Time”: More gravity means slower time; less gravity means faster time. Imagine a heavy weight pressing down on a clock, making it tick more slowly. 2. “Black Hole = Time Stretch”: Near a black hole, time stretches out. Picture yourself moving in slow motion as you get closer to the event horizon. 3. Tachyons as “Time Messengers”: If tachyons could exist, think of them as particles that defy the normal flow of time and could theoretically enable backward movement through time. Analogy to Understand Imagine you’re on a road trip to a place called “Futureville”. If you drive in normal conditions (no black holes), you’ll experience time normally and get there along with everyone else. But if you took a detour near a “gravity tunnel” (like a black hole), time would slow for you on this detour, while people taking the regular road would get to Futureville much faster. By the time you exit the “gravity tunnel,” you’ve reached a future state of the world - like stepping into the future while you barely aged. Why This is Important • Space Exploration: Time dilation around black holes might give insights into the physics of the universe and potentially allow for exploration of future states of the cosmos. • Fundamental Physics: It deepens our understanding of how time works, not as a constant but as something that varies with gravity. • Theoretical Time Travel: It offers a plausible pathway to time travel (forward at least), potentially opening doors to new technologies. In summary, gravity does affect time, and black holes show this effect in extreme ways. The closer you are to intense gravity, like near a black hole, the slower time flows for you. Combined with the idea of tachyons, these concepts offer exciting possibilities for understanding time, gravity, and perhaps even time travel.

[@deede963]

Can someone explain what's happening at 2:22 . As far as I'm aware the Center of mass of a system(here TSC) cant change without a force from outside the system acting. Where is the outside force here? Or what am I missing?

[@fancygamer5896]

4:40 I’m pretty here TSC pull himself onto the rocket but we just can’t tell because he doesn’t have hands or fingers.

[@randomkerbal]

At 6:13, I think it says that the smaller your orbit around a star (or any celestial body), the faster you need to move to counter the star's gravity?

[@johncollinowensy4255]

This has been a fair point of contention, so let me clarify: 6:35 TSC is not trying to *hand-wave* themself out of the star’s gravity. What is happening is that TSC tries to point the rocket up, but the escape velocity necessary to escape the sun is vast magnitudes greater than what the rocket is dishing out, so impact is imminent (note the warning beep). Note as well how even though TSC pointed the rocket up, the velocity is increasing, that’s just how massive the pull is **that** close. In a daring move, instead of pointing away from the star, TSC goes cowboy and rides perpendicular to the star’s surface, going around it and therefore extending where the impact site will be, until TSC reaches past its surface and enters a curved path around the star. Basically the Gravity Assist but with more daring space rocket adventures. After a nice round trip, TSC manages to gain (or rather, “steal) enough velocity to escape the star’s gravity. Note how with each scene change, TSC’s path gets just a little closer to the star’s surface, which goes to show just how nerve wracking and close of a call that sequence is. Think of it like that scene in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World’s End, where they can’t escape the whirlpool, so they cut into the middle to gain more speed and, if they wished, escape (though Barbossa did it to prevent the ship from stalling and getting sucked into the maelstrom)

[@carlosestrada8320]

4:39 Uhh, dude. HE PULLED HIMSELF DOWNWARDS!

[@JU4IE]

This intricately constructed video, with its multifaceted layers of thematic depth and nuanced intricacies, resonates profoundly with my appreciation for complexity.(or simply i love this complicated video)

[@VaughnBation]

You forgot that at this part when orange jumped and tried to get the magnet they still remain at the same speed as the rocket which uses Newton laws or smth

[@lukeyxo]

dude i love your videos, they make me appreciate the work you and alan do to create and explain this, pretty sure you also did this for math and it was amazing :) good job

[@masela01]

"even i have no idea what this means" yeah we're fucked

[@SG239]

Barely even a day and you got this video out. You are incredibly smart!

[@VrayCat]

Let's delve into these fascinating concepts in Astrophysics 🚀 of these Black Hole terms ⚫️: 1. **Chandrasekhar Limit:** Imagine a suitcase 🧳 that can only hold a certain amount of clothes 👔 before it becomes TOO HEAVY to carry 🏋️‍♀️. The Chandrasekhar Limit is like this MAXIMUM weight limit but for white dwarf stars ⚪️🌟. It's the maximum mass a white dwarf can have before it collapses under its own gravity to become a neutron star ☢️⭐️ or black hole ⚫️. This limit is around 1.4 times the mass of our Sun ☀️. 2. **Innermost Stable Circular Orbit (ISCO):** Picture a tightrope walker walking on a NARROW rope 🪢. The ISCO is like the closest distance the tightrope walker can walk without falling into the centre. In Astrophysics, it's the SMALLEST stable orbit ⭕️ that a particle can have around a black hole 🕳️ WITHOUT BEING PULLED into the black hole due to its intense gravitational pull 💪. This orbit depends on the black hole's MASS and SPIN. 3. **Ergosphere:** Imagine a whirlpool in a river, where the water flows rapidly 🌊 around a CENTRAL POINT 🔘. The Ergosphere is like this REGION around a rotating black hole 🕳️ where space itself 🌌 is dragged into a whirlpool-like motion 🌊 by the black hole's rotation 🕳️🔁. Anything entering the Ergosphere is FORCED TO ROTATE with the black hole, and it's even possible to extract ENERGY from this region 🔋using a process called the Penrose Process🔺🌹. 4. **Penrose Process:** Within the Ergosphere, particles or photons ⚛️ can enter orbits ⭕️ that carry them in the direction of the black hole's rotation 🕳️. As they do so, they can split into two parts ☯️: one of which FALLS into the black hole, increasing its mass ⚫️➕, while the other ESCAPES, carrying away MORE ENERGY than the initial object had 🔋. This process allows for the extraction of rotational energy 🔁🔋 from the black hole itself 🕳️. It's like skimming energy from a spinning top as it rotates. The Penrose process is one of the mechanisms by which Black Holes 🕳️ can TRANSFER their rotational energy 🔁🔋 to surrounding matter ⚛️ or radiation ☢️. 5. **No Hair Theorem:** Think of a person with different hairstyles 💇‍♀️, but all you can see is their silhouette 👤 because the details of their hair are HIDDEN. The No Hair Theorem is like this idea applied to black holes👨‍🦲⚫️, suggesting that black holes can be described by just THREE PROPERTIES: Mass 🏋️‍♂️, Electric Charge ⚡️, and Angular Momentum 😵‍💫 (Spin). According to this theorem, all other details, such as the matter that formed the black hole, are "LOST" ❌ and CANNOT be observed from the outside 👤. (**Tips to remember and differentiate:** - Chandrasekhar Limit is like a WEIGHT LIMIT 🧳 for White Dwarf Stars ⚪️🌟. - ISCO is the closest stable orbit ⭕️ around a Black Hole 🕳️. - Ergosphere is a region around a rotating Black Hole 🔁⚫️ where Space itself 🌌 is dragged into MOTION 🫨 and FORCED TO ROTATE 😵‍💫 with the Black Hole. -The Penrose Process 🔺🌹 allows for the extraction of rotational energy 🔁🔋 from the Black Hole itself 🕳️, carrying away MORE ENERGY than the initial object had. - No Hair Theorem 👨‍🦲 states that Black Holes ⚫️ can be described by JUST 3 properties: Mass 🏋️‍♂️, Electric Charge ⚡️, and Angular Momentum (Spin) 😵‍💫) Understanding these concepts helps us unravel the mysteries 🧐 of Black Holes ⚫️ and their behavior, providing insights into the nature of spacetime and gravity in extreme environments of black holes.

[@Hardcore_Remixer]

10:01 You forgot that as the gravity increases the flow of time also slows down. The Black Hole being infinitely (kind of of) dense has a huge gravity which bends space much more than most other gravitational fields and can almost freeze the time in comparison to a perspective from outside it. However, the time keeps flowing for TSC. If you get infinitely much time in comparison to the outside world then you may as well witness your past and meet your future self.

[@RMX7777]

The portion where permanent magnets were used as an accelerator wouldn't be possible. The rocket would indeed accelerate as it converted the potential energy of the magnetic field into kinetic, but as soon as TSC crossed the center of the ring that kinetic energy would convert back to potential. Magnetic accelerators do exist, but the rings would need to be made from electromagnets. In this way, the magnetic field could be collapsed at the moment of maximum kinetic energy. that is the way electric motors function. Done in this way, the rocket would continue to gain a net positive kinetic energy from each consecutive ring.

[@aleafreinn]

Title: "An over-analysis" Gallium at 11:50 : "Even I have no idea what this means." lmaoo

[@Soularchitector]

I'm pretty sure, that on 2:24 Newton's 3rd law is violated, if assuming, that there is no friction with ice

[@mattstarwolf-08]

wasn't the friction set to .1? It is still there, just not as in effect as on concrete.

[@thepiratepeter4630]

@@mattstarwolf-08 Then he should have slowly moved when he tried to walk.

[@kinty255]

Thank you for doing this video! This was so helpful in remembering all the physics concepts I've forgotten haha!

[@VrayCat]

1. **Centrifugal Force:** - Imagine you're spinning around on a merry-go-round 🎠, and you feel like you're being pushed away from the center. That feeling is like experiencing centrifugal force. - Centrifugal force is the apparent outward ⬅️➡️ force experienced by an object rotating around a center point. It's like the feeling you get when you're in a car going around a sharp curve, and you feel like you're being pushed to the side. 2. **Centripetal Force:** - Now, imagine you're holding onto a string attached to a spinning ball, and you're pulling the ball towards you. 🧶The force you're exerting to keep the ball moving in a circle is like centripetal force. - Centripetal force is the inward ➡️⬅️ force that keeps an object moving in a circular path. It's like the tension in a rope or the gravitational pull that keeps planets orbiting around the sun. (**Similarities and Differences:** - Both Centrifugal force and Centripetal force are related to circular motion ⭕️, but they act in opposite directions. - Centripetal force points towards the center of the circular path and is responsible for keeping objects moving in a circle. It's like the "pulling" force that keeps things together. ➡️⬅️ - Centrifugal force, on the other hand, points away from the center of rotation and is experienced by objects in circular motion as they "push" outward. ⬅️➡️ It's an apparent force, meaning it's not a real force but rather the result of inertia trying to keep objects moving in a straight line.) (**Importance and Practical Use:** - Understanding Centrifugal and Centripetal forces is crucial in physics, especially when dealing with rotating systems ⭕️ like amusement park ride, planetary orbits, or even the spin cycle of a washing machine. - Engineers use these concepts to design safe and efficient machinery and structures, ensuring that forces are balanced and materials are used effectively.) (**Remembering Tips:** - Think of Centripetal Force as the "Center-Seeking" force that keeps objects moving in a circle, while CentriFugal force is the "Center-Fleeing" force that makes objects feel like they're being pushed away from the center. - Remembering their names can help differentiate their effects: "Centripetal" for center-seeking (to go towards in, to seek) ➡️⬅️ and "Centrifugal" for center-fleeing (to flee) ⬅️➡️. - Centrifugal “Fugere” in Latin means to “flee” 🏃‍♂️💨 - Centripetal “Petere” in Latin means to “to go towards in, to seek” 🧐) In summary, Centrifugal force and Centripetal force are essential concepts in physics that describe the behavior of objects in circular motion. While Centripetal force keeps objects moving in a circle by pulling them towards ➡️⬅️ the center, Centrifugal force is the apparent outward ⬅️➡️ force experienced by objects in rotating systems. Understanding these forces helps us design and analyze rotating machinery and structures in the real world.

[@WillowLiv]

Isn't the movement he does at 2:23 impossible? You cannot propel yourself that way. Whatever acceleration you gain from catching the ball is negated by the acceleration you got in the opposite direction by throwing it. When you throw it, it will push you backwards, and you'll slide backwards, and when you catch it, you will slide forwards to come to rest exactly where you started. Another way of seeing it is to consider the stick figure and the ball a system, and any internal force in a system cannot affect the movement of it's center of mass. So the little guy cannot advance.

[@gallium-gonzollium]

The animation is a little inaccurate because of animation purposes, but generally if youre on a positive coefficient of friction ground, you can move the ball back slowly enough so that friction still clamps you in place.

[@WillowLiv]

@@gallium-gonzollium Oh! I get it. It's not really a frictionless surface even though it's treated as such at times. Thanks for clearing it up, ty!

[@octillionus]

It got so complicated even Gallium-Gonzollium couldn't explain it

[@Stuckinyear2009]

tsc just escaped crashing into the sun by waving is cowboy hat nice physics

[@VrayCat]

1. **De Broglie Wavelength:** - Imagine you're throwing a baseball. Now, imagine if the baseball acted like a wave 🔉 instead of a solid object ⚾️. That's the idea behind the De Broglie Wavelength-a concept in quantum mechanics that says all particles, like baseballs, electrons, or even you, can behave like waves under certain conditions. - The de Broglie Wavelength, Lambda (λ) is calculated using the momentum (p) of a particle and Planck's constant (h): λ = h / p. - This equation tells us that the wavelength of a particle is inversely proportional to its momentum. (In simpler terms, the more momentum a particle has, the shorter its De Broglie Wavelength.) 2. **Planck's Constant:** - Imagine you're baking cookies, and you need to measure the amount of flour precisely. Planck's constant is like the smallest possible unit ⚛️ of flour you can use-it's the fundamental constant of nature that sets the scale for quantum effects. - Planck's Constant (h) is a fundamental constant of nature that relates the Energy (E) of a photon or particle to its Frequency (ν): E = hν. - This equation tells us that the energy of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency. (In other words, the higher the Frequency of light, the more Energy it carries.) 3. **Importance and Practical Applications:** - These equations are crucial in quantum mechanics and help us understand the behavior of particles at the smallest scales. - They have practical applications in various fields, such as electronics, where they're used to design and understand semiconductor devices like transistors. - De Broglie's ideas revolutionized our understanding of the Dual-nature of Particles, while Planck's work laid the foundation for Quantum Mechanics, earning them both a place among the greatest physicists of the 20th century. (**Remembering Tips:** - Think of De Broglie's Wavelength as describing how particles "wave" around, and Planck's constant as the fundamental "building block" of quantum mechanics. - Remembering their names can help differentiate their contributions: "De Broglie" for Waves and "Planck" for Fundamental constants.) In summary, De Broglie's Wavelength and Planck's constant are fundamental concepts in quantum mechanics that describe the wave-particle duality of matter and set the scale for quantum effects. Their equations are essential in understanding the behavior of particles at the smallest scales and have practical applications in various fields of science and technology.

[@Hi-pk5mf]

I love how this isn’t just an analysis but has a bit of comments and things about the video.

[@salempasangasp]

*everything has mass* Massless particles : im abt to end this man's whole career

[@pranaydarshale7304]

Possibly the single thing I managed to point out that dud forgot to think is the ring magnet will also pull him in center after he passes through ring 8:35. so the velocity would be the same. BY the way I am not a physicist

[@hyarin9460]

2:22 If you consider TSC and the rope as a system, how come it can generate motion on its own with no outside forces?

[@PinkStreet2]

1:18 aren’t there are massless particles like photons?

[@cherylchui4510]

Do you mean photons?

[@betprolol3]

7:18 If you take account of perspective here, you can see that the magnet has been traveling very fast in space.

[@Aufenthalt]

Sorry but... At 2:22 you say you can convert angular momentum in kinetic momentum and move foreatd....but a system where no external forces act on it cannot chang the status of motion of its center of mass, at least following newtonian mechanics

[@Mernom]

10:15 won't the light behind you get BLUESHIFTED from your perspective?

[@gallium-gonzollium]

Longer wavelengths -> more redder

[@AvatarRoblox-Roblox-]

Secret: Nuclear fucsion? (In 3:46)

[@VrayCat]

1. **What is String Theory?** - Imagine the tiniest, most basic building blocks of everything in the universe. String theory says these building blocks aren't tiny dots, but tiny, vibrating strings 🧵🪢-kind of like the strings on a guitar. 🎸 2. **How Does it Work?** - These tiny strings vibrate at different frequencies, like different notes on a guitar. Each vibration pattern corresponds to a different particle or force in the universe. So, everything we see around us is like a cosmic symphony played by these vibrating strings. 3. **Why is it Important?** - String theory tries to explain everything in the universe-how particles interact, how gravity works, and even the nature of space and time. It's like trying to solve the ultimate puzzle of the universe! 4. **Tips to Remember:** - Think of string theory as a grand musical composition where each vibrating string plays a unique note, creating the beautiful harmony of the universe. - Remember, string theory is still a theory, so scientists are still working to understand and prove its ideas. So, while String Theory might sound like something from a science fiction movie, it's actually a serious attempt to unlock the deepest secrets of the universe using the language of music and vibrations.

[@VrayCat]

Laws of Relativity 🏎️💨: Imagine you're playing with toy cars 🏎️ on a giant trampoline. When you zoom around 🏎️💨 in your car, you feel like you're going straight 📏, but someone watching from the side sees you curving 🔁 because of the trampoline's curve. That's a bit like RELATIVITY! 1. **Principle of Relativity:** This says that the laws of physics are THE SAME for everyone, NO MATTER how fast they're moving. It's like saying the rules of your toy car game are the same whether you're driving FAST 🏎️💨 or SLOW 🐌 on the trampoline. 2. **Special Relativity:** This is like putting on special glasses 😎 that make everything look different when you move really, really fast 🏎️💨. It says that Space 🌌 and Time 🕰️ can change depending on how fast you're going. For example, time can SLOW down or objects can SHRINK when they're moving SUPER FAST . 3. **General Relativity:** Now, imagine you're driving your toy car 🏎️ near a big heavy ball 🏀 on the trampoline. The ball makes the trampoline curve, and your car follows the CURVE. This is like how Gravity 🍃 works according to General Relativity. It says that Gravity isn't just about objects pulling each other-it's also about how they curve Space 🌌 and Time 🕰️ around them. Relativity is like seeing the world from DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES and understanding how things CHANGE depending on how you LOOK at them 👀. It's all about how Space, Time, and Gravity behave in different situations, whether you're driving toy cars on a trampoline or exploring the cosmos.

[@VrayCat]

1. **Imagine Bubbles in Water:** • Picture yourself diving into a pool and blowing bubbles underwater. Now, imagine those bubbles suddenly collapsing with a loud pop.💥 That’s cavitation! • Cavitation occurs when Bubbles 🫧 or Vapour 🌫️ pockets form and then rapidly collapse in a liquid, such as Water💧. 2. **Pressure Changes:** • When there’s a rapid change 💨 in pressure in a liquid, it can cause small voids or bubbles to form. 🕳️🫧 These bubbles can be created by changes in flow, such as around a propeller, or by intense forces, like those from a high-speed water jet. • When the pressure returns to normal or increases again, these bubbles collapse violently 💥, creating a shockwave and potentially causing damage to nearby surfaces. 3. **Underwater Effects:** • In underwater environments, cavitation can occur around fast-moving objects like ship propellers, underwater turbines, or even marine animals like dolphins. • Cavitation can cause erosion or damage to propellers and other underwater equipment, reducing efficiency and increasing maintenance costs. (Physics Behind Cavitation: • Cavitation is a complex phenomenon that involves fluid dynamics and the behavior of gases in liquids. • The rapid collapse of cavitation bubbles generates high temperatures and pressures, creating shockwaves and potentially producing tiny vapor-filled cavities or pits in nearby surfaces.) (Importance: • Understanding cavitation is crucial in various industries, including marine engineering, hydrodynamics, and fluid mechanics. • Engineers and Scientists study cavitation to design more efficient and durable underwater equipment and to minimize its negative effects on machinery and structures.) In summary, Cavitation is the formation and rapid collapse of Bubbles 🫧 or Vapour 🌫️ pockets in a Liquid💧, often leading to shockwaves and potential damage to nearby surfaces. It’s an important phenomenon to understand in underwater environments and has implications for various industries and scientific fields.

[@VrayCat]

1. **Conformity Field:** - Imagine you're in a crowded room, and everyone starts dancing 💃🕺 to the same beat without even realizing it! That's like a conformity field-a force that makes things in the universe behave in similar ways. 🪩 - In physics, a conformity field is a hypothetical concept that suggests there might be underlying principles or laws that govern the behavior of matter and energy on large scales, leading to conformity or uniformity in the universe 🌌. 2. **Worldline:** - Picture a cosmic rollercoaster 🎢 track tracing the path of a particle through spacetime. That's a worldline! - In physics, a worldline is the path that an object traces through spacetime over its entire existence, showing its position at every moment in time. 3. **Anti-de Sitter Space:** - Imagine a weird, warped room where distances seem to shrink as you move away from the center. That's like Anti-de Sitter space-a strange kind of spacetime with negative curvature ➖. - In theoretical physics, anti-de Sitter space is a solution to Einstein's equations of general relativity with negative cosmological curvature. It's used in string theory and other areas of research to explore the nature of spacetime and the universe. (**Importance in Physics and Astronomy:** - These concepts are important in physics and astronomy because they help us understand the fundamental nature of the universe, the behavior of matter and energy, and the structure of spacetime itself. - They're used in theoretical models and mathematical frameworks to describe the dynamics of particles, the evolution of galaxies and the cosmos, and the fundamental forces that govern the universe.) (**Tips to Remember and Differentiate:** - Think of the Conformity Field as the cosmic dance floor 🪩, the Worldline as the cosmic rollercoaster track 🎢, and Anti-de Sitter space as the cosmic funhouse with negative curvature ➖.) In summary, these terms help us delve deeper into the mysteries of the universe, from the fundamental forces of nature to the structure of spacetime itself!

[@rexroyulada6267]

Distance: "Measures how far you have traveled at a particular point in space" Velocity: "Your speed at a particular direction measured as: distance/time"

[@CorvexThe1st]

That black hole animation was gorgeous.

[@VrayCat]

1. **Magnus Force:** - Magnus force is like a magical push that makes a spinning object, like a basketball or a frisbee, curve or bend ↩️ as it moves through the air. - It's caused by the air flowing around the spinning object, creating differences in pressure that push it in different directions. 2. **Buoyant Force:** - Buoyant force is like a friendly lift that helps objects float in water or other fluids. 🛟 It's the force that pushes up on an object in a fluid, counteracting the force of gravity. - It's caused by the difference in pressure between the top and bottom of the object, with more pressure pushing up than pushing down. 3. **Drag Force:** - Drag force is like a gentle tug that slows down 🐌 objects as they move through a fluid, like air or water. 💨 It's the force that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid. - It's caused by the friction between the object and the fluid it's moving through, which creates resistance and slows it down. 4. **Difference and Similarities:** - Magnus force is specific to spinning objects and causes them to curve or bend, -Buoyant force is specific to objects in fluids and helps them float. - Drag force is more general and affects any object moving through a fluid/gale whether spinning or not. All three forces involve differences in pressure or friction that affect the motion of objects, but they apply in different situations and have different effects. 5. **Importance and Practical Purpose:** - Understanding these forces is super important for things like sports, engineering, and designing vehicles. - For example, in basketball, understanding Magnus force helps players make curved shots, while in engineering, understanding Drag force helps designers make more efficient vehicles and understanding Buoyant force helps boats float steadily in sea conditions. (**Tips to Remember and Differentiate:** - Think of Magnus force as the force that makes spinning objects curve, Buoyant force as the force that helps objects float, and Drag force as the force that slows things down. - Remember, Magnus force is specific to spinning objects, Buoyant force is specific to fluids, and Drag force affects any object moving through fluid/gale.) So, whether you're shooting hoops, flying a frisbee, or designing a spaceship, understanding these forces helps us navigate the world around us and design things that work better and more efficiently!

[@VrayCat]

Let's simplify the Laws of Thermodynamics 🔥: 1. **Zeroth Law:** - Imagine you're making a cake, and you want to make sure it's cooked evenly. The Zeroth law of thermodynamics is like using a thermometer to check if two parts of the cake are at the same temperature. 🌡️⚖️ - The Zeroth law states that if 2 systems are in thermal equilibrium with a 3rd system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. 2. **First Law:** - Imagine you're playing with a toy car, and you push it across the floor. The First law of thermodynamics is like keeping track of how much energy you put into pushing the car and how much it speeds up or slows down. 🏎️💨 - The First law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. 🔥 It's like saying you can't make energy magically appear or disappear-it just changes from one type to another. 3. **Second Law:** - Imagine you're playing with a ball, and you throw it into the air. The Second law of thermodynamics is like knowing that the ball will eventually fall back down to the ground because of gravity. - The Second law states that the entropy of a closed system tends to increase over time. 🤪 Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system, so this law is like saying things tend to get messier or more disorganized over time. 4. **Third Law:** - Imagine you're trying to clean up a messy room, but there's always a bit of clutter left behind. The Third law of thermodynamics is like saying you can never completely remove all the clutter and make the room perfectly clean. ❌🧼 - The Third law states that as the temperature of a system approaches Absolute Zero 🥶, its entropy approaches a minimum value. In simpler terms, it's impossible to reach Absolute Zero temperature, and there will always be some residual entropy left in a system. (**Similarities and Differences:** The laws of Thermodynamics are similar to Newton's laws of physics in that they describe fundamental principles governing the behavior of systems. However, they apply specifically to the transfer of energy and the behavior of matter at the macroscopic scale. - The Zeroth law establishes the concept of temperature and thermal equilibrium 🌡️⚖️ -The First law deals with energy conservation. 🔥 -The Second law introduces the concept of entropy and the directionality of processes 🤪 -The Third law addresses the behavior of systems at very low temperatures. 🥶 Together, these laws form the foundation of Thermodynamics and have broad applications in physics, chemistry, engineering, and other fields. Think of the laws of Thermodynamics as rules for how energy behaves, just like Newton's laws are rules for how objects move.) - Remembering their names can help differentiate their concepts: "zeroth" for Temperature 🌡️, "first" for energy conservation 🔥, "second" for entropy 🤪, and "third" for absolute zero 🥶.) In summary, the laws of thermodynamics describe fundamental principles governing the behavior of energy and matter in the universe. They're like rules that help us understand how thermodynamic systems work and why things happen the way they do, with broad applications in science, engineering, and everyday life.

[@VrayCat]

Let's simplify Maxwell's equations ⚡️🧲📝: 1. **Gauss's Law for Electricity (1st Equation):** - Imagine you have a big, invisible net surrounding a charged object. This equation tells us how much electric flux (flow) passes through that net. ⚡️🥅 - It helps us understand how electric charges create electric fields around them, and how those fields affect other charges nearby. 2. **Gauss's Law for Magnetism (2nd Equation):** - Now, picture a bunch of invisible loops swirling around a magnet. 🔁🧲 This equation tells us that there are no magnetic monopoles (like single north or south poles) and that magnetic field lines always form closed loops. 🔒 - It helps us understand how magnetic fields are created by magnets and how they interact with other magnets and moving charges. 3. **Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction (3rd Equation):** - Imagine you have a magical loop of wire surrounded by a changing magnetic field. 🧲🏟️ This equation tells us that the changing magnetic field creates an electric field⚡️🏟️ along the wire, inducing an electric current. ⚡️🔃 - It's like the magic trick of turning/changing motion into electricity, and it's how generators and transformers work! 4. **Ampère's Law with Maxwell's Addition (4th Equation):** - Now, let's think about a loop of wire carrying an electric current. This equation tells us that the electric current⚡️🔃 creates a magnetic field 🧲🏟️around the wire, which can INTERACT with other magnetic fields. - Maxwell added a little extra to this law, saying that changing Electric fields can also create Magnetic fields, which leads to Electromagnetic-Waves like light.⚡️🧲🔉 (**Tips to Remember and Differentiate:** - Remember, Gauss's laws are about electric and magnetic fields spreading out from charges and magnets, - While Faraday's and Ampère's laws are about how those fields change and interact with each other) **Here’s a recap of each equation:** (1. Gauss’s Law for Electricity: It’s like a net around charged objects, helping us understand electric flux and how charges create electric fields. 2. Gauss’s Law for Magnetism: Imagine swirling loops around magnets, reminding us that magnetic field lines form closed loops and there are no magnetic monopoles. 3. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction: Picture a magical wire loop in a changing magnetic field, showing how changing fields create electric currents. 4. Ampère’s Law with Maxwell’s Addition: Think of a wire carrying current and creating a magnetic field, with Maxwell’s addition showing how changing electric fields can also create magnetic fields, leading to electromagnetic waves like light.) So, Maxwell's equations are like the superhero toolkit for understanding Electricity and Magnetism, helping us design everything from circuits to power grids to the technology we use every day!

[@VrayCat]

Quantum Leaping ⚡️⚛️🤾: Imagine you’re playing a video game where your character can INSTANTLY JUMP from one platform to another WITHOUT moving through the space IN BETWEEN. That’s a bit like what happens in Quantum Leaping! What Is Quantum Leaping? - **Definition:** Quantum leaping (or a Quantum Jump) happens when an Electron⚡️⚛️ in an Atom JUMPS from ONE ENERGY LEVEL to another INSTANTLY⚡️🛗, WITHOUT TRAVELING through the space IN BETWEEN. - **Energy Levels:** Think of energy levels as different floors in a building. An Electron⚡️⚛️ can only stay on one floor at a time 🛗 and can jump to another floor 🤾🛗WITHOUT BEING IN BETWEEN. Real-World Analogy - **Staircase Hopping:** Imagine a superhero 🦸‍♂️ who can LEAP 🤾 from the FIRST FLOOR 1️⃣ to the THIRD FLOOR 3️⃣ without using the stairs ❌. They just disappear from one floor and reappear on another. That's how an electron jumps between energy levels. Tips and Tricks to Remember - **Mnemonic:** "Quantum Leap = Superhero Jump" - Just like a superhero can JUMP floors 🦸‍♂️🛗, an Electron makes a QUANTUM LEAP⚡️⚛️🤾 between ENERGY LEVELS. Importance in Quantum Physics - **Atomic Behavior:** Quantum leaping helps explain how Atoms ABSORB and EMIT light. When an Electron⚡️⚛️ jumps to a HIGHER energy level 🔋, it ABSORBS ENERGY 🧽 (like light). When it jumps down to a LOWER level 🪫, it RELEASES ENERGY💡 as light . - **Spectroscopy:** This process is crucial for understanding the spectra of different elements. Each element has a unique pattern of energy levels, so the light they emit (or absorb) acts like a fingerprint. Why It’s Important and Useful in Real Life - **Understanding Light and Color:** Quantum leaps explain why different elements produce different colors when heated. This principle is used in neon lights and fireworks. - **Medical Imaging:** Techniques like MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) rely on the principles of quantum leaps to create detailed images of the inside of our bodies. - **Quantum Computing:** The concept of quantum leaps is foundational in developing quantum computers, which promise to be much more powerful than traditional computers. Informational Details and Facts - **Energy Absorption and Emission:** When an Electron ABSORBS ENERGY 🧽 (like from a photon of light), it leaps to a HIGHER ENERGY LEVEL 🔋. When it RELEASES ENERGY💡, it leaps back down🪫, emitting light in the process. - **Instantaneous:** Unlike classical physics, where objects move continuously, quantum leaps are INSTANTANEOUS, meaning the Electron is NEVER IN BETWEEN the two energy levels 🛗. Relation to Quantum Concepts and Mechanics - **Quantum Mechanics:** Quantum leaping illustrates one of the key principles of quantum mechanics: Particles like Electrons exist in specific STATES (energy levels) and can TRANSITION between these states in discrete jumps ⚡️⚛️🤾. - **Wave-Particle Duality:** The behavior of electrons during quantum leaps supports the concept that particles can exhibit both WAVE-like and PARTICLE-like properties. Example Analogy - **Elevator Jumps:** Imagine you’re in an elevator that only STOPS at specific floors 🛗 and can TELEPORT you instantly between these floors. You can’t be in between floors; you’re either on ONE FLOOR OR ANOTHER. This is similar to how electrons behave with quantum leaps⚡️⚛️🤾. Summary - **Quantum Leaping:** Instant jumps of Electrons between ENERGY LEVELS in an Atom ⚡️⚛️🤾. - **Analogy:** Superhero jumping between floors or an elevator that teleports ⚛️🛗. - **Mnemonic:** "Quantum Leap = Superhero Jump 🦸‍♂️" - **Importance:** Explains how atoms ABSORB and EMIT light, fundamental for technologies like neon lights, MRI, and quantum computing. - **Quantum Mechanics:** Supports the key principles of quantum mechanics, such as discrete states and wave-particle duality. Understanding quantum leaping helps us unlock the mysteries of the atomic world, leading to technological advancements and a deeper comprehension of the universe.

[@VrayCat]

1. **What is Time Dilation?** - Time dilation is like a magical trick where time slows down ⏳ or speeds up ⏳ depending on how fast you're moving. It's one of the mind-bending ideas from Einstein's theory of relativity. 2. **How Does it Work?** - Imagine you're on a super-fast spaceship zooming through space. From your perspective inside the spaceship, time seems normal. But for someone watching you from Earth, time for you seems to slow down. It's like you're in a slow-motion movie! 3. **Why Does the Speed of Light Matter?** - The speed of light is super important because it's the cosmic speed limit-it's the fastest anything can go in the universe. When you start getting close to the speed of light, time dilation kicks in because space and time are connected, like two sides of the same coin. 4. **Proving Time Dilation:** - Einstein's famous equation, E=mc², tells us that Energy (E) is related to Mass (m) and the Speed of light (c). -When you're moving really fast, your energy increases, and since energy and mass are connected, your mass increases too. This extra mass causes time to slow down from the perspective of someone watching you. 5. **Examples:** - Imagine you have a twin brother, and you both have super-fast spaceships. You zoom off into space at near-light speed while your brother stays on Earth. When you return, you find that your brother has aged much more than you because time slowed down for you while you were zooming through space. 6. **Real-Life Hypothetical:** - While we can't travel at the speed of light yet (it would take an infinite amount of energy!), we can observe time dilation in experiments with particles moving at high speeds in accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider. So, Time Dilation is like a cosmic magic trick where time bends and stretches depending on how fast you're moving. It's one of the coolest ideas in physics and shows us just how weird and wonderful the universe can be!

[@thespacedingoking]

0:30 ''Velocity = your speed'' is misleading. Correction: ''Velocity = your speed + direction'' if you want to keep with this format of the definition. (In reality, it's your displacement vs. time). This gets factored in using the arrow to indicate direction. 0:46 Displacement is NET distance from a given origin, NOT total distance accumulated. I think the animation gets this maths ever so slightly wrong.

[@VrayCat]

Let’s simplify Maxwell’s demon 😈🌡️: 1. **Imagine a Tricky Gatekeeper:** • Picture a mischievous little gatekeeper named Maxwell’s demon 😈 who sits by a gate between two chambers filled with gas molecules. This demon has the ability to open and close the gate selectively, allowing only fast-moving molecules to pass from one chamber to the other. • Maxwell’s demon seems to defy the second law of thermodynamics, which says that entropy, or disorder, always increases over time. By selectively sorting molecules, the demon appears to create order out of chaos. 2. **Purpose and Concept:** The purpose of Maxwell’s demon is to illustrate a paradox in thermodynamics-the study of heat and energy. 🔥 It challenges our understanding of entropy and the idea that energy tends to disperse evenly over time. Maxwell’s demon conceptually demonstrates how information and intelligent manipulation could potentially violate the second law of thermodynamics by reducing entropy in a closed system. 3. **Similarity to Schrödinger’s Cat:** Maxwell’s Demon 😈 and Schrödinger’s Cat 🐈 are both famous thought experiments that challenge our understanding of fundamental principles in physics. While Maxwell’s demon explores the concept of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics, Schrödinger’s cat delves into the paradoxes of quantum mechanics, specifically the idea of superposition and observer effect. (**Practical Purpose:** • While Maxwell’s demon is a thought experiment rather than a practical concept, it stimulates scientific inquiry and philosophical debate about the nature of entropy, information, and the second law of thermodynamics. • It encourages scientists to explore new ideas and theories in thermodynamics and information theory, leading to advancements in our understanding of complex systems and their behavior.) In summary, Maxwell’s Demon is a thought experiment that challenges our understanding of thermodynamics by proposing a hypothetical entity capable of reducing entropy in a closed system.

[@hanchen267]

I wouldn’t say ice, more like a frictionless surface because ice has SOME friction, not a lot, but some 1:51

[@Sh1penfire]

Just to clarify distance is a scalar value while displacement is a vector, meaning that while distance was always positive, displacement had a direction and your total is the sum of your displacements, not distance Eg: you can have negative displacement, but not distance

[@Bragthepro]

6:44 I love this part so much there’s no atmosphere or air. What is the hat doing to lift him off the collision course somebody should do the calculations theoretically if there was an earth atmosphere over the star, how strong he’d have to be to outdo his courts with this massive star in what the hell is that I had made out of💀

[@johncollinowensy4255]

Ah, that has been a fair point of contention, so let me clarify: TSC is not trying to *hand-wave* themself out of the star’s gravity. What is happening is that TSC tries to point the rocket up, but the escape velocity necessary to escape the sun is vast magnitudes greater than what the rocket is dishing out, so impact is imminent (note the warning beep) In a daring move, instead of pointing away from the star, TSC goes cowboy and rides perpendicular to the star’s surface, going around it and therefore extending where the impact site will be, until TSC reaches past its surface and enters a curved path around the star. Basically the Gravity assist but with more daring space rocket adventures. After a nice round trip, TSC manages to gain (or rather, “steal) enough velocity to escape the star’s gravity. Think of it like that scene in Pirates of the Caribbean 3, where they can’t escape the whirlpool, so they cut into the middle to gain more speed and, if they wished, escape (though Barbossa did it to prevent the ship from stalling and getting sucked into the maelstrom)

[@VrayCat]

A Calabi-Yau Manifold is a special type of geometric object 📐💠 in mathematics, specifically in the field of differential geometry and algebraic geometry. Let's simplify it: 1. **Imagine a Stretchy Rubber Sheet:** - Think of a rubber sheet that you can stretch and bend in various ways. A Calabi-Yau manifold is like a fancy, high-dimensional version of this rubber sheet. 2. **Complex Shapes and Curvature:** - Unlike a flat sheet, a Calabi-Yau manifold can have complex shapes and curvatures. 💠 It might be twisted, folded, or have holes in it, but in a very precise and controlled way. 3. **Higher Dimensions:** - Calabi-Yau manifolds exist in higher dimensions than the familiar three dimensions of space we're used to. They might have six or more dimensions, making them difficult to visualize directly. 4. **Crucial in String Theory:** - Calabi-Yau manifolds play a crucial role in theoretical physics, particularly in string theory. In string theory, these manifolds provide the compact extra dimensions required to unify the fundamental forces of nature and explain the properties of elementary particles. 5. **Compactification:** - In string theory, the extra dimensions of space are thought to be compactified or curled up into tiny, almost invisible shapes. 🫥Calabi-Yau manifolds provide a mathematical framework for describing these compact dimensions. 6. **Importance in Physics:** - Understanding the geometry and properties of Calabi-Yau manifolds is essential for developing mathematical models of the universe in string theory and other areas of theoretical physics. In summary, a Calabi-Yau manifold is a geometric object 💠 with complex shapes and curvatures, existing in higher dimensions and playing a crucial role in theoretical physics, particularly in string theory, where they provide the compact extra dimensions needed to unify fundamental forces and explain the properties of particles.

[@VrayCat]

1. **What is Flux?** - In simple terms, flux refers to the flow or movement of something. 🌊 It could be particles, energy, or even abstract concepts like information. 2. **How is it Used in Physics and Science?** - In physics, flux often refers to the flow of a physical quantity through a surface. For example, in electromagnetism, magnetic flux represents the amount of magnetic field passing through a surface. In fluid dynamics, it refers to the flow rate of a fluid through a surface. 3. **Why is it Important?** - Flux is crucial because it helps scientists and engineers understand how things move or change. By studying flux, we can better understand processes in nature, design efficient systems, and predict outcomes in various scientific fields. 4. **Tips to Remember and Differentiate:** - Think of flux as the "flow" of something. Picture it like a river flowing through a channel. - Remember that flux can represent different things depending on the context, such as magnetic flux, electric flux, or flux in fluid dynamics. 5. **In Science Fiction:** - In science fiction, flux is often portrayed as a mysterious force or energy that can manipulate space, time, or reality itself. It's used to create intriguing plot devices, like time travel or alternate dimensions. So, imagine flux as the invisible currents that shape the universe, whether in the real world of science or the imaginative realms of science fiction.

[@VrayCat]

1. **Perigee and Apogee:** - Perigee is like when you're CLOSEST to something, and Apogee is when you're FARTHEST away. In space lingo, PERIGEE is when something, like a satellite or the moon, is CLOSEST to the Earth 🛰️🌙🌍, and APOGEE is when it's FARTHEST away from Earth 🚀🌍. 2. **Importance in Gravity and Orbits:** - Perigee and Apogee are super important because they help us understand how things move around in space 🌌, especially when it comes to gravity. When something is CLOSER to a planet 🛰️🌍 (PERIGEE), Gravity pulls it stronger 💪, and when it's FARTHER away (APOGEE), gravity isn't as strong 😴. 3. **Difference between Outer Space and Orbit:** - Outer space is like the big, empty playground where planets, stars, and galaxies hang out. It's where all the cool space stuff happens! - Orbit is like riding a merry-go-round in space 🎡. When something, like a satellite 🛰️, is in orbit around a planet 🌎, it's like it's riding on a never-ending carousel 🎠, going round and round WITHOUT falling down. 4. **Rocket Analogies and Tips:** - Imagine you're riding a rocket 🚀 to the moon 🌕. When you're CLOSEST to the Earth, that's PERIGEE 🛰️🌍, and when you're FARTHEST away from the Earth, that's APOGEE 🚀🌍. - Think of outer space as the big, open sky above us 🌌, and orbit as the special path 🛣️ things follow around planets and moons 🪐🌕. So, Perigee and Apogee help us understand how things move in space, and Outer Space is like the big playground where everything happens, while Orbit is like riding a space carousel around a planet or moon!

[@roronoazara7274]

with this animation and dialogue this can be definetly use in class and kids will surely like this😂

[@VrayCat]

Let's simplify and differentiate Isotopes, Ions, and Quarks ⚛️: 1. **Isotopes:** - Imagine you have a group of puppies, and they all look alike but have different sizes and weights. 🐶🐕 That's like isotopes. - Isotopes are versions of the same element that have the SAME number of Protons but DIFFERENT numbers of Neutrons in their nuclei. They're like siblings of the same element, with SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT WEIGHTS. ⚛️🏋️‍♂️ - Isotopes are important because they can have different properties and behaviors, like some puppies being bigger or smaller than others. They're useful in various fields, such as nuclear chemistry, archaeology, and medicine. 2. **Ions:** - Now, imagine you have a group of friends playing with magnets, and some friends have a positive charge ➕⚡️, while others have a negative charge ➖⚡️. That's like Ions. - Ions are atoms or molecules that have GAINED or LOST electrons, giving them a positive or negative charge. They're like friends with different charges playing together. ⚡️⚛️ - Ions are important because they play a crucial role in chemical reactions, electricity, and biological processes. They're useful in fields like chemistry, biology, and electronics. 3. **Quarks:** - Lastly, picture a group of tiny, colorful beads, each with its own unique color. 🔴🔵🟢 That's like Quarks. - Quarks are elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons, which are the building blocks of atomic nuclei. They're like the colorful beads that form larger structures. ⚛️ - Quarks are important because they help us understand the fundamental structure of matter and the forces that govern it. They're studied in particle physics to unravel the mysteries of the universe. **Remembering Tips:** - Think of Isotopes as siblings with different Weights 🏋️‍♂️⚛️ (neutrons). - Think of Ions as friends with different Charges ⚡️⚛️ (positive or negative). - Think of Quarks as colourful beads 🔴🔵🟢 that make up bigger Particles ⚛️ (protons and neutrons). In summary, Isotopes, Ions, and Quarks are all essential components of the atomic world, each with its own unique characteristics and roles. Understanding their differences helps scientists unlock the secrets of matter and its interactions in the universe.

[@ArturFernando-j8q]

I love how you dont pause the video and interrupt it and you just put the text in! it makes the video so much comfortable and watchable

[@ishu4227]

15:49 it was only now that i realized that the little wave circle thing turned into an apple shaped thing

[@NguyenMinh792]

10:00 “Let’s jump into a black hole and die!” - Steve Taylor, Black hole balloon

[@the-protogen-of-the-sky]

Multiple TSC exist simultaneously in the black hole, explaining that inside black hole scene

[@realpeap]

11:50 Explaination. String Theory is a phenomeon that people have talked about. They have also found a way to use string theory to calculate what happens inside black holes. Very Large ones. What happens is strings dance around. Every now and then they escape the black hole. That's the apple being thrown at TSC. The black hole has different dimensions because of string theory.