Immunology - Adaptive Immune System

[@armandohasudungan]

📌MAKE THIS LECTURE STICK: FREE PRACTICE QUESTIONS HERE! 🎓 youmakr.ai/test-playground/questionnaire/673d4d02859b9c170836f14c

[@azharkhan3089]

You have a natural knack for simplifying yet explaining the most complex topics in a very detailed and effective manner. Excellent video!!!

[@zandisipuka9686]

excellent.. preparing 4 my Part 1 exam(FCOG).thanks.

[@zandisipuka9686]

excellent.. preparing 4 my Part 1 exam(FCOG).thanks.

[@AlwaysSummer22]

Agreed! I love these videos.

[@toledojm06]

I cannot thank you enough for making this video. The effortless way you describe and break down this topic without making it confusing or overwhelming is a gift. This video fixed in 15 minutes what took me hours to breakdown yet left me in a tangled web of information. I'm in the home stretch for this class and your videos showed the light at the end of the tunnel. Thank you again!!!

[@tiffanyjarman166]

Seriously, your videos are the only reason I've passed some of my human physiology classes up to this point. I was taking some classes online, and sitting in on additional lectures, and in the end, I spent the bulk of my time watching and re-watching your videos to understand the concepts. You do a phenomenal job! Thank you so much!

[@palwashadurrani9144]

PhD exam tomorrow and ur videos are a life saving at the moment... coz m studying in thailand..they are not well versed in english.. amd i hardly understand the lectures...u r a one gem person..stay blessed

[@imcriticizer]

Hi, sorry to bother you but if it's alright with you I wanted to ask you from your experience. I'm a pediatrician and interested in seeking immunology & allergy as a subspeciality. Do you have any advise or recommendations before or during the training? I feel like it's one of the most overwhelming & complicated sciences in the field of medicine and it's somewhat intimidating but I really enjoy the clinical aspect of it.

[@XxCrazyswirae956xX]

Your calling is literally that of a lecturer. I hope you are. You'd help so many people. Never stop posting though!!! :D We need you!!

[@pavithranataraj2354]

Tiffany Wanjiku 🥰

[@sphinxproduction]

THANK YOU! 5 lectures into immunology and your first 2 videos have taught me more than those lectures +4 chapters of reading the textbook.

[@KNicM2]

This is great, as are all of your videos! I usually don't find any errors, but I think there might be one in this video: I am pretty sure that CD4 naive T cells can only be activated by professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), not phagocytes (as with CD8 T naive T cells). In other words, cytotoxic T cells can be activated by most cells in the body (except erythrocytes, which lack an MHC class I receptor) whereas helper T cells can only be activated by professional APCs (dendritic cells, B cells, and macrophages only) that are presenting antigen via MHC class II. I could be mistaken, but this is a distinction you may want to look into. Thanks again for all your videos and information! They have been a great supplement to my studies.

[@JoshIbbotson]

I also noticed this and checked the comments to see if I was going crazy

[@johannayoung6162]

Dendritic cells and macrophages are phagocytic, in addition to being APCs - so his presentation is correct I believe.

[@deathmetalboy31]

Your videos save my life, you're literally so much better than my immunology lecturer at imperial college

[@njhmd8783]

Exogenous antigen is present by MHC class II to TCR of CD4+ T cells. Endogenous antigen is present by MHC class I to TCR of CD8+ T cells. Thanks Armando for the video! it really clear my mind.

[@moos_beshara]

I thought he did wrong so that is the explaination

[@suyashyewale8468]

Who is watching this in 2k19 This guy is lit 🔥🔥🔥🔥

[@jzezcozy6862]

Suyash Yewale yaaaa me too! Haha

[@drastichaudhari]

watching this in 2020 too. He is a rockstar!!!!

[@MoldyDragon]

2020 BB(B)!

[@ezbz7469]

2024

[@helgak9133]

You covered my 23-page chapter (about 4 hours of reading and processing this stuff) only in 14 minutes! Im happy I found this outstanding video!!!!!!!!

[@shadowkxm]

I really like how at the end you zoom out and have the drawing of the entire system. I actually use these for my notes as a summary and test myself using your drawing. thanks again so much

[@margitblekfeld-sztraky6577]

Very well presented. I was struggling though several pages of patho for several hours, This really tied it together for me.

[@nikunjjambu1427]

I have a suggestion. If you could post a high resolution image of the complete final artwork in the description, then one could take a printout and do revision for last moment study

[@benjaminotto6612]

Thank you for your work. It is truly helpful for a medical student like me. Your lectures are wonderfully structured, and down to the point.

[@cathyrose6938]

Thank You!!! I must have read the textbook 5 times but couldn't get the information processed in my head until this video. Thank you!

[@marcelofalchetti]

You are the best, I mean, really. I am studying with your videos for my immunology classes and it's so easy to catch the idea with your drawings. Thanks!

[@juliehaynes5254]

I think your videos are going to save me in this immunology class I'm taking. Thank you for taking the time to do these!

[@gabrielle3217]

Amazing video!! Very helpful. My only comment is, for full B cell activation the B cell must become cross linked with an antigen attached to a different B cell and this allows down signal cascades for the B cell to be able to present the antigen peptide on the MHC class 2 receptor for the T cell. The T cell then binds CD40 ligand and CD40 which allows for the full activation of the B cell. Also, with the T cell activation, there are two signals needed for the full activation: MHC class 1 or 2 binding with CD8 or CD4 AND CD28 on the T cell binding with the co-stimulatory molecule (B7) on the antigen presenting cell. I only say this as my professor told me it today, but if I am mistaken I apologize!

[@miraloona2159]

Thanls for your amazing vedios!whenever I don’t understand something I search on your channel fisrt!Iam spending a long time watching and rewatching your vedios!very clear and helpful !

[@Mitts222]

You’re a god sent angel for us medical students. Never knew i can understand these really easily with your videos. Please make more videos!

[@StayDawn4]

I love how this guy wraps up his videos. So funny. Also, the best instructor on the Internet.

[@PharmDdiaries]

These videos that you guys do are seriously amazing. I'm in pharmacy school and I'm using this to piece together my understanding on various topics for my physiology final.... the video you guys did on the heart's pacemaker cells was amazing!!! Thank you soooo much!!!

[@alexismvsmarcelism5569]

Holly crap.......you just show me the clever, simple and easy version of those chapters in the book. Sir..... you are the man !!!!!

[@KhanhTon]

You've carried me through undergraduate and now you're still saving me through optometry school! You're the best!

[@thabosemenya2228]

I learn from Armando than i do with all my lecturers. Thumbs up Armando!!!!!

[@nellytink80]

Please never stop doing these lectures! Thank you sir for your clear, concise and exceptionally awesome drawings!

[@Karenqay]

This is so helpful and easier to understand .. so much for 2hr lecture .. thanx so much

[@boeandsophia5514]

THANK YOU!!! You are a GOD send. Awesome artist as well. Learned more from these videos within minutes compared to hours of slaving away reading my text book. Thank you so very much!!!

[@raydendenko5260]

CD8+ cells don't need infected cells to prime them. Regular Antigen presenting cells, in a process know as cross presentation, engulf antigens and present them to naive CD8+ cells on MHC1 molecules [ hence the name cross presentation-as opposed to the regular method of presenting engulfed material on MHCII]. Thus, those specific CD8+ cells are activated.

[@taralancaster6815]

This video is literally saving my life for tomorrows exam!

[@emilybt93]

EliteDoomer You are a douche bag

[@ElyssaDerka]

I feel you! I have an exam on this today! This playlist is amazingly helpful!

[@catherinezhang9293]

Amazing. I didn't really need to know much of of this for my exam (MRCS), but just enjoy watching your videos, so thank you!!

[@nouremam7261]

U R THE BEST DOCTOR EVER ..

[@loaihaysam4988]

OMG THANKS SO MUCH I WAS SEARCHING FOR IMMUNOLOGY VIDEOS BUT THEY WERE EITHER SO SLOW OR SO FAST YOU ARE PERFECT :D

[@Naru2222]

Excellent video- best I've watched regarding cell mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity

[@Pretttygurl2334]

Honestly, I find blood sciences very difficult. However, you're very good at explaining things. thank you so much for this video!

[@isaacmellonie1279]

3rd week medical student and I agree with every positive comment below and eventually above, fantastic resource and I'm saddened i didn't find it sooner.

[@yazannoweru3919]

you did a good job with explaining such a complex matter in such simple form , making it bit easy to understand , thank you

[@northyork5142]

Armando is out here getting me and all my friends through med school... awesome video

[@syra8581]

One of the best videos to this topics I've seen so far! Thanks a lot:)

[@GavC-137]

Thats the larger portion of another assignment research done - thanks again Armando

[@suziebarry2546]

I pass medicine thanks to your helpful well explained videos :)

[@shreyamukherjee2126]

What a beautiful lecture u have done sir!!😍😍😍Thanks a lot

[@lucasandrade526]

NICE JOB! REALLY REALLY THANKS! But I have one ideia: You should provide us a photograph of the whole scheme! It will really help us to revise those pathways! :)

[@cameronbishop775]

Drawing your own schematic using this video as a guide would serve you better :)

[@tartanhandbag]

so true

[@TheAnarchist-up3ju]

He does! Support him on Patreon, it's one of the rewards.

[@brookebayless8022]

Thank you! Your videos are amazing and has helped me so much!

[@luge89]

The explanation is very good, but you have a mistake on the antibody structure, it is form from two heavy chains and two light ones. Both the heavy and the light chains have N and C terminals. The heavy chains is what makes the specific tipe of antibody (G,A,M,D,E) but is is the union of the N terminal of both the heavy and light chains what gives specificity to each antigen

[@samriddhigrg227]

Your explanations and the drawings are just too good.

[@Ahmed_Abdulsattar7]

this is the best short video I have seen about this subject thank you really much

[@celistanightsong]

Ready for my examination Immunology now! Thx!

[@Daniel-yz1gm]

Great video, but What about B7--CD28 Interaction between APCs and Naive T Helper cells and also the CD40/CD40L interaction between Helper T cells and B cells?

[@ayeshmasewwandi3118]

This video is really great and very helpful. Helped to easily understand everything. Thank you very much.

[@SonnyZhu1111]

Amazing! 要是当年学免疫的时候有这样一个视频就好了，或者如果自己当时用功一点，也能画一个出来。棒！

[@asim2018]

well i could see d end of the page at 12:36 ....grt achvmnt...Best tching evr

[@timayerm]

Bruh you make everything so clear, wish you were my professor. Thank you!

[@ngocdao536]

can you make video about function of cytokin immune? such as: IL2, IL6, IFN...........

[@sphinxproduction]

Please do this!

[@duccie254]

PLEASE!!! Totally agreed^

[@Crashof2008]

he has completed these.

[@FistpumpingToMozart]

This is so good, all professors should teach like this

[@handkeez]

Perfect illustration. Well understood. Thank you!

[@Lamzicles]

Thank you SO much for making these very educational videos...they are so visual & easy to understand!! :D

[@00Billy33]

thank you soo much!! You are incredible!! Much easier than my texbook

[@ramiromartinez4931]

Great channel buddy! I'm starting a Ph.D and this is a bloody good video to refresh concepts! Thanks a looooot!

[@imcriticizer]

Hi, sorry to bother you but if it's alright with you I wanted to ask you from your experience. I'm a pediatrician and interested in seeking immunology & allergy as a subspeciality. Do you have any advise or recommendations before or during the training? I feel like it's one of the most overwhelming & complicated sciences in the field of medicine and it's somewhat intimidating but I really enjoy the clinical aspect of it.

[@jannguyen7443]

thank you so much! you're a wonderful teacher and so kind to share your work!

[@ismansandira2037]

thank you for your explanation. it makes me recall again my lecture in the past.

[@rajivrao7311]

please make video on please Immunology: 1) General introduction, 2) infection, 3) factors influencing infection, 4) kinds of immunity, 5) vaccines 6) (i.e. Tetanus vaccine, 7) Diptheria vaccine, 8) BCG vaccine, 9) small pox vaccine), 10) virus immunity, 11) toxoids, 12) toxins, 13) daignostic preparation, 14) sera, 15) antitoxins 16) (i.e. Diptheria antitoxins, 17) Botulinium antitoxins), 18) brief control of immunological products- 19) Identification tests, 20) toxicity tests, 21) sterility tests, 22) potency tests and 23) storage of immunological products.

[@cruelandunusual9378]

Fantastic video and illustrations! PLEASE KEEP IT UP 🙌🏼

[@fusealli]

Unbelievably clear explanation. Thank you kindly Armando 🙏

[@012sidhu]

Explained this better than my lecturer did. Thanks :)

[@JonathanU1983]

Thanks for the great video. I have a follow up question regarding MHC class I and II complexes. Do antigen presenting cells create or express both MHC classes such that whichever T cell, CD4 or CD8, that comes into contact with it gets the required stimulus? Or do antigen presenting cells just express one MHC class or the other regardless? If so how does rhe APC cell know wgich MHC complex to present?

[@adamsimon27]

Good question..I was wondering this also. It seems as though MHC class 1 complexes are found on basically every cell in the body that has a nucleus, whereas MHC class 2 molecules are normally found only on antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, mononuclear phagocytes, some endothelial cells, thymic epithelial cells, and B cells. There is a ton of research going on as to why only these cells express just the MHC class 2, and if the Naive CD4 T cell that becomes a helper T-cell as a result "prefers" to do so only with these cell types.

[@funismyaddiction]

MHC class 1 is found on every nucleated cell in the body , but not on neurons :)

[@CherCrystine]

funismyaddiction or erythrocytes :))

[@youngkim4937]

at around 5 minute mark, you said the b cells engulf and process the bacteria and present it to help t-cell, I didn't know B-cells were phagocytic like that. Was that an error or do they phagocytose like macrophages and dendritic cells?

[@samsmith6025]

they dont

[@swagance3838]

jo fooster Well actually they do, although the term of endocytosis is prefered to phagocytosis when speaking about B-cells :) (if you want more details you can check this www.jleukbio.org/content/91/4/519)

[@basilfaizal]

swagance thats right.... B cell endocytose the pathogen

[@Tiptopmotivation_]

No matter what type of learner you are. You will learn better by being able to visualize what’s going on than just droning through words on a page.

[@Farfall4Anonim4]

Nice video, instead my question if someone can answer to me is: If it's the first time we meet the antigen, how can a naive cell already have the specific receptor for it? If someone could answer to me that would be great.

[@wilsonauza590]

I have a question that keeps bugging me because I cant find any answer to this. From what I understand T helper cell gets activated when its receptors recognize antigens presented by MHC II on some APCs. What's not clear to me is that when the activated T helper cell move on to activate B cells, does it require the B cells to have the same antigen presented on its surface just like the APC has presented in order for the B cell to produce antibodies against that specific antigen? If not, how would the T helper cell instruct the B cells what antibody to make? If yes, the chance for all events to happen seems to be very very small to me. Can someone please answer my questions? It would be a great help to me. Thanks

[@Scarpa93]

Very useful videos. You're helping lots of students :)

[@dawnanna5645]

This is awesome! One thing that still confuses me is how the "naive" T and B cells already have receptors that can recognize new antigens entering the body. How can they be specific for something they've never encountered before? I would imagine that there has to be some feedback mechanism from antigen presenting cells or some other element that lets the lymphoid progenitor know what kind of naive cells are necessary. Please, someone help me understand this. I'm going over this in med school right now, and it doesn't make sense!!

[@TansraKaur]

I actually watched this video because I wanted to find the answer to this ☝🏼

[@amritasriv87]

jabardast... awesome in eng..very useful videos that make concepts crystal clear

[@tartanhandbag]

where are the videos in the description that were promised, huh?

[@kristilai1379]

Hi Dr Armando Hasudungan, I love watching your medical video with perfect drawing and description. They are excellent. I have a few questions about the immune response. 1). Neutralizing antibodies play an important role in defending invaded viruses. Are the neutralizing antibodies produced in proportion to IgG antibodies? 2). Since T-helper cells help to activate B cells to produce antibodies, is it true that there will be no antibody production without T-helper cells? 3). If the answer of question 1) and 2) are "yes", then the measurement of the interferon gamma release can help to determine the T-cell response and predict the presence of antibodies and neutralizing antibodies, right? It's because when T-cell response is detected, it means that there should be production of antibodies?

[@zzzgful]

Brilliant lecture! Learned a lot, thanks.

[@emrebaris8085]

So awesome, amazing, simple with all the high yield information. Thanks!

[@ricardsiagian4352]

wow. Batak man? some people says in urine culture lab test, when thrombosis and leukocyte level low that's mean someone has infected by virus. Is that true? Can they low from other problem such MS or dementia heavy toxification but no virus?

[@Umahdibro]

absolutely amazing video. You've left me in amazement, well done Armando.

[@kimharbert6479]

I've watched several of your videos. They are great!!!! I learned a lot!!! Thank you!!!

[@obdoc1485]

I'm starting to see the light:)....THX

[@dhessysusanto8749]

thank you very much!!! It's very difficult for me to understand about immunology because of its complexity and you just made it really simple

[@jag456]

You are a hero, a gentleman and a scholar.

[@18782.]

i wish i knew this channel earlier when i was still studying at school

[@kerrishomette1828]

My professor explained MHC 1 as being present in any cell with a nucleus. I could be wrong but I am under the impression that you explain MHC 1 as being present specifcally in APCs ( 9:43 ) Do you really mean that CD8 binds with MHC 1 present on any infected cell?

[@tartanhandbag]

+Kerri Shomette yes, ALL nucleated cells have MHC1 but often people talk as if it's only the professional APCs that do the presenting. actually all cells CAN do this to some degree, but to such a small degree that most people are reluctant to say it. Do neurons present antigens on their MHC1? who knows! maybe. mostly we're talking about dendritic cells, resident macrophages etc. the only interesting ones that i've hear of is that epithelial cells present to a significant level whilst not being considered professional APCs. hope this helps.

[@yannaingwin123]

All nucleated cells are can present antigen but professional APC like DC can travel through the body and present the antigen more efficiently so we mostly focus on how DC present antigen.

[@SimonXR]

A very important detail!

[@bibicute942000]

A nice catch, I was told that all nucleus cells have MHC1 but only APCs have MHC2

[@hottcuteness]

Excellent!! I love your videos, they help me soooo much. I can´t even wait to see them all :D Thank you for teaching

[@6789uiop]

That was amazing. Hats off and serious gratitude.

[@tenzintsetanhormokhasum1690]

Thank you so much for posting those amazing videos!

[@muneer3bdulla583]

u r such a LIFESAVER!

[@zunaidpatel6685]

You are an absolute genius thank you so much!!!!

[@sclairev7669]

Thank you for this clear and awesome video! I Learned a lot!

[@dasdasdus]

Please help! But shouldn't the Tc be activated not only by MHCI, but also by a Th1 cell? The thing what i don't is that Th1 is binded to MHC2. And I saw an image where there was the MHCI complex and the MHC2 complex on the surface of the macrophage. So the Th1 activates the Tc cell ok that i understand. But doesn't that mean that Th1 and the Tc is receiving the same antibody? And does that mean that there were two of the same bacterias, it's just that one got eaten by the macrophage and It's components presented in MHC2, and the second infected the macrophage to get so that it's antibody would be presented in MHC1?

[@Bindasjhakyass]

Please explain me , does naive B cells leave the lymphoid system for binding with the antigen or does naive B cells only stay in lymphoid to bind with the antigen . I hope my question is clear . Thank you.

[@hottcuteness]

Thank u for existing!!!!!!!!!!!!!

[@sarahalshehri770]

Thank you so much! This is a great video. It helped me a lot to understand and to take notes easily. It also saves my time!!

[@elizabethdover7361]

These videos are SO AWESOME! Thank you very much!!!

[@cameronbishop775]

Great! Thanks, Armando. Much appreciated.

[@twang2884]

I think (correct me if im wrong) APC has MHC-2 receptor to present to naive T helper cell with antigen to initiate adaptive immune process, not MHC-1. MHC-1 is self-antigen.

[@twang2884]

never mind....