Astrophysicists Discuss New Evidence for Dark Matter Stars

[@StarTalk]

Which theoretical particle do you think will directly lead to a deeper understanding of Dark Matter? Are you Team Axions or Team WIMPS?

[@joeoregano4251]

I find it disgusting little oldies intelligent people waste their time talking about a researching things that have absolutely no effect on Life as We Know It

[@meeksource4047]

​@@joeoregano4251 I imagine people thought researching electricity would have no effect on life before the light bulb was invented.

[@feedyourspeakers]

​@@joeoregano4251 What a miscomprehention

[@afriedrich1452]

I like Axions for the very scientific reason that the name sounds way cooler for cold dark matter than "WIMPs." 😉 But, I have an alternate explanation for dark matter stars: Here's a multi-brane (?multi-verse?) solution to the dark matter problem that doesn't need to modify Einstein's equations, and doesn't need to introduce new particles (ordinary matter in adjacent branes is sufficient). It uses Neil Turok's, et. al., idea about a brane parallel to our brane, but many more of them (possibly an infinite number of adjacent parallel branes). The gravitational effects of dark matter come from summing up, with suitable coefficients, the gravitational effects of matter in adjacent branes. For this explanation, radiation is categorized into two types: gravity, which is mediated by closed loop strings, and all the others, nuclear and electromagnetic, which are mediated by open loop strings. Only the closed loop strings, that is, gravity, can radiate from one brane to another. All other radiation can only radiate within its own brane. That is why only gravity can add up from all the branes. All other types of radiation from all the other branes is restricted, and adds up to zero. It is important that the average density of matter within each brane to be very low to keep self-interactions very low. The lower the density, the fewer self-interactions. Dark matter models, and experimental evidence, seems to require dark matter to have very little self-interaction, other than gravity. Since, only gravitational interactions can happen between branes, and the self-interaction is very low within any one brane, due to the low average density, and zero, except for gravity, between branes, this model “fits the bill.” Now, while the average density within each brane is very low, there can be some higher density regions in other branes adjacent to our brane. These regions would be gravitationally attractive to matter in our brane. This might explain why our universe formed galaxies much earlier than otherwise is expected after “the big bang” (which came after inflation). Previous structure in other branes helped to nucleate structure in our brane. Also, very large black holes could be created this way, with most or all of the gravitation coming from other branes. They would be created from mostly or all seemingly "primordial" gravitation.

[@afriedrich1452]

@@TerencioHorto-iw7fq And don't forget Pomeranian, also.

[@NOTNOTJON]

This talk has been my favourite yet. Neil and Chuck are like 10-year-old boys at points in this talk, both with humour and wonder which is extremely special to see. Katherine shows that she's very versed in her field and a wealth of knowledge and insight. Hope to see more. You guys rock!

[@vazap8662]

The OG question was hilarious! Love how Neil and Chuck keep it light hearted for our viewing pleasure, astrophysics can be somewhat daunting. Loving this podcast more and more the better I know it.

[@AquarianSoulTimeTraveler]

I would say that dark matter is best Contender is one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole we recently learned that black holes emit non baryonic matter aka Darkmatter... authorized that two-dimensional existence cannot be sucked into a three-dimensional black hole because it has absolutely no mass and therefore it would have no interaction with the black hole and light has mass because of the wave particle duality problem light is literally mass in motion and if anything has volume then it has mass you cannot add a third dimension without adding Mass so therefore light cannot escape a black hole because it is three-dimensional. Think about one-dimensional stringing membranes getting destroyed by a singularity of a black hole while I also theorize that there are two-dimensional black holes and one-dimensional black holes inside of every three-dimensional black hole otherwise nothing would function and nothing would flow because the second dimension is part of the third dimension just as the First Dimension is part of the second dimension... therefore I theorize that we had matter in between 0 and 1 dimensional State these are one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole and emitted out the other side.Well recently i proved that we don't live in a 3+1 system of space-time... It is extremely simple to understand how blackholes, string theory and other logic converges of things come together under one-dimensional string membranes that are destroyed by The Singularity of a black hole and once this happens they are in a state in between 0 and 1 dimensional this creates Dark Matter coming out of black holes and what is considered non baryonic matter. This is the counterforce to the expansion of the universe. We don't we do not live in a 3 + 1 System One of the most important things that I recently came to conclude is that I have came up with a system to prove that we live in an infinite Multiverse. I will state it here and now. So if we follow the logical progression of the spatial Dimensions infinite zero-dimensional existence can stack into any size one dimensional existence and infinite one-dimensional existence can stack into any size two-dimensional existence and infinite two-dimensional existence can stack into any size three-dimensional existence so if we follow this logical progression we can conclude that infinite three-dimensional existence can stack into any size four dimensional existence. This means if we don't live in a 3 + 1 System we should observe the relative state or shape of the universe as flat or compressed in a non evenly distributed matter and basically we should observe a stacked effect of three-dimensional existence which would make a relatively flat universe or at least a universe in a distribution matter that is non spherical and evenly distributed... so because of this we can conclude that we are not the fundamental highest spatial Dimension and that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist and if so then infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence so ultimately this proves a Multiverse. Just remember infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence... this means that because the observed state of the universe is flat or non evenly distributed in a spherical manner then this means there is extra dimensional influence compressing the state making it stack and if a fourth spatial Dimension exists then a infinite Multiverse must exist and the stack ability must exist therefore this observed phenomenon means that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist making a infinite three-dimensional Multiverse the standard Norm... because of this my friends who doubted me are losing and understand that i Am truly the master of the ultraviolet 💜 and green 💚 machine! I will say if we make zero truly zero and we follow what multiplication was supposed to be, which is a simplification of a addition chain 0×1=1 we have assigned value to zero... since multiplication was made to simplify chains of addition and something cannot be deleted or destroyed by nothing then its easy to understand 0×A=A under Terrence Howard's system. There is absolutely no reason why we can't have an additional multiplication table for volumetric calculation of like units... 1gallon×1gallon=2gallons. I totally agree with your sentiment about the fundamental mathematics and that's why I never claimed to get rid of our fundamental mathematical system like Terrance suggest we should and instead I suggest that everything can work together and progress in the field does not come from attacking scientists if you can't work together with the scientists and create your model to be in cooperation with everyone else then it's no surprise that the entire system goes against you like they did in this case against Terrence... cant blame them. Excluding 0 which is nothing in Terrence Howards system. volumetric multiplication of like units=(A×B)+1.... if we make the value of 0 truly nothing like it should be and acknowledge the fact that nothing cannot cancel out something and it requires a negative sum to cancel out a positive sum in volumetric calculation of like units then we don't have to exclude 0... because 0gallons×1gallons=1gallons and not 0 gallons. Nothing cannot cancel something... this is the baseline. The exact opposite goes for Division of like volumetric calculation=(A÷B)-1 and therefore $1÷$1=0. Or 1gallon÷1gallon=0gallons just as multiplication is meant to simplify chains of addition division is made to simplify chains of subtraction.....

[@heraldnite]

​​@@AquarianSoulTimeTraveler If I have two tanks that contain one liter of water each, that would mean I have 2 liters of water stored, 2×1=2 However if I have two tanks which have zero liters of water, I have 0 liters of water stored up, 2 × 0=0 This works the other way as well If have 0 tanks which contain 2 liters of water then that'd mean I have 0 liters of water 0 × 2=0 PS: I'm just a 15 year old, so I may very well be wrong

[@AquarianSoulTimeTraveler]

@@heraldnite i like the tank analogy but thats a different symbol and volumetrically doesn't represent 2 and actually. Maybe we can call this shelled units... empty shells of volumetric size. 1 shell dollar is 0 of a hundred pennies that it is composed of volumetrically. 5 shell dollars would be 0 of 500 pennies.

[@privatename3621]

@@AquarianSoulTimeTraveler Ugh. One word for people like you... PARAGRAPHS. Who wants to read a 10 inch long wall of dense text. Break it up into pretty bitesize chunks and maybe people will read some or all of it. It's like letting them step from one rock (thought) to the next and let them decide if they like what they are reading and want to continue the journey or jump off.

[@Reason1024]

​@@AquarianSoulTimeTraveler you can't just make up definitions for words to fit your argument. The quantitative value of zero is nothing.

[@TheReallyRealSunTzu]

I thought Dr. Liu and Dr Brian Greene were the best guest physicists of Startalk but now we have Dr Freese as a new contender . Hope to see her more on the show

[@pmosh1]

YES!

[@MrEldorado15]

Absolutely !

[@horsebreath]

8:41 She says that like it's a bad thing.

[@AquarianSoulTimeTraveler]

I would say that dark matter is best Contender is one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole we recently learned that black holes emit non baryonic matter aka Darkmatter... authorized that two-dimensional existence cannot be sucked into a three-dimensional black hole because it has absolutely no mass and therefore it would have no interaction with the black hole and light has mass because of the wave particle duality problem light is literally mass in motion and if anything has volume then it has mass you cannot add a third dimension without adding Mass so therefore light cannot escape a black hole because it is three-dimensional. Think about one-dimensional stringing membranes getting destroyed by a singularity of a black hole while I also theorize that there are two-dimensional black holes and one-dimensional black holes inside of every three-dimensional black hole otherwise nothing would function and nothing would flow because the second dimension is part of the third dimension just as the First Dimension is part of the second dimension... therefore I theorize that we had matter in between 0 and 1 dimensional State these are one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole and emitted out the other side.Well recently i proved that we don't live in a 3+1 system of space-time... It is extremely simple to understand how blackholes, string theory and other logic converges of things come together under one-dimensional string membranes that are destroyed by The Singularity of a black hole and once this happens they are in a state in between 0 and 1 dimensional this creates Dark Matter coming out of black holes and what is considered non baryonic matter. This is the counterforce to the expansion of the universe. We don't we do not live in a 3 + 1 System One of the most important things that I recently came to conclude is that I have came up with a system to prove that we live in an infinite Multiverse. I will state it here and now. So if we follow the logical progression of the spatial Dimensions infinite zero-dimensional existence can stack into any size one dimensional existence and infinite one-dimensional existence can stack into any size two-dimensional existence and infinite two-dimensional existence can stack into any size three-dimensional existence so if we follow this logical progression we can conclude that infinite three-dimensional existence can stack into any size four dimensional existence. This means if we don't live in a 3 + 1 System we should observe the relative state or shape of the universe as flat or compressed in a non evenly distributed matter and basically we should observe a stacked effect of three-dimensional existence which would make a relatively flat universe or at least a universe in a distribution matter that is non spherical and evenly distributed... so because of this we can conclude that we are not the fundamental highest spatial Dimension and that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist and if so then infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence so ultimately this proves a Multiverse. Just remember infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence... this means that because the observed state of the universe is flat or non evenly distributed in a spherical manner then this means there is extra dimensional influence compressing the state making it stack and if a fourth spatial Dimension exists then a infinite Multiverse must exist and the stack ability must exist therefore this observed phenomenon means that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist making a infinite three-dimensional Multiverse the standard Norm... because of this my friends who doubted me are losing and understand that i Am truly the master of the ultraviolet 💜 and green 💚 machine! I will say if we make zero truly zero and we follow what multiplication was supposed to be, which is a simplification of a addition chain 0×1=1 we have assigned value to zero... since multiplication was made to simplify chains of addition and something cannot be deleted or destroyed by nothing then its easy to understand 0×A=A under Terrence Howard's system. There is absolutely no reason why we can't have an additional multiplication table for volumetric calculation of like units... 1gallon×1gallon=2gallons. I totally agree with your sentiment about the fundamental mathematics and that's why I never claimed to get rid of our fundamental mathematical system like Terrance suggest we should and instead I suggest that everything can work together and progress in the field does not come from attacking scientists if you can't work together with the scientists and create your model to be in cooperation with everyone else then it's no surprise that the entire system goes against you like they did in this case against Terrence... cant blame them. Excluding 0 which is nothing in Terrence Howards system. volumetric multiplication of like units=(A×B)+1.... if we make the value of 0 truly nothing like it should be and acknowledge the fact that nothing cannot cancel out something and it requires a negative sum to cancel out a positive sum in volumetric calculation of like units then we don't have to exclude 0... because 0gallons×1gallons=1gallons and not 0 gallons. Nothing cannot cancel something... this is the baseline. The exact opposite goes for Division of like volumetric calculation=(A÷B)-1 and therefore $1÷$1=0. Or 1gallon÷1gallon=0gallons just as multiplication is meant to simplify chains of addition division is made to simplify chains of subtraction.!

[@rjampiolo32]

@@AquarianSoulTimeTraveler You need a better psychiatrist.

[@kennethpedersen47]

This was a REALLY good episode. Neils questions was on point, Katherine's answers were very easy to understand, showing how great a communicator she is, and Chucks reaction as the understanding dawns on him is just hyping it all up. Loved it.

[@pmosh1]

Best episode in a while (very high bar)

[@alphazero6571]

dark matter and dark energy does not exist. its much like the Aether in the 1900s. its called dark because we dont know what it is. 100 years from now people will look back like we look back to our ancestors how wrong they were..

[@keynoteuser4782]

Neil the grass titan

[@utube7930]

🌿

[@nosknosknosk]

Tatakae!

[@Kingjames313]

🌳 💨

[@buzzcutgamingg]

Neil the good shisha deal🤑

[@ComptweezY]

Good one Chuck

[@racerguy6979]

I have seen criticism where people say Neil thinks he knows it all. I don’t really see it. You first have to accept he is way smarter than me and I need to listen to learn. Then if you pay attention he listens to experts on what they know and he learns and remembers. I love this guy

[@garywiseman5080]

I’ve asked a few questions and been accused of being a know it all. To the extent possible, I suggest focusing on the people and ideas, rather than the angst and anger.

[@ingerasulffs]

@@garywiseman5080 It's strange to think that someone who asks questions would be a know it all. How would that work?

[@xantiom]

​@@ingerasulffsit sounds like the people he asked to felt being challenged, and instead of recognizing they don't understand it enough to answer the question they attached the ones asking the question

[@dylanhoss3387]

People get REALLY insecure about NDT. I’ve never seen him being arrogant, but people who don’t understand the topics being discussed get insecure about their lack of knowledge and convince themselves that Neil himself is making them feel that way with his “arrogance” rather than the truth that they’re simply feeling bad about not knowing. You’ll notice no one leaving comments with substance about the topics being discussed include anything about “neil’s arrogance” It’s always the terrence howard “science is a liar sometimes” crowd.

[@michaelcole506]

People criticize him for interrupting, but I feel that some folks are able to see where the conversations are going while there are some of us who do not. Neil stops people to define terms and principles before moving on so the rest of us can follow. I can see these interruptions being annoying to people who know most of these things, but they’re needed for the rest of us.

[@michaelccopelandsr7120]

Neil and Chuck for 2024

[@jayvincent1865]

Unfortunately, Logic and objectiveness aren't allowed in politics..

[@michaelccopelandsr7120]

@@jayvincent1865 "Logic and objectiveness," just another way to say, "truth and common sense."

[@jayvincent1865]

@@michaelccopelandsr7120 Common sense doesn't appear to be a valued trait these days, and truth's definition is "Fluid" now. How the definition of a word can be altered, I have no clue.

[@ogungou9]

@@michaelccopelandsr7120 : I would say "Logic and rationality=(logico-factual)/principle of rationality." [Common sense is a myth or an empty concept.]

[@catchihandle1821]

So this is the political conversation…. Because of dark mater, that’s why Big T isn’t getting flung off this merry go round and won’t go away?….¯\_(ツ)_/¯

[@shadowone01x99]

The whole they defined "O.G" in unison had me in stitches😂😂😂😂😂 ....ROFL!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

[@lemonhead2608]

I was never really that interested in astrophysics but once I was able to actually comprehend what you were saying, it became a whole new thing for me. Now I'm hoping to get a career in this. So I thank you for the knowledge you can share with us 🤠❤️

[@octaviamcdougall7170]

good luck bro, astronomy is life changing even as a layman its so fufilling with wonder n awe

[@buccizero]

Welcome to the family!!

[@AquarianSoulTimeTraveler]

​@@octaviamcdougall7170I would say that dark matter is best Contender is one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole we recently learned that black holes emit non baryonic matter aka Darkmatter... authorized that two-dimensional existence cannot be sucked into a three-dimensional black hole because it has absolutely no mass and therefore it would have no interaction with the black hole and light has mass because of the wave particle duality problem light is literally mass in motion and if anything has volume then it has mass you cannot add a third dimension without adding Mass so therefore light cannot escape a black hole because it is three-dimensional. Think about one-dimensional stringing membranes getting destroyed by a singularity of a black hole while I also theorize that there are two-dimensional black holes and one-dimensional black holes inside of every three-dimensional black hole otherwise nothing would function and nothing would flow because the second dimension is part of the third dimension just as the First Dimension is part of the second dimension... therefore I theorize that we had matter in between 0 and 1 dimensional State these are one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole and emitted out the other side.Well recently i proved that we don't live in a 3+1 system of space-time... It is extremely simple to understand how blackholes, string theory and other logic converges of things come together under one-dimensional string membranes that are destroyed by The Singularity of a black hole and once this happens they are in a state in between 0 and 1 dimensional this creates Dark Matter coming out of black holes and what is considered non baryonic matter. This is the counterforce to the expansion of the universe. We don't we do not live in a 3 + 1 System One of the most important things that I recently came to conclude is that I have came up with a system to prove that we live in an infinite Multiverse. I will state it here and now. So if we follow the logical progression of the spatial Dimensions infinite zero-dimensional existence can stack into any size one dimensional existence and infinite one-dimensional existence can stack into any size two-dimensional existence and infinite two-dimensional existence can stack into any size three-dimensional existence so if we follow this logical progression we can conclude that infinite three-dimensional existence can stack into any size four dimensional existence. This means if we don't live in a 3 + 1 System we should observe the relative state or shape of the universe as flat or compressed in a non evenly distributed matter and basically we should observe a stacked effect of three-dimensional existence which would make a relatively flat universe or at least a universe in a distribution matter that is non spherical and evenly distributed... so because of this we can conclude that we are not the fundamental highest spatial Dimension and that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist and if so then infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence so ultimately this proves a Multiverse. Just remember infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence... this means that because the observed state of the universe is flat or non evenly distributed in a spherical manner then this means there is extra dimensional influence compressing the state making it stack and if a fourth spatial Dimension exists then a infinite Multiverse must exist and the stack ability must exist therefore this observed phenomenon means that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist making a infinite three-dimensional Multiverse the standard Norm... because of this my friends who doubted me are losing and understand that i Am truly the master of the ultraviolet 💜 and green 💚 machine! I will say if we make zero truly zero and we follow what multiplication was supposed to be, which is a simplification of a addition chain 0×1=1 we have assigned value to zero... since multiplication was made to simplify chains of addition and something cannot be deleted or destroyed by nothing then its easy to understand 0×A=A under Terrence Howard's system. There is absolutely no reason why we can't have an additional multiplication table for volumetric calculation of like units... 1gallon×1gallon=2gallons. I totally agree with your sentiment about the fundamental mathematics and that's why I never claimed to get rid of our fundamental mathematical system like Terrance suggest we should and instead I suggest that everything can work together and progress in the field does not come from attacking scientists if you can't work together with the scientists and create your model to be in cooperation with everyone else then it's no surprise that the entire system goes against you like they did in this case against Terrence... cant blame them. Excluding 0 which is nothing in Terrence Howards system. volumetric multiplication of like units=(A×B)+1.... if we make the value of 0 truly nothing like it should be and acknowledge the fact that nothing cannot cancel out something and it requires a negative sum to cancel out a positive sum in volumetric calculation of like units then we don't have to exclude 0... because 0gallons×1gallons=1gallons and not 0 gallons. Nothing cannot cancel something... this is the baseline. The exact opposite goes for Division of like volumetric calculation=(A÷B)-1 and therefore $1÷$1=0. Or 1gallon÷1gallon=0gallons just as multiplication is meant to simplify chains of addition division is made to simplify chains of subtraction.......

[@pregnanttomato9576]

​@@octaviamcdougall7170 I got my first telescope last year, I'm 26 and seeing Saturns rings with my own eyeballs made me so excited I felt like a kid again. It's truly amazing.

[@mamoon7619]

How does one get a career in this? I have no degree in science 😢

[@rjungert]

Neil deGrasse Tyson and Chuck Nice make an excellent team for discussing science. Their discussions are both enlightening and entertaining.

[@ryancasey2787]

This was hands down my favorite episode ever. She was equal parts fascinating, entertaining, and understandable.

[@pjmlegrande]

And comfortable in her own skin. No affectations. And obviously really really smart

[@nocancelcultureaccepted9316]

Dr. Neil DeGrasse Tyson, can you please put together a panel of Dr. Katherine Freese, Dr. Brian Greene, Dr. Michio Kaku, and Dr. Liu?

[@humanform5354]

Sounds great but Chuck's brain would most definitely explode...

[@tampabayj]

You can tell Katherine is so educated she had no time for pop culture. I'm glad. We need people this smart in our world.

[@xBwahx]

Huh? 🤨 The two are not mutually exclusive. You can have an education and be knowledgeable about pop culture. One doesn't preclude the other.

[@OniCappa]

@@xBwahx bruh she didnt know what " og " meant

[@CubeParrot1]

Lol what, why would an individual be smarter if they are not interested in culture/art?

[@Hurricayne92]

No her interests are just less "pop" culture and more arts/culture, example; her thinking they were talking about the sculptor Rodin rather than the monster Rodan.

[@Nogi520]

There are a lot of people that do not know what slang abbreviations are. I just found out what "DAE" means. It means nothing.

[@jaywatkins7680]

Chuck and Niels unison “original gangster” was immaculate

[@yimwee2401]

Opening youtube and seeing a new startalk episode is like christmas morning

[@rachelpiteck]

I am currently working on my graduate degree in physics from Johns Hopkins and am currently taking cosmology. We recently discussed neutrinos and had to calculate how many of them are passing through you at any given point from both the sun and cosmic neutrinos (ones left over from the big bang). From the sun there are about 1.71x10^5 neutrinos in your body at any time and that is just from the sun, which is only 0.7% the amount that comes from the cosmic neutrinos. I'd say it's a really good thing they don't really interact with anything since they are everywhere. I look forward to hearing more about what they find as they continue to test them, I think they are absolutely fascinating! Another great episode!

[@stephaniesaslut12616]

Love this! Ty for commenting

[@cam_bone]

Neil is easier to listen to than anyone I’ve ever heard talk in my life.

[@lehilehi8636]

I respect someone with the couarge, humility, and self-confidence to say "I don't know. Please tell me what you know that I don't."

[@joe_hoeller_chicago]

I was thinking the same thing. Too many “professionals” practice dunning kruger.

[@PhilFogle]

Of course he knows this stuff, it's his job! He's playing that he doesn't know for the audience 😅

[@AquarianSoulTimeTraveler]

I would say that dark matter is best Contender is one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole we recently learned that black holes emit non baryonic matter aka Darkmatter... authorized that two-dimensional existence cannot be sucked into a three-dimensional black hole because it has absolutely no mass and therefore it would have no interaction with the black hole and light has mass because of the wave particle duality problem light is literally mass in motion and if anything has volume then it has mass you cannot add a third dimension without adding Mass so therefore light cannot escape a black hole because it is three-dimensional. Think about one-dimensional stringing membranes getting destroyed by a singularity of a black hole while I also theorize that there are two-dimensional black holes and one-dimensional black holes inside of every three-dimensional black hole otherwise nothing would function and nothing would flow because the second dimension is part of the third dimension just as the First Dimension is part of the second dimension... therefore I theorize that we had matter in between 0 and 1 dimensional State these are one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole and emitted out the other side.Well recently i proved that we don't live in a 3+1 system of space-time... It is extremely simple to understand how blackholes, string theory and other logic converges of things come together under one-dimensional string membranes that are destroyed by The Singularity of a black hole and once this happens they are in a state in between 0 and 1 dimensional this creates Dark Matter coming out of black holes and what is considered non baryonic matter. This is the counterforce to the expansion of the universe. We don't we do not live in a 3 + 1 System One of the most important things that I recently came to conclude is that I have came up with a system to prove that we live in an infinite Multiverse. I will state it here and now. So if we follow the logical progression of the spatial Dimensions infinite zero-dimensional existence can stack into any size one dimensional existence and infinite one-dimensional existence can stack into any size two-dimensional existence and infinite two-dimensional existence can stack into any size three-dimensional existence so if we follow this logical progression we can conclude that infinite three-dimensional existence can stack into any size four dimensional existence. This means if we don't live in a 3 + 1 System we should observe the relative state or shape of the universe as flat or compressed in a non evenly distributed matter and basically we should observe a stacked effect of three-dimensional existence which would make a relatively flat universe or at least a universe in a distribution matter that is non spherical and evenly distributed... so because of this we can conclude that we are not the fundamental highest spatial Dimension and that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist and if so then infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence so ultimately this proves a Multiverse. Just remember infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence... this means that because the observed state of the universe is flat or non evenly distributed in a spherical manner then this means there is extra dimensional influence compressing the state making it stack and if a fourth spatial Dimension exists then a infinite Multiverse must exist and the stack ability must exist therefore this observed phenomenon means that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist making a infinite three-dimensional Multiverse the standard Norm... because of this my friends who doubted me are losing and understand that i Am truly the master of the ultraviolet 💜 and green 💚 machine! I will say if we make zero truly zero and we follow what multiplication was supposed to be, which is a simplification of a addition chain 0×1=1 we have assigned value to zero... since multiplication was made to simplify chains of addition and something cannot be deleted or destroyed by nothing then its easy to understand 0×A=A under Terrence Howard's system. There is absolutely no reason why we can't have an additional multiplication table for volumetric calculation of like units... 1gallon×1gallon=2gallons. I totally agree with your sentiment about the fundamental mathematics and that's why I never claimed to get rid of our fundamental mathematical system like Terrance suggest we should and instead I suggest that everything can work together and progress in the field does not come from attacking scientists if you can't work together with the scientists and create your model to be in cooperation with everyone else then it's no surprise that the entire system goes against you like they did in this case against Terrence... cant blame them. Excluding 0 which is nothing in Terrence Howards system. volumetric multiplication of like units=(A×B)+1.... if we make the value of 0 truly nothing like it should be and acknowledge the fact that nothing cannot cancel out something and it requires a negative sum to cancel out a positive sum in volumetric calculation of like units then we don't have to exclude 0... because 0gallons×1gallons=1gallons and not 0 gallons. Nothing cannot cancel something... this is the baseline. The exact opposite goes for Division of like volumetric calculation=(A÷B)-1 and therefore $1÷$1=0. Or 1gallon÷1gallon=0gallons just as multiplication is meant to simplify chains of addition division is made to simplify chains of subtraction...................

[@soulscanner66]

@@PhilFogle Well, yes and no. He's not a particle physicist, he's an astrophysicist. So he didn't know about (or maybe forgot about) WIMPs. But he was very quick to understand the implications of all the problems in astrophysics these could solve, which is why his questions were so good and why the conversation was so lucid. Particle physicists usually think within the box of predicting and measuring particles in their very small detectors. Dr. Freese literally thought outside this box about how to find them on a cosmic scale. She would have had to do a lot of self-educating about astrophysics to pursue this, a very brave undertaking considering this could have been a dead end. Dr. Tyson has the humility to realize what he knows and what he doesn't. Expertise and professionalism is about realizing what you don't know as well as what you do know.

[@randallbesch2424]

@@PhilFogle one cannot know everything. Be willing to say you don't know. I do all of the time.

[@moritzwieding3181]

this format is such a great and enjoyable window into astrophysics!

[@j.j.cheesman7141]

I love Dr. Freese. Neil is usually the no-nonsese one and Chuck is the goofs, but Katherine makes them both look like the trouble maker in class. I appreciate the juxtaposed energy's toward enthusiastic intellectual conversation.

[@tundramusicproduction]

The new format is amazing by the way guys!

[@jimstormcrow]

Chucks excitement is so compelling. Why aren't we all like that more?

[@reluctantme5183]

That was really one of the most compelling and satisfying discussions you and Chuck had with Katherine Freese Thank you Neil and the rest of the staff of Star Talk. 🖖🖖🖖

[@alexandramoutaki215]

I would never miss any of your episodes. Are you guys the number one. Cosmic talk explanations

[@princephrog]

This was so much fun! Professor Freese was absolutely delightful and engaging.

[@XerorMediaNetwork]

Chuck may be a comedian but he is incredibly intelligent and adds a TON to this podcast!

[@LegendaryBrandon1]

Good job Neil's personal comedian!

[@macadelic2492]

Can always count on em to lighten the mood.

[@philipbassett4386]

This is my favorite episode by far. A real cutting edge topic that the rest of the explainers haven’t already explained to death. Dr Freese was a great explainer without dumbing it down too much

[@andrefiliks]

5:30 had me dying, the synchronicity, the camera change the faces, it was all perfect 😂

[@Mr.JeffreyEchala]

😂😂😂

[@AquarianSoulTimeTraveler]

​@@Mr.JeffreyEchalaI would say that dark matter is best Contender is one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole we recently learned that black holes emit non baryonic matter aka Darkmatter... authorized that two-dimensional existence cannot be sucked into a three-dimensional black hole because it has absolutely no mass and therefore it would have no interaction with the black hole and light has mass because of the wave particle duality problem light is literally mass in motion and if anything has volume then it has mass you cannot add a third dimension without adding Mass so therefore light cannot escape a black hole because it is three-dimensional. Think about one-dimensional stringing membranes getting destroyed by a singularity of a black hole while I also theorize that there are two-dimensional black holes and one-dimensional black holes inside of every three-dimensional black hole otherwise nothing would function and nothing would flow because the second dimension is part of the third dimension just as the First Dimension is part of the second dimension... therefore I theorize that we had matter in between 0 and 1 dimensional State these are one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole and emitted out the other side.Well recently i proved that we don't live in a 3+1 system of space-time... It is extremely simple to understand how blackholes, string theory and other logic converges of things come together under one-dimensional string membranes that are destroyed by The Singularity of a black hole and once this happens they are in a state in between 0 and 1 dimensional this creates Dark Matter coming out of black holes and what is considered non baryonic matter. This is the counterforce to the expansion of the universe. We don't we do not live in a 3 + 1 System One of the most important things that I recently came to conclude is that I have came up with a system to prove that we live in an infinite Multiverse. I will state it here and now. So if we follow the logical progression of the spatial Dimensions infinite zero-dimensional existence can stack into any size one dimensional existence and infinite one-dimensional existence can stack into any size two-dimensional existence and infinite two-dimensional existence can stack into any size three-dimensional existence so if we follow this logical progression we can conclude that infinite three-dimensional existence can stack into any size four dimensional existence. This means if we don't live in a 3 + 1 System we should observe the relative state or shape of the universe as flat or compressed in a non evenly distributed matter and basically we should observe a stacked effect of three-dimensional existence which would make a relatively flat universe or at least a universe in a distribution matter that is non spherical and evenly distributed... so because of this we can conclude that we are not the fundamental highest spatial Dimension and that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist and if so then infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence so ultimately this proves a Multiverse. Just remember infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence... this means that because the observed state of the universe is flat or non evenly distributed in a spherical manner then this means there is extra dimensional influence compressing the state making it stack and if a fourth spatial Dimension exists then a infinite Multiverse must exist and the stack ability must exist therefore this observed phenomenon means that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist making a infinite three-dimensional Multiverse the standard Norm... because of this my friends who doubted me are losing and understand that i Am truly the master of the ultraviolet 💜 and green 💚 machine! I will say if we make zero truly zero and we follow what multiplication was supposed to be, which is a simplification of a addition chain 0×1=1 we have assigned value to zero... since multiplication was made to simplify chains of addition and something cannot be deleted or destroyed by nothing then its easy to understand 0×A=A under Terrence Howard's system. There is absolutely no reason why we can't have an additional multiplication table for volumetric calculation of like units... 1gallon×1gallon=2gallons. I totally agree with your sentiment about the fundamental mathematics and that's why I never claimed to get rid of our fundamental mathematical system like Terrance suggest we should and instead I suggest that everything can work together and progress in the field does not come from attacking scientists if you can't work together with the scientists and create your model to be in cooperation with everyone else then it's no surprise that the entire system goes against you like they did in this case against Terrence... cant blame them. Excluding 0 which is nothing in Terrence Howards system. volumetric multiplication of like units=(A×B)+1.... if we make the value of 0 truly nothing like it should be and acknowledge the fact that nothing cannot cancel out something and it requires a negative sum to cancel out a positive sum in volumetric calculation of like units then we don't have to exclude 0... because 0gallons×1gallons=1gallons and not 0 gallons. Nothing cannot cancel something... this is the baseline. The exact opposite goes for Division of like volumetric calculation=(A÷B)-1 and therefore $1÷$1=0. Or 1gallon÷1gallon=0gallons just as multiplication is meant to simplify chains of addition division is made to simplify chains of subtraction..........

[@DeathCrusher_92]

Literally the best thing I've seen them say together hahaha

[@alperry02]

Favorite 😂

[@jeffreyallen2778]

12 minutes in, and Chuck is taking a low-grade beating for electromagnetism. This is one of my favorite channels. This was a fantastic episode.

[@Swdgame]

recent 3 episodes are just banger after banger

[@amitchand1519]

The best way to get your friends to get interested in science is just to send an explainer episode from startalk. Love this content.

[@robertmajewski4486]

Mr. Tyson i am from Poland and talk to friends and : you must wach this great man. :)

[@Matt02341]

“Because the answer is actually monthly “ she is so forgiving and therefore knowledgeable We are lucky 🍀 to have her existing in our time frame

[@katherandefy]

Wow another Katherine. This lady is so openminded in how she converses. Incredibly fast thinker.

[@JackWolf-eb4ol]

The best -- so far -- of many fine discussions I've heard on "Star Talk." Fascinating speculation -- and exciting to hear that more research is being done in this direction, exploring dark stars and black holes.

[@Pepesongo]

I wish Neil would allow the guest to explain things.

[@johnishikawa2200]

Feynman talked about how we " avalanche along " with discoveries , based on our confidence in the correctness of older theories - your " cosmic perspective " at the end of this reminded me of what Feynman said during a lecture . Very poetic , beautiful , and spot on !

[@ScottLuvsRenFaires]

I gotta give a big shout to Chuck Nice! He exemplifies the difference between a 'Jester' and a 'Fool'. A jester was simply an entertainer whose job was to make the king laugh. A Fool's job was to understand the conversation in a way the king may have missed and to point out that mistake. The Fool used humor to do this (in order to save his head) but he was recognized, if only obliquely, as a wise person. Chuck is a very wise Fool. I also want to emphasize that NDT is not the king in this metaphor. We, the viewers, are the king.

[@scottycartercom]

Please make an episode sharing your top 10 books you and your colleagues would recommend to become an astrophysicist!

[@ogungou9]

Yes!

[@ingerasulffs]

To become an astrophysicist go to university. Not sure reading 10 books will do the trick.

[@rwh-v1i]

Fascinating episode. Good to know, there are people like Katherine Freese in this world. Her dedication and persistent to science have yielded amazing breakthroughs and forged new avenues of thinking. A trailblazer whose contributions continue to upend conventional science by actually doing the science!

[@BIayne]

Creationists are going to cherry pick that she said the Big Bang was a myth (but correct), with zero awareness that their Creationist beliefs are myths.

[@jayvincent1865]

They're absolutely aware.. Sooo... Pass the collection plate.. pastor needs a new car..😂

[@robertmajewski4486]

Richard Dawkins is the best for myth :)

[@mattorr2256]

@@robertmajewski4486Dawkins bases everything he believes in with proven scientific facts backed up with empirical evidence. He rejects anything like myths or anything myth-like.

[@2l84t]

@@robertmajewski4486 Thought that was the Pope.

[@mattorr2256]

Ironic isn’t it. It’s very annoying but they have dug their heels in and cannot imagine believing in anything else. No amount of clear cut evidence refuting their beliefs matters. They will deny reality in the face if facts to the day they die. They have decided to remain ignorant and naive to the reality of existence. It is the type of belief system that is beyond anything I can make sense of because their belief in the absence of evidence seems impossible to me.

[@madworld7989]

More of her please!!!

[@BahadirAcar]

Neil said opening title was "Going dark" and in my mind I expected Chuck to go "Once you go dark you never go light" xD

[@rahmoxworld]

I'm sure he thought about it but it may not be well received 😅

[@AquarianSoulTimeTraveler]

​@@rahmoxworldI would say that dark matter is best Contender is one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole we recently learned that black holes emit non baryonic matter aka Darkmatter... authorized that two-dimensional existence cannot be sucked into a three-dimensional black hole because it has absolutely no mass and therefore it would have no interaction with the black hole and light has mass because of the wave particle duality problem light is literally mass in motion and if anything has volume then it has mass you cannot add a third dimension without adding Mass so therefore light cannot escape a black hole because it is three-dimensional. Think about one-dimensional stringing membranes getting destroyed by a singularity of a black hole while I also theorize that there are two-dimensional black holes and one-dimensional black holes inside of every three-dimensional black hole otherwise nothing would function and nothing would flow because the second dimension is part of the third dimension just as the First Dimension is part of the second dimension... therefore I theorize that we had matter in between 0 and 1 dimensional State these are one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole and emitted out the other side.Well recently i proved that we don't live in a 3+1 system of space-time... It is extremely simple to understand how blackholes, string theory and other logic converges of things come together under one-dimensional string membranes that are destroyed by The Singularity of a black hole and once this happens they are in a state in between 0 and 1 dimensional this creates Dark Matter coming out of black holes and what is considered non baryonic matter. This is the counterforce to the expansion of the universe. We don't we do not live in a 3 + 1 System One of the most important things that I recently came to conclude is that I have came up with a system to prove that we live in an infinite Multiverse. I will state it here and now. So if we follow the logical progression of the spatial Dimensions infinite zero-dimensional existence can stack into any size one dimensional existence and infinite one-dimensional existence can stack into any size two-dimensional existence and infinite two-dimensional existence can stack into any size three-dimensional existence so if we follow this logical progression we can conclude that infinite three-dimensional existence can stack into any size four dimensional existence. This means if we don't live in a 3 + 1 System we should observe the relative state or shape of the universe as flat or compressed in a non evenly distributed matter and basically we should observe a stacked effect of three-dimensional existence which would make a relatively flat universe or at least a universe in a distribution matter that is non spherical and evenly distributed... so because of this we can conclude that we are not the fundamental highest spatial Dimension and that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist and if so then infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence so ultimately this proves a Multiverse. Just remember infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence... this means that because the observed state of the universe is flat or non evenly distributed in a spherical manner then this means there is extra dimensional influence compressing the state making it stack and if a fourth spatial Dimension exists then a infinite Multiverse must exist and the stack ability must exist therefore this observed phenomenon means that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist making a infinite three-dimensional Multiverse the standard Norm... because of this my friends who doubted me are losing and understand that i Am truly the master of the ultraviolet 💜 and green 💚 machine! I will say if we make zero truly zero and we follow what multiplication was supposed to be, which is a simplification of a addition chain 0×1=1 we have assigned value to zero... since multiplication was made to simplify chains of addition and something cannot be deleted or destroyed by nothing then its easy to understand 0×A=A under Terrence Howard's system. There is absolutely no reason why we can't have an additional multiplication table for volumetric calculation of like units... 1gallon×1gallon=2gallons. I totally agree with your sentiment about the fundamental mathematics and that's why I never claimed to get rid of our fundamental mathematical system like Terrance suggest we should and instead I suggest that everything can work together and progress in the field does not come from attacking scientists if you can't work together with the scientists and create your model to be in cooperation with everyone else then it's no surprise that the entire system goes against you like they did in this case against Terrence... cant blame them. Excluding 0 which is nothing in Terrence Howards system. volumetric multiplication of like units=(A×B)+1.... if we make the value of 0 truly nothing like it should be and acknowledge the fact that nothing cannot cancel out something and it requires a negative sum to cancel out a positive sum in volumetric calculation of like units then we don't have to exclude 0... because 0gallons×1gallons=1gallons and not 0 gallons. Nothing cannot cancel something... this is the baseline. The exact opposite goes for Division of like volumetric calculation=(A÷B)-1 and therefore $1÷$1=0. Or 1gallon÷1gallon=0gallons just as multiplication is meant to simplify chains of addition division is made to simplify chains of subtraction.................

[@caseyrayharris.esquire489]

The ending segment where Neil wraps it up just one on one with the camera is divine, love ya Neil!

[@Cioper]

5:30 Nice synchronicity. 😁

[@discopants68]

I was just about to clip that

[@captainyeehawe]

What a treat to have guests that are leading research in these areas! I'm impressed by how Katherine is able to convey herself in a way that anyone understand. Great episode!

[@MrFester63]

Awesome episode!! Mind properly blown!!🤯😃

[@HereBeDragonsYT]

Fascinating. Truly. I got interested in physics when I read a book called "The God Particle" by Dr. Leon Lederman, back in the 90s. It was about the Higgs Boson, and particle physics in general. Amazing to have a veteran of Fermilab as a guest, with such interesting topics. Dr. Lederman was a Nobel Laureate and the Director of Fermilab for many years. He was also a very funny man. I highly recommend his books.

[@silvershadow013]

I was lucky enough to attend a lecture he gave about the history of partcle physics. He was funny, engaging and exceedingly intelligent. His first slide was a hand drawn map that looked like a neighborhood with a burger king, food store, local streets and houses (drawn like a non artist would draw it). It was amazing! That's how he showed the road to the particles.

[@shawns0762]

That was one of my favorite physics books as well. Here is my theory for dark matter - The fundamental phenomenon of dilation explains galaxy rotation curves. Mass that is dilated is smeared through spacetime relative to an outside observer. It's the phenomenon behind the phrase "mass becomes infinite at the speed of light". A graph illustrates its squared nature, dilation increases at an exponential rate the closer you get to the speed of light. A time dilation graph illustrates the same phenomenon, it's not just time that gets dilated. Dilation will occur wherever there is an astronomical quantity of mass because high mass means high momentum. This includes the centers of very high mass stars and the overwhelming majority of galaxy centers. The mass at the center of our own galaxy is dilated. This means that there is no valid XYZ coordinate we can attribute to it, you can't point your finger at something that is smeared through spacetime. In other words that mass is all around us. Dilation does not occur in galaxies with low mass centers because they do not have enough mass to achieve relativistic velocities. It has been confirmed in 6 very low mass galaxies including NGC 1052-DF2 and DF4 to have no dark matter, in other words they have normal rotation rates. All binary stars have normal rotation rates for the same reason.

[@CPGurchGurch-ki8xw]

Does dark matter interact with itself? Hmmm..... This female rockstar astrophysicist says YES! Let's listen!

[@AquarianSoulTimeTraveler]

I would say that dark matter is best Contender is one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole we recently learned that black holes emit non baryonic matter aka Darkmatter... authorized that two-dimensional existence cannot be sucked into a three-dimensional black hole because it has absolutely no mass and therefore it would have no interaction with the black hole and light has mass because of the wave particle duality problem light is literally mass in motion and if anything has volume then it has mass you cannot add a third dimension without adding Mass so therefore light cannot escape a black hole because it is three-dimensional. Think about one-dimensional stringing membranes getting destroyed by a singularity of a black hole while I also theorize that there are two-dimensional black holes and one-dimensional black holes inside of every three-dimensional black hole otherwise nothing would function and nothing would flow because the second dimension is part of the third dimension just as the First Dimension is part of the second dimension... therefore I theorize that we had matter in between 0 and 1 dimensional State these are one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole and emitted out the other side.Well recently i proved that we don't live in a 3+1 system of space-time... It is extremely simple to understand how blackholes, string theory and other logic converges of things come together under one-dimensional string membranes that are destroyed by The Singularity of a black hole and once this happens they are in a state in between 0 and 1 dimensional this creates Dark Matter coming out of black holes and what is considered non baryonic matter. This is the counterforce to the expansion of the universe. We don't we do not live in a 3 + 1 System One of the most important things that I recently came to conclude is that I have came up with a system to prove that we live in an infinite Multiverse. I will state it here and now. So if we follow the logical progression of the spatial Dimensions infinite zero-dimensional existence can stack into any size one dimensional existence and infinite one-dimensional existence can stack into any size two-dimensional existence and infinite two-dimensional existence can stack into any size three-dimensional existence so if we follow this logical progression we can conclude that infinite three-dimensional existence can stack into any size four dimensional existence. This means if we don't live in a 3 + 1 System we should observe the relative state or shape of the universe as flat or compressed in a non evenly distributed matter and basically we should observe a stacked effect of three-dimensional existence which would make a relatively flat universe or at least a universe in a distribution matter that is non spherical and evenly distributed... so because of this we can conclude that we are not the fundamental highest spatial Dimension and that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist and if so then infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence so ultimately this proves a Multiverse. Just remember infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence... this means that because the observed state of the universe is flat or non evenly distributed in a spherical manner then this means there is extra dimensional influence compressing the state making it stack and if a fourth spatial Dimension exists then a infinite Multiverse must exist and the stack ability must exist therefore this observed phenomenon means that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist making a infinite three-dimensional Multiverse the standard Norm... because of this my friends who doubted me are losing and understand that i Am truly the master of the ultraviolet 💜 and green 💚 machine! I will say if we make zero truly zero and we follow what multiplication was supposed to be, which is a simplification of a addition chain 0×1=1 we have assigned value to zero... since multiplication was made to simplify chains of addition and something cannot be deleted or destroyed by nothing then its easy to understand 0×A=A under Terrence Howard's system. There is absolutely no reason why we can't have an additional multiplication table for volumetric calculation of like units... 1gallon×1gallon=2gallons. I totally agree with your sentiment about the fundamental mathematics and that's why I never claimed to get rid of our fundamental mathematical system like Terrance suggest we should and instead I suggest that everything can work together and progress in the field does not come from attacking scientists if you can't work together with the scientists and create your model to be in cooperation with everyone else then it's no surprise that the entire system goes against you like they did in this case against Terrence... cant blame them. Excluding 0 which is nothing in Terrence Howards system. volumetric multiplication of like units=(A×B)+1.... if we make the value of 0 truly nothing like it should be and acknowledge the fact that nothing cannot cancel out something and it requires a negative sum to cancel out a positive sum in volumetric calculation of like units then we don't have to exclude 0... because 0gallons×1gallons=1gallons and not 0 gallons. Nothing cannot cancel something... this is the baseline. The exact opposite goes for Division of like volumetric calculation=(A÷B)-1 and therefore $1÷$1=0. Or 1gallon÷1gallon=0gallons just as multiplication is meant to simplify chains of addition division is made to simplify chains of subtraction...........

[@SerpentShark13927]

@@AquarianSoulTimeTravelerOk, AquarianSoulTimeTraveler 🗿

[@shawnsimmons1308]

Chuck, your my personal scientifically literate comedian who provides just the right amount of levity to these deep and profound discussions. Please don’t sell yourself short, Lord Nice!!

[@tj_enju]

whats og... and the reply... that whole thing was perfect..pls just perfection... dnt change that... ok now back to the show

[@jimmytimmy3680]

Cringe

[@ALotOfCancer]

​@@jimmytimmy3680if everything is cringe, then nothing is cringe

[@AquarianSoulTimeTraveler]

​@@jimmytimmy3680I would say that dark matter is best Contender is one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole we recently learned that black holes emit non baryonic matter aka Darkmatter... authorized that two-dimensional existence cannot be sucked into a three-dimensional black hole because it has absolutely no mass and therefore it would have no interaction with the black hole and light has mass because of the wave particle duality problem light is literally mass in motion and if anything has volume then it has mass you cannot add a third dimension without adding Mass so therefore light cannot escape a black hole because it is three-dimensional. Think about one-dimensional stringing membranes getting destroyed by a singularity of a black hole while I also theorize that there are two-dimensional black holes and one-dimensional black holes inside of every three-dimensional black hole otherwise nothing would function and nothing would flow because the second dimension is part of the third dimension just as the First Dimension is part of the second dimension... therefore I theorize that we had matter in between 0 and 1 dimensional State these are one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole and emitted out the other side.Well recently i proved that we don't live in a 3+1 system of space-time... It is extremely simple to understand how blackholes, string theory and other logic converges of things come together under one-dimensional string membranes that are destroyed by The Singularity of a black hole and once this happens they are in a state in between 0 and 1 dimensional this creates Dark Matter coming out of black holes and what is considered non baryonic matter. This is the counterforce to the expansion of the universe. We don't we do not live in a 3 + 1 System One of the most important things that I recently came to conclude is that I have came up with a system to prove that we live in an infinite Multiverse. I will state it here and now. So if we follow the logical progression of the spatial Dimensions infinite zero-dimensional existence can stack into any size one dimensional existence and infinite one-dimensional existence can stack into any size two-dimensional existence and infinite two-dimensional existence can stack into any size three-dimensional existence so if we follow this logical progression we can conclude that infinite three-dimensional existence can stack into any size four dimensional existence. This means if we don't live in a 3 + 1 System we should observe the relative state or shape of the universe as flat or compressed in a non evenly distributed matter and basically we should observe a stacked effect of three-dimensional existence which would make a relatively flat universe or at least a universe in a distribution matter that is non spherical and evenly distributed... so because of this we can conclude that we are not the fundamental highest spatial Dimension and that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist and if so then infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence so ultimately this proves a Multiverse. Just remember infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence... this means that because the observed state of the universe is flat or non evenly distributed in a spherical manner then this means there is extra dimensional influence compressing the state making it stack and if a fourth spatial Dimension exists then a infinite Multiverse must exist and the stack ability must exist therefore this observed phenomenon means that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist making a infinite three-dimensional Multiverse the standard Norm... because of this my friends who doubted me are losing and understand that i Am truly the master of the ultraviolet 💜 and green 💚 machine! I will say if we make zero truly zero and we follow what multiplication was supposed to be, which is a simplification of a addition chain 0×1=1 we have assigned value to zero... since multiplication was made to simplify chains of addition and something cannot be deleted or destroyed by nothing then its easy to understand 0×A=A under Terrence Howard's system. There is absolutely no reason why we can't have an additional multiplication table for volumetric calculation of like units... 1gallon×1gallon=2gallons. I totally agree with your sentiment about the fundamental mathematics and that's why I never claimed to get rid of our fundamental mathematical system like Terrance suggest we should and instead I suggest that everything can work together and progress in the field does not come from attacking scientists if you can't work together with the scientists and create your model to be in cooperation with everyone else then it's no surprise that the entire system goes against you like they did in this case against Terrence... cant blame them. Excluding 0 which is nothing in Terrence Howards system. volumetric multiplication of like units=(A×B)+1.... if we make the value of 0 truly nothing like it should be and acknowledge the fact that nothing cannot cancel out something and it requires a negative sum to cancel out a positive sum in volumetric calculation of like units then we don't have to exclude 0... because 0gallons×1gallons=1gallons and not 0 gallons. Nothing cannot cancel something... this is the baseline. The exact opposite goes for Division of like volumetric calculation=(A÷B)-1 and therefore $1÷$1=0. Or 1gallon÷1gallon=0gallons just as multiplication is meant to simplify chains of addition division is made to simplify chains of subtraction........................

[@humanform5354]

I have to say, this was an absolutely exquisite episode from start to finish...

[@shrinidhijoshi595]

Wow I have never been this early ❤ Btw her not knowing OG was hilarious ✨🤗 such an intelligent charming woman

[@robertmajewski4486]

You are better :)

[@daveywavey8143]

I love when a seemingly out there idea endures rigorous criticism and emerges even stronger. I’m grateful for the people who counter it with their own ideas and end up helping it become more valid through further research.

[@topspacesource]

She didn't know what OG meant..😆. Great show

[@casjean8904]

i didn't either. 🥴

[@selvmordspilot]

I've known about Neil and startalk for years. I can't believe I haven't checked it out before. Really fantastic hosts, guests and topics!

[@13limubai]

Chuck your honorary PHD in Astrophysics.

[@leroyfli]

Dr Tyson constant messaging and explanation of our universe is both fascinating and enjoyable at every step of the way. Thank you for everything that you do. Please continue your great work. At some point I wish to be able to meet you. You're one of the few people on my bucket list

[@cliffkaiburton]

video was just released and im here😈

[@michaelccopelandsr7120]

As it should be! ;-P

[@ashleyobrien4937]

@@michaelccopelandsr7120 yes ! not at work, not at school, HERE ! as it should be !

[@johndoyle2347]

Some fundamental mathematics for your consideration: ASA: consider dark matter. SSA: nuclear physics. (Things getting more gravitational and less stable.) SAS: degenerating matter. SSS: a Big Bounce event. (From methods for proving triangle congruency.)

[@johndoyle2347]

How do the four fundamental forces line up with this order that I've laid out? Weak, strong, electromagnetic, and gravity? While the four fundamental forces are valid, I prefer to normally think in terms of matter being compressed to create a repulsive force and matter being stretched to create gravity, conforming to the recursive definition of Euler's Identity.

[@bluewizard420]

I think you should let the guest talk more and get their points across, you are jumping the gun to keep it entertaining and I get that but we are not learning.

[@jasondiasauthorpage615]

Just to add to the love for Chuck. thanks for continually letting the air out and keeping this whole thing grounded.

[@myteric117]

If 85% of particles are in the 'dark' category, I don't think they qualify as 'exotic'.

[@pdxmusl1510]

Exotic term is more to represent our understanding. It means they don't behave similarly to the common ones we are frequently exposed to. Its not a reference to there abundance or importance. Well. Importance to us.

[@kellyrobinson1780]

That kinda tugged at my brain, too. The previous post pretty much says it. We call the stuff we can see and hear and touch and taste and smell "normal" matter, just because we encounter it every moment. Shucks, we're MADE of it, right? So to us, that's "normal", never mind that there's LOTS more "exotic" matter in the universe, and that's what holds it all together. ¯⁠\⁠_⁠(⁠ツ⁠)⁠_⁠/⁠¯

[@super-kami-guru]

Just think of "exotic" as a placeholder term for all the things we can't currently describe in any detail.

[@packjehan9783]

The matter we can see and feel are the exotic matter in the universe

[@pablopoo]

@@packjehan9783as genesis song says (the band): “We all agree as far as we can see”

[@jeremyholbrook2094]

Emmy Award for the ending 👏 The song set the mood perfectly. The tone of your voice, art !!

[@abhimanayu123]

Great discussion 👌

[@weebo1926]

Katherine is an amazing person I can't wait for another episode with her!

[@shmielyehuda6788]

We need nutty astrophysicists. If not, we need astrophysicists with comedic sidekicks.

[@Sweeti924]

😆

[@michaelccopelandsr7120]

"Pinky and the Brain." Or, "Chucky and the Brain." ;-P

[@satanicmicrochipv5656]

Dr. Jigglitalittlitllopen. .

[@AquarianSoulTimeTraveler]

​@@satanicmicrochipv5656I would say that dark matter is best Contender is one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole we recently learned that black holes emit non baryonic matter aka Darkmatter... authorized that two-dimensional existence cannot be sucked into a three-dimensional black hole because it has absolutely no mass and therefore it would have no interaction with the black hole and light has mass because of the wave particle duality problem light is literally mass in motion and if anything has volume then it has mass you cannot add a third dimension without adding Mass so therefore light cannot escape a black hole because it is three-dimensional. Think about one-dimensional stringing membranes getting destroyed by a singularity of a black hole while I also theorize that there are two-dimensional black holes and one-dimensional black holes inside of every three-dimensional black hole otherwise nothing would function and nothing would flow because the second dimension is part of the third dimension just as the First Dimension is part of the second dimension... therefore I theorize that we had matter in between 0 and 1 dimensional State these are one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole and emitted out the other side.Well recently i proved that we don't live in a 3+1 system of space-time... It is extremely simple to understand how blackholes, string theory and other logic converges of things come together under one-dimensional string membranes that are destroyed by The Singularity of a black hole and once this happens they are in a state in between 0 and 1 dimensional this creates Dark Matter coming out of black holes and what is considered non baryonic matter. This is the counterforce to the expansion of the universe. We don't we do not live in a 3 + 1 System One of the most important things that I recently came to conclude is that I have came up with a system to prove that we live in an infinite Multiverse. I will state it here and now. So if we follow the logical progression of the spatial Dimensions infinite zero-dimensional existence can stack into any size one dimensional existence and infinite one-dimensional existence can stack into any size two-dimensional existence and infinite two-dimensional existence can stack into any size three-dimensional existence so if we follow this logical progression we can conclude that infinite three-dimensional existence can stack into any size four dimensional existence. This means if we don't live in a 3 + 1 System we should observe the relative state or shape of the universe as flat or compressed in a non evenly distributed matter and basically we should observe a stacked effect of three-dimensional existence which would make a relatively flat universe or at least a universe in a distribution matter that is non spherical and evenly distributed... so because of this we can conclude that we are not the fundamental highest spatial Dimension and that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist and if so then infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence so ultimately this proves a Multiverse. Just remember infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence... this means that because the observed state of the universe is flat or non evenly distributed in a spherical manner then this means there is extra dimensional influence compressing the state making it stack and if a fourth spatial Dimension exists then a infinite Multiverse must exist and the stack ability must exist therefore this observed phenomenon means that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist making a infinite three-dimensional Multiverse the standard Norm... because of this my friends who doubted me are losing and understand that i Am truly the master of the ultraviolet 💜 and green 💚 machine! I will say if we make zero truly zero and we follow what multiplication was supposed to be, which is a simplification of a addition chain 0×1=1 we have assigned value to zero... since multiplication was made to simplify chains of addition and something cannot be deleted or destroyed by nothing then its easy to understand 0×A=A under Terrence Howard's system. There is absolutely no reason why we can't have an additional multiplication table for volumetric calculation of like units... 1gallon×1gallon=2gallons. I totally agree with your sentiment about the fundamental mathematics and that's why I never claimed to get rid of our fundamental mathematical system like Terrance suggest we should and instead I suggest that everything can work together and progress in the field does not come from attacking scientists if you can't work together with the scientists and create your model to be in cooperation with everyone else then it's no surprise that the entire system goes against you like they did in this case against Terrence... cant blame them. Excluding 0 which is nothing in Terrence Howards system. volumetric multiplication of like units=(A×B)+1.... if we make the value of 0 truly nothing like it should be and acknowledge the fact that nothing cannot cancel out something and it requires a negative sum to cancel out a positive sum in volumetric calculation of like units then we don't have to exclude 0... because 0gallons×1gallons=1gallons and not 0 gallons. Nothing cannot cancel something... this is the baseline. The exact opposite goes for Division of like volumetric calculation=(A÷B)-1 and therefore $1÷$1=0. Or 1gallon÷1gallon=0gallons just as multiplication is meant to simplify chains of addition division is made to simplify chains of subtraction.........

[@wite6509]

Chuck "The Comedian" asks great questions and adds excellent commentaries. I'm sure he actually knows and understands more physics than 98% of the population :)

[@TiptronicSS]

"A good source of job security" 😂😂😂

[@sierramist446]

This video came up automatically and I figured I’d listen in on the topic. Next thing I know-it’s ending already! Such an engaging podcast. I hope to see more of this great work ❤

[@kellyrobinson1780]

Once a month, these particles impact one of your nuclei. They strike you. Because once a month, they get irritable.

[@mattorr2256]

Good one…

[@ashleyobrien4937]

some of them go absolutely INSANE.....haha..

[@kellyrobinson1780]

​@@ashleyobrien4937That's Particle Madness Syndrome.

[@13limubai]

They get irritated and go out of their way to smack you.

[@AquarianSoulTimeTraveler]

I would say that dark matter is best Contender is one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole we recently learned that black holes emit non baryonic matter aka Darkmatter... authorized that two-dimensional existence cannot be sucked into a three-dimensional black hole because it has absolutely no mass and therefore it would have no interaction with the black hole and light has mass because of the wave particle duality problem light is literally mass in motion and if anything has volume then it has mass you cannot add a third dimension without adding Mass so therefore light cannot escape a black hole because it is three-dimensional. Think about one-dimensional stringing membranes getting destroyed by a singularity of a black hole while I also theorize that there are two-dimensional black holes and one-dimensional black holes inside of every three-dimensional black hole otherwise nothing would function and nothing would flow because the second dimension is part of the third dimension just as the First Dimension is part of the second dimension... therefore I theorize that we had matter in between 0 and 1 dimensional State these are one-dimensional string membranes that get destroyed by a singularity of a black hole and emitted out the other side.Well recently i proved that we don't live in a 3+1 system of space-time... It is extremely simple to understand how blackholes, string theory and other logic converges of things come together under one-dimensional string membranes that are destroyed by The Singularity of a black hole and once this happens they are in a state in between 0 and 1 dimensional this creates Dark Matter coming out of black holes and what is considered non baryonic matter. This is the counterforce to the expansion of the universe. We don't we do not live in a 3 + 1 System One of the most important things that I recently came to conclude is that I have came up with a system to prove that we live in an infinite Multiverse. I will state it here and now. So if we follow the logical progression of the spatial Dimensions infinite zero-dimensional existence can stack into any size one dimensional existence and infinite one-dimensional existence can stack into any size two-dimensional existence and infinite two-dimensional existence can stack into any size three-dimensional existence so if we follow this logical progression we can conclude that infinite three-dimensional existence can stack into any size four dimensional existence. This means if we don't live in a 3 + 1 System we should observe the relative state or shape of the universe as flat or compressed in a non evenly distributed matter and basically we should observe a stacked effect of three-dimensional existence which would make a relatively flat universe or at least a universe in a distribution matter that is non spherical and evenly distributed... so because of this we can conclude that we are not the fundamental highest spatial Dimension and that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist and if so then infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence so ultimately this proves a Multiverse. Just remember infinite three-dimensional Universal potentiality can stack into any size four dimensional existence... this means that because the observed state of the universe is flat or non evenly distributed in a spherical manner then this means there is extra dimensional influence compressing the state making it stack and if a fourth spatial Dimension exists then a infinite Multiverse must exist and the stack ability must exist therefore this observed phenomenon means that a fourth spatial Dimension must exist making a infinite three-dimensional Multiverse the standard Norm... because of this my friends who doubted me are losing and understand that i Am truly the master of the ultraviolet 💜 and green 💚 machine! I will say if we make zero truly zero and we follow what multiplication was supposed to be, which is a simplification of a addition chain 0×1=1 we have assigned value to zero... since multiplication was made to simplify chains of addition and something cannot be deleted or destroyed by nothing then its easy to understand 0×A=A under Terrence Howard's system. There is absolutely no reason why we can't have an additional multiplication table for volumetric calculation of like units... 1gallon×1gallon=2gallons. I totally agree with your sentiment about the fundamental mathematics and that's why I never claimed to get rid of our fundamental mathematical system like Terrance suggest we should and instead I suggest that everything can work together and progress in the field does not come from attacking scientists if you can't work together with the scientists and create your model to be in cooperation with everyone else then it's no surprise that the entire system goes against you like they did in this case against Terrence... cant blame them. Excluding 0 which is nothing in Terrence Howards system. volumetric multiplication of like units=(A×B)+1.... if we make the value of 0 truly nothing like it should be and acknowledge the fact that nothing cannot cancel out something and it requires a negative sum to cancel out a positive sum in volumetric calculation of like units then we don't have to exclude 0... because 0gallons×1gallons=1gallons and not 0 gallons. Nothing cannot cancel something... this is the baseline. The exact opposite goes for Division of like volumetric calculation=(A÷B)-1 and therefore $1÷$1=0. Or 1gallon÷1gallon=0gallons just as multiplication is meant to simplify chains of addition division is made to simplify chains of subtraction.............

[@ronny64bs]

Dr. Freese's way of talking is so attractive it even makes Neil and Chuck go silent

[@ericdanielski4802]

Nice video.

[@mirkobeyer419]

Wow this was a great Episode. Thank you for bringing Katherine into the Show! Ty Katherine for your mindblowing Input

[@CPGurchGurch-ki8xw]

Hi!

[@cliffkaiburton]

hi!!!

[@TheWhenFiles.]

Hi

[@vincentzimmerman2011]

This is a damned great episode!!! Please, Neil, have Katherine Freese back as a guest!!

[@nerdpanel]

Wow I am really early today, that’s crazy.

[@mikeuk666]

Cringe

[@TwistedStitchesShow]

I love listening to these podcasts. I’m just a regular schmegular old gal that doesn’t really understand all this stuff, but I’m fascinated not only at the stuff but the super intelligent people that can think of these things. (I’m a hands on learner so theory is very difficult for me). Only reason I did so well in nursing school was because all the book stuff I actually practiced and used!! Please don’t ever stop making these podcasts. I’m definitely a listener for (the rest of my life!). ☺️

[@t45kb4r]

Chuck's first 'joke' clearly indicates he secretly watches Sabine Hossenfelder's videos.

[@vincentzimmerman2011]

Sabine Hossenfelder has great videos. So does Dr. Becky Smethurst. You can't go wrong with them.

[@Lerxsty2112]

Mind blown. Chuck, how do you keep up with these people? Impressive!

[@BonusEggs4Sale]

Dark matter is the Dark Souls of dark

[@mattorr2256]

Souls have not been proven to exist in the physical world. So a big “No” to this comment

[@alphatrope]

Freese was amazing. This is one of the better episodes in terms of learning about something of which I had no clear understanding.

[@geoffking6525]

When was science only done by men? 9:05 You only need a quick google to find a long list of female scientists, including physicists, going back as far as the 16th century. Granted it may not have been as equal as today, but to say it was "only men" is to once again forget the women in history. Many of whom gave us our greatest discoveries.

[@LW1Tok]

Facts. That was definitely an unnecessary dig to make.

[@TheTaiylorWallace]

I didn't know the supermassive black hole question finally had a possible answer! That blew my mind! And for Chuck and especially Neil to be just as mindblown, that tells me how incredible Dr. Freese's research (et al) is.

[@zackerymeltonturdle5648]

Guess I'm not listening to my morning music anymore

[@vanzuijlenlaurens]

Neil, this was an outstanding episode with to me new ideas; i would love to hear more of this subject; so the ultimate question for me would be; where does the WIMP's in the dark stars come from?

[@samgod]

It's unfortunate and heartbreaking that our culture values ditzy socialites over such a seasoned, experienced woman who's earned more respect than all influencers combined.

[@JsvwvHJjw]

You all have filled my heart with joy. Thank you for your kind words!

[@ougrouktejakar5189]

Dark Star, scary sci-fi game feel

[@CPGurchGurch-ki8xw]

🤩

[@BonusEggs4Sale]

It's a Dan O'Bannon movie

[@kbrizy7490]

Love hearing Neil contribute in a way of not already knowing everything. This was very fun.

[@randallbesch2424]

You can't know everything about everything. The more we learn the less we know.

[@corncobjohnsonreal]

This woman is amazing, a first for the show!

[@stateofmind2668]

Why is it your agenda neil to bring me nearly to tears each time at the end of these videos. Keep looking up ! 😭😭😭

[@umanggada8684]

Loved this video. Katie was an amazing guest.

[@umanggada8684]

I wonder if there was a dead universe before and the matter from that universe is what is dark matter now. Maybe eventually particles become weakly interacting with everything else over eons of time and who knows if they become massive particles due to that.

[@filizozdogan5374]

One of the best episodes! Waiting to see how Dr Freese will sneak you in the Nobel Ceremony

[@davidanderson4091]

What a fascinating person Dr Freese is to listen to.

[@davidt-o3m]

great guest and conversation

[@stopbunsen]

I hope they bring her back for another video. All this insight into dark matter is blowing my mind. She knows her stuff.

Katie needs to be invited again sometime in the future. This is interesting and deserves more cosmic love. 🙄😊