What if the Sun EXPLODED?

[@DruSolis]

"The volume of your body ... is more than enough." I felt that was the affirmation I've been waiting to hear all these years - only to realize it was about being destroyed in a fictional supernova neutrino blast.

[@mithrildragonlh]

Not sure if Kyle is calling us fat o.0

[@moreparrotsmoredereks2275]

@@mithrildragonlh Given the obesity rates in the countries where most of his viewers are from, statistically speaking he's not wrong.

[@iainballas]

@Juan Arroyo González Perhaps if we started with less Hydrogen, we could live longer, if less brightly.

[@zengarou]

All people are equal... when being vaporized by neutrinos.

[@skylx0812]

Maybe the people in north America could jump up and down all at once to shift the earth.

[@O62Skyshard]

"What if our star did go supernova? What would happen to us? We'd all die. Because Science." ~outro plays~

[@cultofeyes7260]

We all dieing anyways

[@cultofeyes7260]

@@MatthewWatches oh you beat me to it

[@skylx0812]

Oh just watch, I'll end up being the empath the Vians whisk away to test if humanity is worth saving or not. ...put your hand in the hand of the sistah from Gallifrey.

[@gunwantiramchandani5431]

That's the emo answer. But optimistically/hopelessly we would think how to survive. This video is just the previous step to finding a way.

[@sheikranl3949]

@@gunwantiramchandani5431 to be honest, it takes another estimated 5 billion years before it expands. If we haven't been wiped out by then, we would have unlimited resources, possibly expand in the 4th or maybe even the 5th dimension and have unlocked interstellar travel, as well as have a lot of colonies on other planets. By that time, the sun will be relatively unimportant and we either sustain its life mechanically, or we will be able to make it die out without it burning us alive and then replace it with another, mechanically created sun.

[@georgedeng8646]

"The sun is a deadly laser."

[@sephirothbahamut245]

we can make a religion out of this

[@thesageofgames1871]

A deadly omnidirectional laser

[@OTNAYITPES]

You watched "the history of entire world i guess" didn't you??? Edit : not anymore, there's a blanket

[@Yora21]

@@OTNAYITPES Not after a supernova.

[@sephirothbahamut245]

@@thesageofgames1871 watch "The history of the entire world, i guess" to understand the reference

[@Seansfishingtales]

Super nova: “My neutrinos will blot out the sun!” Earth: “Then we die in the shade”

[@justocho9090]

Ross Co awesome reference

[@IamnotJohnFord]

I hoping you'll get 300 likes.

[@p7outdoors297]

I love it

[@StuartB138]

“Neutrino Flux” - a great DJ name.

[@infrakazos]

420th like

[@telune]

The "weakly interacting whimper" made my day 😂

[@frybelcher]

Write a book! Call it "the things that keep me up at night".

[@thomasboys7216]

Oh, no need for a book, just subscribe to Kurzgesagt's channel.

[@scottmantooth8785]

*AND charge 100 BILLION DOLLARS FOR IT!!!!*

[@paulwalsh2344]

I have a feeling that such a book would be way way WAY TOO LONG !

[@Gh0st4rt1st]

Lmao watch Kurzgesagt yt channel for good dosage of stuff that will keep ye up at night 😂

[@xw.powerhouse1]

Nah, call It the mallicularer comucularalities of qynzienties in witch producing z waves of the super nova, that's more accurate my fwend

[@robertroettgen8100]

Kyle: ''Not with a bang, but with a weakly interacting wimper'' Me: heh...wimper, because a neutrino is a WIMP (weakly interacting massive particle) heh...

[@sleepingbackbone7581]

Neeeerd!😄😄👍

[@Kr0noZ]

I had that exact same thought xD

[@metanumia]

Great observation, that's hilarious and creative! :)

[@bernat_CustardCream]

The neutrino could be a product of the annihilation of the hypothetical WIMPs (a candidate to dark matter) but these are supposed to be another kind of particles (maybe supersymmetric particles), not neutrinos, as he stated at the start, they're not massive compared to anything with mass, they're thousands of times lighter than electrons (which are 511 keV).

[@robertroettgen8100]

@@bernat_CustardCream massive meaning they have mass. not their size. neutrinos themselves are WIMPS as they are exactly that. particles with mass that weakly interact with matter.

[@willb5658]

I can't believe I heard Kyle say "Dummy thicc." 2020 is WILD.

[@mrksaccount123]

Will B yes, it is

[@evaluator8906]

@@mrksaccount123 Yes, it was

[@AlexandriAce]

"I've never said tredecillion before." *Laughs in Cookie Clicker*

[@elipseplays3579]

Laughs in Miners Haven. 😳

[@FutureMan420Blazer]

*Laughs in Adventure Capitalist* on steam

[@ImmortuiRex74]

@@FutureMan420Blazer found that game on kongregate. Ended up playing it there, on steam, and mobile. Good game but highly addicting. Learned a lot of numbers.

[@ignathiel]

@5:30 Kyle: "it's indescribably small!" Also Kyle: *shows a number to describe it*

[@wonger6684]

Carbon Monoxide: I’m the deadliest silent killer. Neutrinos: Hold my beer

[@MusicFangTeaLover]

Thanos: hold my throne

[@shannelowe183]

Oxygen is actually the deadliest gas.

[@YounesLayachi]

@@shannelowe183 fluorine :)))

[@YounesLayachi]

F in the chat

[@creamer_merchant6531]

@@shannelowe183 okay?

[@robspiess]

@10:25 I haven't seen a more perfect equation since the volume of a pizza with radius 'z' and height 'a': Volume = pi*z*z*a ... also, it's not an equation without an 'equal' sign. :)

[@YoshionoKimochi]

Is it then.. a formula?

[@excentrisitet7922]

>with diameter 'z' z should be the radius or the formula should be Volume = pi*z*z*a/4

[@Teagle]

Your formula isn’t right smh

[@robspiess]

@Tobias Eagle and @exentrisitet: Oops, I meant radius. Thanks for the correction!

[@totallykrazzy]

"*more* or less the speed of light" wait, thats illegal

[@becausescience]

Didn't say "than" -- kH

[@Falcodrin]

@@becausescience gottem

[@tylerslagel5485]

So is our sun going supernova.

[@chrisc1140]

@@tylerslagel5485 Only if Kyle's next project works out

[@pascageorge950]

@@becausescience Initial calculation/measurement of neutrino speed exceeded the speed of light ! (corrected during a later experiment :D)

[@Richard_Nickerson]

It's actually a best case scenario. Literally everything vaporized in a fraction of a second. No pain, no facing death, no fear, and equal. A good, and cool, way to die.

[@ltsgobrando]

I'll take a blaze of glory thank you very much.

[@denisemcdougal6445]

Agreed

[@Richard_Nickerson]

@@ltsgobrando I sincerely doubt you'll get it.

[@et34t34fdf]

@@Richard_Nickerson It wouldnt be a very cool way to die, if you know what i mean.

[@mikeroberts9299]

Agreed probably the best way to go

[@BlockBlazer]

Here Kyle. You dropped your scrapped script. "Gentlemen, my name is Dr. Kyle." "In a little while, you will notice that the sun is glowing abnormally bright." "If you want it to stop, you are going to have to pay me *1 MILLION DOLLARS* !" "..." "Sorry." "..." " **1 HUNDRED BILLION DOLLARS** !" "Mwuahahahhahhahaha"

[@grinreaperoftrolls7528]

ONE BILLION GAJILLION FIFILLIONshmfmfhfshmillion (pause to inhale) yen

[@Imurai]

ONE OCTODECILLION DOLLARS

[@umerpk4188]

Cringe.. 😛

[@scottmantooth8785]

*you've got ten minutes left to spend it*

[@scottmantooth8785]

@@metanumia *yes but would those running the Apple online store risk getting an unfavorable review from a disgruntled customer of super villain status with plans of world conquest and who knows how many covert orbital weapons platforms and linked to the global positioning network and a grudge over not getting their shipment in a timely manner?...*

[@Kezrek]

Kyle: ..Something has to be truly DUMMY THICC- *points to butt-shaped Cs* Heh. Nice.

[@Agarwaen]

"indiscribeably small" proceeds to given an exact description...

[@enbyrogue3740]

The concept of something being indescribable at all is a paradox, as you must assign it the description of indescribable

[@thesageofgames1871]

Kinda like every episode of Star trek when they come across an anomoly. "Sir, we know absolutely nothing about this anomoly and sensors can't scan it. I can however, tell you everything about it and exactly how to neutralize it."

[@kindlin]

@@enbyrogue3740 Similar to nothing. Nothing can be nothing, because nothing would be something: nothing.

[@RoraxPlays]

Describe that number non mathematically I'll wait.

[@NukeMarine]

Describe in this case would be "put in perspective" as there's nothing close. Even comparing a neutron to a neutrino is likely 30 orders of magnitude difference. A grain of sand compared to the sun would be too large.

[@jkili4070]

Never thought I’d hear a genius say the words “Dummy Thicc”.

[@MindOverMayh3mm]

I want Kyle to describe me as dummy thicc 😢😢😢

[@Biglover29]

I've never even heard of Dummy thicc. Who comes up with these terms? lol smh

[@rodrigomaldonado8018]

@@MindOverMayh3mmhey goowoworning

[@nyalan8385]

This is genuinely terrifying and one of the coolest I've learned in a while

[@liveisamelody9413]

lucky for us the sun would had to be at least 10x its mass to be even able to go supernova.

[@nosuchthing8]

Good thing our sun is too light

[@kitsunekid16]

@@nosuchthing8 more like good thing it wouldn't happen for billions of years

[@vonknorring09]

69 likes

[@spvillano]

@@liveisamelody9413 unless a neutron star pulled the sun into a fairly close orbit. But then, we'd have a few other things to worry about.

[@alecsmith3448]

Hey Kyle love the show! Fun fact, a star going supernova 8 light minutes away would be brighter than a nuclear bomb exploding pressed up against your face, assuming you survive either event long enough to register a brightness.

[@ethervagabond]

That sounds like a badass attack in a video game or something, exploding a nuke right in someone's face.

[@spvillano]

@@ethervagabond "tastes great or less filling?", you decide.

[@ichVII]

2:44 But bad news can travel faster than the speed of light. Haven't you read A hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy? Don't panic

[@Richard_Nickerson]

Than*

[@epic6435]

who likes spaghetti? Hold on you just switched languages in like a second-

[@Richard_Nickerson]

@@epic6435 C'est la vie

[@epic6435]

R Nickerson Vous ne connaissez pas l'anglais? lmao 😂

[@Richard_Nickerson]

@@epic6435 Look at my comment before your complaint about switching languages... could I correct grammar if I didn't understand English? And could I respond to your comment that's in English if I didn't understand it, even if I responded in French? And if I didn't understand English, is that really something to mock and laugh at? Dumbass.

[@genemydraws4170]

"neutrinos are passing through you right now and you feel nothing" except constant anxiety.

[@otakuribo]

All those weak interactions bombarding me constantly... until I'm in the lowest possible energy state, without any energy left to bond with the ones close to me, the ones I care about. .... oh, wait. We were talking about particle physics, right?

[@genemydraws4170]

@spaghetti yummy well. It was a joke I didn't see it coming ahha good thinking

[@silentfireofthewaste]

Very interesting dive Kyle, loved it! Your villainous plots aside, this sterilization that happens fairly often seems to make stuff like the Fermi equation, the likelihood of life, that much smaller a sum. Information like this just makes life on this planet seem so much more precious, unique, unlikely and most importantly, worth fighting to protect. Thanks Kyle and as always, love your show.

[@petercarter5574]

I'm not sure how concerned I would be about sterilisation from a nearby star going supernova. (Assuming Kyle did his maths right) at about 1 light year from the supernova you would be exposed to a whopping 0.0000116W of energy . . . at a distance of 4 light years this goes down to 7.24x10^-7. If you wish to expose every star in the milky way to a dose of supernova radiation every 1000 years on average, then a typical dose rather less than 10^-12 W. You aren't going to wipe out much with that. More interesting is THROWING IRON AT STARS TO MAKE THEM BLOW UP. Although I really shouldn't give Kyle anymore supervillain ideas, he has enough already.

[@unknownyoutuber2007]

Science Bro, Kyle: I want something named after me, like the "Hill Equation" Also Kyle: **Novae Equation**

[@stefansauvageonwhat-a-twis1369]

Unknown KZbinr nφVσE

[@gamingelementalist6725]

Also that V. E. N. O. M. classification blew my mind. He's too good at puns to name something after himself.

[@stefansauvageonwhat-a-twis1369]

True

[@Tharkon]

​@@gamingelementalist6725 Well, this case he had to cheat a little by making the sigma silent like in island, and arbitrarily inserting an [o] sound between n and Φ.

[@chrisjjr2198]

Too bad nobody will live to tell the story

[@gregbliss5098]

Hey Kyle, thanks for another awesome episode! Something you didn’t cover that I was curious about - how far away from the sun would you have to be to be safe from the neutrino blast? Thanks for all the hard work on the show :-)

[@mikeroberts9299]

I took would like to know that maybe I can hop on one of Elon's rockets

[@drewdanaceau8844]

I believe Kurzgezagt did a video on supernovae wiping out life within a certain radius, and if I remember correctly, any supernova closer than 300 light years away starts to get dangerous for life.

[@Catalyst375]

8:52 - That's 10^44 Joules. Also, thank you for the information, Kyle. This will be very helpful for story-writing.

[@xtieburn]

Possibly a small correction, maybe a clarification: When I was a kid I was taught that it was the shock wave that did all the damage, but I was actually reading about supernovae just recently [1] and found much of what is said in this video about the neutrino apocalypse. However, it doesnt appear to be the case that the shock wave wouldnt get us first, its that the shockwave is neutralised in milliseconds through photodisintegration (Essentially cramming energy back in so that it shifts nuclear fusion in to reverse and robs energy from the collapse.) and the tremendous losses in neutrinos. but it doesnt just stop there. A core maybe 60km across remains, and its life hangs in the balance as it continues to accrete material at a rate of one solar mass every few seconds. Thats enough to turn it in to a black hole in moments if it wasnt emitting a 'prodigious luminosity of neutrinos'. If its ouput is sufficient it will radiate 10% of its mass. (Estimated at a staggering 3x10^53 ergs.*) If its lucky to survive it will leave a remnant just 20km or so across, the most fascinating objects in the universe. A neutron star. (Come at me black hole enthusiasts.) So similar description of events, but I think even more dramatic as the core is in an incomprehensibly momentous tug of war between the tremendous mass and energy falling down upon it and the brain breaking numbers of neutrinos fleeing away. *Kyles figure is actually a couple of orders of magnitude below that. The paper goes in to the details and provides sources for why the observed kinetic energy release is different to the total energy release, but its related to knock on reactions, 'complicated fluid mechanics' and overcoming 'ram pressure' of accreting material. [1] www.nature.com/articles/nphys172

[@nop0x90]

+1 for neutron stars being more interesting than black holes

[@l.lautsprecher3446]

@@nop0x90 make that +2

[@Mad_Jimmy_Jaspers]

The most fascinating object in the universe is the human brain. Fight me

[@stefansauvageonwhat-a-twis1369]

A yes the most complexe object in the universe

[@emirsencerozdemir2680]

dash nice

[@aidanrogers4438]

5:21 Can we just appreciate Kyle’s skill here?

[@HighDiver5555]

Aidan Rogers those circles are on 🔥

[@dknockaert]

He has nothing on Walter Levin!

[@joshbethel417]

Kyle: "*draws neutrino* Also Kyle: "not to scale" Lmao

[@udonsei5216]

"weakly interacting whimper..." Instant erasure via a multi-thousand watt neutrino radiation death beam amounts to a "weak" interaction?

[@bojackhorseman4176]

I mean yeah. Normally the neutrinos do jackshit to us.

[@MrLeafeater]

I like how you say things like "indescribably small", while pointing at the description. Thanks for another great video!!

[@p7outdoors297]

This is honestly my favorite "Because Science" I've ever seen

[@MatterBeamTSF]

Same!

[@shrappnel21]

Preach, love the astronomy stuff

[@tohlmann1969]

What if the Sun EXPLODED?: "That's it, man. Game over, man. Game over!"

[@brettcooper3893]

Thierry Ohlmann GET A GRIP! We need you focused!!

[@scottmantooth8785]

*Great!! You've SHOT the INVISIBLE SWORDSMAN!!!!*

[@Richard_Nickerson]

One of my favorite unscripted lines.

[@prince_nocturne]

"What if the sun exploded?" First question: How did our yellow dwarf become a super-massive...?

[@Kindrick]

How do survive a supernova. Step 1: Become a god. Step 2: Yeet yourself away from the star at relativistic speeds.

[@MySerpentine]

In other words: run away, run away!

[@omarzioui4766]

Become a god and use your dummy thick cheeks to clap the sun

[@ilyPath]

@Omar Zioui forget the sun and capture the earth and proceed to provide heat and light through your cosmic flatulence.

[@rickmiller3778]

ludicrous Speed ENGAGE

[@harold6522]

Become? I was born a god.

[@crafty453]

1:43 In the captions on the "(mumbles)", it's clear Kyle's saying "inert".

[@danielbutler8103]

4:20 Aren’t Neutrinos the teenage mutant ninja turtles friends from dimension X?

[@DragcoDavid]

Yes, they were called the Neutrinos! and much like the real thing, they just sorta passed through the series and didn't really have much of an impact

[@str_brst8979]

@@DragcoDavid just perfect

[@billymarksofficial7859]

I'll like this for your use of 4:20

[@dboot8886]

If I don't hear the lyric "Girl so thicc she could stop a neutrino" within the next month I'll riot.

[@silverstar4505]

Ah, thank you. I really needed another reason to hate the series.

[@LordJohnako109]

New Sci-Fi Villain Weapon Idea: Neutrinos Weapon/Cannon/"Laser": Goal to Wipe Out Everything

[@carlosescobar5995]

So the hero needs to build an Ice shield to block it.

[@vovochen]

Cant accelerate them. -.-

[@pascageorge950]

Well, not accelerate, more like produce them in the same direction. From Wiki: Some particle accelerators have been used to make neutrino beams.

[@torysaccount5753]

The thing with Neutrinos is, they are so tiny that you would need a supernova to produce enough to kill you. Try something easier. Invisible lasers, for example.

[@carlosescobar5995]

@@torysaccount5753 His weapon has inside a mini black hole that teleport neutrinos from a supernova into it. Don't ask how, it's Sci-Fi.

[@lolomat12214]

The sun: Explodes Kyle: what happens next will blow your mind...

[@jpuican]

The sun: Explodes Kyle: you'll never see it coming~

[@raleighroberts3969]

From one villain to another her are ( 9:07 ) some better operation name: Jupi Nuki, J Bomb, Anti Jupiter, Jup Nuk, Killamonplanet. Your welcome. BTW Thank you for sending me Elon's Space car. It was banged up but it made my day.

[@jackychang9148]

THAT'S HILARIOUS! you're*

[@sebastienpaquin4586]

Hi Kyle, love the show! But as an amateur astrophysicist, if there can be such a thing (I don't have a PHD but I do a lot of astrophysics for fun and to entertain friends), I'd like to point to some correction or clarification; - ''We've observed a few of these over the centuries'' It would be important to specify ''with the naked eye'', because we can observe them every day with our telescope, they're even one of the main signpost events we use to measure distances in the universe. - ''Our sun just isn't heavy enough'' Technically, the correct word here is massive. Kyle, you should know the difference between weight and mass! - ''The fusion of iron doesn't yield any additional energy'' Its even worse than that, fusing iron sucks energy out of the star, *takes evil sounding voice* precipitating it inevitable demise even faster! - ''Indescribably small'' while pointing at a description of how small it is. :P - ''How far will a neutrino travel in lead before interacting with a particle of that lead'' *Important to specify on average, otherwise we'd never be able to detect them, and they don't all travel freely then interact after 1.5 ly of lead. Also fun fact, 1.5ly of lead might not even be enough to save you from the neutrino blast! - ''Traveling at more or less the speed of light'' It's definitively less. - ''This neutrino flux would go on to vaporize everything on the planet'' Would it though? It would greatly depend on how long the neutrino flux last at the intensity you calculated, considering it takes around 2,5 million joules to vaporize 1 liter of water, averaging out a human body as a spherical 70kg blob of water, you would need around 1.75 gigajoules to completely vaporize a human body (or we could use the more precise 3 gigajoules that some non-supervillain people who shall remain nameless for personal safety reasons have calculated in the pass). Meaning at a 50,000w intensity, you'd need between an 60 and 100 minutes to vaporize a human body. From observation, we can see neutrino production start to ramp up when the core begins to burn silicon, but only really start to spike in power and intensity when the silicon shell starts to form, which is around... *looks on google* 2 full hour before core collapse? Holy crap, then it is entirely possible that it can vaporize everything, good work Kyle! Though if we take into account the sun's mass which is nearly 10 times less than the smallest supernova we've observed, it's neutrino might be less energetic or the flux might last for a smaller amount of time. Anyway, great episode as always, keep up the good work!

[@SteveAAF]

6:08 According to "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", the answer to the question is 42.

[@misakamikoto8785]

But numbers doesn't have any meaning at all... without a unit

[@shuckern7wgas622]

'How many roads.....' 😁

[@thomasboys7216]

I'm really glad you got that correct. I'm not usually pedantic about things but one that bugs the crap out of me is when people say "the meaning of life is 42, lolhitchhikerslolol". The *answer* to life the universe and everything is 42, as you said, but the *meaning* of life is that everything was a mistake, which learn from the combination of the Ultimate Question - "What is six times nine?" and the Answer, which is 42. /end pedantic rant

[@shuckern7wgas622]

Thanks 👍 it's one of those bugbears that gets to me as well RIP Mr Adams the world has become a little 'less harmless' since his passing 😢 and also 😆

[@notorious_majora]

Hey Thor, love the show. When the sun expands, where in the solar system would we need to be to be within the new habitable zone?

[@moukidelmar]

That's a tricky question, don't forget Red Giants are actually COOLER than before, so the star's habitable zone would be much closer. So adusted for the new size... maybe Jupiter?

[@erbgorre]

@@moukidelmar yeah, there may not even be a "habitable" zone, as youd need to be closer to the new edges of the sun in order to get the same amount of heat energy, but then youd probably be too close to retain a proper atmosphere.

[@mph8er]

There are actually questions about whether the Earth could survive the expansion. There is disagreement in the scientific community about whether the expansion would consume the Earth or push the Earth out farther. The brightness will increase first though and that will kill us in about a billion years. Most estimates say the sun will expand to around the orbit of Mars and the habitable zone will be the kuiper belt. The sun will then slowly burn out til it becomes a white dwarf and the habitable zone will change again.

[@carlosescobar5995]

@@mph8er so Elon's plan to go mars is useless?

[@RoburDrake]

There was a book by Larry Niven where the Earth was moved to orbit Jupiter in order to survive the expansion.

[@nicholasb8098]

Me: Awkward pause during math:

[@kyleclair41]

This is fascinating and terrifying! I had no idea that such an insane amount of neutrinos were passing through me at all times (I new there were neutrinos, but not that many), or that a supernova would affect them. But, why does their collision area change? Awesome video! Keep 'em coming!

[@reyonettajade]

People: "Something can't be MORE the speed of light, only exact or less!" Me: ... "more or less" doesn't literally mean "more or less", it's a turn of phrase meaning approximately. As in some degree of the speed light close enough to the speed of light to not bother with the numbers.

[@scottmantooth8785]

*If less is more...then would the complete absence of something be considered a decadent excess?...asking for a friend*

[@eloycneto]

Well... from a certain point of view...

[@nin469]

No. That's linguistic abuse. Choose your words carefully. If you say "more or less" that means "somewhere around there, plus or minus, give or take a few m/s, I don't know." If you say "close to" that means "almost there but not quite, not exceeding but nearly equal, pretty much the price is right" These two phrases are not the same.

[@juanmaldonado541]

@@nin469 Neutrinos can posibly travel faster than light. www.scientificamerican.com/article/particles-found-to-travel/#:~:text=An%20Italian%20experiment%20has%20unveiled,can%20travel%20faster%20than%20light.

[@argodaemon]

9:19 *More* or less the speed of light? You can go MORE? Dear God...

[@kimowashington8956]

He saying it's in the ball park of light speed.

[@ashdongetty8606]

@@kimowashington8956 it’s a joke

[@raditzsuper9782]

haha 😂

[@Nicopear]

This is literally like a Thanos snap. We disintegrate into oblivion.

[@raganor_ashborn]

I immediately started laughing after I registered what you said: "Dummy Thicc"

[@metanumia]

What does that mean? I don't get the reference.

[@raganor_ashborn]

It's just I really only half expect someone like him to say something like that

[@Azzarinne]

"Pop quiz!" ** video pauses ** ** ad runs ** XD

[@kylegodin1298]

Wow Kyle, the amount of work here is really impressive! Great video!

[@olgashifrin8564]

"How does a star die?" They star in "A star is born". People's hatred of remakes does the rest. Also - Fifth

[@nickcardaci3397]

FRIEND OF THE THREE New Album on SPOTIFY

[@RoostaTeetha]

Hey Kyle, Love the show. (Or do I?) So I showed this video to my 2 astronomy professors and asked them what they thought about it. A couple things came up that I'd like to ask directly to you: 1) What exactly about the neutrinos give them the higher energy you mentioned? Because my professors noted that neutrinos are already relativistic particles and they aren't sure where that 25x extra energy would be coming from if not from the kinetic energy (which would be difficult to increase given that they're usually already traveling almost the speed of light). 2) What about the neutrinos larger impact size that you mentioned makes them bigger? I understand that at high energies, the wave uncertainty of particles can increase. (Like how quantum tunneling allows for protons to fuse in our sun's core even though classical mechanics doesn't allow that until it reaches ludicrous temperatures.) But as I already mentioned that neutrinos are already relativistic, how do they gain even more energy? Or is there a different mechanism that I have missed or don't understand properly? Thanks P.S. I do love the show

[@WolfRamAndHart]

Thanks Kyle. Your colorful math gives better visual context, to what I think most people know about supernovae, but seems so distant, with so few in recent memory from even neighboring galaxies. A few notes of interest. One is that the neutrino detectors, based on the math you specified, are really useful at knowing when a supernova has occurred somewhere, in some faraway galaxy, like the 1987 supernovae. It was clearly preceded by an extraordinary number of interacting neutrinos. Two, is perhaps expanding into another episode how this plays out with Betelgeuse...everyone's favorite red star from antiquity. I'd like to hear your thoughts on an about 600 LY away star, that has an equal chance perhaps of having already exploded, to doing so in 100,000 years. Other than a light show, how should this affect mankind? (Including perhaps reference to the star that exploded that caused the Crab Nebula) Three, is a personal theory on neutrinos, and why they're so abundant. Imagine all these ghost neutrinos, having existed wherever and whenever there's been an ultra-rate supernova, but ghosting the rest of the mostly empty universe, perhaps forever, unless it hits a lightyear long block of iron. So neutrinos can be travelling for billions of years, without hitting anything! (or degrading apparently) So of course, they're everywhere! That's kind of fascinating.

[@ZMacZ]

Don't worry, it'll be painless. So much energy that by the time a neuron reacts, it's already vapor, no pain. (unless you are on the nighttime side of Earth, in which case it may take a slight bit longer, but the pain will be over quickly.)

[@UpperDarbyDetailing]

It's not going to happen. Why would we allow that? It won't red giant either.

[@ZMacZ]

@@UpperDarbyDetailing "What IF the Sun exploded." Not "Can the Sun explode."

[@UpperDarbyDetailing]

@@ZMacZ And?

[@ZMacZ]

@@UpperDarbyDetailing It's an If-then, not a question of whether or not. (Ofc, it won't explode, but that was not the question.)

[@UpperDarbyDetailing]

@@ZMacZ yeah... no fucking shit. It's still irrelevant to my comment.

[@isaacciego888]

Hi Kyle , great episode! it would be interesting if a super advance civilization would have a weapon to induce the super nova effect on any star, that would be the ultimate weapon against anything, plus a supervillian like you know who would find it useful.... maybe.

[@jonribeiro266]

My mom: wait ten seconds before opening the microwave when it's done! Me: There's like, actual invisible things to be worried about, mom. Mom: like what? Me: ...ever heard of an Italian particle called... THE NEUTRINO???

[@martyshrekster]

Neutrinos are created by reheating lasagna in the microwave, confirmed.

[@rinfeast3445]

pasta

[@JEDAI501ST]

I think the pope might be behind the creation of an Italian particle death laser. Since he lives in Rome. Might even use laser guided sharks!

[@TheHotToke216]

HEYYYYYYYYY KYLE! I REALLY LOVE THE SHOW❤️ Quick Question tho: Would our planet nay our entire Solar System be able to rebound from this event? And would any bacteria form our planet be able to survive in space and hopefully birth a new Earth somewhere else in Space?

[@moukidelmar]

No. If theoretically our star went Supernova the planets not destroyed by the event would get launched into space because the star's gravity is no longer holding them in orbit. The key to our solar system is Sol.

[@pressaltf4forfreevbucks179]

@@blank6604 wow, how coold you write that wrong

[@twobearshighfiving7660]

@@blank6604 the chances would be astronomical, but if the bacteria could somehow survive a ride through space, most likely frozen in a peice of ice (unlikely, but possible) and then somehow get caught into the gravity of some Earth like "Goldy-locks zone" planet. (Very unlikely but possible) and then be able to survive the descent onto the planet without burning up, requiring it to be frozen in a very large rock of ice. (Even more unlikely, but possible.) And then beable to adapt to the specific landing environment of this new planet ((see above parenthesis)) than sure, an earthling bacteria could spawn life onto another planet. Many theories exist about that being how life started here but the primordial universe was also a much different place with elements of all kinds flying around, clumping and crashing together. So the chances were much more likely back then.

[@Tzimisce]

@@moukidelmar Not necessarily, depending on the original mass of the star. Remember that stars that go supernova frequently collapse into neutron stars or black holes due to their remaining mass. This may be enough to keep the outer planets gravitationally bound to it.

[@twobearshighfiving7660]

@@blank6604 right, again very specific conditions need to be met at astronomical chances. It'd also have to avoid crashing with any number of other space debris along the way too. But hey, strange shit happens all the time.

[@i_steal_meme]

0:47 Because Science Dark Souls DLC confirmed?

[@Afrancis1968]

I really like the editing of pop quizeses. I would never be able to solve them, but it does get the community a little emote involved with the content. Good job BcSi! 👍

[@calebhale9865]

2:16 if we could detect the changes in the core and the collapse we could have a few hours (minus 8 minutes) of heads up. Edit: 8:12 okay maybe not

[@tsutsuminteaparty2902]

“Sun went Supernova” Damn that’s almost like SCP 001 -Daybreak

[@Beanpolr]

Yeah but a supernova would be a mercy compared to that

[@rickluv2163]

It took me a good 2 minutes to stop laughing when he said, “dummy thick.” 😂😂😂

[@duchi882]

"The Sun EXPLODES" *Lion's Sin of Pride:* _and who decided that?_

[@drextercharles2389]

lol

[@The1stChillaKilla]

Your neutrinos hit the earth and eradicate all life, who decided that?

[@SkeletonKingYoutube]

After I die My love will forget who I was and who decided th- Oh, the author did, like he completely forgot my emotional death. Welp...

[@str8inst1nct33]

But he's dead though

[@zakosist]

Before watching this, I though what would have killed you was the heat of a supernova. This is actually really scary (but also fascinating) to think about because theoretically the entire world could end at any moment due to a supernova. But at least there is a chance that whatever does eventually kill the world wont cause much suffering

[@Nick_Jamez]

I just gotta say. I used to watch Because Science on a Public channel. Awesome. Had no Idea there was a youtube for some reason. Forgot how much I missed these Keep it up.

[@halcyons88]

Hey Kyle, would neutrinos interact with neutron stars on a much more frequent basis due to the higher density of neutronium? How would this affect neutron stars?

[@DragcoDavid]

Considering Neutron stars are crazy dense and are basically giant atom cores... yeah, they should interact with neutrinos a lot more. But they are also quite small, so that much reduced volume would limit interactions somewhat... plus they are already so energetic, it's hard to tell.

[@isamohammed1107]

Shay 88 You have to also consider the pure density of a nuetron star it self. Though nutrinos are very small in mass, the highly compacted matter of the star wouldn’t probably even let the neutrinos even interact with the matter under the star’s first layer.

[@halcyons88]

@@DragcoDavid thank you Ryuu! I'm gonna try to do the novae equation he made with most of the same information to see what kind of power would be put into the a neutron star at the same radius as earth to the sun but only with normal (non novae ) output. I wanna see what kind of juice a neutron star would absorb in a hypothetical binary system

[@halcyons88]

@@isamohammed1107 thank you Isa!

[@tntkff9901]

0:47 ...yeah, that's already happening....

[@christophershell7564]

I take it you are from California or Australia.

[@morpheox]

Funny how people think we'll have four billion years when the sun will have killed off everything in the nearest billion.

[@kerrynoir4129]

No one - absolutely no one at all: Kyle: DUMMY THICC WHY DO YOU DO THIS KYLE??? we still love the show BUT YOU'RE REALLY TESTING US HERE

[@nickcardaci3397]

FRIEND OF THE THREE New Album on SPOTIFY

[@robspiess]

Put on mute and read the CC. They read "thick" for all of them. Hope this helps.

[@powermanx87]

He does it...Because Science.

[@bradyvelvet9432]

7:07 That place is awesome! I was there when Ice Cube cut the inaugural ribbon!

[@Cman04092]

"The sun will expand so much into a red giant that it will vaporize all the inner planets and we'll be consumed WITH FIRE!!!" Ah yes, finally some good news and something to look forward too! Thanks BC.

[@GeorgeNYer]

So emitting extra neutrinos, that's how we'll know when just before Betelgeuse goes supernova?

[@j.d.underwood6519]

“If I do say so myself, which I do” I’ve literally said this before and no one thought it was funny. I’m glad that my joke (it’s mine because I thought of it before anyone else ever) finally got the attention it deserves

[@DarkAvenga]

doubt

[@Mochila480]

He said “Dummy thicc” im deaded

[@luismiguelpradopatino2483]

Hi Kyle, first time commenting your videos. A while ago you made a video about the chances of having life exist somewhere else on the universe, and then diminished that chance by the odds of it achieving technology advanced enough to find us. Seeing this video made me wonder, even if life existed somewhere else, what are the odds that it has already been consumed by a supernova near them?

[@thadiunokona8611]

Thanks Thor for graciously bestowing some of your vast quantities of knowledge upon us once again.

[@shin-chan1207]

*Sun explode* npc: How much rad-x and radaway do you want? Me: YES

[@Yora21]

"De goggles! Dey do nossing!"

[@Y2Kr4SHM4N]

Shin-chan 120 “hey, chin up, I know the night got darker, but it won’t last forever.”

[@SamWicks91]

9:20 "More or less the speed of light." Hmmm.... we need a new saying for lightspeed.

[@justinvallange]

"traveling at more or less the speed of light" I don't think more is a possibility there my guy

[@davidlundberg9924]

Achually neutrinos provably can and someone smarter then me could explain it

[@ericx0138]

I always get goose bumps when the "Because Science" song begins... right here 0:15 . its so creepy

[@gabrieltheodore621]

Hello Kyle As someone who's fascinated with astronomy, I really like this episode. Thanks giving perspective of what a bunch of Neutrinos can do to our planet. I know you tried to keep it simple, but I'd like to add more. A low-mass star like our Sun can only fuse elements up to Carbon. For a star to go supernova, it must have more than 8 solar masses so then it can have the temperature to fuse elements up to Iron. Another thing is that the core collapse happens so fast that the outer layers wouldn't be able to reach the core before it goes kaboom.

[@kiljadaen]

Ah yes my favorite type of science..............T H I C C Science

[@leu3368]

Dummy *THICC* Science

[@tdscwhelan]

8:52 "I haven't even said that word yet!"

[@maikydiboy6377]

"did you forget to multiply the sugma" "The sugma?" "sugma balls"

[@starshiproofer6321]

Loving the pop quizzes dude. Keep em coming

[@maxbarth4788]

We would not go out with a bang... We would go out with a weakly interacting whimper. That is beautiful in its own terrifying way.

[@TheAussiB]

Hey kyle, love the show That’s it. Have a good day

[@becausescience]

thanks Austin, needed that today -- kH

[@honestgoat]

@@becausescience Awwww. Whats up man. You havin a bad day. Sall good. Just compare it to our sun going supernova and being erased by neutrino's. I'm sure it doesn't seem quite so bad after that. And yeah. Love your show too. Thanks for the infotainment champ.

[@lemongrenade6135]

Love the show, but I have a question: Aren’t hypernovas more brighter and energetic then supernovas?

[@MrObiwanMike]

Yes but hypernovas are 2 beams from each pole of the Star. Supernova is when the Star explodes

[@marcelsevigny4957]

Depends on which wavelength you're looking... one could argue that Kilonova are more bright, but not in the visible spectrum.

[@marcelsevigny4957]

@DestructivePenguin You're totally right, worry, I speak french and English is my second language. I'll correct it just for you !

[@isamohammed1107]

Yes they are but they only occur in very large stars with a lot of solar masses more than our sun and burn at higher temperatures many more times hotter than our sun.

[@flamevortex]

Quasar: Hold my accretion disk.

[@YounesLayachi]

9:19 there's ONE situation where "MORE or less" doesn't work... It's the speed of light :p

[@pressaltf4forfreevbucks179]

Tru tho

[@matthewlofton8465]

It still works. Technically, light isn't always travelling in a vacuum, so "the speed of light" will vary from place to place or frame of reference to frame of reference. I think there may also be some debate about whether the fundamental constants (ie, the speed of light) are actually changing, but I dunno how legit those might be.

[@YounesLayachi]

@@matthewlofton8465 is this a serious comment ? From my limited knowledge I was under the impression that everyone agrees the universal constant is... constant. And speed of light in vacuum doesn't depend on frame of reference because of time dilation and other mind blowing reasons I can't easily assimilate. Here's a quote from the man himself, Einstein, about relativity : _"If I pursue a beam of light with the velocity c (velocity of light in a vacuum), I should observe such a beam of light as a spatially oscillatory electromagnetic field at rest. However, there seems to be no such thing, whether on the basis of experience or according to Maxwell's equations. From the very beginning it appeared to me intuitively clear that, judged from the standpoint of such an observer, everything would have to happen according to the same laws as for an observer who, relative to the earth, was at rest. For how, otherwise, should the first observer know, i.e., be able to determine, that he is in a state of fast uniform motion? One sees that in this paradox the germ of the special relativity theory is already contained. Today everyone knows, of course, that all attempts to clarify this paradox satisfactorily were condemned to failure as long as the axiom of the absolute character of time, viz., of a simultaneous, unrecognizedly was anchored in the unconscious. Clearly to recognize this axiom and its arbitrary character really implies already the solution to the problem.''_ And the same desy . de webpage goes on to say : _In 1905 he realised how it could be that light always goes at the same speed no matter how fast you go. Events that are simultaneous in one reference frame will happen at different times in another that has a velocity relative to the first. Space and time cannot be taken as absolute. On this basis Einstein constructed the theory of special relativity, which has since been well confirmed by experiment._ _Questions of relative velocity in relativity can be answered using the velocity subtraction formula v = (w − u)/(1 − wu/c2) (see relativity FAQ: velocity addition). If you are driving at a speed u relative to me and you measure the speed of light in the same direction (w = c in my frame), the formula gives v the speed of light in your reference frame as, v = (c − u)/(1 − u/c)._ *_For any speed u less than c this gives v = c so the speed of light is the same for you. But if u = c the formula degenerates to zero divided by zero; a meaningless answer._*

[@matthewlofton8465]

@@YounesLayachi it's a serious comment, sort of. I went back and checked on Google and 1)it's really old stuff and 2)it's extremely controversial. I misremembered the specifics, but it popped into my head again because of the media headlines about it. There are two theories that propose that Einstein was either wrong about c or at least not entirely correct. The first one, Variable Light Speed, was noted in a paper published in 2016 and the big buzz around that was less about the theory but more about the potential for testing (I believe several new detectors and telescopes were coming online or soon would come online at the time). It suggests that universal temperature is fundamentally tied to c, such that over time c naturally slows down as the universe cools off. It's one of those theories that everyone thinks is probably wrong, but if it turns out to be true then we just wasted something like 150 years' worth of trying to understand how the universe works. Another theory, which I get the impression is even less supported than VLS, is quantum vacuum fluctuation. This theory says essentially that c has always been c and cannot change, but that everything we've observed regarding the speed of light has not been c...it's light that's been slowed down by a constant barrage of virtual particles popping in and out of existence as light travels towards us (in other words, the vacuum isn't actually a vacuum). In other words, while we may have a relative understanding of how light works our gauge for measuring it could be broken/incorrectly calibrated. I definitely find it interesting that we're able to slow the speed of light all the way down to just 15mph, though. Sodium, is there anything you can't do?!

[@YounesLayachi]

@@matthewlofton8465 woah, I never thought about the potential effects of vacuum fluctuations on the observed speed of light VLS also sounds intuitively interesting, I'll have to look it up. Thanks for the insights!

[@victorcustodio3300]

Awesome video! Absolutely fantastic! Btw I'd love to see you talking about Betelgeuse and the way we can detect its possible supernova.

[@Nesquick0]

Hi Kyle, love the show. I could missed it, but why are Neutrinos larger? I understand that there are more of them, but I don't get why they are so much larger to have that higher impact area. Also random idea: Can you have black hole somewhere between you and sun to shield you? I guess that it can stop Neutrinos directly towards you, but still it would bend trajectory of others to you as lens.

[@DJNiems]

“A weakly-interacting WIMPer” - I see what you did there.

[@athiyamahapatra8118]

IKR-

[@kobil316SH]

Would the neutrino wave be energetic enough to let's say evaporate all the oceans away? Like would the whole surface really be scorched? Would Saturns rings get thanos snapped into oblivion? Would Europa be a literal ball of liquid water and gas? Would Jupiter care? Would Voyager 1 get caught in the blast radius and die? Find out next time on Because Science Z

[@John73John]

"What would happen to humanity if the sun went supernova?" Answer: Nothing. Technically speaking (the best kind of speaking) We would never have existed in this scenario, because the sun would have to be at least 10 times as massive, rendering Earth uninhabitable. Oh, by the way, here's the requisite "Love the show!" Seriously, I do. I quote you all the time.

[@YounesLayachi]

Short answer : you die Long answer : it depends

[@mattiassjodin8838]

If the earth was in this new huge sun's goldilock zone then we would still be able to live there

[@xaviersteffes2085]

Did you create that formula yourself Kyle?! That's REALLY cool!! Btw, love the show and especially that hair!

[@tonyhinders4429]

This show gets better every time

[@BizarroIsNo123]

Is it odd of me to be curious to actually want to experience this? This sounds beautiful and I wish we or even just I had the ability to witness this.

[@FergbotGames]

Just came to hear kyle say "dummy thicc"

[@claytontalesfore7564]

"Hey Kyle, love the show" Anyways I recently found out about an AI that was made for Eurovision and was used to create an original song. I think it would be a pretty interesting talking point for a future because science show.

[@wailazzam834]

Hey Kyle Really loved the Show,Fantastic topic there but only one question:- Stellar black holes form when the center of a very massive star collapses in upon itself. This collapse also causes a supernova, or an exploding star, that blasts part of the star into space. The question is when the star collapses upon itself and become a black hole wouldn't it prevent the energy and all the light from escaping away from the center of a star. keep making space topic

[@RexYoung206]

Kyle, another great episode! Was "Superman Returns"' depiction of the Rao supernova (i.e. destruction of Krypton) astronomically accurate? You mentioned a brief implosion before a rebound, followed by the explosion hours later. Although that rebound occurred just a second or two later in the movie, a little creative license for the sake of time is not unreasonable, IMO. What you describe sounds like what is shown happening to Krypton's star.

[@adolfodef]

This is a common misconception. The humans on Earth THOUGHT that what happened to that solar system was its sol (a small red dwarf star) going Supernova [something that is as unlikely to happen as to our own Sun, raising academic attention]; hence why a "scientist" mentioned it like if it was a fact in the original source material (that was misinterpreted as the "proper explanation" by the guy making the teleplay for the movie). It was actually the CORE of the Planet Kripton what went "Kboom!" through an unknown process that transformed all of its mass into energy (similar to a complete matter/antimatter annihilation ), releasing about the same "power output" as a small supernova, also causing the destruction of the star. A small difference in brightness from the "source" of the white explosion & the (still constant) red light given by the star would only be posible to detect it Kripton was "behind" (farther from Earth); as it would allow for a few minutes/hours of simultaneous observation before the "sphere of destruction" engulfs it [this is less than a 50/50 chance to happen]. -> If Kripton was in between Earth & the star, then the rapidly expanding hot plasma that was once a planet will scatter all the red starlight like a mist well before it reaches it.