Before the Big Bang 4 : Eternal Inflation & The Multiverse

[@dansanger5340]

Awesome documentary. Thank you for not dumbing it down. I've shared it on social media forums where I think there might be interest. It deserves to be widely seen.

[@PhilHalper1]

Thank you Dan

[@user-ju7ze9to4k]

Could've dumbed it down a little bit, maybe!

[@METAL1ON]

Have to agree with you there I have watched so many that go over the same things and explain them in such a way anyone could understand them, that I have got sick of them. With this documentary it forgoes all that and assumes you have some understanding of what they are talking about. To anyone else all this would be nothing but mind numbing confusion where in reality it is a fascinating insight as to how these things are worked on without us having do be able to do the math.

[@Kalumbatsch]

Well uh.. the topic is high energy theoretical physics research, of course it's dumbed down. It's still a lot better than the crap on History Channel or whatever where they let a scientist give a one-sentence soundbite and then cut to some meaningless CGI, but try to read some of those papers on arXiv.

[@PhilHalper1]

We try and be half way between a dumbed down tv doc and technical lecture which non layman wont understand. I think theres a lot of space in the middle there. A lot of people that want to learn than the simple stuff they have on tv.

[@HebaruSan]

Finally someone is asking physicists follow up questions about competing theories rather than just giving them 10 minutes to lecture! It was great to see others' response to Penrose's CCC.

[@PhilHalper1]

Thanks

[@dontinjectdisinfectant9919]

I just stumbled on Penrose's CCC model. It all points to conformal geometry. This is great.

[@ThisCanNotBTheFuture]

This is fantastic. I have been lamenting the general lack of intermediate level documentaries (for lack of a better term) on cosmology, and this really seems to fill that void. Hope you one day have the chance to interview Steinhardt/Turok in the same way you did here with Alan Guth.

[@PhilHalper1]

Thanks v much.

[@pjaworek6793]

Wow, great videos Skydivephil team!! I cannot believe that YT hasn't brought these up to me over the last decade of watching mostly astronomy based videos. It's only now when I've taken an interest GMS, cosmicskeptic that your videos came up. It's gonna be a skydivephil binge this weekend!! Thanks so much!

[@PhilHalper1]

thanks very much , please free free t let us know wh you think of those you watch

[@ChrisRenucci]

The best thing is, that it goes deep, without being complicated. The questions are interesting and the answers understandable. Thank you very much to you, your team and to the physicians. looking forward for new videos

[@PhilHalper1]

Thank you.

[@netsplit64]

Binge watching these interviews. I appreciate the skill of interviewer in that she's familiar with these topics. It's refreshing to see interesting and in depth questions being asked that challenge the interviewees.

[@PerpetualBass]

Major increase in production value from episodes 1-3. Great work

[@PhilHalper1]

thanks

[@cristianismobrillante1466]

*Hi. Please could you add subtitles to this video like the first part, or at less upload a transcript of this? My mother language is not English, and it's difficult for me to understand this language just listening this. Thanks so much!!*

[@BecerraRealm]

Cristianismo Brillante si los conseguis avisame!

[@trikkinikki970]

The presenter's speech, just the syllables she hangs on for just a half impulse longer is absollllutely lovelyyy.

[@johnrotuno1077]

Trikki Nikki lol yep. It's a bit distracting in a good way =)

[@mrz3r012]

Thanks for this, the work you guys are doing is so special. I love how you guys present the question and let the people being interviewed answer and explain.

[@PhilHalper1]

thanks

[@timgreen8597]

@@PhilHalper1 My friend Tim asked If there are an infinite number of ways that the entropy of inflationary perturbations (uniform mass of matter and energy that existed milliseconds after the big bang) can be different and an infinite number of e folds of the slow roll inflation can be different, if there is an infinite number of ways that the value of entropy at the big bang and value of mass at the big bang can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways the average density of normal matter can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways the density of dark matter can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the density of dark energy can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the cosmological constant can be different, if there are an infinite number of ways that the ratio of dark energy to dark matter to normal matter can be different, if there are an infinite number of ways that the value of entropy and density at the big bang can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the laws of physics can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the constants of nature are different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the string theory vucua can de different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the string theory geometry can different and finally if there is an infinite number of ways in which the strength of the inflationary field in which new universes are created are different then how is it possible that our exact lives are being relived right now in another bubble somewhere else in the inflationary multiverse and how is it also possible that the exact history of our bubble universe be repeated in another bubble universe of the inflationary multiverse.

[@TonyTigerTonyTiger]

@@timgreen8597 " My friend Tim asked If ..." Uhm, you are Tim. Did you get your sockpuppets mixed up?

[@davidhyer3404]

Fantastic. Much more accessible than a traditional lecture.

[@vvanderer]

there was a young lady called Bright whose speed was much faster than light she went out one day in a relative way and returned the previous night

[@janepowers6711]

I try to watch and listen to all of Alan Guth’s lectures and videos that i can find - i find him charming & fascinating.

[@electrifyeverything6454]

We've learned a lot in the last 100 years. Imagine the next 100!

[@boggo3848]

We've discovered most of this stuff since the 90s/80s!

[@leo1233783]

Don't be so sure ...

[@bangyahead1]

In the next 100 years we will be off rocket technology and will start real space exploration.

[@MICKEYISLOWD]

Nope. There are technologies coming to an end like the silicon chip. Also there is a new world war looming too.

[@subReme]

thanks to...Elon Musk ?

[@susan4stars783]

Thanks for providing such an in-depth look at a really fascinating subject. I loved the enthusiasm of Dr. Guth and Dr. Nomura!

[@PhilHalper1]

Thanks Susan, they were really great guys to work with.

[@S4m940]

Happy to find out some cutting edge science presented at a deeper quality level. I'm subscribing now. Thank you so much for your work and keep going!

[@PhilHalper1]

Thanks

[@Edward-bm7vw]

These videos have really good production value for having such few subscribers. It needs more

[@PhilHalper1]

Thanks , any shares on social media will help if you want to get our subscribers up, but we appreciate the comment.

[@horizonfilms3041]

You are right Edward

[@musicalfringe]

Unexpectedly deep in its treatment of nuances! Excellent.

[@PhilHalper1]

thanks

[@mikehynz]

Wow thank you for this. The table of contents is wonderful too! Please do more

[@jamesbentonticer4706]

This series is stunning! Very well done. I want more!

[@PhilHalper1]

thanks, we are making more films, one of them will be a new episode of this series but it may be a while, dont hold your breath

[@arbitool]

This documentary is perfect. If you put me among these amazing scientists, I would ask them the same questions. Thank you! Please keep the good work.

[@PhilHalper1]

thank you Arbi.

[@PhilHalper1]

If there is a simple way to do this, happy to do it. Please advise via private message. We did it with volume 1 of this series because we weren't happy with the audio but that cost us a fair bit of money

[@Darker7]

Err, it seems there was comment here that got deleted so I'm not sure what you were talking about but it seems to have to do with audio quality. A simple guide on how to increase audio quality: kzbin.info/www/bejne/q2HCiWqfiNJ4hKs :Ü™

[@carryall69]

thanx for the upload, i was reading wikipedia once more about eternal inflation and thought lets check youtube if there is something new about it and bam! you made my day..**

[@frmrchristian303]

I think I'm in love with the hostess!

[@he5975]

Me Too!

[@sawarunan]

The pocket universe stuff around 9:30 is interesting but I'm a bit unclear on some points. 1. What is actually "decaying" to cause the pocket? 2. Is all of the matter produced inside the pocket (e.g. everything in our observable universe) a product of this singular thing decaying? 3. This might be just me misunderstanding the concept, but from the visualizations shown it seems like the decaying portions leading to big bangs / pocket universes are isolated from the expanding "super-universe" that they appear in, yet we can observe our universe expanding. Does this imply the pocket universe produced by the decay itself starts to exponentially expand?

[@PhilHalper1]

1 the inflating space is decaying 2 all of the matter in our universe is produced by this process to my understanding 3 yes the pocket universes are isolated from the inflating space . Our pocket universes is expanding but it is not inflating. Inflation is very rapid exponential expansion which is not what our pocket universe is doing now. Hope that answers your questions.

[@oliviapeters8629]

Such compelling information. I loved watching every bit of it.

[@PhilHalper1]

thanks

[@timgreen8597]

@@PhilHalper1 If there are an infinite number of ways that the entropy of inflationary perturbations (uniform mass of matter and energy that existed milliseconds after the big bang) can be different and an infinite number of e folds of the slow roll inflation can be different, if there is an infinite number of ways that the value of entropy at the big bang and value of mass at the big bang can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways the average density of normal matter can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways the density of dark matter can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the density of dark energy can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the cosmological constant can be different, if there are an infinite number of ways that the ratio of dark energy to dark matter to normal matter can be different, if there are an infinite number of ways that the value of entropy and density at the big bang can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the laws of physics can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the constants of nature are different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the string theory vucua can de different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the string theory geometry can different and finally if there is an infinite number of ways in which the strength of the inflationary field in which new universes are created are different then how is it possible that our exact lives are being relived right now in another bubble somewhere else in the inflationary multiverse and how is it also possible that the exact history of our bubble universe be repeated in another bubble universe of the inflationary multiverse.

[@timgreen8597]

@@PhilHalper1 If there are an infinite number of ways that the entropy of inflationary perturbations (uniform mass of matter and energy that existed milliseconds after the big bang) can be different and an infinite number of e folds of the slow roll inflation can be different, if there is an infinite number of ways that the value of entropy at the big bang and value of mass at the big bang can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways the average density of normal matter can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways the density of dark matter can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the density of dark energy can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the cosmological constant can be different, if there are an infinite number of ways that the ratio of dark energy to dark matter to normal matter can be different, if there are an infinite number of ways that the value of entropy and density at the big bang can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the laws of physics can be different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the constants of nature are different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the string theory vucua can de different, If there are an infinite number of ways that the string theory geometry can different and finally if there is an infinite number of ways in which the strength of the inflationary field in which new universes are created are different then how is it possible that our exact lives are being relived right now in another bubble somewhere else in the inflationary multiverse and how is it also possible that the exact history of our bubble universe be repeated in another bubble universe of the inflationary multiverse.

[@harstar12345]

This shit is so interesting

[@PhilHalper1]

thank you, glad you like it.

[@harstar12345]

skydivephil Have you ever done an interview with Sean Carroll, if so, where can I find it?

[@PhilHalper1]

No, but I did ask a question at this excellent event where he and his wife were giving a talk on black hole firewalls. I think you will find it interesting: kzbin.info/www/bejne/lWnFmad7nKdrg9E

[@harstar12345]

skydivephil Sounds great, I'll check that out. I know he's doing a few podcasts at the moment, might be a good time to ask him.

[@PissedOffGhost]

I would like to thank you so much for making these. The production quality is fantastic, and interviews with multiple physicists just gives it the extra authoritative class.

[@AztroNut66]

Excellent! Thank you. I love her Schroedinger's Cat shirt :)

[@zero132132]

Always enjoy seeing Alan Guth talk about inflation, and this presented a relatively comprehensive explanation of the relevant issues, especially given that it's only an hour long. I'd love to ask Sean Carroll about his notions regarding the model he's working on with Guth (presumably an extrapolation on the Carroll-Chen model); he takes the Everett many worlds interpretation o quantum mechanics as the most likely to be accurate (as do I), but he discussed ideas regarding what he called 'mad dog Everettianism' in another talk. In that talk, he said that quantum fluctuations in a De Sitter space don't happen, given certain sensible assumptions about degrees of freedom, because the Schroedinger Equation is static, and there are no interactions, and hence no quantum decoherence. It's one of the rare instances where an interpretation of QM actually has a different outcome from other interpretations, though it is (ironically) a difference that we couldn't possibly test or observe in any way. In the Carroll-Chen model, as far as I recall, the assumption was that a sort of 'thermodynamic middle' to the multiverse occurred in a background De Sitter space. If there are no quantum fluctuations in a De Sitter space, and it's describable by a quantum wave function that never collapses, how can that space yield inflationary events? In any event, he has very interesting ideas regarding the arrow of time. If y'all ever do a follow up video, I'd love to know how he reconciles his conception of 'mad dog Everettianism' with the Carroll-Chen model and/or the model he and Guth have been working on. It's a fairly natural extension of the question of how a system that's naively at maximum entropy can have further increases in entropy. If y'all ever end up at Cal-Tech, it might make for an interesting documentary either way.

[@PhilHalper1]

Thanks , we are working on a different model of the early universe for our next film . Not Carroll/Chen but that is something we are thinking about for the future.

[@zero132132]

skydivephil I look forward to it. I really enjoyed this, so I watched the other 3 as well. Your videos are comprehensive, but each portion is 'bite sized' so that it isn't hard to listen and think through each portion. Very well done.

[@PhilHalper1]

thanks

[@leo1233783]

yes, nice work, TY ! please, insure that new videos will have CC active for not english native language people which understand better with CC :)

[@Brianrrs37]

RationalPoet.... As a layperson, I am failing to understand why it has to be a battle between finite and eternal. When I think about simple grade school math class, you can have a finite line with infinite integers between the two points. The more I think about all the theories, multiverse, parallel universe, bubble, or even Krauss saying something can come out of nothing because nothing is unstable, I think of a simple light switch. I think of the "ultimate" "all this" as being that wave function being a fluctuation between the finite states of "on" and "off'. The finite part is "off" that leads to finite "on" and the "forever" is the fluctuation between the two BUT with no comic book human like mythological characters to perpetuate such. .

[@seanmcdonough8815]

Completely answered some of my questions never answered by any other few two physics video ever wow

[@PhilHalper1]

thanks very much

[@samueljohansson7899]

Best documentary on KZbin!! Fascinating stuff!!

[@PhilHalper1]

Thanks

[@omeander]

Interesting so does a contratemporal or bidirectional arrow of time (37:00) suggest a time reversed symmetrical mirror universe? Would this be a mere temporally mirrored universe or would this mirrored symmetry also hold spatially as in a time-space continuum?

[@blisstanger]

The Dark Star Cosmology Model - An Alternative to Inflation Theory ***** In this Cosmological model the Big Bang is caused by a reversible, adiabatic reaction from a maximum energy phase of spacetime into a pure radiation phase consisting of grand-unified bosons and gravitons. This decay reaction occurs in flat spacetime. It is completed during the early part of the Planck Epoch so that by the Planck time what emerges is a flat, homogeneous radiation phase. The initial phase of spacetime is characterized by the Planck density and the highest attainable Hubble constant for flat spacetime. This initial state is completely homogenous and it may be a perfect crystalline state devoid of defects, i.e. a very low entropy state. The thermodynamic properties of the maximum energy phase of spacetime are given by the Planck units (T, P density, volume, mass, and a proposed value for the Planck entropy), which suggests that the fundamental constants of physics emerge from the thermodynamic properties of this phase of spacetime. In addition, the maximum energy phase of spacetime would form in the core of dark stars (black holes). The existence of a core allows the dark star to grow faster than it evaporates eventually reaching a critical size where it de-stabilizes and starts the rapid Big Bang expansion. This continued growth of dark stars may due to the interaction of strong magnetic fields produced by the core with the surrounding spacetime. For example, strong magnetic fields near the core could produce Higgs bosons from spacetime and these in turn decay into quarks and leptons that contribute new mass to the core. The Planck charge of the maximum energy spacetime quanta and the spinning of the core are the proposed cause of these fields. ****** This Cosmology model is a type of multiverse system where all universe systems have the same basic evolution and bulk thermodynamic properties. Each universe produces billions or more of the seed dark stars that create future offspring universe systems. The growth of a seed probably takes several trillion years, which creates a great separation between any two seed dark stars. A multiverse system begins with a parent dark star. This parent may form from the collapse of a Bose-Einstein condensate of the ground state phase of spacetime, i.e. dark energy as the Cosmological constant. The BEC parent dark stars are expected to form in regions of the infinite ground state of spacetime which are remote (and unentangled ?) from existing multiverse systems. In the dark star Cosmological model an infinite number of eternally reproducing multiverses exist within an infinite flat four dimensional spacetime which has the ground state energy density. These universe systems are never expected to collide. ****** Spacetime is quantized by Planck volumes and its expansion is driven by the creation of new spacetime quanta. The rate of spacetime volume-quanta creation depends on its energy density. The Planck volume-quanta of flat spacetime form a geometric tiling that fills three dimensional space. The concept of the arrow of time could emerge from the irreversible expansion of pure spacetime in its flat ground state. A possible mechanism for this expansion could be analogous to the Casmir effect. Quantum fluctuations cause small density waves in the ground state phase. As a result of these waves the Planck volumes can undergo minute density changes on the order of the Planck time. However, about every 9 billion years constructive interference of these density waves produces a doubling of the ground state density within a Planck volume, i.e. a metastable state. This event triggers the creation of a new ground state spacetime quantum with the original flat density. The 9 billion year figure comes from the Hubble constant that is calculated from Relativity theory using the density of the ground state, e.g. Planck (2015) CMB studies. The above process also may be somewhat analogous to the spontaneous creation of quarks from the ground state by the action of the strong force. ****** The connection of this picture of spacetime to string theory could be the result of a series of projections of the energy state within the Planck volume onto the 2-dimensional surfaces of the geometric tilling. Somewhat similar to the Holographic principle, the idea is that this projection can be made without any loss of information. Then we repeat this projection of the energy state from the 2-d surfaces onto the 1-d edges of the tilling element without any loss of information. It is the projected energy vibrations of these 1-d edges that would be described by a type of string-lattice theory or perhaps string network condensate theory.

[@akumar7366]

Would love to hear your thoughts on Roger Penrose CCC theory.

[@PhilHalper1]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/fIene32MpLmrbdU

[@frankshifreen]

You guys-and gals - are impressing me also- really informative, understandable by a layman and yet without losing the essential science- Bravo

[@cptechno]

One question I would have for Dr Alan Guth is: Is Inflation uniform throughout space-time universe? Astronomers seem to measure the inflation of the universe at large scales, which is really a sum or average, but if they could measure at smaller scales, even down to km, would they see a uniform inflation? Could there be small variations when measuring inflation at small scale?

[@valinorean4816]

yes, due to quantum fluctuation, there are - in fact some models of inflation work precisely due to these

[@timblizzard4226]

Amazing docos guys, really great.

[@PhilHalper1]

Thanks, any share on social media will be very much appreciated btw.

[@aaron2709]

Contemporary cosmology has outgrown the word 'universe'. I have always defined this word to mean: EVERYTHING... absolutely everything, no exceptions. If this is true, the term 'multiverse' is absurd. Alternate terms like 'bubble universe' or 'pocket universe' only compound the confusion. Penrose is careful to call the period from the big bang to now an 'epoch' because he envisions an endless chain of 'epoch' segments comprising the universe.

[@centralprocessingunit4988]

at some point the line must be drawn. and im talking about the definition of the word universe.

[@pragjyotishbhuyangogoi8363]

Thank you for your wonderful videos.

[@PhilHalper1]

you are very welcome

[@andersbackman3977]

I love the fact that the background music is from the Kerbal Space Program!

[@bothewolf3466]

A little bit or work on some of the transition editing (some of them felt choppy), but good, solid, information.

[@Only1INDRAJIT]

I didn't understand the part where they said that the decay of the bubbles nucleated as a result of the inflation should look like supermassive black hole from outside. Does outside here mean from our own vantage point or some extra-universal reference frame?

[@PhilHalper1]

Our vantage point.

[@kevinpotts123]

Alan Guth is the man.

[@ttecnotut]

At 32:58, Guth says inflation had a beginning, but that doesn’t mean the universe itself had a beginning.

[@naimulhaq9626]

Inflation or expanding universe seems to be triggered by some chain reaction mechanism, perhaps of matter anti-matter annihilation or instant transformation of magnetic mono-poles. Nima's conclusion of super symmetry on small scales, breaking up on larger scale, may be related to inflation/expansion.

[@daffidavit]

Didn't the discovery of the Higg's Boson at 125.6 Gev convince scientists at Cern that our universe is probably a singular system, as opposed to a multiverse? Didn't the Higg's point to "Super symmetry? Wasn't that the consensus in the Cern discovery on the Netflix documentary?

[@PhilHalper1]

Absolutely not. There has been no evidence for supersymmetry at the LHC. www.sciencenews.org/article/supersymmetry’s-absence-lhc-puzzles-physicists

[@DonStevo82]

And the KSP (Kerbal Space Program) music on the background 😅

[@rationalagenda7083]

well it's about bloody time! Just kidding - brilliant series that is essential viewing for anyone interested in the subject

[@PhilHalper1]

thanks, shares welcome

[@Jax10n]

Is that the music from Kerbal Space Program at the beginning?

[@PhilHalper1]

I don't think so. My colleague got it from a copyright free music provider. I can't find the details at the moment , I could be mistaken on the author.

[@professionalprocrastinator8103]

@@PhilHalper1 it IS the ksp music

[@coreyaudet4297]

Very cool.

[@PhilHalper1]

Thanks, I hope you get the chance to try some of the other episode as well.

[@doodelay]

anyone know the soundtrack at the very beginning of the video? I've heard it before but would like the name!

[@cagliari5984]

They even got iceman for this one damn

[@sharesinterestingthings3452]

I think about this type of theory every night. It's probably the cause of my insomnia.

[@PhilHalper1]

maybe this video can cure it, if not try are others

This is very interesting. One question that this bring to my mind is, if our bubble universe is finite space, even if we cannot see from here that far, what are the properties of the edge of our bubble universe?

[@pichinpichi]

The universe could have a finite volume and still don't have boundary or edge in the same sense as inflated balloon has finite surface area and the surface still doesn't have edge or boundary. It is the reason why they are called bubbles.

[@TheyCallMeGroucho]

But bubbles and balloons do have boundaries, which is the plane within which space is expanding, that is, the boundary separating the interior from the exterior. This boundary creates the edge.

[@pichinpichi]

TheyCallMeGroucho Oh, so you are not familiar with space curvature. It's hard to explain to someone who is not familiar with the concept of space dimensions and space curvature. Try this. You are ant on surface of very big balloon and you never look up or down because there never something there. Imagine you can't move head in this direction. This ant can't see third dimension as we can't see fourth dimension. Now this ant can't see directly he is on the balloon and don't see boundaries of this balloon but still can measure curvature. If two such ants will walk parallel they will experience, their distance will shorten. If they draw triangle, they will see that sum of angles is slightly less than pi. If they go long enough they will end up in same spot. They will be able to measure circumference of their balloon-universe. They will be able to measure finite area of their balloon-universe and still not experience boundary because they can't move their head as we can't experience more than our three dimension and time.

[@markrobinson3348]

+Hynek Vychodil great explanation

[@5thelement1xa50]

What does the universe expand into?

[@thomasnguyenm4756]

Exactly my question for these geekss pretending to understand completely hahaha. I remember sitting in my mathematical for physicists.that class is taken after all the calculus classes and differential equations classes where I was taught the multisolutions for a derencial equation means there are multi dimensions at difference plans which he can't explained when I asked deeper questions.hahahaha fking education hahaha.I also remember asking about the fking universe is expanding into nothing ness.nothing ness is different than empty space!

[@NickCager]

Into empty space which is likely infinite...

[@jtinalexandria]

Excellent!

[@jcacustodio01]

wonderful series! thanks ;)

[@PhilHalper1]

thanks, glad you liked it

[@pimlico_qld]

Does inflation and expansion of universe mean same. My doubt is where is universe expanding ? I mean into what ? Where it is acquiring space from ?

[@BlatendCrude]

Imagine someone writing a computerprogram about a sphere that keeps getting bigger, for ever. Now, where is the sphere expanding into.....?

[@irondice5183]

I think the idea is that the space (that you refer to) for it to expand into, is not necessary, because it does not come into that category. The "space" is the space that is, itself, expanding inside the universe. If you put a cup of water, in an ocean, and put a teaspoon of coffee powder in that cup of water, none of the ocean becomes coffee. If you add even more coffee powder to the cup, it does not change the fact that none of the ocean is now coffee, yet the coffee is, itself, in the ocean. Just one example of, in a very simple way, visualising how the principle of adding something, without affecting, or needing to alter, the surrounding state, is possible. Now just try and imagine the concept of "space" and "room" (as in 'room to move') as being the equivalent of coffee powder in this case, the universe the cup, and whatever the universe is "in" as the ocean. Then progress to thinking that, since "space" and "room" need only apply to the boundries of the actual universe, then extra dimensionally, room or space do not exist, or are not needed, for physicality to exist within. And I suspect that, just as "beginning" and "end" are POTENTIALLY nothing more than human intellect constructs, suited to how are brains are wired, and magnetising us to believing that beginning and end must be inevitable, perhaps the same is true of the notion of "space" and "room"....i'm a complete novice with science btw, so i'm no official on this as you all can probably tell lol

[@timblizzard4226]

The universe could be infinite in size, and it is just the local reference frame which is expanding i.e. the space between various objects is increasing.

[@coolmodee]

The real answer is we dont know.

[@jaydienparks5658]

@@coolmodee so is it expanding into anything

[@dontinjectdisinfectant9919]

The hardest part to grasp for me is how can one imagine sizing down billions of galaxies, straight down to a singularity! It must have been one hell of an explosion! Hawking tried to have everyone understand how chaotic this process must have been, let it's probability! Wow!

[@PhilHalper1]

Most cosmologists including Hawking agree there was no singularity kzbin.info/www/bejne/i2jOp52Kh7xgqtk

[@jaylanamor4996]

But gets me feeling queasy in the stomach, is what happened before all of this... and before all of before all of this so on and so on...

[@Cooliofamily]

The eternal recurrence.

[@PerpetualBass]

Did you not listen to any of these ideas? They specifically address that question in this video and the others in this series

[@1974jrod]

Infinite regress is an absurdity.

[@rknower]

The Logical Universe predicts that mono-pole magnetism is inconsistent with the laws of nature and relativity. Although, in mathematical or hypothetical thinking they can exist... Spherical rotation will always create a north and south pole phenomena. This in tern, is relative to plane orientation...

[@TheGreatAlan75]

According to Donald Hoffman all physicists are really just learning about our human-specific user interface!! NOT objective reality 😵😵😵 What do YOU think? Yes YOU !

[@peterpalumbo1963]

With the super telescopes coming on line in the next 10 to 20 years we should be able to see the cosmic event horizon. It would be fantastic if we could see beyond the cosmic event horizon to other stars and galaxies and other universes.

[@PhilHalper1]

we cant see other universes with any telescope, new more powerful telescopes cant see before 380,000 years after the big bang. the only way to go back further is to detect neutrinos or gravitational waves, see our film here:kzbin.info/www/bejne/oHzVgKxqoqhnrck

[@MaineArtists]

There seems to be both eternal inflation and eternal deflation of the coordinate systems we use to measure the Universe. I think, this is what everyone is missing when they describe both the multiverse and gravity. There are two distinct types of gravity, the second, lesser-known type is created by the disappearance of the coordinate system beyond the event horizon of black holes. The multiverse is an aberration, and in fact, part of the Universe. Black holes are definitely part of the Universe. The problem arises because no one has yet tacked the problem that in order for any coordinate system to work reasonably, then there must be a flow. We know there is a flow, because there is Time. The base unit of the GUT is the Time Quantum, not any particle.

[@maujo2009]

Wow, skydive, you're the _only_ KZbinr who does these kind of videos... Correction, you're the _only_ and the _cutest_ KZbinr who does these videos :D Excellent work!

[@leo1233783]

cute and kind, ok , but not the only one

[@csdr0]

It means as the normal arrow of time goes forward to the future the arrow of time also goes back to the past. A novel but strange form of a model for space time.

[@leo1233783]

symmetries open the field of theoretical possibilities and let a geometric role to singularities.

[@timblizzard4226]

Not really, we often confuse the dimension of time with the arrow of time. Spacetime, as a concept, has no direction of time, it is just a coordinate system. Just like there is no absolute up or down, left or right, forward or back, these things are only relevant to a local observer. Time is the same, its just a dimension which we move through. The reason we have an arrow of time is because of the way matter behaves. Think of it this way, imagine if every single thing in the universe stopped moving. Everything, and I mean everything, was dead still. Would that mean time had stopped? What if time was still passing but everything was just not moving? How could you tell? Its impossible. What we perceive as time passing is actually just the way matter behaves in a system where the entropy is always increasing, and what that means is matter can only move in one direction in time, from order to disorder, because of the second law of thermodynamics. Imagine you lived on the east side of an island, and there was a massive mountain chain which cut the island in half that was so big you could never get to the other side. The mountains run in a north south line. From your perspective, all of the rivers would run from the mountains towards the sea, and you would rationally conclude that rivers always run to the east, towards the rising sun. Every river or creek you ever saw would always run east, so you might conclude that water running east was as fundamental as water running downhill. But, in reality, people stuck on the other side see the same thing, but for them water runs towards the setting sun. Which one is right? They both are, but the reality is water runs down hill, and it doesn't care about east or west. We watch matter run down hill as the earth spins and revolves around the sun, our food goes off and we get old. We think matter only runs east, but maybe on the other side of the hill, it runs downhill there too?

[@markrobinson3348]

love it I subbed.

[@crushedz]

So a vacuum gives rise to quantum fluctuations.When does this give rise to different fields like electric,neutrino,Higgs?In the expansion of space giving rise to this expanding universe,does this expansion weaken these fields?Are these fields only associated with matter or are only detectable through interaction with matter?In the same way as it is said that electrons are a manifestation of the/an electric field,is there a 'vacuum' field that generates the/a phenomenal universe?

[@davidwilkie9551]

These lectures illustrate how abstract components of the Universe work:- in a similar qualitative manner to the way in which a selection of expertise in Building Construction might be assembled and given preliminary instructions on what sort of building is wanted, by pointing out various attributes in existing examples. None of the experts are familiar with the exact attributes asked for, or the particular building examples, so derivative research and coordination is the next stage of the development. Likewise, Inflation +/- is attributable to the Universal rate of change Constant, "e", and closed reciprocal positioning bifurcation, Pi by the inherent Principle in superimposed, "total internal reflection-> dynamical positioning information, "i", as these constants are applied in the connecting-coordinating quantization-modulation systematics of all phenomena. Universal building and construction is continuous creation connection by this e-Pi-i coordination Principle, in this Observable Universe, here-now-forever.

[@ViralKiller]

The version of the big bang which allows matter to clump together softly and stick is the one that creates life...gravity has to be just right

[@unitedspacepirates9075]

Dark energy is an illusion caused by the gravitational distortion caused by the gravitational fields of distant galaxies. Gravity from distant galaxies has a redshift effect on the frequency of light they emit in the same way that gravity can bend the path of light. Hence no cosmic acceleration, no dark energy, no un accounted for dark matter, no big bang, this universe is eternal, no beginning or ending. Cosmic background microwaves are just distant galaxies who's light has been gravitationally distorted beyond your visible spectrum. Galaxies exchange and recycle energy and birth new stars out of old dead ones.

[@gyro5d]

Inflation; When the Dielectric Energy decayed from the Inertial Plane in Counterspace. Absolute Zero, 0K, is in the Inertial Plane, Counterspace. That's why Space is 2.43K. The smaller the Spacial Footprint, the higher the Capacitance. The higher the gauss, the smaller it's field. Scalable Aether, Casimir Effect Universe! Space and Counterspace are the plates, the Inertial Plane attracts and repels the plates. Grand Expand/Big Bang; Dielectric energy decayed into the Dielectric Voidance Field/Magnetism. Magnetism gives Magnitude to the Universe. BANG!!?

[@ronaldderooij1774]

Good stuff, but please buy a better microphone when interviewing Guth.

[@Lyle-xc9pg]

You need more subscribers!

[@fornax333]

If everything was packed to a such high density at the beginning of Big Bang does not that mean that all the particles in the universe also was being entangled with each other at that time and still are? Providing that they all was being entangled at the beginning of Big Bang could the mean that this resulted in the creation of space it self?

[@leo1233783]

entanglement , if any , suffers from decoherence which is related to entropy. Interesting tracks for investigation but the circularity risk is very high

[@pedrodiaz5540]

Alan Guth rules

[@Galathea000]

Amazing content !

[@MrFredericPlante]

Best before the bang.

[@londonspade5896]

Love the Kerbal Space Program music!

[@PhilHalper1]

Yes Its good , thanks

[@dr_IkjyotSinghKohli]

I think this video is decent, but is missing recent results, that really call inflation, particularly, eternal inflation that generates a multiverse into more doubt, which I wish the authors of this video would include: 1. Gratton and Turok: arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0503063 2. Kohli and Haslam - arxiv.org/abs/1408.2249 - Shows that a multiverse generated via the common picture of eternal inflation is not mathematically viable and leads to strong singularities. 3. Kohli and Haslam - arxiv.org/abs/1508.02670 - Shows that for a generic inflation scenario to generate a multiverse requires a high degree of fine-tuning, particularly in the initial anisotropy, geometry, and of course, initial conditions.

[@PhilHalper1]

We did include criticism from Steinhart who is a co author of Turok, we also included other criticism but we are limited for time and so had to pick the ones we thought were most important.

[@dr_IkjyotSinghKohli]

skydivephil Yes. This is sort of my point. How would you decide which ones are most important? What criteria do you use? Do you have experts in mathematical physics that sort to the literature? Etc...

[@leo1233783]

@ikjyot : I should be interested by reading the opinion of some expert about the probability computation made in arxiv.org/abs/1508.02670 which is not exactly what the sentence following the link describes. For the ones I know, it would be very sharp ...

[@JJRed888]

If we see positive curvature, it does not necessarily invalidate bubble universe - we may be living on the surface of the bubble.

[@robertm3561]

If we can prove, that the observable universe is not collapsing to itself we can conclude, that there is more materia than exploded in the BB, as BB was an explosion etc. didn't appear from nothing, but all the materia in it like all there is has always existed. Imagine a process from nothing to anything, doesn't happen, so infinite time in the past also thus if not collapsing, has to be more materia than exploded in the BB.

[@frenkl123]

Part 5 please!

[@PhilHalper1]

We are making it. Hopefully out soon.

[@frenkl123]

Fantastic!

[@danbreeden5481]

Is the smooth exit from eternal inflation of hawking's last paper disprove eternal inflation

[@PhilHalper1]

even they didn't claim that, the lcicm was that it might make the number of universes finite rather than infinite. But its still vey tentantive work

[@jimkeller3868]

Always amazed how physicists assume the layman should grasp a deep concept simply by stating it. So, there is one monopole after expansion. What does that mean. Is the monopole part of a thing?....of space?....of the vacuum? If inflation rapidly separated particle pairs at creation, so they couldn't annihilate, and you claim that that separatiion gave rise to what we see today then where is the antimatter side of the separated pairings?

[@virgilsollozzo6235]

Please activate subtitles

[@MrRyanroberson1]

There seems to be something magical about the number two... Where are all the threes in physics?? Just twos for area, and everything that comes in binary pairs.

[@PhilHalper1]

Newton's three laws , Keplers three laws, 3 particles in an atom, 3 forces described by particles physics , three types of neutrinos etc

[@dipdo7675]

If big bangs happen a trillion trillion times then the precision needed for our universe is an inevitability!! So singularly a preposterous event but with so many inevitable!

[@haggismcbaggis9485]

Guth seems to contradict himself when he states that it is difficult for something to be eternal, but only for some of the time. He later references a paper from 2001 where inflation had a specific "start". Nomura talks about his 2012 paper @t "where the multiverse does not have a beginning or end."

[@british.columbia]

Disabling the closed caption prevents a whole bunch of people from watching it.

[@PhilHalper1]

I have not done anything to my knolwedge to disable CC, it seems youtube just didn't generate them. If you know fo some setting that I can do to reiterate them Im all ears

[@craiggilchrist4223]

Whys it playing KSP music?

[@tomaszgabriel1830]

Thank you!

[@user72974]

It's royalty free music. xD It's commonly-used on KZbin videos and low budget films. Unfortunately, I cant focus on something I'm watching if it uses tracks also used in KSP. :(

[@timblizzard4226]

Why not is the relevant question!

[@mrchrispy13]

i also noticed this immediately and came to the comments to see if i was the only one that noticed :D

[@neopolitansokare7899]

Excellent documentary, Phil and co, you did well to get together such engaged and engaging speakers with fascinating things to say! Perhaps some links expanding on the topics would be helpful (they would for me since I am writing an article which refers to this video). I note there was the occasional flash of an article, paper or website - links to those would really help. There's also some good supporting information here - www.counterbalance.org/cq-guth/howdo-frame.html - in which Alan Guth explains how inflation works in a widely accessible way. Alexander Vilenkin also has some interesting (and related) things to say here - inference-review.com/article/the-beginning-of-the-universe.

[@PhilHalper1]

Thanks for you kind words. i don't have time at the moment to dig up all the links, but if you hit pause on the screen at the right time, you should be able to see many of the relevant paper. Cheers.

[@he5975]

The name of the woman hosting this series?

[@the10thplague]

Physicists too play KSP, confirmed.

[@vertigo3094]

obiously the universe had infinitely expanded of inflation until it got to the point when the big bang happend and scientist said that our universe is still expanding.does that mean that the empty space outside of our universe being covered by. and does that mean if our universe going to grow and if there is another growing universe like ours will it bind with ours and form a bigger universe call a double.and will all the universes bind together form a universe system?

[@mikebellamy]

First Falsification of the Big Bang 1. Big Bang assumes energy and matter from nothing in a quantum singularity or fluctuation 2. The density is quoted variously as extreme to infinite 3. The total mass of the universe curves space and shapes the universes destiny 4. Black Holes have an escape velocity at their event horizon equal to the speed of light 5. The size of a Black Hole is measured by its mass which gives the diameter of the event horizon 6. The mass of the universe is ~1e80 protons = 6.7e53 Kg 7. The formula for escape velocity = (2GM/r)^0.5 Therefore r = 2GM/v^2 8. Given M = 6.7e53 Kg and v = 3e8 m/sec therefore Dia = 2.r = 52.5 billion light yrs 9. The universe cannot at any time have been smaller than 52.5 billion light yrs in diameter 10. The matter in the universe can only have been created after the expansion of space *The Big Bang is falsified as a violation of the law of gravity! Q.E.D.*

[@haarith9090]

17:34 he says "there are things that look strange like the axis of evil" How does that look strange, what does he mean?

[@PhilHalper1]

i interpret that as meaning its not quite what we expect but Statistical significance is not high enough to mark stout as a discovery

[@haarith9090]

@@PhilHalper1 does it show that we are close or at the center of the universe?

[@PhilHalper1]

@@haarith9090 nope

[@PhilHalper1]

there is no centre to the unvierse

[@thnxm8]

I came from the video "Cosmic Fine Tuning and Multiverse - Muhammad Hijab & Ali Dawah vs Philip ( Atheist Astronomer ) P 1". Hopefully I can learn something new :D

[@PhilHalper1]

I think you will. Let us know.

[@royvindas340]

Add subtitles please

[@20july1944]

At 27 mins, the scientist is explaining why it is impossible to say what "time" frame of reference is relevant. This is, of course, true, and it makes nonsense of the claim that "closed time loops" (if they exist at all) obviate the need for an initial cause or an initial time for any event, even in a "closed time loop" (which is discussed in episode 6 of this series).

[@PhilHalper1]

i see no justification for your argument. What all Guth is saying is that if there are other bubble universe , one can't specify which one came first. but that doesnt imply CTC's can't exist. Why would it?

[@20july1944]

Phil: The relevant frame of references for "which bubble universe" came first would be the "God's Eye view" outside whatever medium you're suggesting the "bubbles" are forming in. It would be impossible to get there, but identifying it is easy.