Before the Vikings // Evolution of the Viking Longship #1 (10,000 BC-750 AD)

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[@HistoryTime]

- Watch my latest history documentary here:- kzbin.info/www/bejne/mWSrommLlquEp80 So this video was originally going to cover the entire Viking Age too, up until around 1150. It would've been ridiculously long so I will do a part two charting the years 750 to 1150. This video is part of Operation Odysseus- a mass collaboration of history KZbinrs on naval history. You can check out the other vids in the playlist here:- kzbin.info/aero/PLDb22nlVXGgd2rdNu1C44t-hoYXA9bL2M

[@RealSB]

This was incredibly well done. I learned many things I had never been exposed to. Great documentary.

[@APEX-qv7rm]

It should be 100 Hours long In Canada, its cold as fuck these nights I like to feed my mind the meat of History Thank you

[@JoesWebPresence]

An excellent video. Well made, well researched and highly informative.

[@HistoryTime]

@@JoesWebPresence Thanks so much!

[@HistoryTime]

@@RealSB Thanks man. Glad you enjoyed it!

[@cluhendrix8432]

There used to be a tv channel devoted to this kind of stuff, unfortunately it was eaten by staged reality television. Thanks for this.

[@randysavage1]

They rarely have good stuff last i seen was warriors with special forces dude

[@Blaz1ngFury]

@@randysavage1 savage

[@deadastronaut2440]

Everyone hating on the history channel is so weird... Don't get me wrong I wish they produced more quality history programs but there mo has always been a mix bad reality shows and the occasionally good history documentary. So you're basically grieving for something that never existed

[@chaddersh3736]

@@deadastronaut2440 yea, real good history documentaries. Like the one about Amelia Earhart. When they forgot to do some easy fact checking and spread false facts as truth. That were easily debunked by amateurs. It's not weird. They are hated on for a reason. History channel is crap. But I guess it's not hard to entertain a dead astronaut 😉

[@crazyasalways9272]

@@deadastronaut2440 exactly like if you watched it for a year you saw everything they had

[@jangelbrich7056]

I can hardly believe that this is NOT a TV program but a "homemade" video? It is extremely professional, declassing many other TV programs and video documentaries out there!

[@HistoryTime]

Thanks Jan! Appreciate it! Much more on the way :)

[@bakters]

Does it have an overly dramatic pseudo-fight scenes where burly men clad in mud hit each other's shields and scream? Not really. Does it have a forced growing up and falling in love story? Nope. Finally, is it devoid of any meaningful information, apart from a few glossed over tropes? Not, again. I find it extremely easy that this work is not a TV program. It hardly even resembles one.

[@lutherjames5285]

I think was referring to the quality of the video as much as the content. I must agree.

[@lutherjames5285]

Jan Gelbrich I feel the same. The quality is very "professional "..Content as well.

[@dubuyajay9964]

@@bakters No, this is more early History Channel before it became overrun with reality TV shows and questionable historical dramas.

[@thePyiott]

Im Norwegian and I've never felt a real connection to my country's pre-viking era history before watching your videos. Thank you for making these great videos.

[@StefanMilo]

You deserve your own Netflix series!

[@HistoryTime]

AKA I got extremely carried away :D Thanks so much man.

[@robmitchel5166]

I completely agree with that statement! Netflix or Some other form of networking where more people could watch this Amazing work this guy Does! I'd be able to converse with this guy for hours on all of the topics of his videos.(sorry for bad grammar haha)

[@gusgone4527]

Agreed.

[@ingwerschwensen8115]

Stefan Milo Wow, I had exactly the same thought. Originating, of course, as Rob Mitchel already pointed out, in the exceptional quality of this well-crafted video.

[@DanHale13]

hear, hear.

[@glacieractivity]

As a Scandinavian Quarternary geologist/paleoclimatologist with an obvious interest in time, I can only congratulate the person/people behind this channel and documentaries. Having just discovered your needle of the youtube haystack and watched a couple of your videos that I am at least semiprofessionally capable to test for accuracy I am thoroughly impressed. To the point that I am actually feeling a bit moved amidst even huge networks going "new research may indicate (insert sensational)" completely without context and what is the broad academic theories that allow for hypotheses to be grounded. If I had a family member asked to write a high-school essay on a topic, I would not hesitate to watch through your videos to get a broad overlook (with the typical critical advice) as I can only vouch for the Earth Science side of facts - which are more than accurate for this purpose). I really wish some network bothered to take a look at what you (and your community) are doing here on youtube. To watch large network flying some conspiracy theoreticians around to archaeological sites to prove UFOs or whatever may bring in cash. To decide that every story must "be in the footsteps of Odin" may bring in viewers. Personally, I find your work so freeing. Demonstrating that scripting a very well written narrative about "what is known" can be as engaging and existing as wondering if someone does find the UFO evidence in tonight's episode (spoiler alert - they don't). If BBC Earth grew a pair and dared to try their "slow TV" narrated approach to the natural world on prehistoric humanity and archaeology, I am sure the audience is "big enough". Maybe not so big that they can afford to send huge camera crews to every corner of the planet for weeks and months to capture the most amazing wildlife images ever. But big enough to narrate the basic historical understanding of events (A bit like Cosmos). No sensation needed. (Even though it was just published that a Roman coin (Marcus Aurelius) and a richly decorated Viking sword (richly decorated) has recently been found in "Northern Norway" - which is at least a small sensation).

[@Troov]

"paleoclimatologist" watch out everybody

[@jackking5229]

Goofy

[@charleskuchenbrod8400]

"Expert Opinion" like viewers possess

[@michaellinderman8635]

Yeah Ion reading all that

[@TheZeptux]

The best history channel on youtube by a mile. As a norwegian, i personally love the viking videos such as this. Your content is 10/10 mate, keep em coming!

[@HistoryTime]

TheZeptux thanks so much friend. Really glad you like it. So much more on the way

[@DrDavidmx]

It’s actually Æsir not Laesir

[@DrDavidmx]

Paweł Wend: You’re a clown! Yes I do but do you?? I’m Icelandic I basically speak, read and write Old Norse it’s called Icelandic! Æsir is Old Norse yes and this word has been almost unchanged from the Etruscan language (maybe even further)as aiser>eiser and have the same meaning, that said it has been used all over Europe dummy!

[@Tony-Injection]

@Paweł Wend, Aesir becomes Israel. Israel is not in the Bible, it a Word scramble, without an l. Ok. 😂🤣

[@jturtle5318]

@Paweł Wend well, that confused me about Sigrid The Haughty. I have her as Sigrid Tostesdottir.

[@bqrre]

Amazing documentary. I just imagine the archeologists discovering the Viking ship, revealing a whole new world, hidden for almost 1000 years. Stories that was believed to be just fairytales. Truly mindblowing. Thank you for this! Cheers from Sweden!

[@TheArmchairHistorian]

Very professional video History time! Thanks so much for being part of the collaboration!

[@HistoryTime]

Thankyou! I am grateful for being a part of it!

[@alaskaoalaska]

@@alexandrine1558 I'm sure they do more then comment on each other's videos, if you know what I mean.

[@fraai]

@@alexandrine1558 yes

[@rustee00]

Who’s Alexander the greater

[@tengil4595]

The production value of this video is astounding! This could be it's own TV documentary

[@HistoryTime]

Thanks so much!

[@tengil4595]

@@HistoryTime You deserve it 100% imo

[@4FYTfa8EjYHNXjChe8xs7xmC5pNEtz]

*its own

[@leesenger3094]

Pete, I'm so grateful your channel is blowing up this year! History Time is an International Treasure! You deserve the recognition brother!!! Thank you for the Countless hours of binge worthy History!!!!!

[@stianberg5645]

The only issue I can point out with this video, is that the Oseberg Ship is used in some places where the topic is about the Gokstad Ship. But the Oseberg Ship is way more featured in photos, and had a more well documented excavation. Also as the two ships are displayed together, it is easy to mix them up in searches, because the Oseber Ship is always featured more as a symbol of the viking age in Norway. I think the creator knew this though. I don't think it is misleading to use photos of something closely related, when other footage is unavailable. The quality of this is much higher than what you would ever expect from youtube! even professional productions could learn from this guy. The video was informative, and as a fan of this time in history (being a local from the area of Borre and the Oseberg Ship-grave) I learned, and developed my perspective. Whoever disliked this video just missed the like button

[@MDCCLXXVI1990]

I live in a small village in southern Sweden. In the woods a couple km from here is a kings grave dating about 2000 BC along with massgraves as far as the eye can see. I love it.

[@Artur_M.]

Magnificent documentary! Operation Odysseus is really spoiling us.

[@HistoryTime]

Glad you liked it my friend. It's a really great playlist.

[@Gauntlet1212]

It's a really great idea. Showed me some good history channels I didn't know yet, too.

[@Theturtleowl]

The quality of this is beyond what I imaged would and could be done for KZbin. It has everything to be broadcast on TV. You are amazing.

[@TheBarser]

I just watched this episode again, and it is really well done. I love the way you tell the history. I am from Northern Denmark and it it said that the Cimbri tribe came from up here. We have lots of places and stuff named after the Cimbri here. Lots of burial mounds around from the bronze age also. I grew up living 500 meters from Lindholm Høje which is a big viking site. Was always fascinated by these things.

[@SIC647]

Himmer and Cimbrer is the same word. H and C always get changed out with each other between Germanic and Latin. Countless examples, just one is "horn" and "corni". So the Romans were absolutely talking about Himmerland. Which is quite extraordinary that this people is mentioned.

[@penhullwolf5070]

This is excellent. Better than anything by BBC or History Channel.

[@anmordal-swe2203]

Thank you so much for displaying and promoting our incredible heritage in such accurate and tasteful manner! Greetings from Scandinavia!

[@semiautothanoscar9612]

"Infinity War is the Most Ambitious Crossover Ever" Operation Oddyseus: Hold my Beer

[@HistoryTime]

I'm sure there could be more in the future too...

[@bvthebalkananarchistmapper5642]

I honestly hope BazBattles, Kings & Generals and maybe even Extra Creditz (through their Extra History series) join in on the next collab of this sort together with all participants of this one. Hey, who knows, maybe I'll start my own history videos by that point and may have a chance of joining in on such a collab as well. This is little more than wishful thinking by this point, but it's not outside the realm of possibility.

[@bvthebalkananarchistmapper5642]

Oh, now I remembered the channel I'd also like to see in a collab of history KZbinrs, but didn't mention because I forgot the name: Historia Civilis.

[@ramtrucks721]

Another stupid beer joke

[@RyelynCaster]

Wait , 42 minutes? Wow you really went above and beyond

[@HistoryTime]

I got a little carried away with the research. There will be a part 2 to this video, and many more videos on the Nordic Bronze Age and Migration Periods.

[@alexdunphy3716]

That's why he is the best

[@frosty6960]

Felice Vinci has a very strong theory about Homers epic tales not beeing a boat trip around the medeiterranean sea ... but actually to the nordic areas. This is quite apparant on the descriptions .... people loving mead and ale, dressed in heavy coats and furs... And those endless long days... The greek islands aint really very well known for their cold, snowy and foggy climate. Historians biggest issue is underestimating our ancestors... they were more capable than we expect.

[@fredlougee2807]

@selpmax Well, there is the bit where Cerce turns the crew into beasts. Maybe they had sailed all the way to the Baltic from Troy (talk about getting lost) Cerce gave the crew heavy furs to wear, but Odysseus thought that the crew had been transformed into animals. Naw. I don't buy it either.

[@fredlougee2807]

@selpmax Been a very long time since I read The Odyssey. Maybe the mid 1990s? There was a big-budget made-for-TV adaptation about then and I found a Penguin Classics edition of the epic laying about, seemed like a good opportunity to read by choice something I had been given a light brushing over in high school. Anyway, having the source material. No furs per se. Woolen cloaks and shirts, unquote. I think someone is relying on a large number of people having not read the actual tale and willing to take him at his word, that Odysseus's men were provided with furs and plied with mead, to justify his hypothesis that the Odyssey took place in the Baltic.

[@jorgwestermann434]

I am from Germany so it is a little bit difficult to understand but it s the best Vid about this Period of History I have ever seen. Amazing. There is nothing to find similar in German Television. All Thumbs up👍👍✌

[@bajingo4759]

You are not a viking so fuck off

[@anthonyfox585]

Bajingo nobody technically is a viking, the viking age ended around 1,000 years ago but there are lots of people who descended from them and that includes people from Northern Germany, I'm curious though, are you just a troll or what's up, it's not healthy for people to be so angry, is there something going on in your personal life?

[@Ravishrex1]

Research the Ore linde book . Germania was before the north man Frisia was before Germania. The Germanic tribes moved north east south and west.

[@kevwhufc8640]

@@bajingo4759 what a grown up sensible reply 🙄 Why bother.... smh

[@kevwhufc8640]

Jorg westermann , Saxons had long ships long before the Danes, theres a ship burial from 6th century in England sutton Hoo ship burial , near east coast of England. The Saxons were raiding Roman merchant ships around 250 AD , raided England coast by 400 ad , attacked & started to settle around late 5th century... Same ships centuries before Vikings existed...

[@EpimetheusHistory]

A really great video, learned a lot. Interesting the variety of the Dragon ships.

[@HistoryTime]

Thanks so much! I was just watching your video. Really great stuff

[@redtobertshateshandles]

@my toughts thanks for the insight. We all share Scandanavian blood. Mine's pretty dilute but still there.

[@CogitoEdu]

You really went above and beyond for this video :O Love it.

[@HistoryTime]

Thanks mate. I got a little carried away...

[@moviejose3249]

@@HistoryTime Better in my opinion than most BBC documentaries. Imagine how much bigger their budgets are also.

[@UpcycleElectronics]

Started watching Cogito's video as a break from a super long AVR microcontroller assembly language tutorial bc it was on top of my main feed and the path of least resistance....I dropped everything, procrastinated my plans, and started the playlist from the beginning. I'm on a subscriber's binge now. I've picked up 3 so far. This is cool. Do this more guys.

[@melodymaker5845]

Good job

[@melodymaker5845]

Nice work.

[@chimphandsyeet]

Why the hell isnt this channel on a TV show already?! Someone get this man a tv producer!

[@stingraybob8933]

Production values are astounding on this one - bravo!

[@HistoryTime]

Thanks so much! Appreciate it

[@angusmatthews1806]

Came for boats got the whole scandnavian history

[@thorbridge9093]

This is only a fraction of the history

[@anthonywarren9885]

His history of northern migration is wrong. People don't leave what is familiar for " new opportunities " as he says. People migrate for 2 reasons. Lack of resources and conflict. There is still a missing history to Europe and himan migration as a whole.

[@GroundbreakGames]

The craftsmanship of that boat is astounding. These were complex people. Really awesome stuff.

[@phantomphool]

This feels like one of those history based movies that museums have on constantly, and honestly? I dig it

[@WellHiFellers]

Dude this is more informative, better constructed, more modern, and more entertaining than any history lecture I have ever been forced to sit through. Excellent work sir!!

[@jeremyerickson280]

24 monks of Lindisfarne disliked this video.

[@BreadWinner330]

Damn those marauding heathens

[@davehallett3128]

@Anthony Butler c mon ya sap it s a funny line. Are you denying the vikings killed the monks repeatedly til no one would live there. You re not one of these grumpy vikings who kill everyone who disagrees with you are you. One would think that you d gotten over lindisfarne by now

[@davehallett3128]

They gave it 48 thumbs

[@forestdweller5581]

Yeah but 250.000 children abused by the monks at Lindisfarne gave this video a thumbs up lol :)

[@thorbridge9093]

@@davehallett3128 are you. Denying that the church sanctioned Charlemagne to force convert northern Europe whereas Charlemagne cut his way across northern Europe killing 4500 men, women and children just in Verdun alone because they wouldn't convert 7 years prior to lindisfarne England

[@Bontebok5]

This is by far the best of the Operation Odysseus videos, remarkably detailed and interesting. Thanks for your hard work!

[@user-ui3em2ev1j]

A large viking settlement has just been excavated in Varberg west coast of Sweden, Arabic coins, long house, graves of humans and animals , gold and silver coins. I talked to the lady digging and she said this is the best findings she has done in her 30 year career

[@ronfroehlich4697]

English rock band from Wolverhampton then she got raped by a refugee

[@ynoten]

@@moviejose3249 What are you talking about...? It is known that the vikings travelled to the middle east....

[@williedaniels3882]

@@ynoten-- The Swedish Vikings (called the Rus) went and were mercenaries in Turkish armies, and have been known to go as far as Babylon also. They also founded the city that became Kiev.

[@bonnielucas1941]

How exciting that must be!

[@ynoten]

@@williedaniels3882 Yes, the famous silk road. Alot of vikings travelled to the middle east, ( not only swedes ) where constantinople was visited many times.

[@Aurinkohirvi]

There is some omissions in this documentary that are very apparent to a Finnish viewer. The same boat types were used all the Baltic Sea peoples, including Anglo-Saxons, Slavs, Balts and Finnic peoples. The Stone Age rock art in Finland too has plenty of boat images. Another Brone Age center was in the Ural Mountains. The interrior Finland was connected to the Ural Mountains bronze trade: hundreds of Seima and Ananjino -type bronze axes and axe-molds are found in Finland, so the Bronze Age trade already travelled through the Russian great rivers. (But so did Stone Age trade, there are Stone Age artefacts in Finland made of wood that only grew east of Ural Mountains, and sea shells that were used as currency in the Indian Ocean region). Also, your map misses that Finnish and Estonian coast Bronze Age culture belonged to the Scandinavian Bronze Age culture by their bronze items. The Finnish & Estonian viking boat was called uisko (Finnish) / uss (Estonian), the word meaning snake and lizard. The Novgorodian vikings (Ushkuiniks) called their boats with the Finnic loan word. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananyino_culture en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushkuiniks fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uisko

[@Aurinkohirvi]

@GluttonousDragon Hey, Russian primary chronicles mention wars against Finnish Tavastian tribe 1042AD onward. On the contrary, you are selling an old theory, not a modern one. It was the old Svecoman movement idea, to boost the connections with Sweden, by the Swedish minority in Finland, that created the idea that Finns, and the Samis as well, were Asian en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svecoman_movement Modern genetics place Finns right where they are geographically located: the genetic distances of Finns are shortest to the Baltic peoples Estonians, Lithuanians and Latvians, Northern Russians and Scandinavians. If you gonna claim Finns are recent, then so are all their neighbors! Same with the Samis: their genetic distance is shortest to the Finns and Scandinavians. This international study of genetic distances is from September 2015 journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0135820. Look at the figure2 (use the zoom buttom below the maps): it shows genetic distances of Slavic and Baltic peoples and their neighbors.The map A uses autosomal DNA markers (all genome except sex chromosomes) the map B uses Y-DNA (male sex chromosome) and the map C uses mtDNA (female sex chromosome). In the maps "Fi" = the Finns, "Kar" = the Karelians (Finnish people in eastern Finland and north-western Russia), Ve = Vepsä (Vepsians, close relative language to Finnish and Estonian), RuN = northern Russians, RuC = Central Russians, Swe = Swedes, Est = Estonians, Lit = Lithuanians, Lat = Latvians, Kom = Volga Finnic Komi people and so on (many more European peoples are seen on these maps). As you can see, looking at the whole DNA (Map A) Finns, Vepsians and Karelians are in the same bunch, Estonians, Russians and Swedes coming to the closest. Looking at the Y-DNA (Map B), the Northern Russians and the Komis come closest to Finns, next come Baltic speaking Lithuanians and Latvians and another Finnic speaking peoples, the Estonians. The autosomal DNA is of course much much better when you look at genetic distances than sex chromosome DNA. Finns have a large variation in genetic material: as you see the "Fi" runs a long way almost accross the whole map of autosomal DNA. Finns have among themselves upto 60 points genetic distances (0,0060 FST), while generally European peoples have upto 10 points genetic distances. Also Russians and Swedes have among themselves relatively large genetic distances, among the Swedes it is 25 points. Thus you can find that some Fi are almost with the Central Europeans, while great majority are quite distant. Finns really are an island (or a peninsula) in the genetic map, but the closest people are Finns' neighbors. This is a good study because not only it has the autosomal, Y-DNA and mtDNA in same study, but the amount of genetic markers they used for comparing, is HUGE. (Edit: fixed a few typos, no content changes)

[@JuiceStainded]

I always enjoy your videos so much. You're easily one of the best history channels I've found on KZbin, and I recommend you to anyone I talk to who is interested in history. Thanks for all that you do, your work is loved and appreciated.

[@iraqafghanistanmarine6905]

Just found your channel and very impressed. Professional, insightful, well documented, and superbly narrated. You have a new sub!!!

[@deanbuss1678]

Nordic history is so, so cool! This documentary riveting !👍

[@HistoryTime]

Dean Buss Amazing period isn't it. Glad you like the doc!

[@deanbuss1678]

@@sterlinwalker4279 😱😅

[@kristerforsman2448]

Yes but this is abuout Scandinavian history. Finland wasn´t involved .

[@NwoDispatcher]

Don't be racist

[@DecibelAlex]

@Krister Forsman There were Vikings in Finland also. In my hometown there's an old viking burial ground and my grandad has found an old arrow head only a few kilometers from there

[@andersschmich8600]

Wow, videos covering prehistoric European civilization are few and far between, great work. It would be fantastic if you eventually did something on the ancient Sardinian Nuragic civilization.

[@HistoryTime]

Great suggestion. I will cover it eventually

[@williedaniels3882]

@@HistoryTime - Cover also these American Indian tribes that had precolonial contact with Europeans----the Cherokees, Seminoles, Anastazis, Micmacs, Mandans, Iroquois, Mound Builders, and Ojibwas (same as Chippewas). There were pre-Columbian explorers that made it to the North American interior from 100 BC (Egyptians (Grand Canyon), Phoenicians (Upper MI for copper); up to AD 600s and to the 1500s (Welsh, Irish, Chinese, Vikings, Spanish, Scottish, etc) The Welsh made it to the Mandans (N.D.), Scots to Nova Scotia (Micmacs), Vikings to MN (Ojibwas), Cherokees and Seminoles (Spanish). The Chinese saw the Arawaks of Bahama islands. The Irish (one man) is still a bit of a mystery where exactly he landed on the Caribbean coast (FL or NOLA area)---or he could have landed on any one of the islands (like Hispaniola).

[@PFletcherNWO]

Yah, I would very much like the see more of this, also. Has anyone looked into the similarities between the Vekso Helmets & the figures of the Shardana? The have the same rounded horns & center hook. Overly Sarcastic Productions pointed out: there's a theory that the Laetrygoian giants were Norwegian. Odysseus' lengthy journey makes more sense if he was required, by his alliance, to raid as far North as Norway; after the fall of Troy.

[@jimwills2094]

Anders Schmich Sardinian Nuragic civilization. Land of the giants.

[@WaywardSonVideos]

Hardly prehistoric.

[@electric_kool-aid]

Watching this channel for the first time and I’m just beyond impressed. As an avid history lover these videos are amazing. I’ve seen everything there is to see about The Vikings and Anglo Saxons and beyond. Now because of this channel I have new content to listen to and watch. Thank you for everything your doing. Keep up the great work 🤙🏼🙏🏼

[@juanfranciscocosta5387]

So good to see people so dedicated to these beautiful craft you make, sir. Thank you very much.

[@ole7146]

Nice and informative video really enjoyed it, greetings from Jutland.

[@eriktheviking927]

The Ice Age map shown at 12:30 is the extent of the ice at 24 000 years ago, and NOT at 10 000 years ago. The last Glacial Maximum was from 26500 years BP to about 20 000 years BP. And then the ice melted rapidly, which is reflected in the rising sea levels. The period from 20 000 to 13 000 years BP was warmer. Then the Younger Dryas set in. This was a temprary setback to the warming trend, lasting 12,900 to c. 11,700 years BP. And During the Younger Dryas the glaciers grew again, but NOT to the extent shown in the map at 12 minutes 30 seconds in the video. In Norway, the ice sheet reached halfway from the highest mountains to the coast, as a floating ice mass on the fjords. The glaciers on land went slightly less far towards the coast. So much of Norway, and the rest of Scandinavia was free of ice also in the Younger Dryas. It is clear that already at 18 000 BP most of Norway was already Ice free, with even mountain areas showing evidence of plant growth. But some ice still remained, and in some areas the ice sheets grew again when the Younger Dryas set in, and in other areas the retreat just stopped. So already at 18 000 years BP people could have migrated into Scandinavia and still have survived the Younger Dryas up until today.

[@moviejose3249]

Yeah they could but not if they each had ten kids per family as they used to in the old days.

[@eriktheviking927]

@Eric James Your first map link to the Doggerland map is actually overall a great map when it comes to the Doggerland story. Which is actually what that map is about after all. But when it comes to the glaciation, it's just plain wrong. Your second map link is pretty good, it's only slightly inaccurate about the extent of the ice in Scandinavia at that time. I am from Western Norway, and I have been interested in the Ice ages, so I have a pretty solid knowledge about the history of the ice in Norway and also in Scandinavia in general. The problem is that many people learn in school that 'the Ice age ended 10 000 years ago'. And that is all they know about the whole story. So in their mind, the Ice age was a period of glaciation that lasted God knows how long, and then suddenly stopped 10 000 years ago. They don't know anything more than that. And this can include a surprising amount of archaeologists and other experts that you would think had more knowledge and awareness of these issues. So this is why I keep seeing maps that are blatantly wrong about the Ice sheets, especially during the Younger Dryas. Everybody and their mother thinks Europe looked like it actually did 24 000 years ago during the Younger Dryas. The extent of the Ice sheet during the Younger Dryas is not my theory, it is Norwegian (and internationally acclaimed) glaciology. There is no doubt that people could have survived the Younger Dryas staying in Norway. They would have had to eat a lot of fish, and it would have been hard times, but they would have survived on the West coast. By the time of the Younger Dryas Denmark was free of Ice, and as far as I remember the glaciers did not return there during the Younger Dryas. When the Ice started melting after the Last Glacial Maximum, the first areas to turn ice free were the west coast of Norway, due to the Gulf Stream heating effect. West coast of Denmark would have started melting off at about the same time. So the melting first starts from the west, and only after a good while of melting from the west does it turn into a melting more from the South to the North, that pattern fits for the Eastern part of Southern Norway for Sweden and maybe parts of east Denmark. This is the latest best updated map of the extent of the Ice sheet at the LGM 24000 years ago; www.donsmaps.com/images22/europeanicesheetlgm.jpg In this map, the only areas we don't know for totally sure is some areas of Doggerland that are still debatable whether the ice sheet extended to or not. I don't have a better map to link than the one you linked in your second link for the Younger Dryas ice extent. I would have to dig up a map from a Norwegian language pdf to find a more precise map, but that would take me a lot of time to find. The map in your second link is basically correct and the changes since the map was made are really only details if you don't live in Norway and are particular about this stuff... But there is basic information like the fact that Scandinavia is slowly rising due to the weight of the Ice during the Ice age being removed. This process is slow but measurable. All of Scandinavia is rising, but at different rates. The only area in Scandinavia that is NOT rising is on the West Coast of Norway, where the rate is 0 or even SINKING, because the land seems to have been OUTSIDE the ICE SHEET. This is true for the low lying areas of the Sogn og Fjordane county, that's basically the outer half of the county that's closest to the sea. Also many parts of the very western extreme along the west coast show no rising or subsidence which indicates the area was near the edge of the ice sheet during the ice age. The outer extreme of the Møre og Romsdal county is also not rising, and may even be sinking somewhat. So if any plants survived the LGM in Scandinavia, it is here. This is also logical because the Gulf Stream brings heat to the Scandinavian peninsula, and it actually hits the north of Sogn og Fjordane county, and most of the warm current continues north into the Møre og Romsdal county. Previously only one kind of heather has been shown to have survived the LGM in the outer parts of Møre og Romsdal or Sogn og Fjordane county, But there has not been absolute 100% proof, if I remember correctly. So most experts think that all of Norway was covered by the ice sheet at 26500 -20000 years ago, but like I mentioned, some parts of the Sogn og Fjordane county and Møre og Romsdal counties MAY have been ice free, and one species of arctic heather may have survived there. So even the map I am linking to at the top of this comment MAY have an error on this area, no one knows for sure. Your link showing that trees may have survived is news to me, and I am unsure whether they are talking about the Younger Dryas or the LGM. I am thinking it's the Younger Dryas though? It is also a fact that the Scandinavian lemmings are unique to Scandinavia, and this seems to indicate they survived even the LGM in Scandinavia. Scandinavian lemmings are actually the only AGGRESSIVE lemmings anywhere in the world. Despite being so small they are almost always angry ! Maybe it's because most experts don't believe they survived the LGM in Scandinavia? kzbin.info/www/bejne/r2ibZYt5orZgiLs

[@eriktheviking927]

@Eric James Yes glaciation is the result of summer temperatures not being high enough to melt the winter snowfall. In Scandinavia, even in a colder climate, the Gulf Stream will be weaker than today, but will still carry huge amounts of precipitation which will be deposited across Scandinavia and Finland. Which is how the Baltic Ice Sheet covering these areas was built up. The temperature during summer was not warm enough to melt all the snow, and still the Low pressure systems kept being pumped in by the Gulf Stream, steadily adding more snow, which gradually turned to ice. When the land in parts of Sogn og Fjordane County (Fylke) is SINKING, this should mean that it was actually pushed up by the Ice, because it was situated OUTSIDE the ice sheet. We know for sure that some of the land in this area is actually sinking. Not by much, but still clearly sinking. But this alone is not enough to PROVE that this area was ice free during the LGM, and more evidence is needed. I am not aware of any experts claiming it was ice free during the LGM. But I would not rule out that it could happen in future. The heat effect from the Gulf Stream is something I know well, having grown up on the West Coast of Norway. It heats the land close to the sea to the same temperature as the Sea. But the effect can diminish when the wind comes from the east, that can make it as cold as the inland areas. This effect does not carry upwards in elevation very far. So it's just mainly 10 maybe 20 meters above Sea Level that gets this heat effect, and higher up it gets gradually colder. And this is all the way out by the open ocean, as you move inland the effect also diminishes... So any area that may have remained ice free during the coldest periods would have been close to the ocean, and low lying. Of course the land on the west coast of Norway was basically the same height as now, but the sea level was much lower, by as much as 120 meters at the LGM. Anyway this map shows the rates of rebound. The rebound from the LGM seems to be done, as the title says 'since the Younger Dryas': img.gfx.no/1720/1720381/1200033989.jpg no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landhevning#/media/File:PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_post-glacial_rebound.png Peculiarities of Norwegian rebound; www.geoforskning.no/images/2014/Fjeldskaar_Nordryggen/530x421_fig2.jpg The last map shows you a peculiar region of Norway with surprisingly low rebound. I happen to know that the real numbers for parts of the Sogn og Fjordane county shows sinking, and also outer areas of the Møre og Romsdal county, but it would take me some time to find that study and the map in it. Anyway, the rate of rising is only direct evidence for the situation during the Younger Dryas and is less clear as evidence for the LGM. original article (Norwegian language) www.geoforskning.no/nyheter/grunnforskning/739-hvor-mye-har-norge-hevet-seg-pa-grunn-av-istidene

[@eriktheviking927]

@Eric James Actually if you go out into the North Sea to the west of the westcoast of Norway, then the seabed is actually clearly sinking. These are the areas that were clearly outside of the ice sheet. And so these areas were actually pushed UP because of the effect of the ice sheet, pushing down the areas under the ice. Creating an invers push upwards a little distance outside the ice sheets. So at the time the ice sheets were there, the sea level was much lower, up to 120 meters lower than today, and the seabed of the North Sea in the region a ways outside the ice sheet was also pushed up. I don't remember the actual number of meters of UP push, but I think it was at least 10-20 meters. And this makes areas of the seabed today more than 120 meters underwater be land back then. I think however that the rising and sinking of seabed and land areas today is mainly a reflection of the situation during the Younger Dryas and not so much at the LGM. As the LGM is to far back to really impact these rates today.

[@davehallett3128]

Well you and sagdedusvin and claystead are verbose but it s well worth reading. Don t tell me i ve finally found a well presented accurate and informative channel with equally knowledgeable fans and followers. Is it even possible in 2018

[@marcswanson7066]

I'm looking forward to part 2. Your overview is commendable. One could spend a lifetime studying the culture(s) and history of these related groups from the Neolithic period to 1066 and only scratch the surface.

[@markvines7308]

I just found this channel and I was impressed enough to subscribe half way through. Great job!

[@SuperPowerPanda]

Greatings from Copenhagen Denmark @HistoryTime Thank you for the great Viking history videos. To those of you that are interested in knowing more about the Trundholm Chariot 19:27 or The sun wagon (Solvognen in Danish). In Nordic mythology, two horses Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi represents (day) and (night). In this case its Skinfaxe that are pulling Dagr's (day) Chariot with the sun across the sky. Its his shining mane that lights up the sky and the earth below. Hrímfaxi (or rimefrost mane) represents Nótt (the night).

[@ballehakan]

We do have copper in Sweden. Falu koppargruva may have been mined as early as 800 AD. Too late* for the period in question though.

[@HistoryTime]

Thanks for the comment. Interesting stuff

[@DecibelAlex]

Historians suggest that copper hunters originally came from the East, presumably Russia. Also in Finland we've found signs of prehistoric mining

[@longjohnlongdong4692]

Joachim Appelgren watch the video

[@O3177O]

That's pretty late time period

[@HitchHiker4Freedom]

A truly high quality production and very interesting story lines. Thank you.

[@elliottg.1954]

Thankyou very much. Great history and explanations, with really good narrations on your films. No politics or biases and no BBC revisionism; just stone cold history. For budding medievalists, yours is really the only channel one needs.

[@ProvidenceNL]

oh man 42 minutes, youre spoiling us! Love your videos so the longer the better i say.

[@HistoryTime]

Thanks friend. Glad you like them!

[@Luredreier]

+@@HistoryTime Agreed =) Honestly I *personally* wouldn't have minded something one and a half hour long. That said, there's probably others who'd struggle with something that long so dividing it into two was probably a good idea. =) *Amazing* work here. =)

[@Liphted]

I'm so happy all my favorite channels are working together. Epi, you, Tigerstar, y'all are great!

[@HistoryTime]

Some really amazing videos in the playlist!

[@geraldhammond3260]

Thanks for a list to checkout

[@Redemtor62]

I'm a Dane, and did think I had my vikings down. Yet here is so much new knowledge I did not have already. Very well done indeed!

[@jondecarbonel8158]

Just BEAUTIFUL! What a fabulous docu! Pix, music, info. 👌😎💗 thank you very much. Hail Victory!

[@archenema6792]

Once again you confirm why you're my top channel.

[@HistoryTime]

ArchEnema 67 thanks so much my friend. So much more on the way!

[@en6064]

I liked this video after the first minute. You have a gift man. You always take us for a Norse Saga haha

[@hlloyd-fs4uf]

Fantastic vid, not only the big picture to show historical context, but you add real artifacts in their historical place to show detail and culture, helping many to connect to their heritage. Would love to have you tackle the Frisians, and other 'missing from history' cultures, I'm sure you would have another big hit in your pocket. You have a gift, not many can do what you do!

[@euankennedy9634]

Brilliant work. It can't have been easy to bring all the threads of this story together so clearly. The history is the star here, with a story teller who isn't trying to fight it for attention. No gimmicks, just fascinating information and some images that bring it to life.

[@augustvonmacksen2526]

Hot damn. Christmas came early, lads.

[@HistoryTime]

More on the way before Christmas :D

[@plciferpffer3048]

Jul / jól / yule came early, you mean.

[@ML69898]

Thank you for presenting topics that are rarely covered on TV or in documentaries. Your attention to sources and depth in details will only help the number of history admirers grow.

[@HistoryTime]

ML69898 thanks so much friend. Really glad you liked it

[@joshuaandrejko9089]

Please keep doing these playlists with multiple channels! Such a great series.

[@Mamorufumio]

found you through opration odysseus and i'm glad i did as this reminds me of old documentorys i loved to watch back in the day.

[@HxH2011DRA]

Daaaaaaamn you went hard on this!

[@HistoryTime]

The Hunter x Hunter 2011 Dickriding Association AKA a little carried away .thanks for watching!

[@terrialdrich9477]

Absolutely brilliant presentation! ♡

[@HistoryTime]

Thanks for watching!

[@ungratefulpeasant8085]

Outstanding job putting all of the pieces of this complicated puzzle together. This is the single most interesting documentary that I have seen to date on Scandinavian history.

[@budscroggins2632]

Fascinating and compelling...I could not stop watching.

[@HistoryTime]

Thanks!

[@1Ma9iN8tive]

Excellent documentary.

[@mamlukkonez8297]

AWESOME!!! Enjoyed every minute of it!!!

[@HistoryTime]

Really glad you liked it. Thanks man

[@echalone]

Operation Odysseus showed me so many great channels I didn't know and already love. This was a great idea! Thank you for taking part :)

[@nightlightabcd]

Great video and documentary! Thanks for sharing it with us.

[@Vladviking]

Nordic history you just don't see on TV . All the museum pics of boats and various items a plus.

[@madsdahlc]

Hallo from Denmark Historytime. Great video. I like how you use sol vognen(as its called in danish ) or the Sun wagon in the bronze age section of the video . Yes Denmark was a part of great Trade network. Baltic amber from Denmark has been found in mycenean King graves in Greece and as far away Egypt and Syria. This video gets a👍🏻 from me. I like it

[@HistoryTime]

madsdahlc thank-you from England. I'd love to visit your historical sites some day. Glad you liked the vid

[@madsdahlc]

History Time you are welcome sir. By the way. If you continue the longship theme. Here are some bonus info... The viking longship was still use in early middle ages here in Denmark . Its only with introduction of cog ship in Scandinavia in 12 and 13th century . That the longship finally disapeared here . Its was suddenly somthing old fashioned .

[@sophieseeker929]

​@Paweł Wend The OLD people were ICE GIANTS called Vanir

[@revert6417]

This video so well produced. Bravo, sir! Thoroughly enjoyed watching it. I would love to see you do something on Danube valley or Starčevo cultures. Have a great day :)

[@violatingpanda8294]

This was a treat to watch, fantastic! Please do more!

[@Boric78]

Superb as ever. Who knew that in the 21 st century the true successors to Michael Wood etc would be on an internet channel. Amazing comparing your videos or Indi's Great war series to what passes for "history" for the masses today on TV (all of them). No wonder some people think giants and monsters are real - if that is all they are shown all the time. We truly are living in the first decade of the Age of The Stupids - though we probably will not get many more..........................

[@HistoryTime]

To even be mentioned in the same breathe as Michael Wood is such an honour. He is the absolute pinnacle of tv historian and probably the single biggest inspiration for me to start the channel.

[@JackHaveman52]

You do amazing stuff and I really enjoy your videos. I'd really like to see something about the history of the Frisians. Frisii seems to sit there, on those maps, and is only mentioned in passing in most of the videos of this type. Yet the North Sea was once named after them so they must have held a great deal of importance in the politics of the region at that time. I think that you would do their history justice in your normal thorough manner. Just a suggestion but I'd rather have you do it than some of the other so-called historians.

[@HistoryTime]

A great idea. The Frisians were indeed major players in the Early Middle Ages. Until the Franks put an end to their independence. I will certainly be covering their fascinating history.

[@HugoTeerds]

I second that! Considering that the Frisians are clearer and clearer becoming a major southern 'branche' of what would once become the 'vikings' and are seen as forming a part of the Swedish/Norwegean/Danish coastal cultures reaching even as south as the Belgian and northern French coast to around Dunekerk. Sources are sparse and we have to depend on single mentions as participants in otherwise already sparse and unclear later sources. What handicaps our knowledge even further is that those coasts do not have stony grounds on which to inscribe the early drawings of the more northern parts or conserve burrials in the marshy, clayrich but often organic and regularly flooded grounds. But finds of complete and partial boats make clear that the marshy and overall watery grounds, not unlike like the modern Waddenzee, may have played a part - perhaps, based on the stories of their prominence in trade and transport of goods in the early middle ages - maybe even a major part, in the developement of the typical nordic ships. And there is to my knowledge no source or reason, to keep the Frisians out of the world of the early nordic coastal cultures. As far as we know they used the same languageses, cultures, religions and interests. So it would probably be correct in my opinion to include them and give them the place they probably played according to Beowulf, other saga's, shipfinds and mentions in sparse later literature.

[@joonte1010]

Here is some frisian history for you, they were sacked and raped by vikings to such a large extent that the average dutch today have atleast 20% scandinavian blood.

[@gruu]

What an interesting & proffesionally done video about the pre-viking/viking-era, just great. Thank you

[@Count_Apollyon5]

Just found this channel today .... Love it !

[@matteofumagalli3918]

Wow amazing documentary 👍👍

[@HistoryTime]

Thanks for watching friend!

[@paulgus73]

... Homer states in the Odyssey that Odysseus was pulled from the sea by the Phaiacians (pFi-Ah- Kin-Oi, the Achaean and Greek plural is Oi) ) in their black hulled longboats. The proto-Vikings were said to be great sea travelers who sailed for long distances over the grey Oceanos (Oh-Kee-Ah-Nos). He also speaks about the great black sails. In models of ancient underwater archeology discoveries, the black storm sails were stitched seal-hides and the ship hulls were of root rope sewn fir or oak plank construction covered with a layer of tar and stretched sewn seal-hides. Ancient seagoing longboats (Dover 1550BC and Ferriby 2030BC) were reconstructed and sailed by british crews around Dover and the Irish Sea. The crew found them seaworthy and could be easily sailed. Norse Pictographs at Peterborough, Canada (circa 1600BC) show Norse sailing longboats and messages. The Canadian archeological discoveries also show oxhide shaped copper molds used to produce the well known 'Oxhide Copper Ingots' found in underwater bronze age cargo vessels. The best early source of Copper in North America was in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, the great Copper Mines of Copper County.

[@adammielniczek7584]

Another-42!minutes of fantastic stories.And so much detailed.Hats from the heads!

[@HistoryTime]

Adam Mielniczek thanks friend. Glad you liked it

[@adammielniczek7584]

@@HistoryTime U r very welcome Man.I felt yesterday like a kid,watching a great story tale-like a legend or mythology-only that is a history.Can`t wait to see next one.Thank U very much Man.

[@mikenaughton4298]

Thank you for this really well done production.

[@WiseSilverWolf]

It makes you wonder if the two had met how would a Viking Longship fair in battle vs a Greek Trireme with its front ram that destroys other ships, both ships have oars and sail as a means of moving around the ocean. The battle between a Greek Hoplite vs a Viking Warrior would probably be a bit unfair since by that time the Vikings most likely had Iron or Steel weapons and the Greek Hoplites were a military unit of the Bronze/Early Iron Age.

[@Taeerom]

The by far most important advantage of the longship was seafaring ability and speed (both rowing and sailing). Vikings most commonly won by being at the right place to the right time, and could do that through the speed and reliability of their ships. Going head on in a pitched battle against a Trireme/Quadrime would be like pitting a rally car against a drag car in a drag race. The better ship would be the Longship, but it weren't made for the calm waters of the aegean and it wasn't made to be a primarily fighting vessel. If the Trireme would follow the viking ship into open sea, or worse, into bad weather, the Trireme would suffer. There are several instances of mediterreanean navies being defeated by weather, and that would be how a Longship beats a Trireme. Not by going head to head.

[@bunzeebear2973]

Vikings did not do sea battles. They would have been the ones jumping ship to ship in attack mode. They invaded cities which were mainly located near rivers, or the ocean. Their ship was light, not built for ramming because they explored. They did not have a lot of metal which is why their main weapon was an iron axe head on a wooden stick...not a long heavy broadsword.

[@williedaniels3882]

But the Greeks had a super weapon no one else had (or has today also!) It is called "Greek Fire!" Very accurate and devastating!

[@Taeerom]

Willie Daniels Greek fire were not used by the ancient Greeks. It was used by the Byzantine empire (also known as the Greek speaking part of the Roman empire). Thinking the ancient Greeks used greek fire is like thinking American soldiers used m1 Abrams in the first world war. Or black hawks in the civil war.

[@nikolavideomaker]

@@Taeerom no it was not the greek part of the roman empire. IT WAS THE ROMAN EMPIRE which way later started using greek.

[@somedude5951]

Recently I would learn from some Norse saga, that the Norsemen had defeated Holland and had a colony in Zeeland. Zeeland is the province south of Holland. This colony was not on the map at the end of this video, neither in any other history video's I saw. I suppose because most folk abroad don't now where Zeeland is. It was very interesting to learn, that the people the started off as a Norsemen colony, because they would later put up important fights against the Spanish, when the Netherlands was created, and would harbor pirate nests also.

[@HistoryTime]

Thanks for the input

[@JohnOlimb]

Is this the clan that was called Jomsvikingarna / Jomsvikingene?

[@johan8969]

@@JohnOlimb The origins/headquarters of the jomsvikings are disputed, but the best current guess is the island of Wolin in nowadays Poland. According to the Knytlingasaga and Fagrskinna, Harald Bluetooth constructed Jomsborg and later died there after being expelled by his son Sven Forkbeard.

[@crustycobs2669]

Fabulous evolutionary history, well-narrated. Excellent production, thanks

[@hermanhemlig]

What an excellent way of telling the story of us Northerners using the boat as a vessel (no pun intended ) to describe the evolution of successive migration waves south. One of the best videos on KZbin.

[@molecatcher3383]

This is an excellent video, well researched and very well presented. One minor comment on the Scandinavian Settlement map at the very end of the video: I think that you have omitted to show areas of Scandinavian settlement for Cumbria (North-West England), Galloway (South-West Scotland) and for the Kingdom of the Isles (off the West Coast of Scotland) although you have included, Mann and the Northern Hebrides. In Galloway the settlement was by Norse-Gaels who were of mixed Norse/Gaelic ancestry (covered in Wikipedia and elsewhere). It is believed that Norn survived as a spoken language in the Hebrides until the sixteenth century.

[@HistoryTime]

Thanks for watching man. Glad you enjoyed it. Actually I have already covered some of the Scandinavian settlement you've mentioned, and will be making many more videos on the subject. If I could make all of the maps and animate them I would, but computer skills not that good ..

[@kittysunshinebandit1235]

Mole Catcher some are using the Balltanica. Whikki Pedea is not aquit. There's Yas been many changes made to it.

[@mroldnewbie]

19:40 Just a little nitpick - there's loads of amber in Denmark.

[@goodcolimgpu10]

yes we tricked them

[@MrBarlien]

and copper in norway... but I guess he means at the time?

[@mroldnewbie]

@@MrBarlien I did write "there's", but I'm actually talking about the Bronze age, of course. The amber wasn't just Baltic, but also North Sea. Of course, there was no Denmark at that point anyway, but it came from what is now Denmark...

[@connectedhistory]

Love this vid, love this channel, love the cooperation with the other history channels!

[@marabo12]

So many good history vids these days. Very good job man!

[@Masterpaul76]

Angles, saxons, frisians, jutes, goths, franks, varagians and later vikings-normans were all evoluting variations of the same peoples with subtle differences, period.

[@markjohnson5276]

The weavers guild of that time made a sea going suit for North Atlantic travel that was superior to current day arctic survival suits. They were the last known to use Eldar Futhark to communicate.

[@davehallett3128]

Congratulations on your very well researched channel and on your devoted fans. Long may you run

[@trafalgar22a8]

This video pieces together a lot of loose ends for me. Thank you. Excellent big picture integration.

[@WoWFtw8]

interesting fact: the Etruscan word for "god" is "eis" or "ais", plural "eiser or aisar". sounds very close to the scandinavian word for Asar, which is the a group of gods such as Oden, Tor and Tyr.

[@josephnardone1250]

Excellent, excellent, excellent video! It rivals any PBS program or any other commercial or educational program. Am not clear. Is there a first part about the years preceding 750, what is it called and where can it be found?

[@HistoryTime]

Joseph Nardone Hey there. Thanks so much. appreciate it. there will be a second part covering the years 750-1150

[@maggot1917]

That ancient art is beautiful!!! Never seen that before and I really enjoy it

[@anneschantl8929]

You do very good work. I enjoyed this immensely. You are to be commended for the work and attention to detail this requires. Regards from Australia.

[@Sebbe1]

Scandinavians were wood workers, buildings were made of wood(warmer during winter than stone), those don´t last even a 1000 years. Here in Sweden we have a few wooden houses that has lasted around 500-600 years but that´s when they are taken care of and repaired. So cities etc are not as obvious as those made by stone especially when timber and stone foundations were reused when the owner wanted to expand their house etc. Our oldest still standing buildings are 1100 year old churches.

[@jonthehermit8082]

I'm ready to join up and carry forth the glory,

[@HistoryTime]

jon The hermit Sigurd.. get the war canoe...

[@charliemorgan5287]

just found your channel its fantastic great job

[@Sditchvampire]

Another beautiful video. Keep up the fantastic work!

[@HistoryTime]

Hank Lovechild thankyou friend ! So much more on the way!