Michio Kaku: Tweaking Moore's Law and the Computers of the Post-Silicon Era | Big Think

Tweaking Moore's Law and the Computers of the Post-Silicon Era
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Dr. Michio Kaku says "if I were to put money on the table I would say that in the next ten years as Moore’s Law slows down, we will tweak it."
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MICHIO KAKU:
Dr. Michio Kaku is the co-founder of string field theory, and is one of the most widely recognized scientists in the world today. He has written 4 New York Times Best Sellers, is the science correspondent for CBS This Morning and has hosted numerous science specials for BBC-TV, the Discovery/Science Channel. His radio show broadcasts to 100 radio stations every week. Dr. Kaku holds the Henry Semat Chair and Professorship in theoretical physics at the City College of New York (CUNY), where he has taught for over 25 years. He has also been a visiting professor at the Institute for Advanced Study as well as New York University (NYU).
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TRANSCRIPT:
Michio Kaku: Years ago, we physicists predicted the end of Moore’s Law that says a computer power doubles every 18 months. But we also, on the other hand, proposed a positive program. Perhaps molecular computers, quantum computers can takeover when silicon power is exhausted. But then the question is, what’s the timeframe? What is a realistic scenario for the next coming years?
Well, first of all, in about ten years or so, we will see the collapse of Moore’s Law. In fact, already, already we see a slowing down of Moore’s Law. Computer power simply cannot maintain its rapid exponential rise using standard silicon technology. Intel Corporation has admitted this. In fact, Intel Corporation is now going to three-dimensional chips, chips that compute not just flatly in two dimensions but in the third dimension. But there are problems with that. The two basic problems are heat and leakage. That’s the reason why the age of silicon will eventually come to a close. No one knows when, but as I mentioned we already now can see the slowing down of Moore’s Law, and in ten years it could flatten out completely. So what is the problem? The problem is that a Pentium chip today has a layer almost down to 20 atoms across, 20 atoms across. When that layer gets down to about 5 atoms across, it’s all over. You have two effects. Heat--the heat generated will be so intense that the chip will melt. You can literally fry an egg on top of the chip, and the chip itself begins to disintegrate And second of all, leakage--you don’t know where the electron is anymore. The quantum theory takes over. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle says you don’t know where that electron is anymore, meaning it could be outside the wire, outside the Pentium chip, or inside the Pentium chip. So there is an ultimate limit set by the laws of thermal dynamics and set by the laws of quantum mechanics as to how much computing power you can do with silicon.
So, what’s beyond silicon? There have been a number of proposals: protein computers, DNA computers, optical computers, quantum computers, molecular computers. If I were to put money on the table I would say that in the next ten years as Moore’s Law slows down, we will tweak it. We will tweak it with three-dimensional chips, maybe optical chips, tweak it with known technology pushing the limits, squeezing what we can. Microsoft for example, a software company, wants to go to parallel processing. Instead of having one chip here, spread them out horizontally. Take a problem, cut it in many pieces and have it run simultaneously on many standard chips. That’s another possible solution. But hey, Moore’s Law is exponential. Sooner or later even three-dimensional chips, even parallel processing, will be exhausted and we’ll have to go to the post-silicon era.
So, what are the candidates? The first candidate is molecular computers; that is, molecular transistors. They already exist. We already have molecules that are in the shape of a valve. You turn the valve one way and the electricity stops through that molecule. You turn it the other way and electricity flows through that molecule just like a pipe and a valve because that’s what a transistor is, a switch, except this switch is molecular rather than a switch made out of piping. The problem is mass production and wiring them up. Molecules are very small...
Read the full transcript at bigthink.com/videos/tweaking-...

[@bigthink]

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[@theholykaremtheholyshibe2029]

Your not a real scientist your a scam

[@larisforschenguzman5357]

Love you my brother 🙏 from dunseith ND 58329 god bless you all 🙏

[@newoldmail1]

Mr. Michio Kaku is correct about everything in this video. Anything he describes is easy to understand even for people with limited technical knowledge. I am in the business optimizing software for various CPUs for 15 years and i am amazed about how correct he is about everything, although he is T.Physicist and not hardware/software engineer.

[@flycrack7686]

that ie not true, he said it will come to an end/collaps 10 years later. In the year 2020, so 8 years later, we already know it will in fact NOT come to an end in 2022. I would even say it is already very likely it will atleast continue for atleast another 10 years.

[@Withnail1969]

@@flycrack7686 Moore's Law is demonstrably dead in 2021.

[@patrickjohnson7401]

Mr. Kaku in the rearview mirror is smarter than he appears.

[@epicned9587]

Lol, if it stops then I won't have to buy a new PC every 5 years or less.

[@doktormozg]

they will "start"? haha

[@bernash9131]

doktormozg lol

[@Mechaghostman2]

Then they'll just make them break faster, so you have to buy new computers or parts constantly.

[@flycrack7686]

well better worry, because he was wrong. In 2020 we already know it will not stop in 2022 and its more then likely it will continue for atleast another 10 years. it might have slowed down, but it is still continuing.

[@mrautistic2580]

3 x 5 = 15 awesome IBM!

[@davidpfromm1500]

+Mr Autistic Put that on a T-Shirt and sell it!

[@mrautistic2580]

Ryan Cox exactly...take what you can get

[@iamcleaver6854]

The question remains: can it run Dota 2?

[@meyomix2816]

you got mee with your profile pic

[@colunizator]

Actually it is 15=3x5 It finds the 2 prime factors

[@NemeanGuy]

Vhs technology is the solution.

[@truthsocialmedia]

betamax is superior. It will eclipse Vhs

[@dougnulton]

marquece johnson I prefer DVD 📀

[@bufordblue6252]

im all bout the punch-card computers yo...

[@Mechaghostman2]

I prefer them big ol' laser discs. Can never go wrong with the laser disc.

[@Gunbardo]

I really like this guy, he make things sound so easy to comprehend!

[@21EC]

cannot wait for optical computers which are going to be so much more powerful and fast compared to todays computers..

[@Gregory-kj5zy]

what are those?

[@shiz777]

+21EC they've been talking about optical computers since the 80s

[@21EC]

+shiz777 well then just take a look at Optalysys...search on youtube we are not in the 80's anymore.

[@mikefromspace]

+21EC Faster than light computing is beyond optical and uses ion spin waves in a superconductive field, made so by field ionization rather than material ionization which can only span 2 microns. Stanford University is researching graphene dna which does just that. Transistors in such fields can talk over distance without actual connection. Too bad they aren't growing it properly. I tried to contact these Neanderthals to suggest my method, yet no response. For every 1000 good ideas, there may be 1 that has a chance in a million.

[@21EC]

mikefromspace but I think optical computers will make their way into homes way before we get to see any faster than light computers around..anyway I hope computers will get much faster (in the relatively near future) than what they're today since there is definitely a growing demand for speed.

[@Teriblthundrlzrd]

Michio Kaku has this beautiful gift where he can explain very complex thins in very simple ways. Well done as usual sir.=)

[@TheGaIaxy]

More more more!!! I want more Michio Kaku!!! Gosh I just love him...he makes science so fascinating and fun! If only he was my physics lecturer! -.-

[@Apjooz]

I can't wait for us to move past transistors so we can stop arguing about Moore's law.

[@roydevine1860]

Well it is 2017 and this video was published on 2012, soo he said 10 years from 2012 that's 2022 kkk

[@thereddog223]

yet we are still shrinking silicon

[@flycrack7686]

yes and in 2020 we already know its not true. I would even say it will atleast continue for a minimum of another 10 years from now.

[@SeanHousner]

1 year away🙂

[@Withnail1969]

@@SeanHousner it's here now. density of transistors is not doubling every 2 years. Moore's Law is dead.

[@JaihindhReddy]

Whoa, I'm slowly starting to understand these terms like the moore's law, transistor, uncertainty principle, photolithography, thermodynamic laws and stuff.. And I'm starting to enjoy science a lot more than I used to be. Thanks big think and minute physics.

[@tcozz12]

I got to see Michio Kaku last Wednesday, and he talked about this then. :) He's so awesome.

[@tonywarrior]

Our brain is a masterpiece computer made by DNA.. I Think DNA based computer will be the future.

[@tonywarrior]

Long term Future.... In short term It would carbon or another efficient material.

[@easthight]

E Tonee Terminator.

[@markgaming650]

Lol. you base this on? you know what dna is? how the biology works?.. nice random guess.. i guess. ;)

[@cr9527]

No, a Brain is far less efficient given the same volume when compared to the CPU. Can you imagine a CPU the size of your brain? Yeah. That would be many many times more powerful than the human brain. What our brain does best, is the ability to work under low power. That however is not the subject of discussion when it comes to the moore's law.

[@Iloerk]

Haha, humans are terrible at executing mechanical functions. That would be a computer that is always changing, has moodswings and constantly makes errors with numbers. Computers are useful exactly BECAUSE how utterly and fundamentally different from the brain they are.

[@williammook8041]

The mistake Moore made is not normalizing by atomic weight. Engineering is a subset of chemistry and chemistry a subset of physics. Chemistry and physics deals with mass and energy. Not area or feature size. These are all derived units which really should be reduced to more basic units. A 100 micron thick wafer produced has been produced by DuPont. DuPont plans a printer technology that will print circuits made of solid state devices. So, we can imagine a 400 mm diameter wafer that's 0.1 mm thick -that's 12.57 cc of silicon massing 29.27 grams. 1 mole of silicon is 28.09 grams. With 90 nm feature size, a hexagon with a 90 nm edge is 21,044 nm2. There are 5.97 trillion hexagons inside a 400 mm diameter wafer. 204 billion features per gram. 204 trillion features per kilogram. Reducing this to 9 nm and 10 micron thick wafers increases this by a factor of 1000 or 204 trillion features per gram. www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130619/ncomms3061/full/ncomms3061.html This can be compared to Avogadro's number. 6.02e23 atoms. Now recall in biochemistry we use the term Daltons as a measure of atomic weight. A carbon atom has 12 Dalton mass. A silicon atom a 28.09 Dalton mass. The DuPont tech is 82.88 giga-Daltons per feature. The University of Arizona has identified the protein in the neural synaptic junction that stores and processes information. Its called a microtuble. There are dimers that move up and down the microtuble moving molecules into different well-defined conformations. These molecules cause the dimers, or Tubulin, to change direction and path also in well-defined ways, making a 2 dimensional version of a Turing Machine. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120309103701.htm When will circuitry equal Microtublin? Now, the basic computational element of this molecular machinery masses about 110,000 Daltons, or 753,454x smaller than the 9 nm feature on the 10 micron thick wafer. With an 18 month doubling cycle this will take 351 months or 29.28 years to achieve this level of sophistication. Molecular Computing Doubling Every Six Months! Just as IC engineering accelerated development over that of Vacuum Tube technology, Molecular engineering is vastly easier and quicker than IC engineering. Given this rate of development of molecular computing, I believe we are on an accelerating curve. Yes, silicon wafer technology might be slowing down, however, it is branching off in other directions, micro machinery for example. However, molecular level computing is developing and accelerating. Doubling every 6 months if you can believe it. In that case, we can expect to reach human levels of performance in 9.76 years - by 2025. Human Equivalence Not Required - Thinking Required Beforehand. Now, I do have a caveat about this. Namely, there is a lot more to being human than functioning as an economic human unit. I believe we are already at the point where we can build robots that function as economic equivalent units. This will free humans of economic requirements, once we perfect general self-replication. This requires a reboot of our economic and political system, which is underway. The new system will require emergent methods of control, if you can call it that, and digital currency based on self issued credit based on maximizing total human happiness and a few other limits. Ancient cultures may help us out here. The Mayan sought cosmic meaning apparently. The Greeks sought beauty. I am looking at organizing principles now and incorporating those into my bitcoin+ work. The absolute worst investment is building artificial intelligence that is better than people at killing and fooling people. In this regard our present military industrial intelligence government system is way off track. It will produce machinery far more efficient than a-bombs and h-bombs in killing people. It will sink our civilization very shortly unless something is done to remove the mad folks running things from power. When will Moore's expansion end? We have 30 years to reach the level presently implemented in the human brain. There is no reason we cannot improve upon this design to create super-human computing. In fact, designs have already been proposed that will see a further increase by a factor of 1000 a least without changing the fundamental molecular computing paradigm we already have well understood. This is another 10 doublings which add 180 months (15 years) using the IC rate of doubling, or 60 months (5 years) using the molecular computing rate of doubling, to our earlier figures - putting the end at 2060 at the slow rate and 2030 at the higher rate- with circuitry that is 1000x more efficient than the human brain! Is that the end? No! When we deal with molecules we are approaching the quantum limit. This is not the end, but the beginning, since we can use quantum entanglement to perform quantum computations in a non-classical way. Also, Jacob Bekenstein showed that black holes can store and process information. String theory suggests that microscopic black holes may be possible for our particle accelerators to create. Once we have micro-black holes in our possession, they are easier to make! Interacting black holes can process information far more rapidly than possible with molecules. Furthermore, 80% or more of the matter in the cosmos may be WIMPs - weakly interacting massive particles. Stable micro-black holes the irradiate everything the same as the 3K background radiation! Once we have made a few engineered micro-black holes, it is very likely that we can use them to interact with this WIMP flux and do a number of amazing things. One of these will be to send information through time, which opens up another computational development arc; Popular Article about Black Hole Computers www.newscientist.com/article/dn8836-black-holes-the-ultimate-quantum-computers.html Hans Moravec paper on Negative Time delay effect on Computing www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm/project.archive/general.articles/1991/TempComp.html The future's so bright you've got to wear shades! :-) The Future's so Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades Once we signal through time any conventional measure of acceleration cannot be applied as there is no conventional limiting factor at that point. One way to think about this statement is to consider Bekenstein's equation that equates massenergy and information and Hawking radiation which extracts energy from the Zero point. Its clear that if energy can be extracted from the vacuum or disappear into the vacuum, then information can be stored and retrieved in the vacuum as well.

[@therealb888]

William Mook Thanks for the enlightenment copy paste god!

[@joaquinninoortega156]

7nm is available now

[@acrc2479]

I did molecular computing 35 years ago with my PhD professor. I’m retired now, my PhD students continue on. Human civilization!

[@12BlackGuitar]

first time watching him loved it understood everything he said. now watching this my mind was blown with questions.

[@korbynkhloe3651]

not all true. If the universe is for free, so is energy. I have solutions. plane ticket please. you just need to think outside of your physical body. ;)

[@kappix]

mfw

[@miks8]

HahAA! WRONG! :) First commercial quantum computer, D-Wave, already build and sold! :)) $15m price tag tho and takes up an entire room... just like the first electronic computers did in the beginning. Progress is always faster than we think it is.

[@miks8]

***** I don't see how you have refuted anything there.

[@miks8]

***** I agree. You're job is only to get informed yourself. D-wave is a quantum computer, built and sold for commercial use. www.dwavesys.com/quantum-computing It is completely irrelevant how efficient or non-efficient you think it is. It doesn't replace electronic computing either, it simply enables us, among other things, to solve optimization problems, which electric computing could not have solved before.

[@cyrusesfahani5935]

D-Wave's systems so far show little or no demonstrated promises of quantum computing; www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6195/420 To be fair Quantum computing is still in its infancy, maybe the software and algorithms used in D-wave's systems are not up to snuff. Hoefully a better quantum computing system will emerge out of the Quantum gate model which is harder to do. (D-Wave uses the Quantum Annealing/Adiabetic model)

[@marshalcraft]

***** quantum computers is a fallacy caused by widespread miss understanding of quantum dynamics. the only real thing it could do is implement a probablistic turing machine at the quantum level. while this is technically more powerful only in the sense of powerful in the academic computation theory, meaning of the word.

[@kallmekrissarchivetiktoks8012]

Peppermint hey would you mind seeing the date on which video was uploaded BTW thanks for giving information

[@akib89]

BigThink, you're awesome for giving a platform to smart people like Dr. Michio Kaku to talk. Thanks! :)

[@seelad]

Interesting, very useful information to know.

[@InfiniteUniverse88]

Moore's law ended in 2005.

[@173rdherd6]

I thought Intel said 2018

[@InfiniteUniverse88]

173rd Herd There's a youtube video with a professor from Purdue who was contacted by Intel to help develop the 22nm transistor (used in I5 processor). He said that Moore's law died in 2005. I think it's called "single atom transistor" if I remember correctly.

[@InfiniteUniverse88]

Moore's law measures computing power, not cost.

[@InfiniteUniverse88]

Only a bottom up approach will be effective at this point.

[@pieluver1234]

InfiniteUniverse88 If you're talking about the use of silicon, then yes it ended quite a while ago. If you're talking about the rate at which electronics are computing, then no.

[@prwexler]

(01:48) "The quantum theory takes over..." No, Dr. Kaku. Quantum theory is clearly no longer a theory. It's quantum FACT! AMAZING STUFF! Just wish it did not interfere with greater chip efficiency! God, Michio Kaku is so easy to listen to.

[@ViperVenoM13]

Peter Wexler it's not a fact because of the heizenberg uncertainty principle. There is always unknown parameters. Like Einstein said quantum mechanics is not false but it not complete...

[@jimbob172]

He is an amazing speaker. I want more!!

[@levyxx1]

Yes, I've been waiting for Michio Kaku to make another video =)

[@dariocristian2210]

Speak a "bit" more loud please.

[@jacquesbroquard]

His foresight is amazing. I'm watching this ten years after his predictions. Lol. Looking around and I'm like, yep. Sounds about right.

[@FoxhoundVnzla]

i always learn something new with dr kaku, if i had to choose another profession i would like to be like him, so much badassery!

[@2s2bs]

Big Think, we need more from Dr. Kaku!

[@bakersfieldmusicnow]

so well put love this man would love to hang out with him!!

[@SasawatChanate]

Seriously, I wouldn't think of watching this channel without this dude!

[@xpumpedwolfx]

They have many speakers. If you would Look into their channel, you'd see that. Michio happens to be very available and willing to do these sessions, and he has a unique way of explaining things so everyday-people can understand it. In my opinion, he's one of the best speakers on this channel!

[@Urahara1001]

Part of the problem not gone into is that of the bus choke point. No matter how fast your processor operates, you have to have a bus speed that gets information in and out of it quickly enough to take advantage of it. That's one of the reasons for parallel processing; split the task among more processors, and you widen the choke, like adding more lanes on a highway. Another solution is dynamic processing; building chips that can switch between being RAM and processor instantaneously.

[@powerofanime1]

What about lithium fluoride and beryllium fluoride salts? Could they play a part in accommodating further processing power? They only melt at over 800 degrees C.

[@TriplekilzTk1]

Producing 800 degrees C is not an option. Can you imagine using a phone that is that hot? You wouldn't even be able to stop it from burning anything you put it next to let alone touch it.

[@jamesberry4514]

Reason, truth, and brilliance converge to give Dr. Kaku's perspectives.

[@dkamm65]

I just read an article on the possibility of transistors based on conductive carbon nanotubes. The tubes themselves do not heat up when subjected to a current. The heat output jumped to a silicon substrate instead, keeping the nanotubes cool.

[@vitaelamorte06]

finally a michio kaku playlist!!!

[@Felewin]

Excellent purple and gold fractal tie, Kaku.

[@nontrainspotter]

That is cool! So is your field of study likely to provide personal consumables in the forseable future?

[@Purusharthdbest]

Its an awesomee video determining the novel concepts of physics........ Purusharth Bisht.... Sarthak Tilara's cousin...

[@JohnnyViBrittania]

Michio, I just bought your book 'Physics of the Impossible' online and I can't WAIT to read it!

[@shahzebabbasi8729]

You wire the molecule transistor like the same way you switch its state by “turning” it ON and OFF. We’re half way through your projection of 10 years and Moore’s Law still rocking!

[@BrentNally]

This news just in from Yahoo! News: "If the finding is confirmed, Majoranas offer an easier way of storing information in quantum computers, which currently rely on atoms; these atoms become unstable with even a small disturbance, while Majoranas would be much easier to keep stable." Exciting. Could be a break through for quantum computers.

[@flycrack7686]

8 years later: nope

[@Bheretus]

yes the chip is in 3d but it only calculates on 2 dimensions,the chip makes calculates in width and length of the chip,now they are adding calculations into height,adding the third

[@nontrainspotter]

Cool! Thanks!

[@Impact2us]

this is the only reason why i subbed to this channel

[@shkotay]

They are also working on using graphene as a new material for computing :D If they can make it work it'll extend our computing power quite a ways. I might be wrong though, I think Kaku said this but I am not totally certain. I never even heard of the rest of these potential computing systems.

[@PlasmaMongoose]

Back in 2008, I saw an ad for a High End PC with 1Tb drive, in 2010 I got myself a Middle Of The Line PC with 1Tb drive but now in 2013, most MOTL PCs still have only about 1-2Tb drives. In the same amount of time 10 years earlier, we went from 1Gb drives to 10Gb drives. In conclusion, Moore's Law is showing down.

[@flycrack7686]

then you have never understood Moore's law from the beginning, it has nothing to do with storage to even begin with! Furthermore comparing your usecase for storage to the storage market makes it even more useless and actually very stupid.

[@hamburgler_a]

very helpful indeed than you

[@user-gp6ln5eh3n]

I can listen to this man all day! :D

[@MisterCBZ]

Mr. Kaku, I just want you to know that I'm reading your book Physics of the Impossible, it blows my mind every day.

[@robertwlester]

as usual, fascinating

[@stepback1317]

You're right that you can convey more data in ternary, but it's harder to process the data, and the net result is that ternary is slower than binary for conventional computing, hence why we don't do it. Quantum computing is powerful because you are 0 and 1 simultaneously, which means you can perform operations on every possible state of a system at once, but the drawback is you can only ever get ONE answer when you try to measure it.

[@109mytiger]

thanks !

[@Jotto999]

I am looking forward to the future so much. Computers are going to do astounding feats.

[@vivlevivle]

Im talking about using graphene as a wire substetute in molecular computers. The thing about creating processors out of graphene, from my knowledge of transistors the silicon needs to be laced with certian impurities so that the transistor would perform its function. The reason I suppose it will be hard to make a graphene processor is because it is only one atom thick and that will make it hard for the impurities to be put in.

[@beegum1]

You could try and find a speed limit and a correlated market need to determine what the likely normal limit is. We can see with super computers that we can always use size to compensate, to some extent, anyway. There is a limit to the amount of power a person might even need, such as when nuance becomes to subtle to even be noticed, such as in a video game.

[@eagleeye1975]

I love Michio Kaku. I watch every BigThink with him in it.

[@ShyguyMM]

In the thumbnail, Kaku is about to take a sip of invisible tea.

[@frederickjohnson2116]

Do Quantum computer need separate memory storage, you don't store memory within the CPU, so with quantum computing can you store memory within the computer itself?

[@54eopifkg3ehfkj43]

By definition, Quantum Computers can't store their states. They are very purpose specific calculators - They will be used to solve very very specific problems in a very short time, once. They aren't going to be used by lay people, they will be used mostly by scientists in other fields (like biology and chemistry) to solve problems that would otherwise take years or even decades to solve via testing or classical methods.

[@demonsoulzx]

yeah, it definitely sounds interesting if nothing else. i will make sure to keep that book in mind. haven't read a book that wasn't a textbook in a couple years now x.x

[@lxThePrincexl]

holy crap everything i learned in chem, physics, and comp sci are all starting to come together O.o

[@ThePokerftw]

this guy is amazing, all qualities of a great leader. smart and great speaker, and convincing.

[@patrickthepure]

Me too, and I relieve my feelings by thinking that when I die, I no longer have a working brain that wants to live more in order to see everything and feel bad for not being able to see it.

[@Cssaarr]

do you think "blue brain project" approach would generate something usefull with enough computing power? (sorry 4my english)

[@2plus2make4]

When was this recorded? I thought the 5 qubit IBM results were done ~2003. The approach was self limiting and research has taken a different direction since then, in particular with error correction qubits (ie computation + memory) eg Yale has an operating 4 qubits with error correction that handles a number of algorithms, and Delft has developed something similar. Maybe public availability will be slowed the military code breaking applications rather than the technology itself.

[@SIMKINETICS]

The number of permutations for binary states of 5 atoms is 5 factorial, which is 15. Any discrete arrangement of states has 15 possibilities, of which both 5 & 3 are integer divisor subsets & prime numbers. This explanation does not describe the exact calculation process, but it does demonstrate that this calculation is possible.

[@fffmmm22]

Parallel computing and hopefully the VLIW instruction set making it - that's what I see in the near future until quantum computers (I was told by our physics department that they are probably about 50 years away) arrive. There is some quantum annealing computer out there as of right now but I wonder of how much use it is considering things like downhill simplex.

[@PurpleCateen]

I never get bored watching Dr. Michio Kaku talk.

[@Nikolai3858]

Optical Computers With optical Prosessors is the NEXT think when it gets cheaper. It can make a computer 1000x-100000x faster.

[@syawkcab]

Dr. kaku visited my school once. He uses his hands to explain everything. there was a q and a session and you would think he's dancing :) very bright guy though

[@AlessandroTheCynical]

neat, i was just reading something related to this and AI's yesterday.

[@rtwhite1546]

There exist much more significant calculations -- solving optimization problems, problems we can't even solve because the calculations are too long (NP-Hard problems). It can help businesses strategize shipping, help colleges schedule their classes without conflicts, project management. The people using it won't know how it does it (just like I don't know what numerical scheme Excel uses to calculate F distributions), but these too could become just another triviality for Excel.

[@stepback1317]

The breakthroughs in quantum computing have been huge, but they are all limited to a small number of qubits. Preskill (1998) calculated that you'd need about a million qubits for a quantum computer to outperform the best classical ones. Recently, an NMR group in Shanghai factorised 143 into 13x11 using FOUR qubits. This is a huge step, but it is still a VERY long way from a million qubits! Scaling a quantum computer from a few qubits to a million, interconnected ones is going to take decades.

[@13a8eH]

nice thought

[@mlk4life]

i could listen to this guy for days hes awesome.

[@ahmadmunzir4362]

How can i uave a dollar everytime he said "if i was to put my money on the table"😂😂😂😂

[@ze39441]

Sometimes people have interest and we need to do that kind of talk, showing that science isn't a matter of super human, that dominate calculus, physics, etc; in fact it's a matter of things that we live and experiencing in our life, everyday. Michio is doing what he does best: Comunicating and share knowledge... Be humble and wise, sincere and simple, be a scientist.

[@pedroheberle6665]

Does anyone know if that has already come to pass?

[@SailSmBi]

Even if you have a compiler that allows you to write a quantum computer program in Java it is still fundamentally different than normal computing. For instance something simple like "int x=5;" doesn't make sense because data stored isn't in a specific quantum state it is a superposition of states so it could look something like "int x = 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5"

[@dbztitan]

From what I just read in that report, "they may not be made of silicon at that point" which is what Dr. Kaku is referring to. There are a number of people in the technology field that estimate approximately a decade before problems begin to arise, so I certainly don't think Dr. Kaku is "completely wrong" and that "the video should be removed".

[@b22chris]

this man thinks about more stuff in one day than i will know in my entire life.

[@TheVoidPt]

Dear Dr. Michio Kaku, In the future, or in one or more pararel universes, we have the power to travel in time. This would provide the fascinating ability to study ones origins. a) Could UFOs belong to time travelers? b) would the contact with them explain the knowledge of our galaxy present in past civilizations? c) If they helped us in the past, were are they now? Could their influence had changed our timeline, preventing us from reaching type 1 or above?

[@Sharlock93]

One thing I'm thinking about is creating a QPU (quantum processing unit ). (That is a far away time though I'm still in high school ...last year )

[@HiAdrian]

Moore's law refers to transistor count per unit area. So manufacturing large dies or using more of them in parallel does nothing to catch up.

[@JediBladeMaster]

He has better things to do, but it would great if he had his own channel. Though, I'm thankful for the time he's shared with us now. And Thanks to Bigthink.

[@millionairejh]

is there a way to cool the chips tho

[@NikolaosSkordilis]

What about III-V semiconductors, like the ones currently used in HEMTs, as an intermediate stage until a molecular, quantum, optical or whatever computer can be mastered (and produced commercially at a reasonable price)? Some III-V based transistors have been clocked at 400-450 Ghz, which is two orders of magnitude faster than the highest clocked current CPUs, and on top of that no extremely law nm architecture node is required.

[@frtard]

Definitely. There's already movement towards that. The catch is that capabilities of CPUs are naturally limited by their inherent complexity, not simply what they're made of.

[@powerofanime1]

Hmm, I like that idea.

[@doggod106]

"is a dying" excuse me I meant "is dying" got messed up when I revised that sentence.

[@LukasLiesis]

You don't need the huge mass production of those new computer chips. Things are already connected and internet is faster every year. Nvidia already has a beta project to play video intensive games on any simple laptop without any powerful chips onsite because computing machine is somewhere in a cloud and you stream your computing requests to that cloud and get a result. So what we will need is super powerful mega computers connected to your simple machine. And this doesn't require a chip to be so small to fit in a phone/laptop. It can be bigger and it solves the main problem described in a video - heat, and size. What do you think about this?

[@OmerKhan1]

1:17 In late 2024 2nm process will be implemented in which the smallest gate pitch will be 45 nm and metal pitch will be 20 nm. Therefore, the smallest gate pitch will be 225 atoms across and the smallest metal pitch will be 100 atoms across. I think we have a long way to go before we get down to 5 atoms across.

[@ycombinator765]

toh matlab intezar karna parega. Nice!

[@Carebearbull]

I came as fast as I could! I was in a meeting and had to drop off the kids. Yea, I got the mail. Michio has a new big think video out. Aww yeah!

[@samridhmukhiya]

he's talking about the point when these transistors reach a threshold where information processing becomes so fast problems such as critical overheating or loss of data might occur. you obviously don't think that when something reaches it's physical performance pinnacle that it can still go further. Everything in a physcial state has a limit and same applies to transistors, and he's talking about quantum computing, computing in teraflops, not just a handful of teraflops mind it!

[@Surtak]

Well the point is that it isn't the number of possible states that increases speed, but really how quickly you can change between them. A ternary system might have to switch all three states rather than two, which makes me believe it might be slower. It might perform the same as binary, but I don't think it would give any reason to be faster.

[@summa2201]

i like how he explains the problem:solution

[@Surtak]

He went over 3D computers briefly, it's really just working to squeeze the last bit of performance out of conventional computing and it still has very real limitations that are nowhere near to what Moore's Law would make you believe.

[@bighands69]

The cloud refers more to the information rather than the actual and hardware. The information is distributed and considered to be cloud like. There is no real harm in this term but there is more technical terms that give specific details such as grid computing or remote service.

[@zagros24]

Is not too late dude. there are good teachers like Dr Kaku. it just require a will to find the right path!

[@ankushmanocha9355]

Amazing Call Recorder (ANKUSH MANOCHA) This application is used to record all incoming voice calls on your android device in wav format. All recordings will be automatically saved in your device Sdcard path like /sdcard/Amazing_Call_Recorder/ folder. This application starts a background service to sniff the incoming calls and then start recording them in specified Sdcard folder.

[@Andytlp]

It's hard to track his videos.. if he had his own playlist or a channel. I have to pick a random vid of his and then pick from the suggestions, but the thing is i already saw most of them :D