Black Holes

How are black holes formed? Where do we find them? How can we detect them? All these answers in 5 minutes!
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Alessandro Roussel,
For more info: www.alessandroroussel.com/en
_
To learn more :
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole

[@yurikolovsky]

I can't look at the gravitation well image anymore after your general relativity video, would be awesome to see this with the new visualization method.

[@encryptedmaze]

Agreed, this would be awesome.

[@paulhk2727]

Haha same

[@ThinkingMind000]

1 more vote

[@jaredf6205]

It shows that even the writer of the video gained a better understanding of the idea as they released videos over the years.

[@ConnThaDon]

I don't think it would work the same for a black hole. I think it would require a constant negative curvature, which is not possible in 3d.

[@ScienceClicEN]

Today is Octave's birthday (our favourite narrator) ! For this special occasion, here's a brand new video about black holes and all their mysteries !

[@ShadeAKAhayate]

This video is so wrong. It views black holes from classic sky mechanics point of view while these objects are relativistic. Just look at the comments section to see you've created more confusion than actually answered questions. If you want classic view, you can rename the video "black stars", a similar object in science history. Please remake the video in a correct way to clear things up. Here's a short list of what stood our for me: 0:23 -- mass is an illusion created by curving spacetime by energy concentration. Gravitation is an illusion created by objects seemingly drawn together by curved spacetime. An illusion creating another illusional effect? Great for understanding. What will we do with black holes that have originally had no mass like primordial ones? 0:52 -- the classical explanation. "Attraction", "moving at a speed of light to escape", "captured", etc. _This_ is not a black hole but a black star. 1:11 -- at its "true" core, black hole has ringularity since it rotates. Outside world, however, doesn't have a notion of that since all it sees is a slightly warm a bit squished spherical pseudo object that nothing can touch. Also, in non-rotating black holes singularity shouldn't vibrate. Also, the spacetime grid itself ends at singularity. 1:26 -- the event horizon seems to be at a flat spacetime. In reality the spacetime on event horizon is curved in such a way that it's falling inside at a speed of light. If that's not wrong topology, I don't know what is. 1:33 -- again, classic "pull", "escape". This is definitely a video about a black star. 1:52 -- "swallow". Right. Also, they are not black since Hawking radiation makes them warm (aka glow in IR a tiny bit). 2:10 -- classic view. 2:29 -- unexplained that this can be done due to extreme compactness of these objects, through specific trajectory bending. 2:44 -- disc rotating around the singularity can't exist. Inside event horizon that will look like a spiral, outside it rotates not around singularity (which exists in a separate spacetime) but around event horizon itself. 3:41 -- "the more time" is exponential. Which important but is not mentioned.

[@alexcalzino9469]

@@ShadeAKAhayate dude they had a 5 minute goal what do you expect

[@ShadeAKAhayate]

@@alexcalzino9469 I expect a video about black holes described in relativistic physics, not about 18th century black star concept in classic Newtonian physics?.. Because the second can't correspond to reality in a meaningful way.

[@ScienceClicEN]

@@ShadeAKAhayate I understand your frustration, this is not supposed to be an advanced video but only an introduction to what black holes are. Black holes can be described as objects from which it's impossible to escape even for light : the horizon is defined as a Cauchy horizon, which is precisely a light-like surface, in the sense that within the lightcone you are restricted to move towards the singularity. However yes you are correct that this view is reminiscent of Newton's gravity rather than general relativity. The horizon is not curved towards the inside, it is a 2+1D light-like hypersurface, its generators (the geodesics on the horizon) don't fall inside the black hole, they precisely generate the horizon, which means they stay along the horizon. Indeed, Hawking radiation is supposed to exist but for the moment it has not been observed, and it is expected to be so low energy that it might never be directly detected. "Pull" is indeed a word which is not very adequate in General Relativity, however "escape" is adequate. Black holes are structures of causality, and in particular they are rigorously defined by the fact that you can't escape them to infinity. The evaporation time is not exponential, it's a power law. I understand that this video is just an introduction, don't worry I'm planning to make more in-depth videos about black holes (Penrose's theorem in particular, which was one my Master's subjects). The next video will be about Hawking's radiation

[@scienceium5233]

@@ShadeAKAhayate dude , uncool

[@filename1674]

I am glad I found your channel since I am in love with physics and scientific stuffs. Just continue uploading vids mate

[@au12857]

Same

[@farouku5334]

I'm a freshman at uni and discovering this channel made me rediscover my genuine marvel with cosmology and as a result I am seriously considering physics again. Thank you very much.

[@hambeleleniiiyambo3937]

Did you manage to get back into physics?

[@Ixtanios]

Keep the great work Octave, im sure your channel will blow soon!

[@ScienceClicEN]

Thanks !

[@petrosbright]

Missing this video for a year makes me feel less guilty for 2020. Brilliant channel in whole.

[@nektu5435]

I'm new to your channel but I'm really glad to have discovered it. I'm really impressed with your explanations of general and special relativity. I'm looking forward to seeing more content and watching this channel grow!

[@ScienceClicEN]

Thanks ! Glad you discovered the channel, and I hope you'll like the next videos (there should be one coming up very soon)

[@baranozfe]

+

[@user-lu6yg3vk9z]

@@ScienceClicEN error you stated nothing moves faster then the speed of light but , space itself moves faster then the speed of light.

[@briancowell3891]

An absolute brilliant channel. Thank you

[@atomix3696]

Happy birthday Octave !

[@benoit-pierredemaine3824]

You deserve more subscribers ...

[@ScienceClicEN]

Thanks :)

[@raysca1]

Thanks for these videos. Very very helpful

[@carlton4610]

Thank you, I think I see how you intend this presentation and I personally appreciate it

[@anshumk]

Loved how you build the blackhole conceptually.

[@tops1954]

this is the the video I've been trying to show my brothers and sisters!! Thank you so much!

[@Thorhian]

Just found this channel, it is awesome! Subbed!

[@carlton4610]

I think this presentation is to help those who are looking to grasp General Relativity, yet haven't had the formal school training in either Undergrad or of Grad courses in GR . I really appreciate this, as it will be of great help in framing an approach both before I get to working problems in GR and during... Many Thanks ! And Happy Holidays + New Year !

[@SMD1999]

Wow you’re really 22 with a masters in theoretical physics. My word you’re quite special

[@Keindzjim]

Love this channel! Going to watch your video on wormholes now :)

[@vithalbhaipatel1013]

Well show. Good information. Good show.

[@DuskyLark]

Happy birthday Octave 😄 it's nice you joined the team 😄

[@joemasters2270]

Another awesome video.

[@aminuolawale1843]

A lot of thought goes into these visuals.

[@TheAlxSystem]

this is AMAZING 10/10 keep at it :)

[@ScienceClicEN]

Thank you very much ! New videos coming soon :)

[@eSKAone-]

Perfect music man.💟

[@julu8430]

definitely one of the best channels

[@ScienceClicEN]

🙏

[@kimchangkyum89]

What a cool vedio than i expected

[@Faithreaver]

I still believe that the word "Holes" is misleading, aren't they still supposed to be an object like the sun, but an extremely condensed one with the extremely massive gravitational pull that actually makes them go black?

[@ShadeAKAhayate]

No. That's classic representation (which they follow in this video). Which is wrong. It's not an object that makes a black hole, but a spacetime curved so much its interior is cut off from ours. From our perspective, an object can't fall into a black hole, but endlessly close in on the event horizon. From an object inside an event horizon (which is exactly that -- the last place where we could theoretically assign "when" and "where" to an event from the outside), the spacetime cascades inwards faster than the speed of light.

[@MarioGonzalez-ez4if]

Can you help me figuring out a question that I have? If we were able to see a black hole, would we see that 3D circular mass as shown on your video? I'm just confused since the space-time fabric will bend, if we would see a flat space-time with a whole and the black hole at the bottom or if we would see a espherical mass that has the properties of the black hole? Thank you for your response and I love the channel!

[@tensevo]

I would be interested to see your take on Penrose diagrams.

[@kamilsadkowski]

After you enter this channel once - you stay here forever.

[@angel_machariel]

Everything is black in space, unless there's light to reflect from objects. Question: why *must* it be black? Or is blackness an illusion created by our own eyes due to absence of light? Which also means that animals or insects might see something different from us in absence of light.

[@ScienceClicEN]

Indeed, black is just the sensation that your brain creates when your eyes detect no light. That is why you see black when you close your eyes : you close the "light detectors"

[@santitabnavascues8673]

Ironically black holes have a visible edge, the photon sphere, where photons travelling close to them get trapped for eternity, so they don't emit light, but borrow the light that gets close to them 😊

[@rafaelgmota]

Hi, great channel, great videos! Can I ask you something? Is it possible for you to make a video explaining the effects of time dilation presented in the movie interstellar, by the gargantua black hole on the water planet? I can sort of understand the concept of time dilation on you examples for moving objects passing by, on your other videos, but in that case, the planet is on a stable orbit around the black hole. That is hard to visualize, I understand the explanation of the equation and all, but that's just theory on paper, you can just say "x than y" and it can be true, but seeing it in action unfolding it's another thing entirely. Thanks!

[@MagicToadSlime]

An object in a "stable" orbit is still falling. We all eventually end up in the black hole.

[@drwfigureadventures]

Can space time move faster than the speed of light, then? Like, inside the event horizon, is space time moving faster than light?

[@anguinan]

would it be possible to share the thumbnail image of the black hole? it's amazing art.

[@kalshravan4012]

To our frame of reference nothing ever falls inside the black hole . Time dilation will increase as abject gets nearer to the event horizon the moment they reach event horizon the objects time stops as a result it gets trapped in the surface of the black hole (event horizon ). So all the information falls into a black hole gets trapped in its surface/event horizon.

[@memati7199]

That is so interesting because black holes are not really holes , they are a stage that preceeds a neutron star , so i think it does have a surface but the gravitational force is so massive that it reflects no light … what its surface is made of ? God only knows 🤷🏻‍♂️

[@pmangano]

If i understood previous videos right, after something comes in contact with the event horizon the gravitational well becomes so intense that time itself stops for that object right? (relative to us). But if that's true then how can anything past the event horizon affect us, like this radiation if anything there is frozen in time relative to us? Shouldn't it be innert and not interact with us in any way untill time itself collapses?

[@DrDeuteron]

it's time stops from our PoV, so from it's PoV, it has moved deep into our future...hence the name, "event horizon": the inside of a BH is a future we cannot reach.

[@RMmazel]

Fellow Filipinos out there? New subscriber here. Videos here are far more easy to understand than others. Thank you. I'm loving Science more. ♥️

[@shadymoataz4740]

I want to share a thought i got from my imagination , what would happen at the singularity for time space ? i think that the time-space can be superimposed over itself or even ‘merge ’creating new higher dimensions necessitating anything included in that space-time to be pulled towards it with tremendous speed & entirely new properties.

[@Killer_Kovacs]

Those small holes would be below plank length?

[@UrNewStepdad91]

Black holes are like those seagulls in finding nemo

[@dvk578]

Thank you so much for not saying that the Black Holes are "feeding". "Attracted surrounding matter" is much better. I hate it when they describe Black Holes with gastronomic references or fear inducing verbiage like, "lurking"...

[@aliaguilar3173]

What if we dont know whats faster than the speed of light because its just too fast😂

[@therandomwizard188]

P H I L O S O P H Y

[@MagicToadSlime]

Maybe it would start moving through a 4 dimensional space? Like interstellar.

[@rangelmagalhaes9792]

👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻

[@szjozsi]

what is the music where can i get it? (starting at 1:09)

[@ItsCorazon]

HB Octave ! :)

[@Hobbit_libertaire]

I've looked for an original sentence but... I don't find anything. So as everybody says : Happy birthday Octave !

[@IWasAlwaysNeverAnywhere]

tbh it sounds like black holes are the universes law breakers.

[@aurelienyonrac]

You don't ever get to the singularity. Nor can get out. You are free floating and yet falling. This is the shape of gravity. Virtual particles sliding against each other. Expanding space and time. Who understand?

[@twrk139]

Whay is the end song's name?

[@ScienceClicEN]

It's a personal creation, you can find it on my SoundCloud : soundcloud.com/aroussel

[@tokajileo5928]

so if I have antihydrogen and collapse it into a black hole and I have hydrogen and I collapse it into another black hole, would these 2 black holes annihilate when they meet or merge into a bigger black hole? I think they will merge but still interesting...

[@Grrranit]

The smallest Black Holes, as far as I know, aren’t stellar ones but premordial Black Holes

[@abhyudaychauhan2738]

why does something with mass affect space time

[@drbonesshow1]

My dirty old Uncle asked me years ago: Professor, if a black hole doesn’t emit matter, then how can I take a crap every day? I replied: Well, your hole isn’t really black. Years later, I wrote a song about it called Does Everyone Really Have a Black Hole?

[@adnanraja5452]

I have a question please

[@sarah12232]

what about universe expansion?

[@healthygreen2537]

@00:40 entirely wrong statement. If you compress sun enough to make it a black whole, it does not affect or increase its gravitational pull on planets

[@ScienceClicEN]

You're right, at a fixed distance the gravitational pull does not depend on the size of the central body. However if instead of setting a fixed distance, you set a distance relative to the size of the central body, then the pull becomes greater as the object gets more and more compact. That is to say that when the central body gets compact, you can get closer to it than when it was larger, and therefore experience a stronger pull

[@IWasAlwaysNeverAnywhere]

what if traveling in a wormhole is also a matter of perspective

[@zakirhussain-js9ku]

Is there any direct evidence of singularity at the centre of every black holes. How can centrifugal forces allow the matter to fall into a black hole, these forces increase as matter get closer to black hole. I think center of a galaxy is empty space just like centre of a hurricane.

[@jassemvideomsp6334]

Elle est pour quand la nouvelle vidéo stp ? ! :)

[@AlessandroRoussel]

Sur la chaîne anglaise pour dans 2 semaines, et sur la française je vais essayer à peu près pour la même période ;)

[@jassemvideomsp6334]

@@AlessandroRoussel Oki merci ! :)

[@animalmother8117]

Music?

[@Johncornwell103]

Couldn't black holes solve both the issues of dark matter and dark Energy? By that I mean that what if there are really small black holes that are the result of failed star formation as they don't have the required hydrogen to sustain fusion and were made higher percentage of heavier elements than normally found in stars when they being formed. Like imagine when our solar system was still just a massive gas cloud. Instead of forming 8 planets and a singular star, the matter condensed into only two bodies. One of those bodies had the required amounts of hydrogen to sustain fusion and would become the sun. The other body was composed of all the heavier elements found through the planets and any leftover hydrogen. It could have settled in orbit between where Jupiter and Saturn currently reside. Now imagine 100s of these blackholes littered throughout each galaxy. I don't know if it would be enough mass to account for dark matter but if it did, it could be the reason the inflation is getting faster as matter is more condensed than previously thought, limiting gravity ability to slow down inflation. As they evaporate faster than normal blackholes.

[@kitty-kat3547]

I don’t think black holes made to serve people for traveling from one direction to another,it’s just our fantasy we want to believe. I think it’s more about collecting information or eliminate negative particles after the star exploding to prevent them from mixing with the positive particles and become a zero (the previous video make sense ).about collecting information maybe the black hole divide everything and sorting it like in dna structure and than after exploding the blue print coming out and decide how to build planets so they will interact with the system laws after. In my opinion Black holes made to prevent chaos.If we survived and evolve this way so must be we just did what our universe doing for billions of years.

[@ali32bit42]

this channel feels like kurtsguzurt but for adults .

[@WHYNKO]

3:19 are you sure the super massive black holes are that big.. I read they were maximum as big as our solar system...

[@15firekid]

I don't know where you read that, it's not really known if black holes have a size limit. they can definitely be bigger than the solar system. the largest black hole currently known is TON 618 which has the mass of 66 billion suns and it's event horizon is estimated to be around 1,300 AU wide more than 40 times the size of Neptune's orbit. if you put TON 618 where the sun is both voyager 1 and 2 would still be over a thousand AU below the event horizon.

[@ShadeAKAhayate]

@@15firekid Measuring our Solar system size with Neptune orbit doesn't seem correct. The correct border would be the Hill sphere, which is significantly larger.

[@ek.m.611]

I think that you don't know how big the solar system is. There is a web site called "if the Moon were only 1 pixel" that represent the real size of the solar system

[@elenaely2973]

Niceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

[@ExacoMvm]

I just don't get why scientists measure everything based on light speed, it's just photon particles or whatever and especially it's just speed of an specific thing, but all the relativity and whole other stuff is based on speed of light. Well if humans can't comprehend 4D or what Time really is doesn't mean something with some tech in some environment can't move faster than light unless the whole relativity stuff is based on human's perception instead of how it actually is. Pretty sure in like 500-2000 years there will be new discoveries ( e.g. tests with artificial black holes ) which will prove current theories wrong or partially wrong. Also if someone flied into a black hole assuming they don't get crushed or they don't spin forever they would exit it pretty soon based on the black holes radius and travel speed, but shitloads of stuff would be changed, our galaxy probably won't exist anymore for them as in reality they probably just flied through the black hole like x1000 faster than speed of light. This is just my probably stupid logic, my math skills are as good as someone's in kindergarten.

[@bensonburner3852]

Speed of light is one of the few things that physicists treat with the highest amount of certainty. If we want to be technical, Newton's formulations, which are used for nearly all other branches of physics including electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, fluid dynamics, etc., are in fact delegated to a simplifying approximations of relativity. Relativity is essentially built upon the absoluteness of speed of light (it even sacrificed the notion that time is absolute for it). In fact, if we multiply time by the speed of light, we get a new dimension sharing the same unit as length (hence the notion of 4th dimension). Therefore we can generalize time and space into a 4D object called space-time. In short, if we prove that speed of light is wrong, we might have to rewrite the entirety of physics as everything are then just approximations of a deeper hidden truth.

[@bensonburner3852]

Speed of light is one of the few things that physicists treat with the highest amount of certainty. If we want to be technical, Newton's formulations, which are used for nearly all other branches of physics including electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, fluid dynamics, etc., are in fact delegated to a simplifying approximations of relativity. Relativity is essentially built upon the absoluteness of speed of light (it even sacrificed the notion that time is absolute for it). In fact, if we multiply time by the speed of light, we get a new dimension sharing the same unit as length (hence the notion of 4th dimension). Therefore we can generalize time and space into a 4D object called space-time. In short, if we prove that speed of light is wrong, we might have to rewrite the entirety of physics as everything are then just approximations of a deeper hidden truth.

[@fcmerces]

It's not just photons, photons are a representation. "Light" in speed of light is a simplification too, because light as an electromagnetic wave has the same speed of information, the same speed of everything that has no mass. That's the limit, that's the speed of what things happen in our universe based on the observations. We could call it speed of microwaves, speed of information, speed of radiation, etc. It's all the same. Speed of light was used probably because it's what was first observed and measured.

[@ExacoMvm]

@@fcmerces Okay that makes more sense then, thanks! So if someone somehow managed to move faster than speed of light i suppose it would be equivalent to teleportation right? Also what would visually happen if a person standing in front of me or a car being still moved faster than light speed in an instant? Would he/it simply disappear in a heartbeat, leave some sort of trail or it would fade away?

[@fcmerces]

@@ExacoMvm Sadly I can't even imagine how it'd be. Situations that include observers moving half speed of light are already hard to understand because of how distorted time gets... But these are interesting questions that I'd like to know too 😁

[@carlton4610]

The event horizon I designate to be the gate of St.Peter. In my scifi theory of life. Death and the possible liberation from the cycle of birth death rebirth , being stuck in Maya as the Hindus say.. Freedom occurs when ones soul in death has managed to acquire a certain lightness enabling it to slide the grip inside the event horizon . This could be the liberation of the soul from the cycle of infinite birth death rebirth This cycle perhaps can't be escaped yet in certain conditions perhaps one can be reborn outside the grip of Maya , the illusion cycle, to be reborn as a different type of soul . Could it be becoming one of God's mighty angels I do not know . To serve the Lord, outside of the fully human realm, born into the realm of spiritual beings ? Just wondering about it.. Wondering ; " What is meant by "" Liberation ""?

[@mukhtaarjaamac8763]

Black is the best duspin

[@asyncasync]

Hawking* radiation.

[@danieleleuteri107]

But has Hawking radiation actually been observed?

[@ScienceClicEN]

Not yet no ! It is a very tiny radiation, we might never be able to measure it directly

[@mukhtaarjaamac8763]

I thin it is jahiima allah told us qur,aan may be

[@hunk2140]

wow the amount of misinformation and wrong statements in this video is staggering..

[@ScienceClicEN]

Hmm do you have an example ?

[@hunk2140]

@@ScienceClicEN of course..i'll give you 4.. 1. there are no "Singularities" with infinite bluh bluh..ok? 2. there are no tiny black holes..primordial bluh bluh..ok? 3. there are no "Wormholes/whiteholes"..ok? 4. there is no "Hawking Radiation"..ok? ok. these are all the result of misunderstanding black holes.. obsolete theories of the 20th century scientists.. try to be a little original..

[@vaibhavSharma-tg7ue]

@@hunk2140 those all thing are pridictions

[@945ppp]

@@hunk2140 go back to play Minecraft please

[@OneFreeMan17]

@@hunk2140 < This is why you don’t breed with your cousins, kids.