Blue Sodium Chloride - Periodic Table of Videos

We attempt to make some blue Sodium Chloride - at the suggestion of loyal viewer Artem. More links and info in full description ↓↓↓
Liquid electrons: • Liquid Electrons - Per...
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[@Muonium1]

You can also create orange table salt without the addition of any chemicals. Just blast it with a beam of electrons or gamma rays to create "F-centers" or "farber" (color) centers. It's HIGHLY thermoluminescent and glows brightly when sprinkled on a hotplate. You can see it on here if you search for "irradiated salt". Irradiated KCl is blue.

[@rasmis]

“Just”. I can't remember where I put my gamma ray gun.

[@jameshall1300]

@@rasmis pretty sure a CRT tube from an old TV or computer monitor uses an electron beam gun.

[@DrakkarCalethiel]

@@jameshall1300 Indeed, but is a 20-30keV beam enough? Highly doubt.

[@Muonium1]

@@DrakkarCalethiel Yes, watch the video by radium quetzal.

[@carstenk2552]

Remember the same from my chemistry class at university. Mr. "I-know-everything" got a blue salt mixture to analyse. Looked for Copper, for Cobalt, finds nothing but KCl.. gets more and more confused. Tried again and again. It was hilarious. In the end, he boiled off the solution and tried to isolate the "dye" which he believed somebody had put in.

[@Quazlyy]

"And of course, Brady always learns something." Best line of the video, never change professor!

[@wich1]

Yeah, professor throwing some shade there, 😂

[@jonszarkowski4857]

There are blue sodium chloride crystals (halite for us geologists) that have been documented in nature from places such as Carlsbad, New Mexico. Fabulous ocean blue crystals. It would be awesome if we could give the professor a specimen to help test his ideas.

[@lucy101]

The specimen I had was from Carlsbad. A really nice deep blue color. ☺️

[@user-pr6ed3ri2k]

I rember now 🥰

[@joshua.snyder]

Albuquerque had a lot of blue crystals too.

[@pan2aja]

@@joshua.snyder blue crystal in new mexico... I know right !! Probably the same specimen as in Tijuana

[@KairuHakubi]

surely that's because of something added to the salt, something like this thing wouldn't happen would it? melting just right deep underground, with sodium metal being added?

[@mynameis999]

I know very little about chemistry but I just love watching all about it on this channel.

[@robertimmanuel577]

I agree. They're literally the reason why I was obsessed with chemistry back in 7th grade

[@joylox]

@@robertimmanuel577 They were (a big reason) why I passed high school chemistry. Along with Crash Course and a few other channels. I chose not to go the science route for my degree (applied computer science), but it's still neat to learn things and see how stuff works that's outside of my usual interests.

[@Jeff13mer]

As someone who's getting their degree in chemistry... I too also know very little

[@e-var8944]

Don't worry. So do chemists.

[@LeeDee5]

Im just taking general chemistry in college and i'm just like "huh??" all the time. Even though I think chemistry is awesome.

[@tantraman93]

This has everything...Chemistry news, new vocabulary "eutectic mixture", an experiment, a hardware 'issue' with the bent test tube and a bit of discussion. Excellent!

[@DarrenBates]

I had the same reaction to the new word! Never heard it before but I'm going to have to try and squeeze it in somewhere.

[@peterfireflylund]

@@DarrenBates old fashioned solder is a eutectic mixture of lead and tin.

[@jimsvideos7201]

Sodium/potassium is used as a coolant in some nuclear reactors, among other things 😀

[@ZoonCrypticon]

I am always happy to see the professor again imparting his vast knowleddge !

[@noinamg]

I have also seen naturally occurring blue Halite (NaCl) where the crystal lattice was shifted by radioactive decay of potassium contaminants in situ underground. if you dissolve it and recrystallize it, it would return to clear.

[@lucy101]

I used to have a crystal of that

[@amylaneio]

Working in pharmacy, a “grain” is a very specific measurement to me (specifically 65mg).

[@ruprup-p1h]

Is that a pharmaceutical term or imperial US or both? 😄

[@joshuarosen6242]

@@ruprup-p1h It's both or at least it's also used in the UK Imperial system. It's also part of the troy system used by jewellers. Traditionally the pharmaceutical weights were referred to as the apothecaries' system. I'm English so I'm not very familiar with the US Imperial system. [Edit] I was curious so I looked it up. It does also form part of the US Imperial system.

[@LeCharles07]

@@ruprup-p1h It's actually an antiquated measurement for gunpowder which has standardly defined as 64.7989 mg.

[@ruprup-p1h]

@@joshuarosen6242 thanks for explanation! What a nice backstory!

[@ruprup-p1h]

@@LeCharles07 ahhh i think I've heard of grains as an explosives measurement that makes sense

[@Juarqua]

Really a great lesson to learn. Maybe other salts have similar properties and can therefore also exist with colours other than the ones we're used to.

[@RaExpIn]

Thunderfoot made a video where he put sodium in cesium chloride, which also turned blue.

[@Dankleberrrrg]

Having three camera angles for Neil gently breaking open a test tube with a hammer is really something lol. Also, I'm a big fan of Artem's massive Allen wrench. for poking the sodium.

[@ooooneeee]

IKR 😂

[@dielaughing73]

That was the money shot

[@samjoseph7846]

What a coincidence, I learned this in school just today! My textbook gives more importance to the first explanation of the blue colour, than the second one though.

[@macedindu829]

Living in an area with very cold winters, where salt is often spread on surfaces to melt snow and ice, I've observed that canines are capable of producing yellow salt.

[@peterfireflylund]

Brown, too.

[@RideAcrossTheRiver]

Don't you go where the huskys go!

[@darkwinter6028]

I love it when this channel updates periodically… 😜

[@felipecardoza9967]

BA DUM KSSSSSSS

[@Ben786]

"Brady of course always learns something" sounds like it could be a backhanded compliment if had come from anybody but the professor himself!

[@MrJHDK]

A grain is also an imperial measurement. It is specifically 1/7000 lb. I've most commonly heard it used in relation to fire arms. Bullet mass and/or powder mass.

[@LeCharles07]

Come on, even lbs are defined in metric. Just call it what it is, 64.7989 mg.

[@banjo304]

@@LeCharles07 this seems like a needlessly pedantic comment; the fact that a grain was originally defined as 1/7000th of a pound is interesting and wouldn't be immediately apparent if he wrote it out as its value in grams.

[@SuiLagadema]

I can tell Neil is very humble but he does need even a short interview as part of his contributions to this channel.

[@patrickplayer4185]

I’m so glad to see you back! I was wondering if you you were still making Periodic videos. I’ve been a science and chemistry nerd since I was a kid. It’s great to hear your voice and see your crazy hair again Martiyn! I’ve missed it.

[@LabRat10101]

Finally a new dose of periodic videos. 🤤👌

[@Jourei_]

It has been a while!

[@richross4781]

Hey Sir. Wonderful to have you back again.

[@LeCharles07]

1 grain is actually a specific measure defined as 64.7989 mg. Grain is an antiquated measurement for gunpowder that is still used in ammo loading handbooks.

[@jimurrata6785]

It's used for bullet weights as well.

[@iamsandrewsmith]

Fascinating! Also, I love how Professor Poliakoff's hair messes with YT's compression algorithms: it kept blinking in and out of focus.

[@merwindor]

I swear every time I see the Professor or Neil in a video it's like they never age. I'm assuming they just spend all day in the labs at Nottingham working on their serums and elixirs.

[@screwthecabal6453]

I always enjoy listening to you and learning more than I did in school.

[@ericablue32]

I flippin' LOVE the Professor. I think he is quite a character, and his hair is EPIC. Thank you guys for all the work you do and for spreading the education! ❤️

[@jacobs83133]

This is the best live performance show of chemical experiments I had ever seen.Cheers PTofV :)

[@francescogiuseppearagona1109]

I know about a slightly different experiment: expose NaCl to metallic Na vapors. What I was told it happens is that Na starts dissociating in Na+ and e-, which start taking part inside NaCl crystal structure, with electrons occupying a Cl- site. The colour is due to the fact that inside a solid, ions can still move a little, and the light absorbed by the crystal provides the energy required for an e- and a Cl- to swap. If you repeat the same experiment with KCl and K vapours you will get green KCl.

[@jacobs83133]

This videos shows all of them Great enthusiasm, especially of the Professor.Cheers :)

[@andyd8370]

Love the use of "spicy" in chemistry terms 🤣

[@shotgunjackalQ]

I believe a grain is ~65mg. It's an old unit of measure that is pretty much only used for munitions now days, a 148gr bullet is about 9.5g.

[@Hei1Bao4]

That's the only place I've encountered that unit, when buying ammo. A measurement of the bullet, which with a standard load of black powder gives the acceleration. FM=A

[@varunrmallya5369]

This is what i think is probably happening. The KCl you added reduces the available space in the crystal lattice of NaCl. Then when you added metallic Na you trapped it in the lattice creating F-centers. This is what made it blue. Please ask the professor to confirm if my theory has some merit. And please tell me if I am wrong.

[@dahiwada]

yep i would also like to know abt this

[@nienke7713]

I'm reminded of something I oncr did as a kid. I once mixed tablesalt with a bit of vinegar in a glass bowl using a metal spoon; and left that together quite log with the spoon in it, mixing it every so often; at some point the salt started to turn blue and the spoon started to have get a dull white layer on it. Never knew the exact reaction, but I'm guessing some of the metal (ions) from the salt and the spoon got exchanged or something. I figured I probably shouldn't eat it, nor use the spoon for food anymore.

[@CED99]

A grain is an old unit of weight, Americans still use it, often in relation to firearms, a grain is approx 1/15th of a gram

[@Dingomush]

Talking about tiny variants in structure changing something, I immediately thought of the professor in the diamond lab!

[@DarthCookieKS]

Your hair is stunning as always, Sir Martyn Poliakoff

[@westtex3675]

not sure if it’s a related, but this reminds me of the giant vivid blue potash evaporation ponds you see while flying over desert in southwest US (or viewed on google earth). I did some research and Intrepid Potash operates 3 locations: in Carlsbad, NM; Moab, UT; and Wendover, UT. Some pools are almost cyan, others bright azure. (Actually, now I am reading that their blue comes from copper sulfate, which is added to speed up evaporation & prevent bacterial/algal growth)

[@ChromicQuanta]

Someone do spectroscopy on this! If there really are nanoparticles scattering the light, the spectrum would look similar to other examples of Rayleigh scattering. If that doesn't work, compare to examples of surface plasmon resonance, or to the spectra of the solvated electrons in the sodium-ammonia mixture. Try adding more sodium and see if it turns gold like it did in the liquid ammonia.

[@jimsvideos7201]

This is a fun start to the new year 😀

[@hamoudi_d]

This video is so awesome, it's like the ones from the good old times!

[@carnsoaks1]

Solvated electrons are Blue, tx Thunderfoot, the falling colour during the flame may have been those dissolved electrons.

[@GerManBearPig]

You could try the same thing with a quarz glass vessel - the melting point is much higher. With a hyydrogen burner you can even make them yourself from tube material which is possible with a little bit of practice or just ask the university glass blower to make it.

[@eggsngritstn]

This is why we engineers study eutectic diagrams for metal alloys. The way the alloy is formed gives the metal different properties.

[@le13579]

Eutectic diagrams for alloys... Are they different to phase diagrams for steel?

[@eggsngritstn]

@@le13579 It’s the same plot. Not all steels are eutectic, thus many steel alloys have only a melting point curve.

[@le13579]

@@eggsngritstn Thanks for replying!

[@gustavgnoettgen]

I have molten glass, NaCl and porcelain, using the arc from a plasma tube circuit. The amount is tiny, just small drops each. My salt also turned bluish, but I thought it was copper from the wire.

[@ferretyluv]

A grain is 64.79891 mg, usually rounded to 65mg, like a grain of gunpowder. That’s probably what he meant. It’s an apothecary unit, like a dram.

[@twocvbloke]

I remember back in school being told you couldn't melt regular salt in a test tube, so I decided to do just that, and melted salt in a test tube (I don't know if the anti-caking agents they use in table salt had any effect though, this was just me as a kid wanting to try something they said couldn't be done!), never accept what you're told as absolute definitive fact, cos it can often be proven to be wrong... :)

[@unpythonic]

So the sodium chloride itself was never actually blue. Only with the addition of excess sodium was the effect seen. It's still very cool that such a subtle addition can have such a strong visual effect.

[@tschadschi1010]

You should read about doping if you're interested to see what a small addition of something can do!

[@wazscience]

i swear, the moment neil speaks, the world will end

[@nandingpanelo]

Youre amazing. Happy new year

[@singerofsongs468]

I’m a materials science major, and I’ll be making a gold nanoparticle suspension in my lab this semester. I can’t wait to learn how it works!

[@johnl2727]

Nice to see you again, Sir Martyn. John from Ohio

[@alexdrockhound9497]

colloidal native sodium seems to create the blue color. Ionizing radiation can also create this colloidal sodium and likewise make the NaCl blue.

[@christopherleubner6633]

If you react it with mixing with argon shielding gas it in a metal container it gets very deep blue. The blue color is from solvated electrons getting frozen in the lattice creating color centers. Your melt is literally a solution of sodium and electrons in molten salt. The crystal is also a semiconductor that responds to x rays and glows a deep violet color in the process. ❤

[@VoidHalo]

You (or someone more patient) could test the theory about the blue colour being caused by an excess of free electrons by increasing the number of free electrons. Perhaps by adding more sodium. If it's similar to the solvated electrons in the ammonia solution you were referring to, it should take on a more metallic color as the density of free electrons increases.

[@CausticLemons7]

Very interesting note about chemical formulas.

[@cyrilio]

Can we have a video about special lab equipment that can be used? I’ve heard platinum and palladium for example is sometimes used for spatulas etc.

[@AsbestosMuffins]

not sure about spatulas but i have used tiny platinum crucibles for some lab equipment

[@omnirath]

@@AsbestosMuffins to make tiny asbestos muffins, cute and frightening

[@runcycleskixc]

And if they could share the lab's address please. I bet the security there is minimal.

[@ambulocetusnatans]

I heard a story about a lab that fdiscovered one of their platinum crucibles went missing. Some guy had smashed it flat and stuck it in his shoe.

[@GGoAwayy]

Professor Poliakoff is the ONE WHO KNOCKS

[@Zeldaschampion]

Its good to see the professor finally get out of that room.

[@scienceresearch1923]

In our general textbooks, schools only teach the properties of isoelectric salts or other non-metallic covalent compounds, and the material science in school textbooks only introduces us to metal elements and alloys of metal elements; but in this chemistry professor’s In the video, we saw different novel things. Perhaps it can also be explained by the dissociation of elements that the electrons of alkali metals diffuse into salt crystals or liquid ammonia solutions; under normal circumstances, the outermost electrons of alkali metals tend to Due to dissociation, some scientists have done an experiment to overcome a problem. Alkali metals can easily react with liquid water, sometimes to the point of explosion. If you drop a piece of alkali metal into water, you will hear an explosion. Dr. Pavel Janvet's research team found a very clever way to solve this problem. What if, instead of adding metal to water, water is added to metal? In a vacuum chamber, the research team squeezed out a small sphere of sodium-potassium alloy, which is liquid at room temperature, from a nozzle. Next, the researchers used vapor deposition to very carefully add a thin film of pure water to the alloy. When the two come into contact, electrons and metal cations (positively charged ions) flow from the alloy to the pure water. Not only does this give the water a golden glow, it also makes it electrically conductive

[@mnoxman]

I can't remember which is which but salt from salt mines from two sates in the USA have different colors. Michigan and Kansas. One has a blue tint and one has a gray 'dirty' tint. This is probably due to the 'sea critters' that were in the salt when it formed.

[@lancebradshaw4829]

I had been interested in the solubility of the alkali metals in their own salts (or vice versa). I figured the electrons would be able to freely transfer from the metallic sodium atoms to the sodium ions and back again. Maybe that's wrong, but it's nice to know that there is some solubility there.

[@tramsgar]

Love the end!

[@christopherleubner6633]

I know that sodium vapor in a hps lamp is blue once it cools below incandescence. The blue color of the salt is likely due to doping creating stable color centers.

[@johngalt3759]

If it's anything like the blue salts in breaking bad we'll be up for days!

[@Trrip000]

"and of course, Brady always learns something."- dang

[@jonmarquez128]

Blue sodium chloride can be used to dissolve ice on roads. It occurs in a mineral Halite due to the presence of copper in it.

[@Zheeraffa1]

Could you try dissolving different metals, whether they would tend to form different-colored nanoparticles? Or if it is solvated electrons, could you try dissolving even more sodium to see if the solution becomes bronze-colored?

[@djcfrompt]

Ooh, good idea. If you could use something more stable (Li?), then you could perhaps do some imaging on the crystal to look for nanoparticles.

[@cdl0]

The material will likely look black. I will make a longer top level comment about this.

[@notforwantoftrying1]

the prof can't help but throw some shade at Brady at the end 😂

[@JackFlead]

Saw this video on the way to work this morning and took a few minutes to try it myself, most of my salt turned out white 😢 but i had a small chunk of very slightly pale blue salt at the end! I was very tentative with the sodium metal, I think I put too little in. When the sodium was added to the salt, visually, it was very reminiscent of sodium in liquid ammonia

[@scienceresearch1923]

In our general textbooks, schools only teach the properties of isoelectric salts or other non-metallic covalent compounds, and the material science in school textbooks only introduces us to metal elements and alloys of metal elements; but in this chemistry professor’s In the video, we saw different novel things. Perhaps it can also be explained by the dissociation of elements that the electrons of alkali metals diffuse into salt crystals or liquid ammonia solutions; under normal circumstances, the outermost electrons of alkali metals tend to Due to dissociation, some scientists have done an experiment to overcome a problem. Alkali metals can easily react with liquid water, sometimes to the point of explosion. If you drop a piece of alkali metal into water, you will hear an explosion. Dr. Pavel Janvet's research team found a very clever way to solve this problem. What if, instead of adding metal to water, water is added to metal? In a vacuum chamber, the research team squeezed out a small sphere of sodium-potassium alloy, which is liquid at room temperature, from a nozzle. Next, the researchers used vapor deposition to very carefully add a thin film of pure water to the alloy. When the two come into contact, electrons and metal cations (positively charged ions) flow from the alloy to the pure water. Not only does this give the water a golden glow, it also makes it electrically conductive

[@Masheeable]

"...and of course, Brady always learns something..." Hah what a great burn. 🙂

[@Justsomeoneyoucouldhaveknown]

Not to long ago I found out that if you irradiated sodium chloride with gamma rays, it can turn sodium chloride a yellow orange

[@americandad4864]

Best channel ever 🤓

[@cliffgriffen623]

I haven't learned anything while you've been gone. I've been stuck in the corner of my room crying. My mind is screaming knowledge knowledge. That's what I get for being a duck quack quack. 🤪🙈🦃🐔🐓🐤🕊🦆🦆🦆🦆🦆🦉🦉🦉

[@Natepwnsu]

I wonder if using a better beaker with a stir rod would make this more viable. I think stirring it would have helped but obviously glass gets soft Neil was right and it probably woulda shattered if he tried. What you need is some quartz blend glassware because it will take the heat and not deform or brake.

[@RobertMertensPhD]

I could be wrong, but it seems to me that nanoparticles have a bandgap of higher energies than the bulk crystals. It is the case with Silicon nanoparticles. The bandgap energy shifts from a bulk at 1.12 eV (indirect) to as high as 2.5 eV (direct), depending on how small the particles are. I didn't do much researching on this, since it's only a response to a yt video, hence, it could become a rather deep rabbit hole, even if an interesting one. The idea of a nanoparticle is that of a standalone crystalline structure, independent of other materials especially in contact with it. In a solidified state, if nanostructures did form, then it might be possible that nanoparticles (or nanowires) could have formed, and could give off light at higher energies (blue light). It would have been interesting to see what would have formed if the air had been removed and this experiment performed in a vacuum. Of course, the addition of water would immediately destroy any nanostructures that might have formed, and you would simply end up with a solution of Sodium, Potassium and Chlorine. Noting that, when water was added, some of the material lit up, suggesting that Sodium and/or Potassium did actually form into independent structures, and when exposed to water/air, ignited. Yet another interesting question for quantum mechanics.

[@davestorm6718]

I just saw a vid on yellow-orange sodium chloride. It was irradiated with gamma to create holes in the lattice (where Cl atoms were previously).

[@bellofbelmont]

Thanks ... Jim Bell (Australia)

[@guyclykos]

Waltah: "Look at what they need to mimic a fraction of my power."

[@S3v3n13tt3r5]

1 grain is 65 mg, fairly precise

[@kylecissell958]

I definitely favor the nano particle theory. It makes the most sense and is evident that there is some metallic sodium left in the crystalline matrix by the addition of water.

[@Nexfero]

awesome video. didnt know that salt could be blue

[@cdl0]

Lithium nanoparticles in LiF are used as a g-marker for EPR or ESR measurements. These are made by irradiating LiF crystals. The EPR resonance comes from the free conduction electrons in the Li nanoparticles, and has a g-value very nearly that for free electrons. This material is black. I strongly suspect that metallic sodium nanoparticles in a Na-K-Cl system will also probably be black. Thus, the electron donor hypothesis seems more likely to be correct in my view. See also the comment by @Muonium.

[@gytisjanusonis4334]

Tried it at work today. It only turned blue while there was solid sodium in the molten mixture. After all of the sodium dissolved the colour reverted to clear and did not appear again when the crystals solidified.

[@General12th]

Hi professors! Hi Brady!

[@BuddyWhite616]

Scientist: (makes blue salt) Mr.White: say my name

[@justsomeguy6730]

Imagine thinking you're friends with the professor and watching him refer to you as an acquaintance.

[@edward_dantonio]

Excellent.

[@DerunerlaubteName]

Interesting side note: Due to uranium impurities in CaF2 (usually known as fluorspar) which is a white salt, it forms elemental Calcium and Fluorine. It's one of the only sources of natural elemental fluorine and if you hit it with something, you can actually smell the fluorine.

[@user-pr6ed3ri2k]

cool

[@user-pr6ed3ri2k]

what does fluorine smell like

[@DerunerlaubteName]

@@user-pr6ed3ri2k Kinda like chlorine but more ozone-like, hard to describe.

[@AwkwardSegway95]

"We used a different chemical process, but it is every bit as pure."

[@divisionbell13]

You can also obtain blue salts by blending the salt and alkali metal in powerful blender. The color is certainly due to excess unpaired electrons; they have been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.

[@adsicks]

I lost my pepper shaker and my sodium chloride got blue....but that maybe a classification.....lol But for real, that is an incredible discovery.....

[@sebastianp4544]

wondering if you can test the blue NaCl with EPR to see if it has any signal (see Meyer and Gastel; J.Phys.Chem.A; 2011 for the reference)

[@djcfrompt]

I know little about EPR - can you do that with a solid sample like this? I was thinking SEM/EDX to look for Na nanoparticles, and perhaps some sort of crystallographic technique (especially if you could grow nice single crystals of this).

[@sebastianp4544]

@@djcfrompt sure, EPR can be measured for single crystals or powdered (pulverized) crystals/solids

[@djcfrompt]

@@sebastianp4544 cool!

[@theSILKROAD210]

as far as I know, there are blue Sodiumcloride crystals in nature. occurring after strong or prolonged exposure to beta-radiation. I would love to if it could be replicated in the lab with a strong source of beta-radiation and nice big crystals of NaCl.

[@SonOfSofaman]

Is this how Walter White did it?

[@LiborTinka]

A test tube made of fused silica would me more appropriate for this - it has way higher softening point than the standard boro glass. It also has comparatively higher chemical resistance - this is why it's used in tube furnaces, for example.

[@GromKuba]

I saw blue salt from Kłodawa Salt Mine. Nice cyan colour.

[@ED-yy4te]

We also learned something

[@nunyabisnass1141]

Isnt it more likely that youd be creating finely dispersed free potassium ions with an excess of sodium metal in a KCl mixture? Or does the excess sodium mot displace the potassium? Either way, i think itd be fairly easy to figure out by teating contents of whatever gas is produced when you add water, since we know neither NaCl or KCl teacts with water chemically.

[@JoshGulick]

Interesting. In the past alchemists would create decrepitated salts without adding anything and this changes the color to blue. Works very well with sodium and potassium carbonates.

[@sciencegeekgrandpa8]

Although I know nothing of the mechanism, the possibility of blue NaCl is completely unsuprising to me due to number of sodium-containing minerals (sodalite, lazurite, benitoite, to name a few) that are vivid blue.

[@flared9921]

So the idea to make a solvated electron solution? As that is definitely blue. I believe one of my lecturers has seen and used it before when studying for their PhD

[@rockekoreis3160]

Thanks!

[@periodicvideos]

Thank you!