How does Computer Memory Work? 💻🛠

Check out Crucial NVMe SSDs Here: crucial.gg/BranchEducation_P5
Have you ever wondered why it takes time for computers to load programs or video games? Also, ever wonder why your computer uses both DRAM as well as SSDs when they both are used to store data?
Well, most of that time is spent moving data from a hard drive or SSD into DRAM or Dynamic Random Access Memory, which is the working memory inside your computer. In this video, we're going to take a very deep dive into DRAM. We'll see how it connects to other parts of your computer, and then we'll explore how DRAM can store gigabytes of data in nanoscopic capacitors. After that, we'll cover the three main operations of DRAM: Reading, Writing, and Refreshing. And finally, we'll dive deep into some more complex aspects of DRAM that make it so amazingly fast such as folded DRAM architecture. We'll also learn what burst buffers are, and why there are so many banks of DRAM memory cells.
Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education?
Support us at: / brancheducation
Website: www.branch.education
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Thanks to Nathan, Peter, and Jacob for helping research and review this video! They're doctoral students at the Florida Institute for Cybersecurity Research, and you can learn more about their program here: fics.institute.ufl.edu/
Table of Contents:
00:00 - Intro to Computer Memory
00:47 - DRAM vs SSD
02:23 - Loading a Video Game
03:25 - Parts of this Video
04:07 - Notes
06:10 - Intro to DRAM, DIMMs & Memory Channels
10:43 - Crucial Sponsorship
12:09 - Inside a DRAM Memory Cell
15:28 - An Small Array of Memory Cells
17:41 - Reading from DRAM
19:38 - Writing to DRAM
21:55 - Refreshing DRAM
23:16 - Why DRAM Speed is Critical
25:06 - Complicated DRAM Topics: Row Hits
26:21 - DRAM Timing Parameters
27:51 - Why 32 DRAM Banks?
29:17 - DRAM Burst Buffers
30:58 - Subarrays
32:02 - Inside DRAM Sense Amplifiers
34:24 - Outro to DRAM
Key Branches from this video are: How do Solid State Drives Work?
Erratum:
At 10m 08s : Cicruit || Should be Circuit
At 21m 54s : 32 Bank Groups || Should be 32 Banks.
Script, Modeling, Animation: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Animation: Mike Radjabov
Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya
Voice Over: Phil Lee
Sound Design: www.drilu.mx
Music Editing: Luis Zuleta
Sound Effects: Paulo de los Cobos
Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca
Animation built using Blender 3.1.2 www.blender.org/
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro
References:
DDR5 SDRAM. JEDEC Standard. JESD79-5 July 2020
Dr. Cutress, Ian. "Insights into DDR5 Sub-Timings and Latencies". Oct 6th, 2020.
Dr. El-Maleh, Aiman. "Functions and Functional Blocks: Digital Logic Design" College of Computer Sciences and Engineering. King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals.
Hajimiri, Ali. Et al. "Design Issues in Cross-Coupled inverter Sense Amplifier". IEEE. Stanford University 1998
IBM. Understanding DRAM Operation. IBM 1996.
Jacob, Bruce. NG, Spencer W. Wang, David T. "Memory Systems: Cache, DRAM, Disk." Elsevier Inc. 2008
Keeth, Brent. Baker, R Jacob. Johnson, Brian. Lin, Feng. "DRAM Circuit Design: Fundamental and High-Speed Topics." IEE Press 2008.
Kim, Yoongu et. Al. "A Case for Exploiting Subarray-Level Parallelism in DRAM". Carnegie Mellon University
Lee, Donghuk et.al. "Tiered-Latency DRAM: A Low Latency and Low Cost DRAM Architecture. Carnegie Mellon University
Micron. "DDR4 SDRAM. MT40A4G4. MT40A2G8. MT40A1G16. 16Gb: x4, x8, x16 DDR4 SDRAM Features" Micron Technologies 2018
Micron. "DDR5 SDRAM Product Core Data Sheet DDR5SDRAM Features." Micron Technologies 2020
Ryan, Kevin J. Morzano, Christopher K. Li, Wen. "Write Data Masking for Higher Speed DRAMS" US Patent 6532180 B2 Mar. 11 2003.
Shilov, Anton. "SK Hynix Details DDR5-6400". ANANDTECH. Feb 26th, 2019.
Sunami, Hideo. "Dimension Increase in Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Memories and Transistors". From intechopen.com. From "Advances in Solid State Circuit Technologies". Apr 2010.
Wikipedia contributors. "CAS Latency". "DDR5 SDRAM". "Dynamics Random-Access Memory". "Memory Timing". "Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited Nov 2022
#DRAM #CPU #Computer

[@BranchEducation]

If you want to support us, then liking the video, writing a small comment, and sharing this video with others on Twitter, Reddit, Facebook, WhatsApp, or elsewhere help a TON! Doing this will enable us to create much more in-depth content on how computers work! Why is it called Dynamic Random Access Memory? Also, why didn't we just call it RAM or just Memory throughout the video? Well, Random Access, means the computer can access any section of data with an equal amount of time before the data is read or written compared to any other section. The opposite is Linear Access Memory, which like a cassette tape. It's 'Dynamic' because the data cells lose charge over time, and thus have to be refreshed multiple times a second. Finally, we didn't call it RAM, because there are many types of RAM. SSDs are technically NVRAM [Non-Volatile RAM] Cache memory in the CPU is SRAM [Static RAM], GPUs use VRAM [Video RAM], which is VERY close in design to DRAM, and additionally there lesser known ones like MRAM [Magnetoresistive RAM] , and many more. Also, why not SDRAM [Synchronous Data RAM]? Because all DDR 1,2,3,4,5 is SD, and non-SDRAM for computers is obsolete by 20ish years- although I'm sure there is non-SD RAM for other applications. Also- did you spot that we use a DDR4 motherboard? That's because we had to purchase a motherboard and do a very thorough and destructive teardown, and thus we didn't have funds to splurge on the more expensive DDR5 motherboard.

[@JohnDoe-yq9ml]

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Wow, another astonishing demonstration, even my mother was engrossed by it.

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Sorry didn’t take your advicw to watch at 1.25x speed, i’m watching at 1x speed

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We studied this in 5th grade :D

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It's also hard to believe how small yet so fast and even more capable computer technology has become, also how many things that were made as a standard many decades ago to creating entirely new standard through innovation, from the PSU to motherboard and what not, the engineers that worked tirelessly to create a universal system and set of instructions as an industry standard to regulate and stabilise the flow of current, voltage, data and memory, all contributing for a better understanding and a more convenient and reliable experience with hardware and software.

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This level of detail is not necessary in a highschool setting.

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wonderful video!

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@@hirakchatterjee5240 I was kind of surprised that such a comment about high school is liked by a lot of people. I doubt that this knowledge is even remotely relevant to managers, economists, etc. I doubt that most programmers even need to know this stuff due to the fact that programming is very often about abstraction. In high school most students would simply ignore this material and wouldn’t remember it in a week. This content is needed by those who want to program in low programming languages ​​and those who are simply interested in how a computer works.

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Thanks for cramming a couple of university courses worth of information into a 35 minute video! I had to watch it in 4 stages, but in the end it's a lot more effective than many lecturers! I can't even begin to imagine how hard it must have been to not only understand it all to a point when you can explain this to others, but to also accurately animate all of this.

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Thanks for helping him do it

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It's great to see people like you help him. I'll also donate to him after I complete my studying!

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Thanks! We're grateful for the contribution!

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Hi

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I'm a software developer and although we cover the basics of how programs are using memory to execute the necessary instructions, we never went into details. This is truly the best video that I've seen and is probably the only one of its kind. Amazing work... everything that you've put into the making of this video is greatly appreciated.

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as a computer network engineer can I just say this might have been the best technical video I've ever watched...fantastic

[@NidonocuPoisonBunny]

As a software developer, you often end up forgetting about the intricacies at play in the hardware of a computer system. Even knowing how things work at the 'logical' level, its wonderfully enlightening to know what's going on at the lower levels like this and gain and understanding of why things work the way they do!

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ikr, i took an introductory to electronics as SWE and his video just shows how deep the electronics rabbit hole goes - the engineering involved to make those memory cell is crazy!

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Every programmer has to know at least on a theoretical level, how the memory or CPU work, and have some grasp on electronics.

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Knowing how this stuff works can also be absolutely essential in optimizations. API's are fantastic for fast development and increased overall compatibility across hardware/software configurations, but being familiar with how the bare metal works, at least in theory. Computers today have so much memory, speed, and storage available to them, people get used to the idea of just brute forcing their work and setting higher minimum requirements than necessary. Case in point, Rollercoaster Tycoon.

[@ShopperPlug]

This is true, today's CS curriculum completely skips computer engineering and this will only victimize CS students. However CE students have the advantage to know CS easily and not be victimized of improper education. CS people only knows logic and good software but do not know how to make their software more useful, efficient, faster, cheaper, creative, and practical using custom hardware or knowing the low level details of computer hardware.

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Didn't expect all this information presented in just one great video. Thanks!

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Really? I was surprised by how short it was, and disappointed that it didn't go into any detail...

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@@Psythik It's an awesome & detailed video, with a high quality 3d models, well written script. put aside the awesome background sound effects or the ordering of information.

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@@onlymuhammadnasser Who cares about fancy animations? I much rather the uploader spend their time on providing more in-depth information, rather than wasting their energy on producing animations that add very little to the video. I need more than just surface-level knowledge.

[@onlymuhammadnasser]

@@Psythik Fancy animations will help people understand how it works in an easier way, allowing their brains to link the information they hear logically with the physical movements that happen in those parts. secondly, they didn't waste their energy producing animations because they already did it all good with the details. lastly, this is not a surface-level knowledge, if you can't name some of those things you did miss by watching this, i'll have to just call you a hater. you can't claim that it's surface level-knowledge without giving examples as to what are the missing things.

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@@Psythik how is this surface level knowledge??

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Definitely the best animated explanation I’ve seen so far. Both size and quality of this job are astonishing. Thank you Sir!

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For me, carefully-crafted animated videos like these are a hundred (even thousand) times better and truly helpful in explaining how things work - as compared to just reading books or manuals. It's very nice to see that in this digital age, there are educators like you who are spending a considerable amount of time and effort in creating these kinds of videos. I'd be a Patreon to creators of high-quality videos like these if only I had a lot to spare. Thank you!

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It Mano technology

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I learned so much from you in the past 3 years that it feels really illegal to continue to watch such gold content for free - so here is my first "super thanks" ever - you deserve a lot more than this! I will look for sure to soon become a patreon member of this channel, 3Blue1Brown and only a few more - but this 2 channels with highest priority... and I am not even an engineer or working in similar field! Glad to see that you will very soon meet the 1M subscribers finally! Looking forward to the next video, whatever it will be! :)

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Just about to finish a PhD on using DRAMs to generate unique identifiers. This is THE best illustration of a highly technical concept (let alone DRAM!) I think I have ever seen. Well done.

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Incredible. The animation and voice acting are of insane quality. Thank you for your hard work 🙏

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Too many "swoosh" annoying distracting and stressful sound effects, didn't finish. Please stop doing that.

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It's quite amazing to see there are some really smart people who understand these stuff and drastically improvement our live. Teddy, I've watched all of your video since I saw your interview with Lesics and each time I see your video I'm always in awe that no-one explains like you and your team on entire KZbin. Looking at the efforts, dedication and amount of time that went into it makes me feel like I just can't watch this for free. So here's a very small contribution from my end. I'll be looking forward to be on patreon in near future. Keep creating such informative videos. Eagerly waiting for the GPU ones...

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I am surprised that good people like you still exist on this planet!

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@@Ryanisalive Thanks for the comment. I don't think it's a question of Good or Bad but rather about sustainability. AdSense rarely pays anything satisfactory so just wanted to extend small amount on my side.

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Thanks for keeping this free for the rest of us 👍🐐

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Rahul, thanks for supporting the channel so we can get more amazing content for free!

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The video is very very interesting

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This is an invaluable source for learning about DRAM working! University lectures don’t seem to come anywhere near this! This is extremely well illustrated and I could quickly comprehend the ideas that it was communicating. After this, I tried watching a university lecture on DRAMs and I was surprised just how hard it was to learn from a university lecture in comparison with learning through these illustrated videos. I feel this should be the way things are taught

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Educational and in-depth videos like this are why I love KZbin so much. Thank you for providing such high quality content

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The quality of the 3d rendering, the clarity to explain everything, as a narrator and graphically wise, and the pace is perfect. I would love to create some videos like this for architecture and construction. I really hope your channel grows to translate it into spanish. Thanks for this, is a gift to humanity. Sorry for my english, it is not my native lenguaje.

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Also, I don't understand a b i t of this video but I love it.

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Thank you so much!! We 5/5 stars appreciate it!

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That takes a lot of work to make this insanely hard material open to everyone, I am not even talking about this 3-d animation. it's actually the best technical video I've ever seen before!!! THANKS A LOT!!!!!

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This is amazing visualization of how DRAM works. When I studied microelectronics, it took about 3 hour long lecture to professor to explain just basic concepts. This explains a lot of details that are normally neglected, and it takes only 30 minutes. Only one think that was neglected about SSDs, that data are read/written there in pages, because it makes more sense to load/save whole data array at once, while when data are processed individual bit/byte/word operations are common.

[@BranchEducation]

Well, we have a separate series of 4 videos that cover just SSDs, that total ~45m duration.

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Amazing! The clearest video about computer devices that I have ever seen. I believe it is more propriate to watch the videos slowly so that the understanding can be comprehensive. Maybe a possible way is to separate one long videos in to several independent ones.

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I feel lucky to have stumbled across this video. It is a real diamond in the rough and really explains memory in a manageable way. Thank you for making it!

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whoever made this masterpiece is a freaking genius

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I am a CSE student your videos helps me to understand computer concept very clearly. Thanks, here is my little support for you.

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I can't even imagine the amount of time it took to made this video with all these amazing incredibly detailed 3d renders. Great work!

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Thanks!!

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This channel has many masterpiece videos.

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I must say, I'm truly impressed! Your 3D teaching video on DRAM is absolutely phenomenal. It's rare to find such a clear, engaging, and technically sound explanation of a complex topic. Your creativity in using 3D visualization truly elevates the learning experience and makes understanding DRAM much more accessible. Thank you for sharing your knowledge in such an eloquent and impactful way!

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Never seen such an authentic and well explained video in my whole computer science career, thanks alot for creating such a (gem) great video.

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I am beyond impressed with the amount of detail and information in this video. This is some triple A content. At first, I thought over 30 minute video this better be good. At the end I was wishing it was a 90 minute video. That is how impressed I am.

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The background music 🎶 makes it better

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You got insane amount of respect from my side. The total thing was huge, mind blasting. Thank you tons. I was wondering that how does memory works from months. Huge applauds for you people. Keep going, Keep growing. This is the best educational video I've ever come across till now.

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the video explainer I've been waiting for all my life. Just answers all my questions (for ex, which types of memory come into play in a computer game and when) with great visuals all the way. Can't believe how well this is made. Neither too cartoonish, nor showering you in abstract engineering data. Getting my popcorn out and giving it a proper watch at normal speed.

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One of those videos which you'll watch a lot of times. The amount of work that went into this! Really appreciate the efforts by the team!

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Glad you enjoyed it!

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Absolutely amazing. Can't say that I've ever seen or ever will see something so in depth.

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This is the most incredible in depth video on RAM I’ve ever seen. The amount of detail, description, & 3D modeling is mind blowing. Well done Branch.

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I've watched every video you guys made at least 4 times each. Just want to thank your animation team for giving my visual based learning brain the time of its life

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This is such a beautiful presentation, and the analogs to how it affects the performance and logistics of video games really hits the point home.

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Information-rich, optimally-ordered breakdown. Breathtaking presentation. This channel is a GEM. Thanks for what you do!

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These explanations and visuals are literally perfertion. As someone in VLSI field, this clarified so much about DRAMs for me.

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Dude this video is awesome. Im a VFX artist myself and i couldn't imagine if i did this how much time this would take. Simply awesome. I would love to see Behind the scenes because some parts in this video is so insane. Keep it up dude. Love these videos.

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If I ever become a computer science teacher i would probably use this channel’s videos to teach others the beauty and complexity of these computers. Wonderful video.

[@Vladek16]

RAM is one of the most complex thing to explain in a computer. I've watch dozen of videos on the subject but none of them were that detailed and clear. Your work is a true educational masterpiece

[@speggeri90]

I'm afraid it's not. CPU is the most complex device on a computer. RAM is one of the most simple and straight forward things to explain.

[@monad_tcp]

Cache locking and invalidation is the most complex thing. RAM is pretty simple and straight-forward near other things.

[@BranchEducation]

@@monad_tcp Yeah- you're right. One of the reasons why we did DRAM earlier than CPU is because it's less complex- albeit, still very complex- but definitely less complex than Cores, Pipelining, Scheduling, Caches, or really most things on the core.

[@davenordquist4663]

@@speggeri90 Hey, people have to implement compute-in-memory somehow. HBM can't have all the glory.

[@BlackDevilSTi]

Best anims, interesting topics, most detailed, simply explained videos with nice voice! TOP of the TOP💥

[@and1oncnn]

crazy details! I remember struggling to understand the concept in the university. I wish I had this video back then..

[@mikeyburbol]

These are hands down some of the best and well worded videos. Well done!

[@CodedXtreme]

The edit is INSANE! I really respect and love for this amazing work! It's not just the 3D models are stunning the animations as well! We are lucky to have you. Total respect.

[@Eterrath]

Thank you so much. I've been looking for a beginner friendly explanation of computers for so long but almost all of them seem to slip by me. Definitely wanna see more about the inner workings of the computer

[@kipchickensout]

love it! Can never get too much detail if it's explained like this

[@iuripires7285]

Oh god, it remembers me my computer science classes back in college. Gold old times!

[@galenpizzorno8863]

These videos are such a public service, explaining all this magic occurring around us - giving us appreciation for the insane tech we take for granted. Thank you!

[@mprime1716]

Your ability incredibly ability to explain and visualize difficult concepts is unparalleled . The amount of time to produce and edit this video must have been intense. Your videos are a gift of knowledge to humanity.

[@davenordquist4663]

They showed sources. They cribbed sources. They...had a live human speak in a consistent tone? No expectations are given for improvements in current-gen DIMMs or future memory technologies. HBM was left out like a thing you don't see in commercial servers. You can't tune your memory timings from this video. You might want to rethink whether this video is the one that you give out SAG memberships with...

[@chrisstadler7111]

This video is actually incredible. You should be proud. It’s exceptionally well done

[@Savin97]

Amazing! Clearly so much effort was put into into this video! Subscribed and liked, keep it up!

[@localnyraccoon]

I am actually astonished at the effort it took to make this video. Super informative with very good and accurate models. Like I have no words, it's just some of the best stuff I have ever seen. You guys are amazing.

[@jrapplefan2231]

I was looking for those explanations for years ; and nobody was able to explain the refreshing process. Thank you. This is really professional. You should receive an Oscar !

[@bobevskiboban]

the 3d animation really , really helped understand just how it works, must have been hard and a lot of time for you to make this, and thank you, this is just awsome, and crystal-clear english, ty sir

[@evaldasfxx569]

very detailed video, a lot can be learned, found out, discovered. A lot of effort was put into this video, it's amazing.

[@sadmansafat5784]

This could be one of the best videos I've ever seen and I'd rate it a straight 10/10. Also, the animations helped me to get familiar with the daunting concepts of how hardwares work. Keep it up; hope that pays off as success.

[@jasonallen2602]

I have been wanting to better understand these concepts ever since I started building my own gaming PCs but was never able to wrap my head around it. And then in a single video it all makes sense. Amazing animations and explanations. We don't deserve content this good!

[@Ellrs]

What an amazingly detailed, well researched, well paced, and spectacularly executed video. Wow.

[@nsikakfridayakpan5510]

Amazing tutor with indebt explanation with a more vivid imagery and schematic. Big thumbs up 👍❤

[@johnsteinmetz4000]

Although my knowledge of computers is basic I absolutely loved this video and learned a lot. It is absolutely mind blowing what humans as a whole have been able to achieve. If you could go back in time and show this video to Alan Turing I could only imagine his disbelief in our advancement. Just trying to think how people came up with these things makes it all the more unbelievable. Thank you for making a great educational video.

[@KentHambrock]

That was an amazing video. The models are wildly accurate, extremely detailed, and lots of run to watch as the fly across the screen. The explanations take you from typical computer user to feeling like you're studying for engineering school without moving so fast you get lost. Simply amazing content, I can't wait for more like this :D

[@monarch6t9]

I don't know what to write except "thank you" for teaching me this, i am a highschool student and is not allowed to do online payments but please do not stop making videos like this you have my prays

[@Luka-td4qr]

This is the best and most detailed video amout RAM that i have ever seen. Liked. Subscribed. I cant even think how long it took to make this video...

[@mlecz]

Is this a single video due to sponsorship or is it a teaser for the whole series ?

[@stanleyanthrayose2347]

I have been working on HBM for 3 years now and this video made my concepts more clear!! Much respect to you guys for making these!!

[@OrianIglesias]

Incredible work as always. Thank you so much.