Building a Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 3D Printer!

[@andreyvalkov4863]

This channel is criminally underrated! That printer is so cool, and I'd imagine with an upgrade to the laser it could even sinter metal

[@pixiepaws99]

No it can't.

[@HarvardBob]

Truly excellent intro to SLS printing. I am pretty familiar with FDM printing. This was great way to see the fundamental technology hands on. Your explanations and tips were spot on. My first impression was that this was a metal cable printer then realized you can use only TPE and PA12. Still pretty awesome. Would love to see a low-cost Metal printing SLS demo.

[@MasterThief117]

I bet you with some additional modifications to the laser source and optics, you could gain the ability to sinter metal powder. Aluminum has a melting point of 660°C (1220°F), but keep in mind that the sintering temperature can be quite a bit lower for many metals. Some aluminum alloys and such can be sintered at 590C according to: www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1727

[@TheOriginalEviltech]

@Brandon Smith maybe with a 30W source... i still doubt it though... the scan speeds would have to be cut to at least a quarter of what they are now... The galvos usually run in a close to resonance mode and changing the scan speed will significantly impact the accuracy of the system.

[@smokin1974]

@@MasterThief117 i work with sls polymer and dmls metal printers and although looking through the window they look like the same process they are quite a way apart in real terms. even this version of sls technology is using workarounds for the diode laser source to work with the plastic (it has to be pigmented here for the laser to be absorbed)- theres also no gas shield - even sls uses nitrogen, dmls uses nitrogen or argon depending on the metal as it oxidises on contact with the laser. then theres the issue of the condensates given off by the process - fancy some spontaneous combustion? Id love the technology to trickle down to enthusiast level too but its a way off yet .

[@MrCcfly]

@@MasterThief117 argon is heavyer then air ,so u need some cup like sealed bottom get smart valve that monitor how much liters u can release (let say u need 3 l per print ) ,switch galvo with fiber laser 30w can eat any metal ,and last super expensive metal dust at 160+$ per kg ,after print you need some heated box that can heat up to 900c to fuse metal part and stress out from print ,and bill will go 3k for fibre + some add parts for argon + bottle 3-400 , and heated box you can get one jewelers use for 1.2k and load metal dust and have fun

[@Jejjing7373]

This is a low cost sls demonstration lmao

[@vaibhavtoshniwal]

These are the best 1 hr 16 min I have to spend. One of the finest pieces of content to study the understanding of printers. Thank you Dr. D-Flo for such amazing content.

[@DrDFlo]

No problem man! I appreciate the kind words

[@riri8264]

Dr.D-Flo, every content that you're putting out is captivating and well paced in explanations. Thank you for your generosity for sharing your knowledge with the curious youtubers like me. Be blessed. Salutations from France.

[@Dylise]

Crazy impressive man. Just everything is impressive. Your knowledge on these subjects, how you explain and I actually understand, and your results. I've never heard of this type of printing, but that was a very interesting video and well done. I really like watching your videos because they are entertaining, and I really do learn a lot of things. I set up Twin Turn CNC Lathes at my work, and pretty much all your videos better help me understand the components and concepts behind machinery, electronics, and just how things work. Can't thank you enough!

[@KentoCommenT]

Wow and I thought I couldn't sit through MKBHD's 50 min iPhone video, but I just sat through 75 mins without even taking a break! Super informative. For some reason though, I heard "SLS" and saw the orange window and thought "You made a metal laser printer?!".

[@DrDFlo]

Yah the terminology for powder bed fusion is not the clearest. Typically, SLS is for plastic powders and SLM or DMLM is used for metal.

[@farrit]

In reference to your comment about the quality of the solder points on the laser; I'm an industry professional in additive (worked as a lead tech for an OEM for a commercial grade DLP printer for 5 years, now as a field engineer in SLA/SLS) you would be appalled at the quality of some of the components that come out of the factory in commercial and industrial grade machines, pushing the price $500,000 price points, before turnkey installations. But I can guarantee you that the majority of the cost of that printer is focused around the optical plate and the laser itself. I am somewhat surprised at the quality of the diode though. Especially with the lack of the F-Theta lens. (Though that's usually why companies stay at the lower build envelope size, as the logic involved in rectifying the focus during a build is where most of the complexity in these machines comes into play)

[@DrDFlo]

This is a long one! But definitely stick around until the end to watch this build come together and to see some of the awesome prints the Sintratec kit is capable of. Should you add this printer to your growing collection of CNC machines? I discuss the pros and cons of SLS printers so you can make an educated decision. This technology has special requirements but can produce strong end use parts with minimal post processing.

[@excitedbox5705]

Growing collection? I don't even have a 3d printer let alone a collection of cnc machines. That has actually been the major hold up of designing this laser microscope which I am hoping will bring down the cost for researchers. Currently the prices run from $50-100k. I am aiming for a price of $1k but making a precision stage for my prototype by hand is not easy.

[@DrDFlo]

@@excitedbox5705 Confocal microscope?

[@excitedbox5705]

@@DrDFlo Yes. Since Blue Ray laser diodes have gotten very cheap you can get down to about 400nm resolution while also using them for many other things such as direct write lithography. But I also built a maskless UV lithography head that works on the same principle as a SLD printer. I need to get better accuracy/repeatability on the xy stage though for image stitching before I can release them. Right now after a couple steps across the substrate the alignment is no longer there. I am experimenting with some chemical machining now but so far that only works for thin parts. Ideally I would have a lathe to cut micrometer screws.

[@melgross]

@@DrDFlo do you have $100,000 or more to spare? I could build one for you. I’m not even profiting at that price.

[@98f5]

I am really wanting to buy one of these kits... i'm curious have you used any metal powders instead of nylon??

[@Frank-bh3cm]

The entire 76 minutes were informative and well presented. Your comments on the kit and its quality issues came across objective and fair. This is a big step up from some of your earlier content which was more on the humorous side.

[@DrDFlo]

Man I’m getting older... just want to make content that is educational and interesting to me.

[@ColinMacKenzieRobots]

Wow. It wasn't just a build video but a master class in how SLS is done!

[@BeefIngot]

I feel like Dr.D-Flow is a perfect match for Battlebots. I hope this plants a seed. I look forward to a 2 hour long construction video.

[@b35loc_60]

D

[@michaelplaczek9385]

Can't wait until SLS printers drastically drop in price. FDM and SLA machines used to be expensive many years ago

[@gunsmoke132]

Printing enthusiasts and engineers have been waiting SO long for it. It opens the doors WIDE open for possibility especially when metal sls is affordable for home gamers.

[@tigre3droyce771]

I checked their website, 6k Is acceptable price. Imagine if we fish most the plastics out from the Oceans, then grid them in fine powder and use it in SLS Printers.

[@m.s.idrischannel5655]

@@tigre3droyce771 grind into powder need another machine.. sigh...

[@BuildSomethingAuto]

The honesty while putting this together was very refreshing for youtube! It makes for a much more believable review when you point out all the negatives and how they can be fixed. 👍

[@kitkimbrough9441]

Hopefully Sintratec has payed attention, and cares about customer experience, easy for them to remedy these issues, what a great video to help them advance too another level, or too end up another dumpster fire!!..Well done!!

[@makersmancave9725]

Awesome content David. I have not seen many videos on SLS and this one definitely covers all the bases. Stellar work.

[@jarodhohl861]

Awesome video! I'm excited to see these machines come into the hobbyist level more often.

[@akaTelo]

What a great way to present the principles of SLS with the construction of this printer. You did an awesome job weaving in the theory as well as the practicalities of the tech and also how this specific machine is put together to tackle the challenges of SLS. Also, when you were showing the back of the machine and limit switches I couldn't help but see the v-rollers as googly eyes haha

[@deltacx1059]

It costs 6k and it's using v wheels and bar stock for the spreader AND threaded rod instead of ball screws? Dang they are cheap.

[@chrisfrisch1347]

ya i saw about 400$ IN PARTS, the most expensive being the 2.3w diode at about 130$. I have 2 20win 5w out diode laser engravers

[@deltacx1059]

@@chrisfrisch1347 powerful lasers are pretty easy to get these days. For 6k I'd expect way better parts, like that special lense for example.

[@shorb2289]

@@chrisfrisch1347 you could only recently barely buy a resin printer for around that price what are you talking about

[@s50201]

hell yeah b/c engineering, design, prototyping, optimization, manufacturing, inventory, logistics, quality assurance, reliability, software, PR, none of those cost any money

[@ReplicateReality]

@@jesusisalive3227 especially when everything's already made in china

[@elementalblaze79]

You got me at, "let's build something using lasers!" or at least that is what I heard in my head! Lol

[@robertlewis3429]

i dont often comment on videos but i am currently studying level 3 engineering and your video has been very informative for my additive manufacturing assignment, thanks a very well execute video.

[@MakerFarmNL]

Fantastic video! Extremely much information layed down very clearly! You are truly a born teacher. What a huge amount of preparation has gone into this entire video. Complete with graphics and everything has been thoroughly explained and new knowledge can easily be absorbed by the listener!! Thank you so much for your generous sharing!

[@3DJapan]

I used to do a lot of SLS printing with Shapeways until I got my own resin printers. The detail is so much better, even on a low end printer. I don't know why I would go back to SLS.

[@oliverer3]

IIRC SLS prints have greater material properties being more durable and less brittle than SLA prints but if all you're looking for is high detail and surface finish SLA would definitely be the better contender.

[@hyeloque3537]

Been a while since I sat around for an hour without skipping any part of the video. Great job as always!

[@paddyokearney8717]

Great Video, really comprehensive, gave good look at the issues with the system and some valuable tidbits and tricks with sls printing! Some good tunes in there too. Thanks!

[@50geo50]

Would be sick if you could do material stress tests, and compare them to something equivalent on a FFF. Maybe send parts to CNCkitchen?

[@spinnetti]

I was all into these until I had some professionally printed parts done and compared them to my FDM and Resin prints.... Nope... no advantage in mechanical strength over FDM, and worse finish than Resin.

[@julianreverse]

@@spinnetti Has many advantages.

[@Sintratec]

Great work! Thank you for the detailed workflow.

[@DrDFlo]

Thank you for making this kit! Sintratec is the only company that is trying to make this technology as accessible as possible. Cheers!

[@ProtonOne11]

@@DrDFlo Sinterit makes a similar machine called Lisa, and Formlabs has the Fuse 1. Sintratec is definately not the only company that tries to build and sell Desktop SLS machines...

[@dinosoarskill17]

@@ProtonOne11 The Fuse 1 starts at over $18k. The Lisa doesn't even list the price for just the base model, so it's probably over $15k as well. He said "as accessible as possible," so at the ~$7k price point, he's not wrong.

[@checkwegg]

@Dr. D-Flo - TIPP: u gotta roll the zyclone container while u pour out the powder, when u use a relatively small container as u did, in order not to spill that much nylon powder :) used this method with any high viscosity fluid and solids and it worked like a charme so far (works with grounded coffee as well)

[@DrDFlo]

Thanks! I appreciate the tip and will try that out 👍

[@rinusheemskerk]

I think using the vibration of the hoover can be used to vibrate the powder true the filter into a cone shape collector underneath the container of your hoover. This way you don't make a mess and automatically separate the useful from the usefulness powder

[@juanruiz1411]

Learning so much with your videos about 3D! Regards from Spain!

[@kevin_delaney]

It was at 8:29 that I decided to like this video and my respect for you has skyrocketed. You are using Precision Ground 123 blocks and precision ground squares. 👌 NOW you have my full attention.

[@kevinsantanamedina6376]

Great video, you got me hooked during the whole time. I have worked as field services engineer with MJF and you explained pretty well all the powder, heat, nesting issues

[@DrDFlo]

Appreciate it man!

[@dustinpruente1920]

You left a zip tie tail on the right side and it’s driving me crazy 😂

[@gauravsirt]

Nice demonstration and assembly of SLS Printer as well as explanation about SLS and manufactured product from SLS Printer

[@flippert0]

Great project! And a great introduction to SLS along the way!

[@AltMarc]

Add a heatsink on that laser diode, will increase its life span.

[@zaprodk]

Look at the duty cycle. It's hardly powered up. Not a concern.

[@deanknipp]

Love it! So much details in all your videos!!! Hey idea for you! How about a sand blast cabinet to sieve your powder and help contain it all then throw a computer fan with weights on it to help vibrate it. It has those built-in gloves, glass window and lights for like 150 at harbor freight

[@georgedjmatrix4229]

Hello Dr.Flo great video and fun to see you build this piece of equipment. when you got to the point of doing " The Initial Commission " i had to pause and Suit up., I was not ready, LOL...for we going places once again Thank You. Great Job

[@tonyhill8300]

they have designed these remarkable implements called "funnels" you know

[@garagon1271]

Dr.D-Flo, excellent video! You should maybe think about incorporating a conical section, your sieve, and a smaller container in the bottom of your dust collector to get your powder ready quicker for your next print. As usual, your videos are an inspiration to me to create things for my shop. Thanks!!

[@JL.T.S.]

Excellent tutorial, excellent technician / engineer!

[@ryangunslinger19]

Very cool, I ran SLS machines for a few years in 2003-ish. Fun stuff...it can do so much.

[@pauld8747]

Try consolidating the powder with a spatula. Wiggle the powder in the supply bed for a while and you will see it dip. This removes air trapped within the powder.

[@ArnaudMEURET]

I was wondering about that, seeing that the powder was just left settling on its own. I'd definitely throw together a poor man's vibrator and stick it underneath.

[@WoLpH]

I don't think the short with the laser would have killed the laser, but it's absolutely unacceptable how many rough edges this product has... amazing video in any case!

[@kingarthurthe5th]

Haven't finished the video, but I love the fact that they included a surge protector.

[@Studio23Media]

That torch mount is so cool!

[@captivenut4122]

So concise and well presented! A joy to watch. Learned quite a lot also.

[@dominik.jokiel]

Corection on 24:08 The actual "motor" sits in the silver part of the galvo. It is a permanent magnet glued on the shaft driven by 2 coils. The black thing houses sensors for the closed loop system. In most cases there are a couple photodiodes inside, some infrared leds and a "cut out disc" that is connected to the shaft. PS. The optical system can be made preaty cheap you can get the galvo for about ~200$ some time you can get 30kpps glavos for under 100$ from china. The laser diode would be 2-30$ depending on the Wattage, the holder you can probly diy, the correction optics are just prisms because blue lasers make a line/ rectangle and you correct it so it makes a "quadrat"(don't know the english word for it right now, it's german) Lenses are cheap when you go with standard sizes.... And for larger build volume you can copy the beambrush technoligy by Pangolin Laser systems. With that you change the focus with a galvo or use a longer focal lenght...

[@kristiandelchev4034]

Excellent video! Full of useful information and presented in a fantastic way! Thank you and keep up the good work!

[@filanfyretracker]

was quite the interesting look into the this process. Also real easy to see how its price can climb up rapidly. Given the apparent precision of SLS made parts I wonder if they are sometimes the basis for molds used for poured metal processes or even building the metal dies for injection molding systems. And for some humor at 59:45 "Who are you going to call?" the plasma cutter torch seriously looks like a neutrino wand from the proton pack

[@millebi314]

I suggest for sieving that you use a scoop to go from the huge container into the sieve, and have the sieves sit in the smaller translucent container. You should end up with a lot less airborne and mess.

[@DominicClifton]

Really really good video, all the important aspects covered with just the right amount of detail. Fantastic job, subscribed!

[@alexbern5188]

Thank you for this huge job! I learned a lot from your video - excellent basics intro.

[@lazarjovic9948]

Really great video, loved all the in depth information, very educational! I look forward to seeing how you'll modify the printer

[@basic48]

You did really good...not an easy build by any standard, well done.

[@RWB123]

Great overview! Nice to see you can heat press the threaded inserts into the Nylon Material also.

[@vanbluca3d418]

Hi, EOS operator here. The heated chamber actually isn’t really meant for baking the moisture out of the powder. You kind of want the powder to be “wet” as static powder is your biggest enemy in (industrial) sls printing. We keep our new powder in open air for at least 24 hours before usage and use a humidifier in the room

[@jon9947]

Great video and well worth the watch. I love to see where technology like this is going and very glad to see it is coming down in price. Ready for an update of Lukes progress too. Dont think I will be adding one of these to my setup anytime soon though, that mess is just too much for me. That is the reason I have not bought a resin printer.

[@Mr76Pontiac]

About an hour and a half to warm up, two hours to cool down, but still faster than my Ender 3 if I were to print something constrained to that build volume of this printer. The price tag... mmm... Expensive, but if quality is your game, then probably good. Forgetting the price, ignoring the cost to keep it running, I can't just ignore the mess. I don't like high maintenance anything, and getting a print done, then having to sift through the used powder really isn't for me. All that said, EXTREMELY extremely useful and VERY awesome information and presentation all around. I hit the subscribe button.

[@octogames6823]

I use a 3D Systems resin SLA printer. Crashes are the worst. I will spend up to three hours cleaning out the delam layers out of the vat. If im lucky its a 45 min cleanup.

[@rickfearn3663]

Exceptional clarity. Thank you.

[@ClownWhisper]

I have worked for the pharmaceutical industry in the capacity of a robotics engineer for most of my adult life at least the part that matters. Much of this time was spent with Optical and laser-based Robotics platforms. I have every single component that this machine uses but everything's scaled-up I have some $6,000 melles griot lasers. I have a couple of $14,000 spectra-physics blue lasers that have remote controls and you can dial in the power which is nice. I have a ton of galvanometers but they have beryllium mirrors which are optically perfectly flat and are horrendously expensive. The problem is everything is really big the mirrors are about 5 inches long and 2 and 1/2 inches wide problem that this machine has you would mention the lack of a theta control lense. The biggest problem that this machine has is that it requires a theta lense in the first place! I would absolutely never use this method for such an application. They should have used a smac drive which is basically a voice coil moving back and forth. You gain the benefit of this smac Dr going exactly where the output of the laser is at all times. It requires a pentaprism which I also have LOL it would significantly increase the price of the unit however. But would completely eliminate Divergence of the laser

[@codm-sargent4575]

Can this printer print any metall powder

[@AllanScheSar]

Thanks, that you showed us your building process. If you need something from Switzerland let me know. I'm living there ;)

[@albatraouz7748]

gruezi miteinand

[@AllanScheSar]

@@albatraouz7748 Grüezi

[@incubatork]

I'm sure we will see on the channel a vibrating sieve holder to help separate the chunks from the old powder to make it a lesser dirty job, even just attaching a sieve to a multitool blade and multitool would work.

[@lpjunction]

We made some fine powder grinding down material similar to sea shells. We took the shells into a machine to blast it. The powder came out isn't extremely fine. So it went through a sieving process. The result isn't the best as sieve holes cannot be too small or it will be very slow. If sieve hole is bigger, the powder quality goes down. After some fiddling, we flip the sieve upside down and use air to blow the powder, the finer dust will pass through the sieve easily. The bigger pieces usually fall down without blocking the sieve holes, they will be filled back to the grinding machine to blast again.

[@andyhelipilot3528]

I'd be printing a funnel to help with the mess😂

[@AE-mb7bd]

A funnel in a circular und rectangular version seem obligatory here!

[@AE-mb7bd]

And not to forget a funnel to hook in for The moment the door is opened and the Material spills out

[@millebi314]

Potential solution for separation of powder after print completion: Acoustic vibration? If you used a speaker to vibrate the parts, that may loosen the extra powder easier than manually poking at delicate structures.

[@raulvargas4322]

I sticked to my phone until the end, i'm impressed about how well SLS works

[@vmjr748]

Great video. A lot going on. I would suggest purchasing a bead blast cabinet to reclaim the powder. You can reclaim sifted powder from the bottom of the cabinet minimizing all the mess.

[@jonludwig8233]

Really great explanations all around! Thanks!

[@deon91]

Great video, I didn't expect this kit to be such a box of parts! I guess I'm used to kits that have some things preassembled haha Only crituque I have is using an impact driver instead of cordless drill, good way to strip the thread off the screws or strip the head, they're overkill for just tightening screws.

[@SilvaNovotná]

Great! Thank you, finally I understand the process.

[@shin6430]

Thank you for sharing, I am also making sls 3D printer, the first model is a large-size industrial-grade machine, is currently in the stage of debugging laser mirror, will be completed by the end of this year. Later I'll upload some of the production process to KZbin, and I plan to start making desktop-grade sls3D printers next year at a lower price

[@the_wretched]

A stretch? A STRETCH? Haha, sweet rig, and nice video.

[@beachboardfan9544]

Whats that powder cost? Edit: $160/kilo

[@henrychan720]

$10/kilo from china

[@Mu1e0]

@@henrychan720 where?

[@henrychan720]

@@Mu1e0 alibaba

[@dustinmeier9753]

@@henrychan720 Might get sand, might get what you ordered... You never know until it arrives.

[@henrychan720]

@@dustinmeier9753 Alibaba is not wish. You get buyer protection just like on eBay. I got a kilo of nylon 6,6 and it works just fine.

[@Aviator168]

Excellent video. I will get one of these. Wish the resolution can be higher. Question, how come inert gas is not used?

[@Rockport1911]

26:45 I doubt that someone in switzerland is even able to soulder a connection that bad, made in Swiss is something else :) As you said, the kit is good but with minimal tweaks it could be way better...

[@genericaccount9222]

Great video! I learned so much about SLS printers

[@TroubledTimes2024]

Be nice for you to include Imperial and Fahrenheit information as well being in the USA.

[@LosRiji]

UG tools uses PA11 for knife sheaths as well. And SLS for titanium knife handles

[@simontilstedhansen9296]

Watched the whole thing, and was well informed on the technology by the video. I knew the basics of the technology, but this made me realize a bit more of how this kind of 3D-printing is so smart and practical. Can't wait for this technology to drop in price just like FDM did

[@N4CR]

Diode beams can be circular with fast axis corrective optics mounted inside the package. This is usually reserved to very high end diodes that you don't typically buy online though.. custom stuff and half a million dollar runs etc.

[@jobin8818]

I am glad you did it well

[@emonsahariar9292]

And the truth is, this printer tech has a huge potential to be bought at creality level.

[@panda2540139]

You have a great way of explaining content to your viewers. And yes, a funnel would be handy lol. I don't know that a $6,000 price tag is really necessary though. I enjoy your videos!

[@l8erzmonkey]

I think around 5.48 u left stuff in the door hehe awesome printing technique i can imagine one of these appearing on wish etc for around 1k with the same build quality but pre assembled that i wld definitely want

[@SleepToTheSounds]

Won't the hot glue you put in the laser melt ?

[@3dchimera]

Great video! Thanks for the shoutout =)

[@DrDFlo]

Not a problem! Julian was instrumental in getting me going!

[@juliancecil2728]

@@DrDFlo Always a pleasure to help! SLS technology is exciting and I'm glad to see it becoming more accessible. I'm happy to see the amazing work you put into making this video and excited to see more parts and applications from you!

[@DrDFlo]

@@juliancecil2728 Thanks man! Let me know if you ever want to collaborate on a project

[@ClownWhisper]

Gilbeaux's need to be tuned with a signal generator as well. It's fairly simple process of bringing them into have a nice Square wave

[@Iknowaguy249]

In the molding industry we use a wire imbedded conveying line

[@ehsanlesani4119]

Very Informative, Great Job!

[@Kralasaurusx]

Bro, that intro song is LIT 😮

[@BreakingTaps]

Really excellent video, cheers for the in-depth look at the entire machine, the build and the logistics of using it. Very helpful for prospective buyers! Having built the kit, do you think it would be possible to add in a few more heaters and thermistors (controlled externally perhaps) around the build chamber? It seems that a few smaller heaters placed strategically could help eliminate some of the cold spots, since right now it looks like it is relying on that big one in the back to get everything evenly heated. Definitely looks like you could slide an f-theta in there if the laser platform was raised up a bit. Great stuff, thanks!

[@DrDFlo]

You should join the OpenFuse discord. I’m upgrading the printer now with a CO2 laser, new larger galvos, and f-theta lens. More heating elements in the works too!

[@BreakingTaps]

@@DrDFlo will join, thanks for the tip! The hackability of the machine definitely seems like a nice benefit!

[@c_o_n_t_e_n_t3420]

when is cnc kitchen getting some test hooks?

[@wildniscamper7276]

maby you allready now it but: print time is cool down time.. means you should leave the parts in the power cake as long as the job took to print.. that helps preventing warping.. nice vid, thanks for your time!

[@michaeln6531]

Nice work! This printer is on my list now lol. Funnels are your friend.

[@densamme1752]

Thx for the video. In metal casting we often reuse sand as filler material around the mold. I'm thinking that you probably could fill the first centimeter (or more, but I'll come to that) both cavities with pure screened nylon powder, using it as a pure heatbuffer. When casting materials that are prone to warping it is essential to place the form in the center of x y z and that the sand is as thick above and below the part as the distance from the part to the edges (frame material have a part in the amount of heat leeaching but that is the way to know the ballpark)

[@shrimp_bucket]

did you leave that tube of (glue?) inside the door panel at 5:44??? Hope you noticed that and took it out in between jumps lol

[@stinkymccheese8010]

Seems like an ideal product, especially for schools.

[@professord8888]

Okay, everybody else heard that right? The good Dr. just promised to build us a small village of roller coasters!