The Ancient Tribes of Scotland & Northern England

The Celts of Great Britain are an enigmatic group, whose Celtic language and Celtic culture have fascinated many people for centuries, both within England, Scotland, and Wales, and in the outside world.
The history of these Celtic tribes is often left unsaid, but this video aims to change that. Here I will show a brief overview of the Britons and their Brythonic tribes in the north of Great Britain, tying them into English history, Scottish history, and even showing their connections to the history of Wales.
The tribes being discussed in this video include, in England: the Brigantes, with their queen Cartimandua, king Venutius, and king Vellocatus, the Gaul-connected Parisii, the Gabrantovices and Sentantii, the Carvetii of Northern England, and the barely-mentioned Lopocares, Tectoverdi, and Corionototae.
In Scotland, the Celtic tribes include the wealthy, Roman-favoured Votadini (later Gododdin of Welsh poetry), the rebellious Selgovae, and the less-mentioned Novantae and Damnonii in the south-west. While to the north, in Caledonia, they will include the Epidii, Creones, Carnonacae, Caerenii, Cornavii, Lugi, Smertae, Decantae, Vacomagi, Taezali, Venicones, and finally the Caledonii.
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
0:52 - England: The Brigantes
6:00 - The Parisii, Gabrantovices, and Setantii
10:05 - The Carvetii, Lopocares, Tectoverdi, and Corionototae
12:05 - Scotland: The Votadini, Selgovae, Novantae, and Damnonii
15:06 - The Epidii, Creones, Carnonacae, Caerenii, Cornavii, Lugi, Smertae, Decantae, Vacomagi, Taezali, Venicones, and Caledonii
Sources:
Barrow, G. (1990). The tribes of North Britain revisited. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 119, 161-163.
Breeze, A. (2006). Three Celtic Toponyms: Setantii, Blencathra, and Pen-y-Ghent. Northern History, 43:1, 161-165
Breeze, D.J. (2008). Civil government in the North: the Carvetii, Brigantes and Rome. Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 8, pp.63-72.
Charles-Edwards, T.M. (2013). Wales and the Britons, 350-1064. Oxford: OUP, pp.34-35.
Cunliffe, B. (2004). Iron Age Communities in Britain. Routledge.
Cunliffe, B.W. (2012). Britain begins. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.1-5.
James, S. (2005). The World of the Celts. London ; New York: Thames & Hudson, pp.47-48.
Mann, J., & Breeze, D. (1988). Ptolemy, Tacitus and the tribes of north Britain. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 117, 85-91.
McCarthy, M. (2005). Rerigonium: a lost ’city’ of the Novantae. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 134, 119-129.
N. J. Highham (1987) Brigantia Revisited, Northern History, 23:1, 1-19.
Porter, J. (1876). History of the Fylde of Lancashire. pp.3-5.
Primary Sources:
Ptolemy's 'Geography':
penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/...
Tacitus's 'Annals':
en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_An...)
Tacitus's 'Agricola': en.wikisource.org/wiki/Agricola
Music courtesy of the KZbin Audio Library:
Ether Oar - The Whole Other
Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. creativecommons.org/licenses/...
Artist: audionautix.com/
June - Bobby Richards
Psychic Need - Chasams
Dark Matter - Chasams
Leoforos Alexandras - Dan Bodan
New Land - ALBIS
Thumbnail map:
© OpenStreetMap contributors, licensed under CC BY-SA: www.openstreetmap.org/copyright
www.floodmap.net/
Images:
Satellite images from Google Earth (with credit present in corner).
Pendant, and two harness fittings. Two rings, metal debris, ingot, and Awl. Bead. Ring, axe head, bead, and casting waste. - CC BY 2.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/... via the Portable Antiquities Scheme. finds.org.uk/
All other images are public domain, via the British Library, the National Library of Wales, the Yale Center for British Art, the Rijksmuseum, the Minneapolis Institute of Art, and the Digital Commonwealth.

[@StuffandThings_]

Its kind of crazy how mysterious Britain is, as opposed to much of the rest of Roman Europe. Like, there's juuust enough information to have a clue as to what was going on, but very few useful details.

[@CambrianChronicles]

Indeed, it's frustrating not to know more, but the mystique has a huge draw to it

[@shady83]

​@@CambrianChroniclesif the Romans did invade America we'd still know more about East Coast Indians than the ancient Britons

[@FlyingMonkies325]

Nobody was really recording history much back then they mainly just told stories which are usually full of inaccuracies and making the royals and heros out to be much bigger than they actually were. When the romans invaded they couldn't quite invade they sort of did but it was like the northern tribes beat them, then other tribes from overseas started coming in trying to take advantage of the situation, and because it was Caesar that lead the invasion of Britannia it all completely fell apart when he was assassinated. Caesar went too far and the roman leaders never wanted him to take over any islands overseas and never expected him take over most of the regions around Rome they couldn't afford it and it would be too difficult keeping an eye on other overseas regions all the time and take longer to ship over food and other things, so when he did he ran Rome into debt and then why it fell into bankruptcy soon after. It was a hugely chaotic time because Cesar was just marching around going after tribes and conquering any and all land he could and he just kept going, he never thought about how it was really effecting everything he just wanted power, they started calling him "the dictator". Then all these other tribes trying to take advantage of how unstable things were, so i don't think anyone took the time to record much during that time either they were busy running away from it all or fighting to protect their lands. Right after it left Britannia in a bad economic state so not only did Caesar ruin Rome financially but Britannia too almost, a lot of turmoil and trouble and why other tribes in the past faded off into nothing because of war from neighbors. So people became pretty displaced around the country, those in regions around Rome were sent running to escape Cesar and the roman army. Before all that though nobody knows much because they never really thought much to record everything they just lived the best life they could. People were mainly farmers all over the world because they had to grow their own food and then plan for the winter storing and drying out as much food as they needed, while fending off neighboring tribes. Before it was all major royal families and clans people were just villages and tribes scattered about the continent.

[@zoroastriankurd7163]

I would love a video on the Celtic Kingdom of Elmet, seems to me as if it's the least explored polity of the Old North

[@CambrianChronicles]

I'm planning to sometime soon!

[@eamonnclabby7067]

​@@CambrianChroniclescertainly plenty of nice scenery in West Yorkshire and Lancashire, and present day Brigantes...😊😊

[@hobi1kenobi112]

​@@eamonnclabby7067 There's a strong case for King Arthur being a Yorkshire/Pennine king who really existed.

[@korumann]

@@hobi1kenobi112 have you watched his video on King Arthur?

[@hobi1kenobi112]

​@@korumannNo, I'll go and find it though. 😊 Regarding Elmet, when you drive through from West to East Yorkshire there are several open references in place names and other clues that you are indeed in Elmet. The past incarnations of British counties is fascinating. ❤

[@markwynne725]

Thank you! This is a video I was long hoping for. The Setantii occupied my native Lancashire and are poorly documented. But there were well established farms and long lived roads found by archeology, so there was permanent settlement before and during Roman occupation.

[@crumblingmasonry8961]

You weren't the only one waiting! I found the channel last week and binged it promptly.

[@CambrianChronicles]

Indeed, there were a lot of permanent settlements in the north, a while ago it was popular thinking that almost everybody would have been semi-nomadic, but there's plenty of evidence to counter this today as you said.

[@captainanopheles4307]

It's a shame so little archeology is done in most of the NW of England because of policies by the Duke of Westminster who is a major landowner and United Utilities who largely owns the rest.

[@eamonnclabby7067]

​@@CambrianChroniclesTom Sleman a local author has written extensively about this...described a timeslip incident involving chariots on the old coach road by the East Lancashire road in Knowsley

[@CambrianChronicles]

@captainanopheles4307 that explains why I couldn't find any artefacts to show next to the Setantii

[@sa25-svredemption98]

The Intervellum (a term meaning between the walls) has an interesting history that needs to be explored - not just during the Roman occupation, but also of the history following it. Sadly, it is often neglected in lieu of the history of the Picts in the north and the Anglo-Saxons to the south, although some literature and film exists on the southern Celts (such as the Welsh and the Arthurian legends). But this channel has a great opportunity to fill that gap!

[@StuffandThings_]

I have a few topic suggestions, of stuff I've been consistently wondering throughout these videos; what were the population sizes involved? What sort of technology was in use in those times and places? What did the landscapes look like during this time as opposed to now (because of deforestation, agricultural changes, rivers moving, etc)? I'm always curious about the details of the setting for all of these stories.

[@CambrianChronicles]

Thank you, those sound really cool, exploring the technology especially! I'm not sure if we have estimations for population sizes though, but there are estimates for about 2,000,000 to 3,000,000 people being in Great Britain by the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Landscape change would also be super interesting! A lot of the major rivers probably looked fairly different, some portions may have also flooded a lot more (such as the Severn)

[@Joanna-il2ur]

The deforestation of Britain took place during the Iron Age, c.750BC and after. This was because Iron smelting requires charcoal and you need a lot of trees for that. Bronze (copper 85%, tin 15%) requires much less heat. Under so called ancient woodland there are plough furrows and crop plant seeds, such as wheat, all from the Roman era. They ploughed to higher contours than were ever ploughed again till WWII. Most of the forests we have today are recent and date mainly back to the 18th century, when land enclosure perversely brought more land under trees. I live in Suffolk, just up the road from the Kings Forest, which was only planted in the 1920s, to replace all the wood used up in WWI.

[@eamonnclabby7067]

​@@Joanna-il2urgood point well made...E...

[@WK-47]

Those kinds of details also interest me, especially in periods and regions where the historical record is sparse, such as this. CC mentions population sizes above and in the video the fact that at least one tribe didn't have metalworking at the time. Just goes to show that what terms like Neolithic and Bronze Age refer to are more relative and variable than we often think. Otherwise, and although it's a bit of a generalisation, Britain was one big woodland, until as another commenter says the Iron Age saw most of the old growth cut down. I suppose the exceptions might be natural wetland areas (likely not as they are now for the reasons you say, such as shifting waterways) and stretches where the soil supports heath but not even coniferous trees, as in the Highlands and western Scotland. That's assuming not all of what we see of this today is a result of land mgmt or human intervention in general - harder to say than in the case of the muirs/moors that we know were originally forested. As for material tech, it seems Britain was slightly behind the Continent when it came to metalworking developments, but they'd be flush with tin whereas it was an imported commodity in most regions elsewhere. Sure, the ancient Britons traded loads of their tin for goods from the more developed Mediterranean, but it follows that if they were mining it in the first place, they almost certainly knew it as a component of bronze (preferable over arsenic, etc.) and not just for its commercial value. Could be wrong or inaccurate on any or all of these counts - just my understanding as a layman. Take care.

[@Joanna-il2ur]

@@WK-47 some parts of Iron Age Britain were aceramic, which means they had no pottery. This is west and north of a line from the Bristol Channel to the Wash. they had metal, but no coins, unlike the south east, which had coins for a hundred years, they were at a different state of technology. They had simpler weapons too.

[@gwynevans6440]

Great video as ever. Caled is the Brythonic word for "hard" (as in tough) and I've read that Caledion would basically mean "The kingdom of the hard/tough land". Which would totally fit your suposition that they held the inner highlands.

[@Joanna-il2ur]

I wonder if the name comes from mythology. In Greek and Roman myth, there is a well known one about the Boar Hunt of Calydon, which involved all sorts of heroes and gods. The version I would consider is the one from Ovid Metamorphoses. I wonder if the area led someone in the Roman world to use that name. I don’t know if Caledonia was ever used by the Romans. There was a tribe or pair of tribes called the Dicalidoni at one point, but Roman names for them are varied and a bit unsafe. They tend to change over time.

[@fugoogle9757]

Caille is witch or hag in irish and this name was often given t areas of land that were/are barren, such as much of Caledonia...

[@gwynevans6440]

@@Joanna-il2ur Very interesting!

[@baronesspdls-m]

Lowland Scots still call the Highlander "teuchters".which roughly means hard or tough. It has been used offensively, and a lot of Highlanders don't like it so don't go slipping it into conversation but its interesting that the idea of the Highlands as a hard place persists.

[@praisethelordpig1212]

I’ve read a book called before Scotland and that actually is true

[@blecis74]

Some video ideas you could do in the future: 1 Celtic tribes of Ireland 2. Celtic technologies/things invented by the Celts 3. Profiles on individuals e.g Cartimandua, Boudicca etc 4. History of the 6 modern Celtic nations

[@johng7003]

Im not British or Irish neither have been born in the isles but as someone that has been interested in the Celtic world both the past and the present, thank you for making these videos and also showing even Englands Celtic past. So many English, forget or just think they are genetically the descendants of Anglo-Saxons only ( and maybe Norse and Normans) but nothing else, so these videos give them the opportunity to embrace and learn about their Celtic heritage or at least past too. And yes, i would love a video on any knowledge of the Irish tribes in Ireland also.

[@macwinter7101]

Unfortunately, Celtic ancestry is surprisingly rare in England. There is higher Celtic ancestry in the Scottish highlands, Ireland, Wales and Cornwall, however. While some people want to claim that the arrival of the Germanic tribes in Britain was peaceful, regardless of how they choose to see it, Celtic tribes were largely displaced in what is now England with very little evidence of genetic mixing in the present-day population. I will point out, however, that Celtic and Germanic tribes are closely related and are both subsets of the Indo-European language family. They are both descended from the same population of people that migrated into Europe from presumably the Pontic-Caspian Steppe.

[@billlecky7964]

@macwinter7101 though I agree with most of what you've said, I have never heard of Anglo Saxon genetics being in the majority amongst the English. I have read many times that it varies from as low as 10% to 40 odd% regionally, the highest I ever heard was 48% in a study by London University Goldsmiths college twenty years ago. However, I have also read that some Geneticists say the Celtic population was 80% replaced. Which is difficult to reconcile with my earlier stats. I have read that genetic analysis of the English shows that usually the Celtic genetics appear following the maternal lines and the Anglo Saxon on the Paternal lines which along with the dirth of Brythonic in English points to conquest rather than migration and assimilation.

[@Rebmulrooneyward]

​@@macwinter7101I'm not sure that's correct that it's surprisingly rare amongst the English. I read a study from the last few years that claimed the average English person has 20% celtic DNA along with 30-40% Anglo-Saxon. That's hardly rare! Its not strictly true that the English are anglo-saxons and everybody else are celts because we have mingled so much! Taking myself for example I'm English with mostly English heritage but have Irish Scottish and Welsh in my family tree from the last 200 years. I doubt that's unique for an English person either.

[@mlgdigimon]

Yes finally, the sequel to my favourite video of yours. More of these types of videos would be awesome

[@CambrianChronicles]

Glad you enjoyed it!

[@cronoros]

Setanta is the given name of the Irish hero Cú Chulainn. I'm not going to directly suggest a link (nowhere near qualified on either side) but given the Setantii are on the western side of Britain,it's plausible the name is in some way linked to Ireland given the Irish influence further down the same coast in Wales. Cú Chulainns supposed birthplace (this is an oversomplifaction) is Dundalk which is also almost directly across the Irish Sea from Manchester

[@tjxure]

delighted to finally see the long awaited pt. 2 ❤

[@garrgravarr]

Fantastic richness of detail from relative scarcity. Great vid. Thank you.

[@jwardwilliams]

Yes! Yes! Yes! I regret that I’m late, but so happy to see you doing this. I’d love to see more coverage of the Hen Ogledd and all of its kingdoms. The information you have is always spot on and the visuals are great. I’d also love to learn if you’ve found any of the supposed ties of the Celtic tribes of the north to those in the south. Such examples being the Cornovii in modern Wales, England, and Scotland, or the Dumnonni of England and the Damnonii in Scotland. Either way this is fun!

[@COOPERhenckel]

Great work on the new videos. I appreciate how much effort goes into the production and editing! Couldn't even get through the first few minutes without popping in to comment on it. Thank you for adding just that much more quality to your work.

[@CambrianChronicles]

Thank you very much! I've tried to work hard on upping the quality, so I'm glad it's showing

[@COOPERhenckel]

@@CambrianChronicles You made 20 minutes of visuals out of two maps but I doubt most viewers would catch how "little" they saw -- well done! Very much paying off!

[@spacebunny4335]

I would love to see a video about the kingdom of Dumnonia as I think it one of the least explored and underrated kingdoms of Post-Roman Britian. Also a wonderful video I find this content on Pre-Roman Britian absolutely fascinating.

[@HarryAidan1819]

I think this video eventually would lead very nicely into exploring Rheged. A kingdom whose history up here in the North West is very closely intertwined with that of North Wales and Southern Scotland. It would be interesting to see if any new information could be gleaned. Very good video all the same as always! Keep it up! :D

[@damionkeeling3103]

Even the name is mysterious. I'd wonder if the name came from a placename like Rigodunum like Camelot came from Camulodunum. There is a Rigodunum that's thought to be Castleshaw near Rochdale.

[@DH.2016]

On a visit to Ambleside Roman Fort, I was struck by the theory that this fort may have been known as Galava. Think about this. If swords were manufactured there during the Romano-British period and you had one of exceptional quality, you might be asked where it came from. "Ex-Galava" you would say, if replying in Latin. And there is a lake nearby. Purely fanciful on my part, of course ... or is it? 🤔😄

[@OldNavajoTricks]

Not the first time I've heard that theory, school trips up home were always cool af :-D

[@johnabcs1]

wow...was not expecting Namaste. Namaste was a track that got me through some tough times - thanks for including it

[@7cColin]

Your roundup of the most northern tribes didn't mention the Verturiones, usually thought to be based in the area around modern Inverness. The name was perpetuated into the early medieval period in the name Fortriu, a powerful kingdom (or sub-kingdom?) of the Picts that was referred to several times in the various early medieval annals.

[@emlynwilliams9282]

So refreshing to hear correct pronunciation of the Latin names! I learned a lot, thank you.

[@goj-bh1cm]

Another great video as always, I’d love you to cover the Silures in more detail as the tribe that caused the Romans the most headache. (But I could just be a biased South Welsh man) 😂

[@CambrianChronicles]

I definitely will do at some point! I want to cover Caractacus too so that'll tie into it as well.

[@Inquisitor_Vex]

Oh, yes please!

[@terrielburrell5545]

The Burrells are an ancient family from Northumbria. Thank you so much for this video. It's well done and I love how you stay on the map as you talk. Best video yet on this history.

[@lowlandnobleman6746]

I always love a good video on Celtic history. Clicked immediately upon seeing it pop up.

[@facoulac]

your videos always brighten up my day, thank you!

[@CambrianChronicles]

Thank you, I'm glad!

[@violetmoonofthenorth]

Great knowledgeable video on our ancient ancestors of the north

[@lexx2645]

Absolutely fascinating video as always! Your work never ceases to amaze me. Thank you so much for all the work you do to create these captivating and interesting videos of some of the most entrancing eras of Britain. May your popularity soon match your greatness.

[@CambrianChronicles]

Thank you so much, that's really kind of you!

[@IamSam614]

Absolutely fantastic video. Going to check out the others on your channel 👍🏻

[@ryanevation]

There's a famous Irish Celtic legend about a hero named Setanta, there are various sports clubs and venues named after it. Way too close for coincidence I think.

[@TheJonnyjoh]

You got a new mic! Sounds really great! And I really liked the now even more flowing animation style! Keep it up, CC!

[@CambrianChronicles]

Thank you! I've been practicing with both, and hopefully I'll get the hang of it soon

[@SolarDragon1000]

Great video! I would really like to hear more about the Votadini and the Gododdin, as we have hundreds of small and large hill forts, archaeological remains, and carved stones / rock art left behind by them. From what I can tell looking around the area, they were quite prosperous, and left a strong mark on the landscape.

[@brainrot4919]

Fascinating as always to learn about my ancient heritage and the video is very well done and nicely presented. I love coming across channels like these. You've easily earned a sub from me and look foward to seeing more like this, thank you.

[@CambrianChronicles]

Thank you very much, I'm glad you enjoyed it!

[@bestrafung2754]

I'd love to see a video on Ireland during the Roman era and before. Not much is really known about it but there's a theory that the Romans may have landed there, although how long they stayed there is unknown, but it probably wasn't very long. We do know that the Romans very likely traded with them though. A video on the Isle of Man could be interesting too, as very little is known about it and we don't even know if anyone actually lived there until after the Romans left Britain.

[@Gaca-rl9ze]

Bumping that, it would be cool to complete the pre-Roman picture

[@eamonnclabby7067]

​@@Gaca-rl9zeThe Manx weathered being under Gaelic, Angle, Norse,domination..interesting place😊

[@TheGreatDefective]

​@@eamonnclabby7067wait until you hear how many people have taken over France at some point

[@RR-pe5or]

According to modern Irish sources, the ancient Irish were black (though not necessarily of the negroid black race), and there was a giant ice sheet that separated what is now Ireland from Great Britain (Hence the mountainous areas of the Hebrides of Scotland and Northern-Western Wales formed by glaciers). While the ancient Scots lived in pockets of the North-East such as Aberdeenshire and Skara Brae, this was a time when Doggerland was not submerged beneath the North Sea and Scotland was separated from Scandinavia by a large river instead of a large mass of sea as today. While the ancient proto-English and Welsh lived in pockets of the East Coast of Anglia as the West was largely uninhabitable in the last ice age.

[@mike_lowndes]

Nah. The VAST majority of this video is based on Roman writing. There's small amount of place and river naming evidence and some archeology that does not always help e.g. extant Pictish symbology is clearly distinct from 'celtic'. Outside of Roman influence we are left with very little as there was no literature. Your best source are the Irish folk tales, myths and legends. We do know that there was some form of 'invasion', culturally at least of 'Caledonia' after the Romans, the Scotti being a nothern Irish tribe but now naming the whole country.

[@JackHeywood]

Would love to hear more about the Yorkshire Dales, specifically Dunoting/Dunaut, Elmet, and Craven.

[@Bubyed76]

Brilliant stuff again. So interesting. Thank you for your hard work.

[@CambrianChronicles]

My pleasure!

[@hannahstringer5271]

Would love to hear about any celtic pre-roman folk, religious, cultural stuff and what influences might have brought these about. If that's even possible! Fab video :)

[@chadhill455]

I had no clue we knew this much about the tribes. This channel is an absolute Godsend 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿

[@ItsJustCartier]

Would defiantly love to see you do a vid on the Roman conquests of Britain.

[@blecis74]

Been looking forward to this video, part one was the first video of yours I ever watched

[@CambrianChronicles]

Thank you, I'm glad you liked it, sorry about the wait!

[@blecis74]

@@CambrianChronicles you don’t need to be sorry I know videos take a long time to make what with research and animation and what not.

[@captainanopheles4307]

Setantii seems close to Setanta, the man who became CuCulain of Irish myth, a kind of Celtic Hulk figure, which is interesting.

[@markwynne725]

There has been some conjecture that the two are related. There was a Briganti tribe listed in Ireland (by Ptolemy). And the chariots used by Cuculain were not known in Ireland but were noted by Caesar in Britain. But there is a long history of contact across the Irish Sea, so who knows when these story elements crossed.

[@CambrianChronicles]

That is interesting, although if Breeze is correct in thinking that "Setantii" should be "Metantii", then Setanta would have be based off of the spelling unique to Ptolemy's work, which wouldn't be impossible, just a bit unusual.

[@captainanopheles4307]

@@CambrianChronicles perhaps Setantii is related to the old name of the Mersey, which seem similar to my unlearned ear.

[@damionkeeling3103]

@@captainanopheles4307 The Mersey is one of the rare instances of an important waterway losing its ancient Bythonic name to an Anglo-Saxon one. It shares a common origin with the early kingdom of Mercia, both referring to boundaries. The Mersey possibly formed a river boundary between Mercia and Northumbria or perhaps a British kingdom.

[@sealy_99]

@@captainanopheles4307 What is the old name of the Mersey?

[@sarahmarks6743]

Excellent , informative and entertaining. Keep up the great content👍

[@CambrianChronicles]

Thank you!

[@johncurtis142]

Another brilliant vid. Thank you sir.

[@yamsdev]

I'd be fascinated to see a video on the Nothern Isles. I found one of your videos last night and I've been HOOKED.

[@benb7883]

Just discovered your channel and have been binging through your videos, really really great stuff. Post Roman Britain in particular is really interesting to me. I also love toponymy which gets a lot of attention in this channel, which is great. Random question (relates to a project I’ve been working on) but how would you Brythonisize(that’s not a word I know) the Latin name Pelagius?

[@CambrianChronicles]

Thank you, I'm glad! Toponomy and place-names in general are always super fascinating to me, so I'm glad to hear that at least one other person likes them. For Pelagius, it would sort of depend on the time period. It has entered Welsh as both "Pelagiws", and "Peleg" (as Latin suffixes were largely dropped over time in post-Roman Wales).

[@bremnersghost948]

Brigantes controlled Dublin or the Blackpool on some Roman maps so it makes sense that Romans if not Agricola at least made a visit to Ireland as "Guests" of the Brigantes.

[@jonathaneffemey944]

Thanks for posting

[@myownprivatejoke]

Gave you a like as soon as you mentioned where you would personally put the line for northern britain. Sending love and appreciation from Scotland.

[@kristos1179]

These are great, exceedingly well researched. Would love to see one of these on the post-Roman Brythonic kingdoms

[@CambrianChronicles]

Thank you, I want to cover the Brythonic kingdoms like this someday

[@ldroland]

Glad to see you went with option Three.

[@nathanthomson1931]

Your vids are top quality content! As a History teacher, you approach to discussing things is manna from heaven

[@CambrianChronicles]

Thank you, that means a lot!

[@ArcAudios77]

Well put together, thanks Sir. Your location of the 'Antonine Wall' was slightly off to be frank about it - went through my Town. North Strathclyde - above Glasgow. Best wishes for you & your Channel are sent from Western Scotland. Regards.

[@victorabadias9167]

Hi, I love your videos! They made me realize how cool are Celtic culture and history, and you have even inspired me to start learning Welsh in Duolingo! Bore ddydd Lau da, a Hwyl!

[@CambrianChronicles]

I was learning Welsh on there for a while but I had to pause for a bit, I've continued now though!

[@DredgeUp]

Great work once again, thanks.

[@CambrianChronicles]

Thank you!

[@lallison2825]

Fascinating as always. What would you recommend to read for further information?

[@CambrianChronicles]

Both of Barry Cunliffe’s books that I’ve cited: ‘Iron Age Communities in Britain’, and ‘Britain Begins’, would be the best fit for more info. Although the first one seems to be quite expensive, I borrowed mine from a library so I’d recommend trying that as well

[@wirelessbluestone5983]

Great video though I’m interested in a video on the Picts especially the Pictish standing stones

[@authormichellefranklin]

Another great one! Well done!

[@CambrianChronicles]

Thank you! I'm glad you enjoyed

[@EmmaMaySeven]

You got any more of that Parisii? (I grew up not far from Hull and it was always a wonder that there was an ancient link with Paris. (Also, ironically, the archaeological remains are called the "Arras culture", though that's accidental.))

[@johnmckiernan2176]

Well, Kingston Upon Hull is the Paris of the north, after all.

[@francismuiruri9064]

Nice informative video.

[@dwightschrute1914]

Got to love some Celtic history! Could you cover some on Hwicce at some point? I can't find too much information on it and honestly don't know if it's celtic or germanic 😅

[@CambrianChronicles]

That'd definitely be a good topic, there are debates on their origins which would be cool to cover. I've seen more favour to them having Brythonic origins I think, especially since Wessex still had a king with a Welsh name in the 7th century.

[@hobi1kenobi112]

I feel pretty sure that we're going to eventually find that what we all 'Celtic' and 'Germanic' are interchangeable. I believe that all these varied European factions were likely to have been different branches of the same tribes pushing West from the modern Middle East and Russia. I think that they had the same, or similar roots, just adopting different lifestyles and customs at different periods and according to where they ended up.

[@andrewreynolds4949]

There’s not really dispute that the Celtic and Germanic tribes ultimately had the same roots, as they are both of Indo-European descent. They are not the same, as culture and language differed greatly by this time. What is likely true though is a more gradual shift and more gray lines than the simple popular depiction of an invasion

[@Bcfcuklhpwalker]

​​@@andrewreynolds4949 my name's walker says it's Yorkshire origin an of anicent Germanic per Saxon . ones who brought wool sheep's to UK lots information from German an old English translation an old German says these were a wolf clan links to valkerys an others meaning but this names thought briganties was in Eires as they had a base there to around killkenny where bidgit goddess of tudana crew was from lots information about her very interesting also in Europe an of course other tudana names Smith alot of common folk names all here since farming metal urges was said to hit British shores 5k years ago starcarr from Danu river from the black sea not Celts roots but yes I feel way more to it who ever beat these druids briganties also took out the swissy land based ones where there's lots information regarding a take over there from royalty egyptians who seem keen to protect Rome an takeover

[@Bcfcuklhpwalker]

But now internet has arrived more peoples can try understand this basically solar Workship goes right back was bidgit goddess part of the gnostic gospels an book of dead peoples at Glastonbury I think that's fake but Authur legends are 100 pecent tu Dana peoples also other Tu Dana gods bidgit being one that makes it into the Rome Bible only women saint btw are dagda lugh these can all be linked just seem no one's the balls to link them BC off blantant attack against a certain people heritage aka how the anunnakkis are spoke off an reason why others want to stop them 1000 years Christ spirit returns maybe not if there's a cull. 100 pecent egenics

[@mishapurser4439]

I needed this video! Thank you

[@CambrianChronicles]

You're welcome, I'm glad you enjoyed it!

[@iainmaclean612]

Excellent stuff, well researched, no BS, I even learned a few new things myself and I've been researching this for 15 years. One thing I would say that you omitted to mention. The Orcadians, the Orcadians are mentioned more times than any other Caledonian/northern tribe. Orkney featured in Roman chronicles on Britainia from the very first in AD 43 to the very last under count Theodosius. Orkney is the only other area of Caledonia to be counted among the Roman provinces of Britainia after Valentina. Although it might seem highly unlikely, it cannot be denied that the Romans at least had a certain penchant for mentioning Orkney. I think there is more to this than meets the eye and the archaeology also reflects this.

[@mikebane2866]

I love videos on these tribes. If you did deep dives on every one of these tribes (or at least the ones that aren’t too obscure) I would watch and like every single video!

[@TheCoffeybeans]

Could it be possible that the Sentantii were Irish in origin? Setanta is a very important figure in Irish mythology, also known as Cú Chullain. He is the Irish version of Hercules. Note also that adding an i in Irish denotes the plural. So "Setantí" could mean "tribe of Setanta". They could have sailed across the Irish Sea to raid and settled there, as Irish tribes were known to have done in Wales and Scotland.

[@Para2normal]

Sounds very plausible to me, as a proud North Lancastrian I really need to know more about my areas pre-Romanic History. According to a poster further up the list the Duke of Westminster and I suppose also The Duchy of Lancaster have prevented significant archaeological research round here sadly.

[@Adaman368]

Some tribes from the island of Britain are believed to have migrated to Ireland in ancient times.

[@RebeccaC2007]

@@Para2normal I wonder why they would prevent archaeological digs/research? Are they trying to hide something, or just want to maximise revenue - sites and digs in areas of archaeological research would hinder profit maximization in the selling of land for development or agriculture. Seems again like the elites treat the north as an "other", to be exploited, unlike the south where ancient sites are revered, preserved and treated with respect.

[@fyrwyrd]

​@@Para2normalCool to see so many other Lancastrians in this comment section

[@mkgaming5823]

@@Adaman368 Its a theory that some Proto-Britons settled in Ireland but over time and distance the Proto-Brythonic language turned into Goidelic while on the mainland it just changed slightly into what we see as the Brythonic Languages

[@ethanzaar5682]

Please put more dates 🙌🙏

[@icecreamcancer]

thank you for this, very interesting

[@ImAMassiveBender]

Another block rockin banger of a video. I'd be interested in a more indepth rise and fall of Votadini/gododdin

[@johnmorgan8868]

Love this channel ❤

[@user-yl9hw3oy9c]

Brigante meaning high dwellers of elevation. Similar to the -Comb, -Camb, -Cumb which comes from Brithonic for valley but was used later to denote those who would take the best land at lower elevation.

[@talatq719]

Would you consider making a video at some point on the Gauls?

[@matheoustargaryen]

I REALLY love your content, you're very skilled at grabbing the attention of your audience, I'd love more Celtic and Welsh info from you. The video of the Forgotten Royal Title is most intriguing. I really thought in my own view that it meant, how do I explain this? Like I suppose when certain Monarchs over the Centuries, especially Louis the 14th said "I am France" or the Czarist Emperors of Russia, " I am Russia" geez this sounds like a bad villain I'm describing but perhaps it was an earned title of acclaim where select members of the population would announce "He is of the Country" if that makes sense? I don't know but for some reason I had a feeling it was a Royal Title of Acclimation in that vein of thought from almost the moment you gave us the definition of the title. Anyway, I need more! Please. Thank you for the quality as well.

[@fnansjy456]

Are you planning on doing a video on the old north more specifically the Kingdom of Rheged?

[@CambrianChronicles]

Yes definitely at some point!

[@austinmetro6317]

Hi . Very interesting video. Can you do a video on the Island of Ireland and its tribes/ kingdoms/ alliances? Thanks

[@grahamwalker2312]

Was intrigued by your video and it's history of the north. Having watched with interest, I noted that a geological barrier to the kingdoms of the north was the southern Pennines. There were Roman centres on the River Wharfe and Ouse, but not the Rivers Calder and Aire within the Pennine Hills. Having lived in Halifax, West Yorkshire all my life, I came to learn that first records of the area date back to lands connected to the Norman Priory of Lewes. Remnants of a Roman road were discovered between Halifax and Denholme about 50 + years ago and further north the Aire Valley was part of an ancient drovers route from Carlisle to Doncaster. There is also the well preserved Roman road at Blackstone Edge to the south. It seems that other than these brief incursions through the southern Pennines little else was known about Calderdale prior to the 11th century. Any additional background would be appreciated.

[@thefurrybastard1964]

Good video, thoroughly enjoyed it.

[@CambrianChronicles]

Glad to hear it!

[@zacharypaling3408]

Hey what’s going off in Derbyshire during this time, omitted from the southern Britain video ❤

[@arthurlara4282]

Interesting. Do you have any videos on the Celtic tribes of Iberia?

[@raytunstallify]

Hi, thank you for this video it was fascinating, where did you source the town names and what are their British equivalents, please?

[@curt3494]

Another fascinating video. It's very sobering to think that these people are our ancestors, but due to the timescales involved, we know hardly anything about them.

[@TheDandob1982]

Olicana is believed to be the Roman fort in Ilkley, West Yorkshire.

[@hobi1kenobi112]

My mum watched a programme on, I think, BBC2, a couple of years ago, and the guy presenting was suggesting that the Picts didn't magically vanish but interspersed throughout Britain (which seems likely), and, get this, a bunch ended up in Derbyshire. And that the Peak District translates to 'Home of the Picts.' I have no idea if it's viable, if it's a possible gold nugget or an absolute reach, but I wanted to mention it as I've never seen it mentioned anywhere else.

[@DrustIV]

The Peak District's name is derived from the Pecsaetan, an Anglo-Saxon tribe which settled in the area.

[@CambrianChronicles]

Yeah as the other reply said I think the Peak district connection is unlikely, but the Picts did spread throughout Britain. There was a Pictish grave found in the south of England once.

[@eamonnclabby7067]

​@@CambrianChroniclesintermarriage was and is the thing....

[@Ionabrodie69]

This video is one in the eye for all those Welsh Scots and Irish that consider themselves the ONLY celts in Britain… I’m from the upper north area and it really sticks in my craw when they prattle on about being the only celts.. 🙄🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿

[@nicolasN712]

@@Ionabrodie69 if you promoted/defended a celtic identity more, learned welsh and participated in international celtic organizations, competitions, celtic sports, music etc then the irish/welsh/scots/bretons/manx might start to take you more seriously. Cumbria especially has a good case to join the celtic community even today.

[@tyrant-den884]

"Herodotus thought it was too fantastical" That's gunna take me a while.

[@markwynne725]

I know. He was entirely fine with Bactrian ants the size of dogs chasing and killing travellers who tried to steal their gold, but some islands in the North West of Europe? That's crazy!

[@CambrianChronicles]

It really is a strange one, and proves how outlandish the idea seems, despite the centuries of trade with the area! If only the Phoenicians had been making the map instead

[@keith3696]

Excellent

[@Anaris10]

Great content! Subbed.

[@CambrianChronicles]

Thank you!

[@isaacnorwood2555]

It would be interesting to hear about the kingdoms of ireland or any of the isles contemporary with these brythonic kingdoms (if we know anything about them). I would also really like to see a copy of the map with the borders for both the northern and southern kingdoms on, maybe as a downloadable image? Also, what made you choose the Homann map as a basemap? It is very visually striking

[@Valhalla88888]

enjoy

[@CaerlaverockJaguar]

Can you do videos about the origins of the Scottish clans? Like Clan Maxwell, tracing them back to their ancestral roots, such as Viking warriors or other peoples who may have lived there for centuries or other outsiders. It’d be interesting to see where these different people came from, as some may be descendants of some of the Caledonii, but also with Roman blood and Gaelic and Scandinavian.

[@SolFireYT]

I’m glad I finally could set some time aside to enjoy this video properly

[@BadgerOfTheSea]

Herodotus, who wrote that hippopotamus had the mane and tail of a horse, a lioness could only give birth once because it's cubs tore up it's womb, and that the deeper you went into the desert the bigger the ants got until they were bigger than horses thought that a small island you can get tin from was "too fantastical". RIP Herodotus. He would have loved TikTok conspiracy videos.

[@user-el9ut3kh5r]

Hi i love your videos thanks

[@nancyvernon3017]

I believe Venetius is named for the tribe he came from "the Veneti/venedi". This is the tribe that built Venice prior to migrating through France and The British Isles. I have also read that "the Owain"( Bear) Uthur/Arthur was also Veneti. What's interesting is this tribe had a unique way of building their ports and residences ( right on the coasts) this building technique can be traced back to the Luwians/Luvians. The Luwians were the canal builders and then the Hittites followed suit.

[@NorvelCooksey]

Great job on your project. I live in the U.S.A. But it’s still my island.Thank you.

[@gothicusmaximus5697]

i wasnt expecting to see my small old mining town in this video, Vinovium is a roman fort like a mile from me rn

[@jamesgrewar461]

An in depth of the tribes Scotland would be useful

[@melysmelys2622]

Interesting to hear the names of these 'tribes'. 😊

[@vittoriobr_6271]

This is really interesting!

[@CambrianChronicles]

Thank you!

[@andychap6283]

Such a cool video.

[@bautistacano4085]

This is really interesting

[@rachelrahman8984]

Very interesting. I was a bit thrown by mountains/hills being shown when talking about the fens. The fens were all water at the time and, when drained are flatter still. (am a fen girl x) Ely was represented well and still stands higher - having been an actual island.

[@philt4346]

On the map at 3:30 between Guisborough and Whitby is the location Skalingdam. Now it's a reservoir called Scaling Dam.

[@gedrooney9305]

Well…I very much enjoyed that 👍

[@SylviaSanchez]

Setanta was a character from Irish mythological cycles. Maybe there's a connection there?

[@andrewreynolds4949]

Considering there are other instances of settlement and conquest across the Irish Sea, I don’t think that’s unlikely

[@michaelgibson2156]

Finally, someone who gets the North-South border correct!

[@LinguarumFautor]

A breakdown of the names in Caledonia would be welcome. Some are similar to more southerly tribes. Could the Parisii of northern Britain have been immigrants due to their port? A connection between the Humber and the Seine?