Carl Sagan, Stephen Hawking and Arthur C. Clarke - God, The Universe and Everything Else (1988)

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Stephen Hawking, Arthur C. Clarke and Carl Sagan (via satellite) discuss the Big Bang theory, God, our existence as well as the possibility of extraterrestrial life.

[@TheScienceFoundation]

Come join our debate server: discord.gg/Fk7QJMrQqu

[@austinh.]

Dat timing I wanted to watch this again, cuz the intro music sounds godly, like I could use it in my future fantasy book, and you returned

[@moses777exodus]

Over the millennia, connotations of the word "God" have become so deteriorated. The terms Consciousness / Mind / Intelligence seem more relevant for these types of discussions. It seems that the concept of God is not experimentally testable. However, evidence for the effects of Consciousness / Mind / Intelligence are scientifically demonstrable. The illogical, irrational, and unreasonable position of claiming that there is No Universal Mind / Consciousness / Intelligence (i.e. Atheism): The fallacy is the assumption that something is true (i.e. Universal Mind / Consciousness / Intelligence does not exist) unless proven otherwise. The Claimant making a negative claim (i.e. Universal Mind / Consciousness / Intelligence does not exist) cannot logically, rationally, and reasonably prove nonexistence. Because, for a Claimant to know that X does not exist would require the Claimant to possess 100% knowledge of all things with 100% certainty and 100% accuracy (i.e. omniscience). Even mainstream secular scientists claim that approx. 95% of the Universe is still unknown (i.e. Dark Energy and Dark Matter). Of the remaining 5% of the Universe, only 0.0035% exists within the visible light spectrum which the human eye is capable of observing. Moreover, of all that is made of atoms and capable of being observed in this "Material" universe, 99.999999999% is actually empty space (i.e. "Non-material"). Therefore, there is much, much more that humanity does not know about the Universe and Reality than it does know. Based on just this information, the position of claiming to be Atheist is shown to be illogical, irrational and unreasonable. *_“… Every one who is seriously engaged in the pursuit of science becomes convinced that the laws of nature manifest the existence of a spirit vastly superior to that of men, and one in the face of which we with our modest powers must feel humble.”_* Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955), founder of modern physics (Theory of Relativity inter alia) and 1921 Nobel prize winner *_“All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force which brings the particle of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together. We must assume behind this force the existence of a conscious and intelligent mind (i.e. Observer). This mind is the matrix of all matter.”_* Max Plank (the Father of Quantum Physics) Modern scientific discoveries in Genetics (i.e. biology) have shown that functional / coded / digital Information (i.e. DNA code) is at the core of All Biological Systems. Without functional / coded / digital information, there is No biology. The only known source (i.e. cause) in the universe that has been Observed (i.e. Scientific Method) in nature to be capable of producing functional / coded / digital information, such as that found even in the most primitive biological systems, is mind / consciousness / intelligence. The fact that DNA / genes (biological coded information) exists at all shows that a Consciousness-'Intelligence-Mind' is involved in the initial introduction and subsequent propagation of living systems. Un-directed random material natural processes have never been observed in nature or experimentally demonstrated to be capable of producing Functional / Coded / Digital information such as that required for biological systems, even at the most primitive levels of biological life. *_"Language: All Digital communications require a formal language, which in this context consists of all the information that the sender and receiver of the digital communication must both possess, in advance, in order for the communication to be successful."_* (Wikipedia: Digital Data) Inherent in DNA is language. Language is scientifically proven to be the product of only Mind/ Consciousness / Intelligence. Laws of the Universe exist Independent of anyone's personal beliefs in the existence of the Laws of the Universe. Just as man-made laws govern society globally, Universal Laws govern the entire Universe. Un-directed random material natural processes have never been observed in nature or experimentally demonstrated to be capable of producing any form of laws. As scientifically confirmed, non-material laws are the product of only Mind / Consciousness / Intelligence.

[@austinh.]

@@moses777exodus what

[@MKDUBEY0610]

@@austinh. q

[@apologeticpest4304]

i really don't regard discord in a decent light but maybe i could make an exception :)

[@Metolius9]

It saddens me that tv shows like this no longer seem to be made. As we advance technologically we appear to regress intellectually.

[@bloodhoof66]

Metolius9 spread the word!

[@sidnomis1]

Metolius9 I agree with the former, but the latter sounds like a paradox.

[@LORDNAG1]

For the Emperor! Lol

[@CarbonUnitX]

Aaron Simonds Yeah, it does sound paradoxical. Maybe it's more of an emotional issue than an intellectual one. People have, as was said earlier, different priorities. I think it has to do with our rapidly changing way of life. Thinking about serious issues can bring about a lot of anxiety and fear, so in an environment where an individual's immediate primary needs are met, and yet they feel increasingly powerless in the great scope of things, it's much safer for the psyche to dismiss or even reject intellectual/philosophical/scientific/etc. problems when the altenative is mindless fun... A person can be highly intelligent yet very closed minded - scared out of their wits.

[@rad2gnarly9]

Metolius9 It's because of natural selection, actually the lack of it. No longer are the less intelligent being killed in dumb ways in the "wild west" type of lifestyle. These days anybody can reproduce.

[@tomormiston6592]

RIP Carl Sagan, Stephen Hawking, Arthur C Clarke and presenter Magnus Magnusson

[@galaxybrainkid1222]

Hawking isnt dead... jumping the gun lol

[@tr-h7217]

He died in march

[@imhim94ivan]

rip

[@sega-megadeth1276]

Sagan died in 1996 at the age of 62. Clarke died in 2008 at the age of 91. Hawking died in 2018 at the age of 76.

[@flipshroomz9379]

@Enter the Braggn' THESE men have Infinite respect actually.. which is infinitely more respect for you and your big fat Zero.

[@brunocoriolano]

“Every one of us is, in the cosmic perspective, precious. If a human disagrees with you, let him live. In a hundred billion galaxies, you will not find another.” ― Carl Sagan

[@wajeehhasan4860]

@@mayorwest6488 you missed the message

[@101......]

@@wajeehhasan4860 Now a days, people get high on talking about complex theories and practices but not calm enough to understand a simple ethical humour. Isn't?

[@empathicallyyours4937]

Carl Sagan was the human who had disagreed and wasn't let live.

[@empathicallyyours4937]

Read Carl Sagan's book, "The Demon-Haunted World, Science as a Candle in the Dark," was the tip of the iceberg he was going to reveal about NASA and their lies. He used the metaphor Demon for charlatans such as NASA who are a major gear in the GRAND DECEPTION MACHINE, mostly described in the 1928 book, PROPAGANDA, by Edward Bernays, the father of PUBLIC RELATIONS, a term he claimed having invented in order to mask the nature of his propaganda used to get women to smoke, 4 out of five doctors recommend fluoride, aluminium industry byproduct they couldn't get rid of, consumerism to get people buy things they didn't need, invented ways to fool people as the agent working for the invisible government he described in his book, propaganda. Killing whistle blowers is commonly done by quick acting cancer and even quicker heart attack. Peter Jennings, the only reporter who compared the twin towers collapse on 9/11 to controlled demolition, suddenly died of cancer. Tim Russert of MSNBC who was the only reporter ever who asked George HW Bush son, W if they're members of Skull & Bones, indirectly admitted but soon Tim Russert died of a surprise heart attack, Carl Sagan was questioning the Voyager still sends ng photographs in analogue format from rings of Saturn, and yet, NASA finally admitted they've never been beyond Earth's low orbit, kzbin.info/www/bejne/iXi4YnWhit-oqpo severe radiation destroys any date passing through he Van Allen Belts, so impossible, especially with 1970s technology, People are so intoxicated with their own narcissistic faith based belief system, that no sense of logic or reason could change their mind about their faith which is purely reinforced by wishful thinking and wilful ignorance 🇺🇸

[@daveydudely9954]

uh no

[@DrumsTheWord]

Carl Sagan was a poet. A great mind and fiercely intelligent, but with the ability to be understood with just a few words.

[@ironmurs6903]

He was an astounding speaker. The finest intellectual orator I’ve had the pleasure of listening to.

[@raphaellavictoria01]

Carl Sagan is truly someone I would have been honored, and eager, to have a conversation with. He's my only answer to the question of which historical figure I would have liked to converse with.

[@Somethinghumble]

..poetic science educator, yes, I'll give you that.

[@nicholashylton6857]

The poet of science.

[@mrk45]

Wow, Sagan, Hawking and Clarke. It's like a scientific Justice League.

[@MrVvulf]

@Nissim Levy I think you're doing a disservice to Sagan. While he was certainly an advocate for science in general, and is mostly remembered and celebrated as a great ambassador of education, he also did real and important scientific work. Sagan was a generalist, a "big picture" type, so he needed folks around him to flesh out his ideas, but many of those ideas and insights were still quite valuable. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan#Scientific_achievements

[@Pellaeon159]

@Nissim Levy Also, that is THE POINT of a scientific Justice league. you have the Doer. You have the Presenter. And you have the Imaginator. They cover all fronts, but they are all connected through love of truth and science.

[@Pellaeon159]

@Nissim Levy The point is not if Superman hits harder than Batman, or how many criminal a particular hero catches. Its about them together, making the world safe :D

[@Pellaeon159]

@Nissim Levy Nooo, and truth be told, I dont know much about the meta-DC universe. But consider Hawkye and Black widow in avengers. They are less of a fit with Thor and Ironman, than Sagan is with Hawking. But they are still Avengers. Not to mention, Clarke is not a scientist at all, yet I would still consider him a science hero. Even though he is not a scientist. Just as much as batman is a superhero, while having no superpowers.

[@Pellaeon159]

What a stupid debate however :D

[@timfondiggle2582]

"The mind is a very large place, in a very small space" -Sagan

[@deanazcoolzi4382]

Tim fondiggle haha

[@junacebedo888]

Wrong. Narrow minded people are in a closed space & time, they are SHUT from the inside. Broad minded ones can reach the timeless, spaceless Creator of the Universe.

[@frankrives9964]

@@junacebedo888 Hmmm. Let me consider that. Are you or the late great Carl Sagan wrong? Sagan was a respected scientist, lecturer and scholar who won a Pulitizer Prize and participated in space missions. What you got?

[@junacebedo888]

@@frankrives9964 Appeal to authority fallacy

[@Adhjie]

@@junacebedo888 sounds like kaku yet pinker and chomsky et al got pro contra, jacques zizek got on jared show some leaders got cod theres a local meme called Mßd o und a OP heated chat melonpan banker yet noone ask about central jgreg

[@anearthian894]

Stephen Hawking cracking jokes puts a smile with tears in your eyes .

[@lucasamtab]

"if we dont blow ourselves first". He was right in this point

[@markuse3472]

Not mine, the world is dumber with is mindless teachings, namely evolution.

[@MadDragon75]

I was just 13 years old when this was filmed. Watching Dr. Hawking moving around and controlling his PC like that.. It was so long ago. He used his cheek muscles for a long time before he passed. I wish he and Carl Sagan were still with us, but I doubt they would be happy about it.

[@Somethinghumble]

@@MadDragon75 They are still with us, in a way. They are now immortalized so long as "we don't blow ourselves up".

[@manpreetbhattee9732]

Man, Mr Hawking had such a good sense of humor. What a trio Sagan, Clarke and Hawking. 💯💯💯

[@2fast2block]

Yep, the three blind mice wanking off to their god of nothing that can do nothing and has nothing as proof, yet they orgasmed to their god as if it could do something.

[@aryangupta3147]

2fast2block your comment doesn’t make any sense since you seem to be a blind believer of religion and it’s rituals of ignorance and destruction

[@gblr182]

I wonder how many would be able to joke in his place, not to mention the huge scientific efforts.

[@norronlee4945]

No ego displays, no talking over another. The moderator was in control. Good stuff..

[@almagirimai8931]

These people did not need anyone to control them, courtesy, intelligence and humanity were on display between these men: Scientists of the highest order. Compare their discussion with the way politicians behave. Who would you rather follow?

[@JakeTheHuman89]

Imagine if Neil deGrasse Tyson was there.

[@goodsamaritan6401]

@@JakeTheHuman89 lmao

[@tombetty5137]

Because they want to help one another learn, not learn how to be rid of or change them.

[@BenGrem917]

@The Word Dude, you misspelt 'hello'. How the fuck do you misspell 'hello'? I can guess by your handle that you're a religious wingnut, which cool, but maybe learn basic spelling or trust your spellchecker?

[@ClownTrader1]

After watching this, one thing becomes clear. Carl Sagan is the man. So well spoken, so intelligent, and his demeanor is very calm and comforting. Never condescending.

[@cloudleopard7695]

+William Seeback Ditto

[@SuperJMichael]

He was the greatest. Most today are so condescending and elitist. He was a true educator in every way. I used to love watching him on the PBS stations when I was a kid in the 70’s. I have also read Stephen Hawking’s books and all of Arthur C. Clarke’s who based his science fiction on science principles many of which have come to pass. They all inspired me to go into the field of science.

[@jamaalrichardson7437]

What's really interesting is that among Sagan's friends and colleagues (e.g. Dr. E.P. Seligman), Sagan had an explosive temper.

[@tinieblo76]

It's like having a momentary lapse of reason. Sagan is the man Indeed.

[@ingenuity168]

Totally agree with you.

[@menmykrazycat8129]

“ That’s a good question, let’s find the answer..” Perfect response for kids, I agree with Carl Sagan. Adults of all ages seem to inadvertently quiet the curiosity in children. We’re all born with tons of it, and those of us who are lucky enough to hold onto that curious and questioning nature are very fortunate imo. I’m 55 & the older I get, the more I love learning. These 3 gentlemen, even though they’re gone, we have videos thankfully. And this was a great one!

[@edwardherrera846]

Carl is so innocent and warm. He’s like Mr. Rogers who studied astrophysics.

[@Luca_86]

It saddens me, in retrospective, to hear how hopeful and optimistic Carl Sagan was about limiting, if not reducing, the nuclear warheads. How wrong he was. Things only got worse. We are the most stupid creatures of the entire cosmos.

[@platformrecruiting4486]

This interview is the equivalent of having Beethoven, Mozart, and Hendrix all in the same room.

[@sirfijoe450]

Platform Recruiting And Chopin

[@Thornspyre81]

Bach, Mozart, and Hendrix. Beethoven was more on the line of a john Mayer, talented pop star

[@junacebedo888]

Mozart Beethoven are composers. Jimi is not a composer

[@vasvas8914]

Doubting Thomas Beethoven was nothing like "pop star". Wasn't his music initially misunderstood by Vienna community for sounding "too dark"? Also, his use of accords and polyphony was very unconventional for his time. John Mayer my ass.

[@Adhjie]

@@vasvas8914 i also liek polyphones diff dept tho

[@yaboi5470]

I love how Stephen just kept on roasting government and economics😂

[@magicalgold010]

😂😂 he's a troll

[@johnwhite5306]

Showed he was smart in mathematics but should've stated out of politics and economics cause in 1988 the economy performed far better than expected.

[@johnwhite5306]

@kyūbon Too bad we're talking about Stephen Hawkings. And no, neither of the two would've known more about politics and economics than I do. You think because they were involved in science they know everything, you think that way because you're simple minded, a simpleton.

[@johnwhite5306]

@kyūbon Not a fan of people who are dead.

[@joeyfeliciano9199]

@@johnwhite5306 They know everything? You are so funny. They know something but speculated many things. That's the truth of it.

[@samanthaross4913]

Shout out to all of us listening to this in the 21st century!

[@Nessasito]

I've had such bad anxiety lately and listening to this panel has calmed me exponentially.

[@The22on]

For once, I LOVED the moderator. He asked the right questions to the right people and then shut up and let them answer.

[@jillblain11]

Carl was such a great speaker. He made the most difficult concepts understandable for the lay person.

[@burlak3182]

I think he would be proud to see how big the hunger for science is here those days. Back then there were just few popular shows about science, nowadays youtube is full of great popular science (fermilab channel, startalk, pbs spacetime... and much more)

[@DrumsTheWord]

Carl Sagan is always superb and deeply missed by me.

[@thomasstephan2486]

And never a wasted word.

[@tharinduprf]

This interview is priceless. Can’t believe it was on TV in 1988 🥹

[@ashalyngdoh7622]

"The creative process is a partnership between the conscious and the unconscious part of our mind" very brilliantly said by Carl Sagan. It really has some deep meaning within.

[@ashalyngdoh7622]

yes.. as this would help the young minds open their thoughts to how the senior intellects are thinking and upbringing the problems and might even broaden up the workload of future progression at a much speedy pace. I mean who knows they may be able to realize the future problem much sooner than we can do now

[@decapitatespammers]

Every teacher on the planet: assign this video for watching. This should be watched by every human. No exception. Target: 80 million viewers. Objective: our planetary existence - and beyond.

[@asafeplacepodcast2690]

***** we are the borg

[@rjones6801]

Nah, it's outdated. That's the problem with science in a rapidly advancing technological age. Discovering the universe is accelerating in expansion and the Hubble Deep Field Images are too important to ignore.

[@TwoWayDeadEND]

***** Yes- and Wmap as well mostly. And of course the likes of Integral+Hete-2 are important. Plus in due time the James Webb Space Telescope will probably prove to be one of the most important additions to the next age of space exploration.

[@jonasteig]

***** your a fool, nothing is outdated, and if you didnt learn anything from this you would be better off with just free TV!

[@Baromanthefool]

Yet. the latest cat trend will get the 80 million views yet this amazing video is only just 1 million views. But that's 1 million views i hope of which every human watched and each of them have had ideas and thoughts provoked. 500 years ago this would never happen in any shape or form, we are coming a long way, i just hope we are faster than the inevitable downfall of human civilisation.

[@81Mace81]

Sagan, Clarke and Hawking discussing God the Universe and everything else, whilst accompanied by a Wagner intro... Doesn't get much better than this!

[@CeanStrauss]

What a treasure. So glad I got to see this rock star cast together for one amazing discussion. RIP to all three. You truly changed the world.

[@paulmelville3928]

What a great communicator Carl Sagan was. How humble these three great minds were sharing these great ideas.

[@kaymuldoon3575]

I could listen to Dr. Sagan speak for hours. And his voice is so soothing.

[@randomsasquatchwithwifi4090]

Agreed. I could fall into a peaceful sleep listening to Sagan.

[@seanmills8910]

I do fall asleep to Carl Sagan every night.

[@DONKEYKONG260]

Gotta say Hawking's robot voice is pretty soothing to me too

[@aaronthenorm5400]

Wouldn't it be great if politicians spoke that way?!

[@karmaalstad5588]

@@aaronthenorm5400 👆 this 👆

[@ivonastrukar4715]

I love it how patiently they're waiting for Steven to write down his sentences.And He never diaspoints them with his answers.

[@williamnelson1901]

Stephen Hawking was the man

[@tracer740]

@Ivona- A marvel of technology serving a man with truly a marvelous mind.

[@athnealerodney9884]

Three intellectual giants that walked among us mortals... Thank you Sirs🙏🏼

[@jimbell242]

This dialogue is one of the greatest coming-together of great minds in the 20th century. I was just a young sailor in the Navy when this discussion took place. All three of these great minds were personal heroes of mine - both as a child, and young adult - and inspired me to reach for great heights in my own life, career, and search for universal truth. I wish I had met them: I would have personally thanked them for their wonderful intellectual inspiration of myself, and my generation of young scientists.

[@nmkbkr]

About seven years ago, I downloaded this great video, converted to mp3 file and then burnt a CD for my car. Since then i listened this inspiring record maybe 500 times so I can almost know it by heart. Now after theese years I am watching the video... It is so inspiring that my English isn’t enough to explain it. ❤️

[@BabaAndBaby11]

Kudos

[@reihino6866]

Nice 👍

[@pendulumdistinction2494]

None of us can explain it. It's beyond our comprehension and that's the beauty in all of this. I love your story about the burning it to CD and listening quite a few times, I'm smiling as I write this . . . Amazing

[@chrisbradshaw159]

Humanity needs another Carl Sagan and Steven hawking.Absolutely brilliant scientists, orators,speakers.

[@josephsanders2556]

Tyson

[@frankdimeglio8216]

​@@josephsanders2556 Einstein was a weasel. DiMeglio is the mastermind.  Frank Martin DiMeglio 2h Do objects fall at the SAME RATE for the same reason that planets orbit the Sun at distances that are irrespective of any given planet's "mass"? Yes. Here's the CLEAR mathematical proof. THE CLEAR AND BALANCED UNDERSTANDING OF PHYSICS/PHYSICAL EXPERIENCE AND TIME: Consider THE EYE. CLEARLY, WHAT IS E=MC2 is KEY to understanding WHAT IS GRAVITY (ON/IN BALANCE). Indeed, c squared CLEARLY (AND NECESSARILY) represents a dimension of SPACE ON BALANCE !!! Consider what is the fourth dimension. CLEARLY, gravity AND ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy are linked AND BALANCED opposites (ON BALANCE); as the stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky. Consider TIME AND time dilation ON BALANCE. TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual ON/IN BALANCE, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is CLEARLY AND NECESSARILY proven to be gravity (ON/IN BALANCE). A given PLANET (including WHAT IS THE EARTH) sweeps out equal area in equal TIME. The ultimate mathematical unification AND UNDERSTANDING of physics/physical experience (AND TIME) combines, BALANCES, AND includes opposites. The rotation of WHAT IS THE MOON matches the revolution !!! Consider WHAT IS THE EYE ON BALANCE !!! Consider WHAT IS E=MC2 ON BALANCE !!! It is KEY to understanding what is gravity (ON/IN BALANCE), AS the INTEGRATED EXTENSIVENESS of thought (AND description) is improved in what is the truly superior mind. Consider, ON BALANCE, WHAT IS the fully illuminated (AND setting/WHITE) MOON !!! (It IS the SAME SIZE as what is THE EYE !!!!) INDEED, consider why and how it is (ON BALANCE) that there is something instead of nothing. Magnificent !!! It ALL CLEARLY makes perfect sense ON BALANCE. (BALANCE AND completeness go hand in hand.) Think. Great. Consider what is the man (AND THE EYE ON BALANCE) who IS standing on what is THE EARTH/ground. WHAT IS GRAVITY is, ON BALANCE, an INTERACTION that cannot be shielded or blocked !!! Great. Notice what is the orange (AND setting) Sun ON BALANCE. Notice WHAT IS the TRANSLUCENT AND BLUE sky ON BALANCE !!! Again, ON BALANCE, consider what is THE EYE !!!! CLEARLY, WHAT IS E=MC2 is KEY to understanding WHAT IS GRAVITY (ON/IN BALANCE). MAGNIFICENT. TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual ON/IN BALANCE, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is CLEARLY AND NECESSARILY proven to be gravity (ON/IN BALANCE) !!!! By Frank Martin DiMeglio WHAT IS GRAVITY IS, ON BALANCE, an INTERACTION that cannot be shielded or blocked. WHAT IS E=MC2 IS dimensionally consistent, AS TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual ON/IN BALANCE; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is CLEARLY AND NECESSARILY proven to be gravity (ON/IN BALANCE) !!! BALANCE AND completeness go hand in hand. GREAT !!! WHAT IS GRAVITY IS, ON BALANCE, an INTERACTION that cannot be shielded or blocked. (WHAT IS E=MC2 IS dimensionally consistent.) Consider what is the man (AND THE EYE ON BALANCE) who IS standing on WHAT IS THE EARTH/ground, AS touch AND feeling BLEND; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is CLEARLY AND NECESSARILY proven to be gravity (ON/IN BALANCE); AS TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual ON/IN BALANCE !!! BALANCE AND completeness go hand in hand. WHAT IS GRAVITY IS, ON BALANCE, an INTERACTION that cannot be shielded or blocked. WHAT IS E=MC2 IS dimensionally consistent, AS “mass"/ENERGY involves BALANCED inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE consistent WITH/AS what is BALANCED electromagnetic/gravitational force/ENERGY; AS TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual ON/IN BALANCE; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is CLEARLY AND NECESSARILY proven to be gravity (ON/IN BALANCE); AS gravity/acceleration involves BALANCED inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE (ON BALANCE). INDEED, GRAVITATIONAL force/ENERGY IS proportional to (or BALANCED with/as) inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is CLEARLY AND NECESSARILY proven to be gravity (ON/IN BALANCE); AS TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual ON/IN BALANCE !!! The stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky. WHAT IS E=MC2 IS dimensionally consistent !!! Accordingly, ON BALANCE, THE PLANETS (including what is THE EARTH) sweep out equal areas in equal times. Consider TIME (AND time dilation) ON BALANCE. WHAT IS E=MC2 is taken directly from F=ma, AS TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual ON/IN BALANCE; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is CLEARLY AND NECESSARILY proven to be gravity (ON/IN BALANCE). WHAT IS GRAVITY IS, ON BALANCE, an INTERACTION that cannot be shielded or blocked. WHAT IS E=MC2 IS dimensionally consistent !!! CLEARLY, gravity AND ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy are linked AND BALANCED opposites (ON BALANCE); as the stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky. Consider TIME (AND time dilation) ON BALANCE. INDEED, TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual ON/IN BALANCE; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is CLEARLY AND NECESSARILY proven to be gravity (ON/IN BALANCE) !!! GREAT !!! ACCORDINGLY, ON BALANCE, the rotation of WHAT IS THE MOON matches the revolution. GREAT !!! WHAT IS E=MC2 IS dimensionally consistent. GREAT !!! It is a very great truth that the SELF represents, FORMS, and experiences a COMPREHENSIVE approximation of experience in general by combining conscious and unconscious experience. INDEED, the INTEGRATED EXTENSIVENESS of THOUGHT AND description is improved in the truly superior mind. BALANCE AND completeness go hand in hand. By Frank Martin DiMeglio

[@frankdimeglio8216]

​@@josephsanders2556 Tyson and Hawking combined have accomplished almost nothing compared to me.

[@williamyoung9401]

Definitely Tyson. But you're right. We need a lot more.

[@josephsanders2556]

Sooner, than later

[@danmiller6462]

Four of the greatest minds. They are sorely missed. It is vital that children in schools are taught this.

[@fairdose]

Kids, take note. This is the kind of quality discussion and enlightened television that existed in the world before reality TV, social media, cell phones and short attention spans. I wish we could go back to this.

[@joaoa13portugal]

After about 10 minutes of watching the video, what's fascinating me more and more is the absolutely original sense of humour prof Hawking has.

[@ponytrekker9315]

João Agnelo I agree...but a c Clarke was a freaking ripp..

[@shastarobin12]

Yep, through and through, they broke the mold when they made him.

[@delicioso6424]

J. J. What’s your problem??

[@robertadler5076]

Bob Adler It would have been interesting to insert Neil Degrasse Tyson into the conversation and then watch the humor level explode, as well as the intellectual understandable level,, not possible despite a memorable Star Trek episode! *Grin*

[@Gottenhimfella]

@Luxury Lowlife That's a persuasive line of reasoning, and would be true if redshift was entirely due to Doppler effect. However this is only a small part of the story, and an infinitesimally small part, in the case of distant objects, where the effect is almost entirely due to cosmological redshift, a relativistic phenomenon due to the stretching of space. In the case of a Doppler shift, as you point out, the only thing that matters is the relative velocity of the emitting object when the light is emitted compared to that of the receiving object when the light is received. After the light is emitted, it doesn't matter what happens to the emitting object - it won't affect the wavelength of the light that is received. In the case of the cosmological redshift, however, the emitting object is expanding along with the rest of the universe, and if the rate of expansion changes between the time the light is emitted and the time it is received, that will affect the received wavelength. Basically, the cosmological redshift is a measure of the total "stretching" that the universe has undergone between the time the light was emitted and the time it was received. Which is why most people who understand these things better than we do were forced to postulate dark energy. They may be wrong, but the odds are that they are less wrong than people who have not immersed themselves in lifelong cosmology and had their ideas tested by others with the same depth of analytical rigour.

[@bradnimbus4836]

"I think there's a reasonable chance that we may find a complete set of laws by the end of the century if we don't blow ourselves up first" LMAO!

[@rasr666]

L-O-L

[@nicktrotsky1464]

+Brad Nimbus The problem is, he's right

[@ftammaro100]

+Brad Nimbus we will re-arrange and correct the mess these pretend scientist have created.

[@jazzhynkel7867]

+francesco tammaro Are you talking about these scientist, really?

[@ftammaro100]

You did not name anyone but it includes all persons who supports or supported the curvature of space.

[@EVGodzilla]

Arthur explaining entropy and showing his mathematical computations was mind blowing.

[@eddominates]

Sagan so ahead of his time, talking of manned "and womanned, by the way" missions to mars. A man of understanding, compassion, wisdom, and truth.

[@jovetj]

It is not compassionate to say "and womanned" as "manned" covers both sexes. Read a dictionary.

[@tracer740]

@@jovetj - I respectfully disagree, it was truly ''compassionate'', if only temporarily, to make a point.

[@asdfasdf5695]

As much as I like Sagan, that's the highest form of cringe and sounds like some SJW bullshit that's in fashion nowadays.

[@eddominates]

That's funny cause he said it 30 years ago.

[@asdfasdf5695]

@@eddominates No kidding. Cringe is still cringe no matter what era it originates from.

[@emilylhotka4225]

Just beautiful. It's so enjoyable being in the presence of intelligent people. They are open minded and respectful to one another. Again just beautiful.

[@antarasinha8639]

Beautiful & blissful.

[@poweraccountabilityleague6877]

3 million people have watched this ... 3 billion have watched 2 girls and a cup ... that's how you get a PLANDEMIC and global scientific illiteracy.

[@OriginalPuro]

@@poweraccountabilityleague6877 People are stupid, basically. Individuals can be smart, very smart, like Carl Sagan, Brian Cox, Sir Richard Dawkins, Sir Stephen Hawking and so on, but as a whole, our specie is simply stupid.

[@frankdimeglio8216]

@@poweraccountabilityleague6877 WHAT IS E=MC2 is taken directly from F=ma, as the rotation of WHAT IS THE MOON matches the revolution; as TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual ON/IN BALANCE. c squared CLEARLY represents a dimension of SPACE ON BALANCE, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is CLEARLY AND NECESSARILY proven to be gravity (ON/IN BALANCE). The stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky ON BALANCE. Great. It is proven. WHAT IS E=MC2 is taken directly from F=ma, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is CLEARLY AND NECESSARILY proven to be gravity (ON/IN BALANCE). CLEARLY, gravity AND ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy are linked AND BALANCED opposites (ON BALANCE); as the stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky. Consider TIME (AND time dilation) ON BALANCE. Consider WHAT IS THE EYE ON BALANCE. Great. Consider what is the fully illuminated (AND setting/WHITE) MOON ON BALANCE. WHAT IS E=MC2 is taken directly from F=ma. Great. TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual ON/IN BALANCE, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is CLEARLY AND NECESSARILY proven to be gravity (ON/IN BALANCE). By Frank DiMeglio

[@DONKEYKONG260]

@@poweraccountabilityleague6877 lmao not even gonna address the mental gymnastics on that one lmao.

[@jamesbp]

Carl Sagan has such patience when trying to teach, thats what made him such a good educator.

[@donewithyourshit7303]

Softness in his voice...i love listening to him...❤

[@danieljakubik3428]

Yes. Carl Sagan was a powerful intellect with the virtue of patience.

[@LordZontar]

Dr. Sagan had the rare gift of being able to take the most complex subjects and explain them in an elegantly poetical fashion that was comprehensible to everyone, as did Richard Feynman and J. Robert Oppenheimer.

[@magicalgold010]

After effects of smoking pot. I assure you

[@ADEehrh]

Funny observation; I noticed he talked to adults the same way he spoke to children.

[@terminusest9179]

What a trio of minds, carl sagan, stephen hawking and Arthur C clarke. It is sad that all of them have now passed and we don't have such trio of minds come together from different fields in a documentary like so.

[@crisper1614]

These are the titans of intellect that we need today.

[@Nikola.Tesla369]

Carl Sagan is one of the most intelligent scientists the world has ever seen, my favorite.

[@jovetj]

I always viewed him as the Steve Jobs of astrophysics.

[@LiberalsGettheBulletToo]

Why does Freeman Dyson say about Carl Sagan's most famous theory: "It's an absolutely atrocious piece of science, but I quite despair of setting the public record straight." ? /wiki/Nuclear_winter#Critical_response_to_the_more_modern_papers

[@reedgrele6673]

Many scientists are intelligent. But very few are able to communicate the mysteries of the cosmos in such a way that the layman is able to understand. Dr. Sagan could. We are lucky that we now have Dr. Tyson to carry on in his place.

[@ReverendMuncle]

How did the existence of this video escape my knowledge for so long? I’m fewer than 5 minutes into it and it’s already the best thing I’ve ever seen. The look on Mighty Carl’s face at 4m10s. Awe, yet understanding. I’m a Sagan obsessive but I’ve never seen that expression on his face before.

[@shaktikashyap0601]

And we are here in 2023 , when Hubble space telescope's successor (JWST) is also launched just 2 years ago after a long wait... All of them will be so happy to know that and the way these telescope's are helping to understand the universe ❤.

[@TweekDash]

I love that Sagan uses 'Thousand Million' rather than 'Billion'. Makes me assume he reads many British authors. :)

[@TweekDash]

***** Who asked for your opinion on my commentary?

[@sugarshock7925]

I love how Hawking still makes jokes at the end of every 2nd sentence.

[@ericcapostagno3271]

Hawking is a tool and not funny. His jokes are uncomfortably bad.

[@FrostedFlakesify]

@@ericcapostagno3271 lol according to.. you.. :P

[@ericcapostagno3271]

@@FrostedFlakesify Probably cuz I'm the only one not stuck up his butt.

[@SiberianKissed]

@@ericcapostagno3271 damn you're so edgy!

[@hardspumoni6940]

@@ericcapostagno3271 Does it feel good hating on a dead crippled man with more intelligence then you could even fathom? He is praised because his intellectual capacity was beyond that of any human to date.

[@toni4729]

It's so sad now to know that we've lost all three of you gentlemen. And still we haven't set foot on Mars.

[@macklee6837]

"If time travel were possible, we would have been visited by people from the future". Wow. Never thought of it that way. What a brilliant mind.

[@TheNightWatcher1385]

Man, I still miss Carl Sagan terribly. Tyson is great in his own right, but there will never be a speaker again with Sagan's level of eloquent speaking.

[@killerinstinct2000]

He was the master and Neil is his protégé.. I love watching Neil's expressions and gestures while he explains Things. He enjoys what he does and that shows through in his Lectures. Would love to meet him.

[@denizbenz]

Rob Noble you can really see the passion in Neil. However Sagan was so damn suave

[@christinestill5002]

I play the Pale Blue Dot when I miss him. Make sure you get his recording of it. And get yourself a copy of A Brief History of Time and if you're too young to grasp it all right now, you'll grow into it and treasure it. You are on earth the same time as Prof. Hawking!

[@Bradgilliswhammyman]

+Christine Still (formerly Sweeney) Both are excellent, before both of them however, Aisaac Asimov was the forerunner of all of these personalities.

[@marco1173]

Sagan had a gift. His tone, delivery, rhythm, finesse, in explaining his thoughts was simply amazing. He knew how to use just the right words to convey an idea to his audience. A master communicator.

[@IIIlllIIIlI]

Ah, scientists, I'm happy to see that it's completely ok to have dissabilities like Hawking has, and still contribute to advancement of technology, understanding and appreciation. Thank you, for not excluding certain people like most schools, jobs and groups do. Thanks for not being the ignorant idiots that the rest of us are, thank you.

[@Bjarku]

Oliver c: if you’re disabled and you can save a company a few million a year by working for them I can’t think of a single company in the world that would not employ you just because you’re disabled as long as you’re providing value

[@DONKEYKONG260]

Well tbh if he was like that before he started school... I'm sorry to say it doesn't end well.

[@Sev3n7VII]

Of course it's completely ok

[@rosered103]

My God...three brilliant minds on stage at the same time...sends chills up my spine. RIP all four fine gentlemen. Come back and tell us if you found your answers 'In Spirit".

[@WilbertLek]

If they were able to do that we wouldn't need all these absurdly useless discussions about some personally preferred imaginary "supreme being" friend.

[@iamdibakar]

I don't have enough words to describe my happiness, joy I achieved while watching this amazing show. Thanks Prof Stephen Hawking, Dr Carl Sagan and Sir Arthur.

[@slothfromthegoonies8201]

That's possibly the most intelligent gathering of people I've ever witnessed.

[@pathtoknowledge6847]

Same here

[@BangMaster96]

ya, i only wish we could have a stage where Einstein, Issac Newton, Galileo, Richard Feynman, Carl Sagan, Hawking, Darwin, Nikola Tesla, Johannes Kepler, Benjamin Franklin can all share a stage and have a conversation. but, it's a ridiculous thought from my end

[@tiboosters9668]

@@BangMaster96 That would be one hell of a conversation, I'll add Magnus Magnusson as the presenter.

[@flipshroomz9379]

@Enter the Braggn' .. you're weird...and illiterate.

[@hoagybob]

@Enter the Braggn' bullshit

[@decodeddiesel]

It's so amazing to see Hawking and Sagan speaking so optimistically about Hubble and The Unified Theory. Really, just a truly fantastic gathering of minds.

[@atheist1855]

So you agree with them, that the universe was created?

[@decodeddiesel]

No, I do not. I never said that, nor did I infer it in any way by my comment.

[@atheist1855]

decodeddiesel I know. So. how do you think the universe began? Please do not quote fiction. I am a scientist, I know the difference between proven science and fiction. Tony Thank you

[@decodeddiesel]

Why is your user name "carl violante" but you sign Tony? Why would you believe that I would "quote fiction"? Why do you feel it is necessary to share your bona fides? I am a mechanical engineer, not an astrophysicist. As such I accept that the best explanation we have for the physics of the genesis of the universe is currently the Big Bang theory.

[@atheist1855]

decodeddiesel As I have explained many times, this is my son in law s account, I don t have any accounts on social media. My name is Tony, Sorry, I don t give my last name on youtube, my mother was world famous, I don t want to reveal her identity, on social media. The beginning of the universe was way before the big bang. Do you admit it might have been created.? If not, then all we have is fiction, I have seen all the nonsense from fanatic atheists, on the subject here on youtube.

[@iptrix-micke]

I ran into this today - three of my absolute heroes, at the same time. Never would have imagined this and yet, here it is. Don' t know if it'll make any difference, but I'd still take my hat off to these geniuses each in their own way - if I could. And I'll never forget either of them. Thank you for enriching my life.

[@2fast2block]

"these geniuses each in their own way" They were all dumbasses. They believed that somehow their god of nothing created the universe naturally and that same god gave us the fine-tuning of the universe for life, gave life from non-life, gave information for life before it began and during, and gave the laws of nature for the universe to follow. It's absurd beyond reason but you call these clown "geniuses". Tell you what, take any of them and give their explanation of how creation happened naturally. Give me a laugh.

[@GeorgeForest-lv5zg]

I miss Carl Sagan. His soothing voice, he makes tortuous theories sound simple and obvious. We have great scientific communicators today but none with such a gentle, soft touch.

[@VipulCrGames]

Carl Sagan was so awesome! So down to earth. I love his simplicity. :-)

[@mikemiller828]

All greats

[@TheDannyorrell]

Because he smoked pot everyday. He has admitted to this

[@magicalgold010]

Me too. Though I believe in Allah/ god

[@magicalgold010]

@@TheDannyorrell who doesn't. Many scientists do

[@_Gnome.]

my mom told me he had an enormous penis

[@happythoughts9932]

Holy shit, there is nothing better than listening to brilliant minds when you're having trouble getting some sleep. This is my escape from my reality of living in the south. If only I had people to communicate with in similar fashion........

[@happythoughts9932]

Anıl Ertürk Bro, if I had to take an educated guess, Christians/Catholics outnumber nonbelievers at least 30 to 1 down here. Shit is sad down here. I couldn't imagine living over there where you're at lol

[@happythoughts9932]

Insolence That's a good thing brother! You crave wisdom!

[@juliosken]

We can communicate!

[@atheist535]

Fortunately, we are growing in numbers in the south. Yet, the belt still constricts the minds of many.

[@happythoughts9932]

Freethinker In time. We may not live to see it, but we'll be the majority I hope...

[@pedroborda7227]

A genuine thank you for uploading such wonderful content. This took place before my time, and I find myself nostalgic for an era I did not experience. Thank you.

[@HelloHello-rw6cx]

I am One of those 2 million people who have watched this. Its our fortune to watch these three great people.

[@davidstefanboriceanu5004]

Hard to believe this was 27 years ago

[@Kayvoyager]

Yeah...indeed. Humans regress from then...

[@keithjones2379]

30

[@ChocoCheetah]

Brane Bouncer right. Only 27, er 30 now. And we’ve come so far in such a short period of time.

[@abhishekkumar2315]

Long before I was born🧐😩

[@richardbarry04553]

Such a much more hopeful time back then ... I think the chances of some of their optimistic predictions for humanity coming true are turning out to be pretty low

[@seinavt]

I love how the one person who can't actually talk has the best sense of humor

[@komansaeed8347]

Dr. Stephen and Dr. Carl Sagan You have my respect to the last day of my life. Thank you for everything

[@mrbojangles9841]

They must be Republicans. They're the nicest people.

[@Remnants100]

The humility displayed by each of these great intellects never ceases to amaze me. Perhaps it is the vastness of their chosen field which makes them so. Even here I could detect disagreement on certain subject matter between the guests, yet they were humble enough to keep their own counsel out of respect for each other. Doubtless in a more private setting they would have locked their proverbial 'Intellectual horns' in heated debate. As ever, Magnus Magnusson was the perfect presenter and host.

[@AstroRamiEmad]

Watching this in 2019 ... I'm absolutely amazed how relevant this still is!!!! Wow!

[@williamnelson1901]

agreed

[@Pellaeon159]

It really is sad, isnt it. It actually feel more relevant now. If you had a show like this today, the moderator would probably try to push the earth being 6000 year old. Or that Islam is a great religion of truth. Or that people have a right to not be offended. Or that Russia is trying to destroy America again.. I mean, we regressed A LOT in the past 30 years. I am sad to see this...

[@LiberalsGettheBulletToo]

@@Pellaeon159 If you had a show like this now, it would be castigated because there aren't enough LGBT people of Color.

[@huzaifahattah6481]

Science would never be outdated. Newton's classical physics still fascinates us.

[@davidrobery8128]

Carl Sagan is saying thousand million rather than billion because Stephen Hawking and Arthur C Clarke were British. Magnus Magnusson, whilst not British, was a host of British TV programmes. Britain didn't adopt the American definition of billion until 1975. Sagan is being considerate to the British TV audience many of whom would have still regarded billion as meaning million million.

[@tcorourke2007]

Thanks for the history lesson. I though it funny, because, as a kid, I did a impression of Sagan saying "Billions and Billions of stars..." It seemed to me then to be his favorite word!

[@keithklassen5320]

Ok but if Hawking is British then where is his accent? Checkmate, atheists.

[@Kgio-2112]

I know you are British.... whilst

[@willypikkton1367]

and as all smart people know,the 'short scale' definition(one thousand million),is from the French

[@tracer740]

@@keithklassen5320 - Computer-generated voice translations do not have "accents', ...You big silly!

[@JD_ULTRA_19]

1/4/2020 12:12pm It’s saddens me that there are no more geniuses like this in our time not even TV programs and the TV programs of today don’t come closer to such an intelligent discussion

[@tracer740]

exception: Our PBS stations offer informative and intellectually stimulating programs, i.e. 'Nova' ...

[@atzuras]

Don't remember the last time an interviewer READ A BOOK to prepare an interview.

[@raymondsilva8093]

Arthur Clark and his Dr.Evil outfit. 👌👌👌

[@SethGlover]

+Raymond Silva LMFAO

[@dimethyltryptamin]

Thought the same. :D

[@michaelparks5669]

ARTHUR C. CLARK WAS A PEDOPHILE.

[@lapislazuli4926]

was proven to be false - should check your facts before you post something that was proven false.

[@C0mm0nS3ns3]

typical religious nut always post nonsense

[@ProgresistaGuayaquil]

Seriously, this is the best interview of all times.

[@himland2951]

Just imagine not know about this discussion in life. I’m so grateful to this video creator and poster. Here we realise rational mind is beautiful place.

[@774Rob]

There comes a point in your evening when you have to put aside all the bollocks on KZbin and listen to this.

[@mrbibs350]

Ninja Brian?

[@tortysoft]

There are an increasing large number of utterly splendid youtube channels these days - but you have to be selective. Top ranking stuf of the quality of this masterpiece can be found there if you look carefully. Sadly, not with these luminaries - but today has its own lights twinkling.

[@thefunABK]

Exactly. It's evening. So true :)

[@Sunwakka]

I like hawking´s humor

[@user-bm4di5ns4g]

Once you get past the synthetic voice it is easy to perceive him as an 'able-bodied' man

[@smaklilu90]

+vitalis flows they haven't improved the synthesized voice for him yet?? I mean text to speech softwares sound a lot better these days

[@dermann6835]

+sami aklilu he chooses to keep the original voice, he must have grown attached to it

[@Fishbowlfx8]

Agree to that. on Prof. Hawking's humor

[@evil-scotsman335]

+sami aklilu when you hear that voice you automatically attach it to hawking.. it's kinda become his trademark ® lol

[@hayatisschon]

I would love to have had the chance to just walk around these folks, and listened to them all day, just observe and think.

[@vinu1nair]

I wish television channels invest 25% of time to air to programs like this. Spread knowledge not hatred

[@longlostdreamer]

Imagine, if in their prime they had the access to today's technology to work with. The time it took to load an image on the computer, is more than what it would take to download a movie from the internet, for example. I doubt if there will ever be anyone more dedicated and motivated as these great legends in the field of science. Then again, i'd be glad to be proven wrong. It's been an honor and privilege to watch this video. Thank you for uploading it.

[@paramdsingh7265]

Have faith in humanity... there'll be another Carl Sagan, another Stephen Hawking, another Arthur C Clarke, not the same yet with another beauty to themselves!!! So long, of course, as we don't blow ourselves up before that as Stephen says in this interview!!!

[@nicolaiholmstoel6546]

It greatly annoys me that a video as fascinating as this has less then 2 million views.

[@fleshanthos]

+Score Kongen Yet see how many views religious bullshit gets. The 30 or so students in our Astronomy class had to wait for the auditorium to empty of near full capacity for their Indian religion class. It was disgusting. It should have been the opposite.

[@VipulCrGames]

+Score Kongen Don't worry. More and more people are turning into atheists or at least agnostic. I love watching these videos in loop. To those who wants to loop: Right click on the video > Select loop. :-)

[@mrfuzzer1]

+Score Kongen I myself is amazed at the great amounts of minds this and the books written by these people has been able to reach. This video alone has reached above 2 million, you have to remember that this is an old clip broadcasted and streamed before this. Not everyone will watch this no, but thats not important. Remember just 100 years ago no book about science reach commoners like you and me. Weve come a long way.

[@fleshanthos]

Mikael Andersson It gives me hope for humanity. But then again....this : www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/07/secular-activist-who-criticised-islamism-hacked-to-death-in-bangladesh HOW is this world going to crawl out of the mudpit??

[@jasonantigua6825]

Score Kongen,and uptown funk has a billion hits ! That's the mentality unfortunately.

[@julir3754]

Even worse, when children, or even adults like me, wonder about those kinds of questions, people respond by saying "what do you want to know that for?", what use is there in knowing that?". Fortunately, nobody has been able to kill my intellectual curiosity.

[@jaydawg7820]

Who would have thought Hawking would 'out live' all of them ... its a privilege to have shared their thoughts and inspirations ...I wish they were all still here

[@wilhelmhesse1348]

"we are the products of a grand evolutionary sequence"... Carl Sagan said it brilliantly.

[@chaoticmasterpiece]

@burteriksson The chance of gaining as much intelligence as us is rare, possibly almost impossible. The miracle that is intelligence is also accompanied by technology which is also possibly extremely low chance of happening. I say possibly as we have no other populations to compare to as we have not met any other civilizations.

[@junacebedo888]

Darwin Evolution has been debunked by Barrow and Tipler. 10 steps in the course of human evolution, each of which is so improbable that before it would have occurred the sun would have ceased to be a main sequence star and would have burned up the earth. Crucial Step #1: The development of the DNA-based genetic code. Crucial Step #2: The invention of aerobic respiration. Crucial Step #3: The invention of glucose fermentation to pyruvic acid is unique seme which evolved in bacteria and remained unmodified in all eukaryotes. Crucial Step #4: The origin of autotropic photosynthesis (oxygenic photosynthesis). Crucial Step #5: The origin of mitochondria: these are the bodies in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes wherein the energy molecule ATP is synthesized. Crucial Step #6: The formation of the centriole/kinetosome/undulipodia complex; such an event was essential to the evolution of the reproductive system of eukaryotes and of nerve cells. Crucial Step #7: The evolution of an eye precursor. Crucial Step #8: The development of an endoskeleton. Crucial Step #9: The development of chordates. Crucial Step #10: The evolution of Homo Sapiens in the chordate lineage.

[@adamant623]

I'm a Christian and I love Carl Sagan. Love his books. I think most things are beyond any of our differences. Basically, I believe in a philosophy of man and and hope. love Sagan!!

[@MrJymchaos]

***** Why ask that question?

[@jean-micheldumay1134]

I feel me like you Kevin, you have a large mind without intolerance and exclusion. In bad examples, there are sometime Christians...and scientists. Behind this question there is an hided violence and evidence: to be coherent or not to be. With what ? Proofs and events analyzed wit only the reason. But for example, a geneticist ordained as a Dominican priest, Francisco J. Ayala sees no conflict between Darwinism and faith. Convincing most of the American public of that remains the challenge.

[@lewisner]

Kevin Thomas Because it can be asked.

[@MrJymchaos]

I guess I don't understand, there just seems to be nothing to gain from such a question. *****

[@adamant623]

you seem to be full of hate. chill. i dont even know you. how can this post make anyone angry. wow..

[@wings9925]

1988 and yet looks to old!!! Fascinating stuff. I really wish programmes like this were more abundant on TV today.

[@lawrencehunter2269]

God, Universe and every thing ... let me grab a cup of tea for this one..

[@leleslie45]

Stephen Hawking died today and this is still the best discussion I've ever listened to. These great minds are sorely needed in our chaotic world.

[@willmpet]

And those voices need to be listened to, it’s not their fault that people not their equal don’t listen.

[@theloniousMac]

It's out of date but that's what makes it interesting. If I told you that only one of the people in this video would still be alive in 2014, I bet you wouldn't have guessed it would be Stephen Hawking.

[@dunnono00]

An interesting bit of an insight. I probably would have gone with Sagan, considering Clarke must have been around 70 by this point.

[@HomicidalDavid]

Irony always wins!

[@alephnull3404]

And he's still going strong in 2017.

[@edwardkennedy1567]

theloniousMac Stephen is the youngest how does this surprise you? because he is disabled?

[@anja2716]

So nice to hear all their voices. So nice to hear them answer individually. So nice that no one talks over another.

[@lyndapierson6338]

i lived in marina del rey, ca many yrs. ago in the 80's. one day, while strolling along the strand, i walked past carl and his dog, a beautiful st. bernard. both appeared to be deep in thought. true story.

[@thirdeye147]

One of them, was about to take a dump

[@markgardner4426]

I am so excited to finally see this after 30 years! I missed the original airing of it back then. A great show with three brilliant men.

[@paramdsingh7265]

👍👍👋👋🙏🙏

[@kevinnorfolk1710]

Four

[@dannykrinkle4726]

Stephen Hawking: King of the deadpan delivery.

[@evil-scotsman335]

Stephen hawking: king of the bedpan "delivery" 😂

[@dannykrinkle4726]

Mr Friendly Nice! LOL

[@evil-scotsman335]

+Danny Krinkle xD

[@kaymuldoon3575]

Danny Krinkle I love his humor.

[@Gottenhimfella]

@Luxury Lowlife That's a persuasive line of reasoning, and would be true if redshift was entirely due to Doppler effect. However this is only a small part of the story, and an infinitesimally small part, in the case of distant objects, where the effect is almost entirely due to cosmological redshift, a relativistic phenomenon due to the stretching of space. In the case of a Doppler shift, as you point out, the only thing that matters is the relative velocity of the emitting object when the light is emitted compared to that of the receiving object when the light is received. After the light is emitted, it doesn't matter what happens to the emitting object - it won't affect the wavelength of the light that is received. In the case of the cosmological redshift, however, the emitting object is expanding along with the rest of the universe, and if the rate of expansion changes between the time the light is emitted and the time it is received, that will affect the received wavelength. Basically, the cosmological redshift is a measure of the total "stretching" that the universe has undergone between the time the light was emitted and the time it was received. Which is why most people who understand these things better than we do were forced to postulate dark energy. They may be wrong, but the odds are that they are less wrong than people who have not immersed themselves in lifelong cosmology and had their ideas tested by others with the same depth of analytical rigour.

[@EthosF4ded]

This is extremely heavy and absolutely necessary, i can guruantee you they re at least a dozen physicists or quantum physicists that watched this early on and became obsessed. We need more of this.

[@AfroUnk]

It’s fascinating how this conversation was had before the Hubble gave us new insight and grander understanding of the universe. To look back on this period of time where we were only just beginning to understand the bifurcation diagram, the laws of our 4 dimensions and so much more that we had yet to fully discuss in its complexity. It’s sad how it seems like a massive undertaking to have these types of conversations within the community and that our people no longer have the yearning to discover and research like we once did. It’s not televised as much, and maybe that’s because we understand so much more, but there’s still so much to learn. We must keep asking these questions, and doing our best to forward our understanding even after having come so far. Science is the answer to any question we have, we just need to know the right way to ask it 🛰

[@JonSmith-cx7gr]

"I know that's not a direct answer to your question but I thought it was more important to address the issue of...." Great Sagan quote we can all use.

[@ozzyperez3190]

Lovd it

[@BlueCosmology]

If only TV shows nowadays were even remotely similar to this. It's also very sad hearing their predictions about space travel and comparing it to how it has actually turned out with the horrendously little amount of funding and interest there is in it now.

[@danieljakubik3428]

Agreed. Well, the culture has changed.

[@djangochildrens895]

bull -- interest has never stopped -- we haven't "gone back to the moon" since 1972, b/c it never happened -- NASA gets funded (profits) a whopping 56 million a DAY by the taxpayers -- that's more than the music, videogame, and movie entertainment industries combined -- yet astro'not' Don Petit literally said "we can't go back to the moon because we destroyed that technology & it's a painful process to build it back again" ... what a moronic thing to say!!! .. NASA destroyed precious 1968 technology equivalent to a gameboy? & that's why we haven't gone back?? Tesla car in space?? What a crock!! We have all been fooled by the establishment in all areas of our world - not just lies getting us into trillion dollar wars of aggression, but bankers who caused the econ. crash getting trillion dollar bailouts, and propaganda lies told in the news -- all for the elite to maintain their positions of control & to play "god" over world populations & resources -- it's all a sick power play for them

[@Shane7492]

"My unconscious mind is often much wiser than the conscious part of me." - Carl Sagan

[@robertlittle5678]

What an awesome intellectual meeting between three brilliant minds

[@wolfgangouille]

Would you imagine a discussion of this quality on television today ?

[@reinforcedpenisstem]

I'm trying...

[@davef5277]

I have, since I was young, had an immense respect for these men. Especially Carl Sagan. His vision and ability to explain in terms that people can relate to was remarkable. I have listened to several if not all of his lectures and special events and one would only need is keep an open mind and listen to his vision and his science.

[@cinnamon4605]

Wow. What a time it was back in the old days. Television cared to broadcast Intellectualsim.

[@alirazashabani]

This right here is a time machine. I can see the expectations of these brilliant people about the successful launch of Hubble Telescope and here we are 34 years later, witnessing the discoveries by James Webb Space Telescope.

[@ketchup5382]

It is so sad to realize that they are all dead now , though somewhat reconforting that at least their ideas and legacies have remained - RIP Carl, Arthur, and Stephen, humankind will never forget your impact

[@2malachi]

Dead in body, but their souls are in the pits of the earth being tormented for their sins.

[@ketchup5382]

@@2malachi lol

[@sohambanerjee99]

@@2malachi And what exactly are their sins? Would love to know from a guy as a 'Great' as you.