Chinese Etymology 愛 - "Love"

I'm back! Today we're looking at the Chinese character for love, 愛
For those who want to take a closer look at the various alternate characters:
www.guoxuedashi.net/zidian/yt...
Follow me on Instagram: / wormwood_89
And join the Chinese Merchants Guild www.patreon.com/user?u=69512462
Music used:
Purple Bamboo Tune - Chinese Classical Folk Music
Himalayan Echos - ERotMK
Pi Pa Village - ERotMK
Buddha's Dream - ERotMK
Memento of Spring Erhu Cover - YungAn's Erhu Fantasy
/ @wangan0921
Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
00:47 Etymology
05:03 Outro

[@Wh4tarethings]

sometimes the algorithm just works

[@roddbroward9876]

Ikr

[@MrZoorab]

The reason 爱 doesn't appear very early is probably because of existence of another word for "love, to love" - 好 (hào).

[@whannabi]

They got rid of the woman and the kid :(

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

So I just found a blogpost by Sagart (link here stan.hypotheses.org/365 ) where he mentions that the OC word for "love" was 字 while the early meaning of 愛 was "to cherish" (why yes, this does mean I may need to make an update video! xD). As for 好, the verb (4th tone in Mandarin) is derived from the base meaning "good", and so the derivative was likely something like "to consider good" rather than "love". As an aside, 好 appears in Shang OBI but as a family name, the famous Lady "Hao", although her family name was more likely 子 with a female radical added to show that the name belonged to a woman, which was the standard way of naming women at the time.

[@geoffreyherrick298]

Memorizing 2000+ kanji characters was tedious and intimidating for me. It wasn't until I discovered how each character evolved and made the connection between the word and its meaning that learning became easier.

[@unoki99]

just encountered this channel and I love it as a Swedish person who's been obsessively learning Chinese for 10 years

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

找到老鄉了！多蒙關照！

[@unoki99]

@@SwedishSinologyNerd 超期待你以後發布的影片！

[@deanos32]

Why must this be reccommended to me on April Fools 😭😭😭

[@lyuktentiok]

Long time no see

[@frustis]

Most epic comeback since the year 33 AD

[@abramguerrero3829]

HES BACKK

[@Mera77777]

Thanks KZbin algorithm

[@grafvonkartoffel1455]

好久不見

[@martinessemann3413]

So glad I stumbled upon this channel! One of the few times, I was pleasantly surprised by the new homefeed algorithm. I hope that all the a-b testing I've encountered on my user for the past couple of months at least means this comment will carry some extra algorithmic clout

[@itranslatestuff6507]

Sending this to my Chinese teacher 🌞 It was very interesting, especially the meaning behind "belch" in multiple words/characters.

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

Oooooh! Let me know what they think!

[@karkasos]

I’m so happy to see you back! :D Thank you for the great videos.

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

Thank you for being patient with my awful uploading schedule!

[@christophertito8118]

Thank you for being back!

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

No, thank YOU for sticking with me!

[@XIVI_SRN]

Cool explaination!

[@airapapa1940]

Chinese language is amazing. It kinda spells, but not with an alphabet but with a complex system of culturally relevant references.

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

Chinese traditional language is very meme-heavy! I’m planning on making a chengyu etymology video series that’s pretty much just “today’s 2000 year old meme is….” xD

[@dukenukem3dgaming599]

Sending this to my pookie rn

[@OmegaTaishu]

Welcome back!

[@koicc1192]

Im not learning Chinese, but it's nice to see where the kanji comes from and understand how fascinating is this characters... The fact are unique and easy to be recognized is just perfect

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

Thank you! I’m happy you find the videos useful! I’ll be talking about Japanese kokuji, kana and other scripts derived from Chinese characters as well in the future! ^^

[@justafloatingcoconut1368]

So glad to have struck gold with this channel

[@thunderwazp7653]

A very interesting and enjoyable video

[@rockethola3515]

The return of the king

[@xXMACEMANXx]

Please please please dear God make at least a short video explaining why 心 was written the way it was in the Shang dynasty and onward。 I have to know why it looks like that

[@sardunai952]

Really love this series, keep it up!

[@Cambridgebridge]

First video I've seen of yours and hope to see more!

[@dothedotxom]

I love this, I have some interest in the history of languages and this made it easy to understand

[@matiasbarth5121]

Nice video! Also, that Emperor: RotMK background soundtrack brought up some good memories :)

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

A fellow man of culture I see!

[@gudetamak4420]

wasn't expecting a Private Baldrick reference, noice

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

That’s the Wormwood special, highly specific and very dank references (cause I’m old and weird lol)!

[@michaelfleischmann1983]

Love your videos!

[@yoong84]

Interesting song for the ending of the video. From the ending theme of anime Ayakashi played in erhu.

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

A fellow man of taste and culture I see!

[@iron4517]

Im suddenly interested in learning my ancestral language

[@codyshi4743]

4:39 that is very interesting.

[@cheese9533]

WELCOME BACKKKKKKKK

[@Lord_Of_Aether]

Congratulations on your 700th subscriber

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

Thank you for your support! =)

[@dannylo5875]

That's why my field is AI. 😂

[@Marc-.]

学习了 我感觉以前的那个“㤅”更有意思 一边叹气一边挂念着爱人

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

贊同！

[@alcyonecrucis]

Love it

[@JasielMontes14]

Gracias!

[@NUSORCA]

I do 旡 a lot

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

May wanna get that checked out my friend

[@mueezadam8438]

I just miraculously came across this channel but I instantly recognize the voice of a certain Léon Wieger in your analysis. Please, I would love to exchange emails with you to discuss his and other European Sinologists’ work with you. I have some old notes on philology that I think would interest you.

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

Oh sh't I sound like Wieger? xD I certainly wouldn't mind having a sinology penpal!

[@sweepyspud]

回来辣

[@OVXX666]

this is sick omg

[@yatuiig]

Since 旡 is early form of 既, wouldn't 旡 also be merely phonetic component? Idk about belching feeling in heart theory

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

You're correct that he semantic-phonetic explanation is entirely adequate to explain the character, but many characters do have double semantic-phonetic components, and it's a common pedagogic technique to make little stories about Hanzi to make them stick better in the learner's head, so I've tried to strike a balance while being as faithful to the material as possible, whether I suceeded or not is of course, another question entirely xD

[@kexinhu467]

ive never appreciated the way a white guy speaks chinese the way i have when i opened this video

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

Lol, I’ll take that as a compliment! XD

[@lalkao_o]

Smells like Touhou reference in the end

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

If so it was unintentional, I haven’t played touhou, I just know the sakuya theme xD

[@user-sn8oe4ic6w]

很想瞭解一下漢字在秦代書同文之前在各國的差異以及他們的特點. 一頓查找后未果.不知道您對這方面聊不瞭解.

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

始皇帝統一天下前之文字資料確實不多，主要有甲骨文（主要代表商、周代朝廷用字習慣）、石金文（周代以及春秋戰國各國）以及由楚國墳墓出土的竹錦文。其中楚國的特用文字現在瞭解的比較多，不過不能100%定論因爲竹錦文雖然從楚墓挖出來，但作者是否楚國的人無法知道，因此所謂的”楚文“亦很可能包括齊、韓、魯、吳等等國家的寫法特點。春秋各國金鼎文字一樣。 另一個問題就是個人原因，古人與現代人對漢字的理解不太一樣，提筆忘字的時候習慣通假，遇到避諱字用異體字、缺筆字、同義字等替代，十分靈活。咱們看現存的出土資料呢，怎麽決定某某漢字是天下統用字？是某國特用字？是某筆者自造習慣寫法？ 鯫生孤陋寡聞，瞭解的不多，維於漢語感興趣而已，無法給你一個很好的答案，請海涵！

[@user-sn8oe4ic6w]

@@SwedishSinologyNerd 明白了,那個時代的文字真的好自由啊.

[@vistalover9607]

0:21 Why did you say Uh, after a learner learns? A student studies, a reader reads, a swimmer swims, what’s the problem? Honest question! Thank you for the videos!

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

Lol, that's just a quirk from being taught that repetitive writing is a cardinal sin (reinforced by peer pressure from ancient Chinese and Mayan scribes lol). I know it's silly but sometimes the brain does not brain logically xD

[@Garfield_Minecraft]

520

[@user-qh4dr1vy9d]

These kind of videos are quite dangerous, I might be tempted to study Mandarin again

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

Dangerous indeed, I took a course in Chinese once and suddenly I’d lived in China for a decade xD

[@torshavnnewell]

Ooh, can you break down Bing Chilling for me pls (冰淇淋)

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

Sure thing! And thanks for the video idea lol ^^ 冰淇淋 is a loanword from English, 冰 = ice and 淇淋 is a phonetic approximation of the word "cream", the reason why it doesn't sound like "cream" in Mandarin is because the word probably entered Chinese via another language like Cantonese or southern Min. This makes 冰淇淋 both a calque AND a phonetic loan.

[@torshavnnewell]

@@SwedishSinologyNerd That's interesting, and nice to know. You're amazing at this if you answered within an hour. Would you know if the choice of characters was purely phonetic, or they put some thought into which ones they would use? I recognize the water radical both characters

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

@@torshavnnewellMany phonetic loans in chinese go through a development where they're first written purely phonetic, with semantic elements added later (if possible). Compare the Cantonese 忌廉 (which in Cantonese is a near-homophone to 淇淋) where there are no semantic components at all. This development trend isn't as strong in Modern Chinese though because the digital medium doesn't easily lend itself to coining new characters, while in say, the 19th and early 20 the century you could just add a radical to a phonetic loan and presto, new character.

[@torshavnnewell]

@@SwedishSinologyNerd Thanks. I love the idea of creating new characters, and I wish it was done more. Not just to give characters to meanings, but also to mash up a few radicals and see what meaning you can interpret. I've made one before actually. It was the woman character within the door character. Like 閉, except it's 女 instead of a hand (I think it's supposed to be a hand).

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

@@torshavnnewellHmmm, so 女inside 門(youtube couldn’t display the character it seems)? Kangxi lists it as a variation of 闖 but if Vietnamese Chu Nom or Japanese kokkun taught me anything it's that a character's meaning is sometimes just vibes xD The 才 in 閉 is actually not a hand but a representation of the lock on ancient doors, similar to the component in 關 (double lock + rope/chains tied around the lock, for extra security). 才 itself is a pictogram of a wooden stake or pole in the ground, signifying a place (original form of 在, which was phonetically extended with 士) and was later borrowed for the homophone meaning "skill, talent". I've seen some warring states glyphs which add a heart radical underneath, some scholars interpret it as being used specifically for the meaning "skill and talent" but the jury's still out on the exact reading. Sorry 'bout the text-wall btw, I get excited about these things ^^;

[@randint]

3:44 hmm🤨🤨

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

Botched quote from Mencius xD

[@benjaminbittle8192]

How'd you learn to read 文言文？

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

Through lots of hard work lol. I’m making a series on 文言文 but until then I can recommend Classical Chinese for Everyone by Van Norden.

[@paiwanhan]

So 愛 originally meant heartburn?

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

"Maybe it's love, maybe it's that grilled cheese I had last night, but baby when I see ya I feel like throwing up" xD

[@pharmacist5884]

During the simplification process the character based on passion and heart was more logical than the version without the heart radical: how can somebody love without a heart ??

[@SwedishSinologyNerd]

Ikr, that's why I say they dropped the ball big time because they omitted the core element/radical

[@Abeturk]

Bal = (Honey) Bal >Mal >Mel >Mil >Meli > Melit > Melis =(yumuşak, hoş kokulu, tatlı, melul, balsam / yummy, mellow, balmy, malleable, dessert, sweet) Al-Bal (red-sweet) =Alpal (Apple) >Afal >Almelo> >Alma > Elma (the dessert) > Alba> halba > halvah > helva Mel-ak (sweet-white)>Mela >Mal >Mar >Milo >Melon >Melam >>>Milk (sweetie) > Balak > bala >>> bella Almıla / Melah >> Elma = Apple Meltem= mellow wind = breeze Mel-melat = marmelat = marmellata Melisa = balm / jam / rosin Melamine = a type of chemical resin (Mel-hem)> merhem=(almost-balm) > ointment (Mel-sumac)> mercimek = lentil Mel-audio = melody (tow/toğ/tao/tai/tav/tağ)>> (Dağ = mountain) high/~塔 / 高 /ضيقة (dar /tar /dai /tai /tav /dae /too /toi) Phone / Phoon/ Fun / Wajan / Wehen = (Ses /Rüzgar /Esint) - Sound / Wind / Breeze Dae-vane /tao-fun / too-fan/ tai-phone/ typhoon = (loud sound) > hard-strong wind Dağ= litosferik tabakaların sıkışarak yükselmesi / compression and rise of lithospheric layers Dar = narrow / nearest /stuck / compressed / solid / hard / durable Dar = birbirine yaklaşmış / sıkışık / sıkışmış / sıkıştırılmış / sağlam / sert / dayanıklı Darlık= to rise upwards by squeezed, feeling of height, feeling of being squeezed Dar-lık= sıkışarak yükselmek, yükseklik hissi, sıkışma duygusu Dar = yakın olmak , alakalı olmak, ilgilenmek / to be close, to be involved, to be interested Hüküm-dar = Hükümle ilgilenen , hüküm veren = Sovereign Mihman-dar = Misafire yakın olan , misafire alaka gösteren = ~hostess Darülaceze = Acizerle ilgilenilen yer = ~hospice Dai-u > nearest he's = Dayı = uncle Toy = meeting /ceremony/feast/ immature-game boy Kurulu-toy > Kurultay = scheduled meeting / council (Dai-emek)> Dayamak =to base on /make it support/fasten down (Dai-en-mak)> Dayanmak= to recline upon / stay strong /be close literally (Dai-et-mak)>Dayatmak = to impose / insist Yanardağ ile ilgili / pertaining to a volcano Dağ-et-mak >Dağıtmak = to distribute /to deal out / to deploy Dağ-al-mak >Dağılmak = to get dispersed / to go to pieces Dağ-la-mak = krater şekline çevirmek / cauterize (Doğ-umak) = Doğmak = to go up / re-rising up / come into the world > to born Doğ-ğur-mak= Doğurmak= to make this come up > bring this into the world (Doy-umak) = Doymak = to rise to the top / to be full Doy-ğur-mak= Doyurmak=to satiate > to make it full > to feed

[@Abeturk]

TH > T / D TS > S / Ş Thuith >Tuits > Tiss / Diş = tooth (dental) Thuıth > Thuıts > Tuıss / Dış = outer ( external) Thuss > - Suz = (- Less) >>without it / free from it / it's got rid of that Dışarı / Dış taraf = outside Dışsal = external Dışı = out of... (Suz)> Sız/siz - Suz/süz = without / less Kanat = Wing /Kanatsız = Wingless Su= water > Su-suz = water-less / anhydrous Suç =crime > Suçsuz=innocent (freed from blame) Şeker= Sugar > Şekersiz= without sugar / sugar free Kitap= book / Kitapsız = without books / free from books Ücret = fee / ücretsiz = free /ücret dışı =out of fee Gereksiz = needless / İhtiyaç dışı/ lüzumsuzca =unnecessary Kanunsuz/hukuksuz = unlawful / Kanun dışı = outside the law Hukuk-yasa =law > Yasal =legal / Yasadışı = illegal Görüş = sight / görüş dışı = out of sight Sadık -vefalı-vefakar= loyal / sadakatsiz-vefasız= disloyal Beğeni = like / beğeni dışı= dislike Bağlantı = connect / bağlantı dışı=disconnect (LIĞ-LUĞ) (aluk=has got) LI- Li-Lu-Lü ekleri sahiplik ve dahiliyet ekleridir... (Have)(~With) (Dış- Thuıss) Siz-Sız-Suz-Süz ekleri “İçermemek” , "sahip olmamak" , “ondan azade olmak” veya "mahrumiyet" anlamına gelen bu ekler, bir şeyin dahilinde olmayışı ifade eder. (Have no)( ~without) (...less) O benim sevgi-li-m = (~s/he has my love)= s/he is my lover İki çocuk-lu kadın= (which) the woman has two children Çocuksuz adam = (which) the man has no child Şekerli =(it has sugar) = with sugar Şekersiz= (it has no sugar) = without sugar = ~sugar free= şekerden azade Tuzlu =it has salt =salty Tuzsuz= it has no salt = without salt = saltless Gitmelisin (git-mek-li-sen)= you have to go Gitmen gerekli (gitmek-in gerek-li) = you have need to go Gitmen gerekir (gitmek-in gerek-e-er) = you need to go

[@Abeturk]

Yeğ / Yüğ = upper, superior Yeğ-mek > Yemek (to eat)= to add on oneself, to receive into one's essence Yeğ-im> Yem= provender, fodder > Yemiş= fruit Yüğ-le-mek > yeğlemek = to keep it on top of others, make it relatively superior, ~to prefer Yüğ-ka-yer-u > yukarı =(which side is on top) = Up Yüğ-ce > yüce = superior in level /sublime Yüğ-ce-al-mek > yücelmek = to achieve superiority in level Yüğ-sü-ek > yüksek = high Yüğ-sel > yüksel = exponential , superlative Yüğ-sü-al-mek> yükselmek = to rise to a high level, to ascend Yüğ-sük > yüzük =(ring)= jewelry worn on the finger top Yüğ-sü-en-mek > yüksünmek= to feel slighted / take offended Yüğ-ük > yük =(load)> carried on top, undertaken Yüğ-ün > yün =(wool)> the feathers that on sheep Yüğ-üt > yiğit =(valiant)> superior in character Yüğ-en > yüğen /yeğen =(nephew)> which is kept superior, held in high esteem, valued, precious (yüen > yen 元) Yüğ-en-cük > yüğençiğ > yinçi / inci =(precious little thing)> pearl , 珍珠 Yüğengi >yengi> yeni =(new)> what's coming on top of , what's coming after Yüğenge > yenge =(brother's wife)> came over marriage, added to the family later (new bride) Yüğ-üne /Yeğ-ine > yine/ gene =again /over and over > yeniden = anew /once more Yüğ-en-mek> yenmek = to overcome, to cope with, to subdue Yüğ-en-el-mek > yenilmek= to be overcame, to be subdued, to show weakness Yüğengil > yengil =remains on top of, light, weak Şan= Glory, splendor 單于 > Şan-Yüğ =Exalted glorious Yormak=to tire= to arrive over someone (too many). (too much) to go onto (Yörmek)> Örmek=(to operate on something), to weave on top , to wrap onto (Yör-et-mek)> Örtmek= to cover (Yörümek)> Yürümek= to go over something, to wander around (yöre=precincts) (yörük=nomad) Yürümek= to walk (yürü=go on) Yülümek=to go by slipping over something Yalamak= to lick >~to take swiping/ by scraping on something off Yolmak= to pluck=to pull by snatching off, tear off (~flatten the top) Yılmak=to throw down from the one's own top (~get bored), to hit the ground from above (yıldırım=lightning…yıldız=star) Yurmak= to pull onto, cover over (yur-ut>yurt=tabernacle) (yur-gan>yorgan=quilt) Yırmak=to bring it on top of, to take it off (yırışmak>yarışmak= to race> to overcome each other) (Yır-et-mak)>Yırtmak= to tear, to take from inside-out or bottom to top (by pulling from both sides) (~tide over, ~get rid of it) Yarmak= to split in, to tear apart, to halve, separate by cutting off Yaratmak= to reveal it, bring it out, to create Yermek=to pull down ,pull to the ground Germek=to tense= to pull it in all directions > Sermek= to spread it in all directions Yıkmak= to overthrow , take down from top to bottom, turn upside down Yığmak= to stack= put on top of each other, dump on top of each other (yığlamak=shed tears over and over, cry over) Yağmak=get rained on, get spilled on / to pour down from above Yakmak= to burn out=to purify matter by heating and removing mass , reduce its volume Yoğmak=make condensed=to tighten and purify, narrow by turning, get rid of own volume (~get dead) Yoğurmak= to knead=tighten and thicken , reduce volume, bring to consistency (Yogurt=thickened milk product) Yuğmak=to purify squeezing to clean (Yuğamak>yıkamak= to wash) Yiv = sharp, pointed (yivlemek= sharpen the tip) Yuvmak=to squeezing thin out, narrow (yuvka>yufka= thin dough) (yuvka>yuka=thin, shallow) (yuvuz>yavuz=thin, weak, delicate) Yuvarlamak=to round off=narrow by turning (yuva (smallest shelter)= nest) (yavru (smallest)= cub ) Yummak=to shut by squeezing, close tightly Yumurmak=make it closes inward (yumruk=fist) (yumurta= egg) Yumuşmak=be completely enclosed by oneself (yumuşak=soft )

[@Abeturk]

TH > T / D TS > S / Ş Thuith >Tuits > Tiss / Diş = tooth (dental) Thuıth > Thuıts > Tuıss / Dış = outer ( external) Thuss > - Suz = (- Less) >>without it / free from it / it's got rid of that Dışarı / Dış taraf = outside Dışsal = external Dışı = out of... (Suz)> Sız/siz - Suz/süz = without / less Kanat = Wing /Kanatsız = Wingless Su= water > Su-suz = water-less / anhydrous Suç =crime > Suçsuz=innocent (freed from blame) Şeker= Sugar > Şekersiz= without sugar / sugar free Kitap= book / Kitapsız = without books / free from books Ücret = fee / ücretsiz = free /ücret dışı =out of fee Gereksiz = needless / İhtiyaç dışı/ lüzumsuzca =unnecessary Kanunsuz/hukuksuz = unlawful / Kanun dışı = outside the law Hukuk-yasa =law > Yasal =legal / Yasadışı = illegal Görüş = sight / görüş dışı = out of sight Sadık -vefalı-vefakar= loyal / sadakatsiz-vefasız= disloyal Beğeni = like / beğeni dışı= dislike Bağlantı = connect / bağlantı dışı=disconnect (LIĞ-LUĞ) (aluk=has got) LI- Li-Lu-Lü ekleri sahiplik ve dahiliyet ekleridir... (Have)(~With) (Dış- Thuıss) Siz-Sız-Suz-Süz ekleri “İçermemek” , "sahip olmamak" , “ondan azade olmak” veya "mahrumiyet" anlamına gelen bu ekler, bir şeyin dahilinde olmayışı ifade eder. (Have no)( ~without) (...less) O benim sevgi-li-m = (~s/he has my love)= s/he is my lover İki çocuk-lu kadın= (which) the woman has two children Çocuksuz adam = (which) the man has no child Şekerli =(it has sugar) = with sugar Şekersiz= (it has no sugar) = without sugar = ~sugar free= şekerden azade Tuzlu =it has salt =salty Tuzsuz= it has no salt = without salt = saltless Gitmelisin (git-mek-li-sen)= you have to go Gitmen gerekli (gitmek-in gerek-li) = you have need to go Gitmen gerekir (gitmek-in gerek-e-er) = you need to go

[@Abeturk]

NATURAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS (akar-eser / eser-eger) (su AKAR- yel ESER) = water flows - wind blows EĞER / ISE = (EVEN / IF) (yel ESER- ekin EĞER)= the wind blows and bows the crops ISE / EĞER = (IF / EVER) EĞER / İSE and İSE / EĞER constructs are used to specify "conditions" and are often used interchangeably. ISE EĞER: means "If ever" and indicates a condition that is more likely to occur. "If ever you need any help, just let me know." (Yardıma ihtiyacın olursa eğer, sadece haberim olsun) or (Herhangi bir yardıma ihtiyaç duyarsan, bana haber vermen yeterli) “If I'm not tired, we can visit them in the evening.” = “Yorgun değilsem eğer, akşamleyin onları ziyaret edebiliriz” EĞER ISE: means "Even if" and indicates a condition that is less likely to occur. "Even if it rains tomorrow, I will go for a walk." (Yarın yürüyüşe çıkacağım, eğer yağmur yağıyor olsa da ) or (Yarın yağmur yağsa bile yürüyüşe çıkacağım.) “Why should i go to work, (even) if I'm not getting my salary” = Eğer maaşımı alamıyorsam, neden işe gideyim ki.

[@Cryhardstaymad]

鏘鏘我家庭經濟學校教育廳堂妹婿輩我想像樣貌美麗影響聲譽港灣壹傳媒集團軍團購置產業

[@mommydickbirby9689]

谢谢你！