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Clatskanie was named after the Tlatskanai tribe of American Indian, who lived in the hills south of the Clatskanie River in the upper Nehalem Valley. The Tlatskanai, linguistically an Athapascan tribe, originally lived in the flat lands bordering the Chehalis River in Washington State. As game became scarce and their food supply diminished, they left the area, heading south, and crossed the Columbia River to occupy the hills traditionally occupied by the Chinook Indians, who were a large Indian tribe living along the Oregon Coast.
After driving away the more peaceful Chinook Indians, the Tlatskanai established themselves within the Clatskanie-Westport area, and extended their numbers into the head of the Nehalem.
The word "Tlatskanai" was used by these Indians to denote the route they took to get to a particular meeting place, applying to particular steams and not to others. White men carelessly applied this work to the name of the steam. One source lists "Tlatskanai" as meaning "swift running water." The Clatskanie is indeed a swift beautiful steam. Other names that existed for the Tlatskanai were the Clackstar, Klatskanai and Klaatshan, among others.
In 1810, Captain Nathan Winship established the first settlement in Columbia County along the Columbia River, across from what is now known as Oak Point, Washington. Because of the unfriendliness of the Tlatskanai and local flooding, Winship was forced to abandon this location and relocate further down river.
The first settlement of the Hudson's Bay Company in Oregon was at a farm in Scappoose in the 1830's. They found the Tlatskanai so warlike and formidable that the company's men dared not pass along the river in groups of less than sixty armed men. When the first settlers, spurred by the Land Donation Act of 1850, came to this area, they found Chief Chewan with hundreds of Tlatskanai. Soon after the settlers began homesteading the area, the tribe, which was at one time up to 3,000 members, was reduced to three men and five women by a smallpox epidemic. It is believed that the surviving Indians then moved north for their own safety, to be adopted by another tribe. The Tlatskanai tribe has since become extinct.