Clostridium Botulinum

[@Sam_1964]

Outstanding teacher

[@JR-gv4ew]

Thank u so much for this video series.. It really helped me with my subject..

[@peekgamingyt7276]

sir please make compleate series of microbiology

[@1412Z]

Thanks!

[@samsaon7153]

What exactly is the difference between an antitoxin and immune globulin? Both seems to be antibodies neutralising antigens( Toxin subunits)

[@johnvargas761]

Both antitoxins and immune globulins are types of antibody-based therapies, but they differ in terms of their source, purpose, and the way they function: Antitoxin: Definition: An antitoxin is a specific type of antibody that neutralizes toxins produced by bacteria or other pathogens. Source: Typically, antitoxins are produced by injecting animals (such as horses) with small amounts of the toxin, prompting their immune system to produce antibodies against it. These antibodies are then purified and used for therapeutic purposes. Purpose: Antitoxins are specifically used to treat diseases caused by bacterial toxins, such as diphtheria, botulism, and tetanus. They work by binding to the toxin itself, neutralizing its harmful effects, and preventing it from damaging tissues or cells. Mechanism: They are highly specific to the toxin they target, meaning each antitoxin only works for the toxin it was developed against. Immune Globulin: Definition: Immune globulin refers to a broader group of antibody-containing blood products, typically derived from human plasma. These products contain a wide variety of antibodies against many different pathogens. Source: Immune globulins are collected from the blood plasma of healthy human donors, and the antibodies they contain are typically directed against a broad range of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders. Purpose: Immune globulins are used to boost the immune system in individuals with weakened immunity (such as those with immune deficiencies) or to treat specific infections (e.g., hepatitis B, rabies, or tetanus). They may also be used in situations of exposure to certain pathogens, like after a bite from an animal suspected of carrying rabies. Mechanism: The immune globulin provides immediate passive immunity by supplying the recipient with a variety of antibodies against various pathogens. Key Differences: Specificity: Antitoxins are highly specific to toxins, while immune globulins contain a broad range of antibodies targeting various pathogens. Source: Antitoxins are typically derived from animals (e.g., horses), whereas immune globulins are derived from human plasma. Use: Antitoxins are used primarily to neutralize specific toxins, while immune globulins provide general passive immunity against a range of infections.

[@trillionbones89]

Trivia: Botulinium is the deadliest biological and second-deadliest over all toxin, beaten only by the artifically created Polonium.

[@xaaboopinkly]

Thanks sir!

[@nehaseth778]

are cl. perfringens and cl. septicum same ?

[@drsaikiranc]

ITS OVER ... ITS OVER..... ITS OVER ..... ITS OVER

[@عبداللهمحمد-خ8ط5ق]

is antitoxin equal immunoglobulin ?

[@xaaboopinkly]

Thanks sir!