Artificial Gravity

[@JohnMichaelGodier]

Hands down the best presentation I've ever seen on the subject. Amazing!

[@milky_wayan]

JMG omg

[@kd1s]

Agreed - but I think it discounts what the technology will be capable of say 50 years from now, or 100 years. Just think how different the world is right now just between the years of 1919 and 2019. You see my central thesis here.

[@DLCaster]

@@kd1s There will indeed be advances, but the basic physics will remain unchanged.

[@wraithwolfnight813]

a lot of people do not know how gravity works or what gravity is, and i did not even understand 75% of what you said. very good video, why don't we test this in space? we as humans will NEVER go to a planet en-tell we find a way to deal with artificial gravity or gavity.

[@kd1s]

@@wraithwolfnight813 Yes indeed I'm fully aware that many people have no idea about physics, gravity.

[@andyroid7339]

I don't think that this presentation could be more comprehensive! The amount of work you've put in is incredible. Well Done and Thankyou!

[@hintzofcolorconcepts]

What about centrifugal propulsion systems from the 1970's that outperform their pathetic single accelerator ion drive? No mention of launching rockets from weather balloons (or reusable high altitude dirigibles) to save our atmosphere from wasting rocket fuel fighting wind resistance? The stupidity of human's 20th century public space technology is laughable.

[@KB-fo1sr]

@@hintzofcolorconcepts You probably sound clever to "You"🙄

[@rusmiller816]

@@KB-fo1sr 👏👏👏

[@danielmcquay2872]

knowing that people think about these things and then explain them this well makes me feel like we have some kind of future.

[@tonyhawk123]

Law of KZbin. No matter how well explained and produced a video is, it won't keep the idiots away.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Great Episode!

[@CoolWorldsLab]

Isaac Arthur thanks Isaac!

[@sanjivinsmoke3322]

Ohhhh.. SFIA is here...

[@milky_wayan]

holy moly!!!

[@jameswhitman3934]

I'm impressed. I don't know if you will read this, but I've been thinking about the ability for technology to give people meaning and novelty when they are traveling to other worlds. The psychological effects of space travel are just as significant as the physical ones, and in many ways intertwined. Great to see a wonderful video like this and possibly communicate with one of my favorite KZbinrs. It's a good day!

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

@@jameswhitman3934 Thanks!

[@Birdsummit39]

I’m a novelist and I’m new to writing science fiction. Read a lot when I was young. Writing it seemed so daunting. These videos are fantastic and incredibly useful for the world building I’m aiming to do. Thanks for posting them.

[@Wildturkey10121]

What kind of science fiction are you writing? I'd be curious to talk to you about it if you like. I'm almost as smart as I used to think I was hahahaha.

[@brianarbenz1329]

I've self published two sci-fi novels, one taking place largely in Earth orbit and one on a Mars trip. For the latter, I speculated that the crews could spend several hours a day inside a gravity simulation module rotated on a long tether. On the Trans-Mars portion of the trip, it would be change in phases as they got closer to mars to simulate Martian gravity, then along the same schedule changing to Earth gravity on the return portion. This process could enable the crews to avoid the troubles of bone loss and cardio-vascular imbalance caused by long term zero-g. Since they'd basically do nothing except sit inside the module during their hours therein, there'd be no serious Coriolis effect. I called the module the Earth Gravity Simulation, or Mars Gravity Simulation modules, depending on the direction being traveled, and figured crews would casually call them the "Egg," or "Mug."

[@Bobbyfischer89]

Wow it’s really astounding how much of work must be put behind something that is almost passingly mentioned in the sci fi movies. What is the name of your books by the way

[@johnq6619]

Thank you for not shying away from technical language. Complicated topics require complicated explanations.

[@JamesHawkeYouTube]

truth is simple

[@brianarbenz1329]

They also avoided jargon. No, "Roger on your plan to fix Alpha Echo three Five. This is Mission Control, trannnnnnnnnnsmission concluded."

[@calamar1e320]

Truth is simple, but specification on the basis of what MAKES it truth will always be complicated

[@py1211]

The preparation work for this video is equivalent to a thesis. Very impressive.

[@Astra2]

Not quite...

[@CJ-gn8qm]

As an engineer who applies theses principles this is an exceptional presentation!

[@josephw4830]

Engineer for whom and doing what? Supply a link to your thesis paper, while you're at it, too. :D

[@CJ-gn8qm]

So I’m not sure you are interested or just taking the piss! Actually I am a Fire Engineer and one of the areas I apply theses principles is in the application of fire dynamics to the design of buildings. This involves complex computational fluid dynamic analysis which resolves fire-driven fluid flow (you may know this as smoke). The software solves numerically a form of Navier-Stokes equations appropriate for low-speed, thermally-driven flow, with an emphasis on heat transport properties from fires and is based on conservation laws for physical quantities of mass, momentum, energy and species concentration (you may know this as different gas concentration such as CO). Clearly all this calculation considers the contribution of gravity. My thesis (many years ago now) was based on a comparative study of empirically derived equations and computational fluid dynamic analysis which showed very close correlation to experiments undertaken. Thus allowing such techniques to be used to predict the fire performance of buildings with a high degree of confidence. Hope this helps

[@josephw4830]

@@CJ-gn8qm Well how very good of you to lend your expertise in mythematics. While math never lies, men do. Often employing math to push their bullshit. This is exactly what I read, so graciously supplied by yourself. A glass is 1/2 full/empty. If you agree 1/2 full is the same as 1/2 empty, then : .5F = .5E Solving (2).5F = (2).5E Reducing F = E Interesting how math is so easily manipulated.. unless you believe Full is the same as Empty. Here's another: 1+1=1 1+1=2 1+1=3 1+1=>3 All 4 statements are TRUE when the statements are applied to marriage as the subject. So seeing how your firefighting expertise is so all knowing; What IS gravity and What MAKES it? I will accept any EMPIRICAL proof. Have fun.

[@earthalienzapa3237]

Be nice we could adjust gravity under us so we walk weight only 10 pounds. Cars 30 pounds motors get 200 miles to gallon 20 horse motor. Aliens learned how to change gravity. And why did you go back pay month to talk to someone when its free use a CB Radio

[@CJ-gn8qm]

@@josephw4830 you’re no mathematician! You’re initial proposition has insufficient information for it to be equal!

[@veorEL]

I definitely enjoy this style of videos 👍 The main reason is, that you took equations and actually broke them down showing how the terms would affect the outcome. I think this is a much better way to convey information, instead of constantly using metaphors (like other channels do), in my opinion you managed to hit the sweet spot with this video. I was able to follow and was engaged the whole time. Congrats to the writer, director, animation and editor of this one.

[@WestOfEarth]

For long duration missions, would it be acceptable to have a special smaller rotating section of the spaceship used solely for sleep? Wouldn't this allow the astronauts' bodies to regenerate muscle and bone loss? During the day, they would live primarily in zero g carrying out whatever activities needed. Possibly have these tiny apartments equipped with bathrooms for...you know gravity assist so-to-speak.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

WestOfEarth yes there are certainly benefits to a zero g environment so a sleep system could work great. Research on the hours needed in the centrifuge to adequately recover would be needed (and very interesting)

[@Bobsry16]

If the work out space, sleep and bathrooms were in a centrifuge that would be good, along with a continuous hallway for walking and jogging..

[@dougsinthailand7176]

Another issue is how to create a seal between the moving section and the "stationary" section such that there would be no friction and no atmosphere loss? Any friction at all might cause the whole craft to start rotating. Interesting problems to solve here!

[@Bobsry16]

@@dougsinthailand7176 Yea that's why i feel the best approach is to rotate a whole cylinder large enough to have a zero g module in the center.

[@dougsinthailand7176]

Check out the Gateway Foundation's new video, @@Bobsry16

[@lucchesi87]

"Occupants would be thrown about the habitat, in a clearly unacceptable manner" That sense of humor... LOL

[@davidbrandenburg8029]

make them all wear those padded sumo wrestler suits!.

[@rpbajb]

Stage dived and missed the crowd.

[@CaseyFinSF]

Velcro suits.... need I say more?

[@plinyelder8156]

I think it was plainly direct. No humor.

[@awesomedata8973]

Not at all understated.

[@nocapoca5313]

The counterweight design looks to me the best solution for long trips. On a trip to Mars it can be set to the gravity of the Mars, so the crew would be accomodated at the arival. But here is an other solution: instead of a counterrotating balast, can be used 2 ships attached with a cable, wich has some advantages: more space for the crew and backup in case of technical failures.

[@allineedis1mike81]

This may not be feasble but it would be super cool if once arrived at the destination they spin up even faster and fling the ships off in the desired direction. Maybe just to show off😁

[@aone7528]

PPP

[@MilesEdgeworth129]

SpaceX has such an idea as this. It consists of two Starships attached via a high-tensile tether system, while a third one, dedicated solely to flight control, provides thrust at the middle of the tether.

[@mrbaab5932]

The two ship concept has been around fir years.

[@nocapoca5313]

Maybe for 3 years?

[@theos4931]

I'm a psychology scholar, and you make astrophysics sound so simple that even I can understand. That's truly remarkable. I've learned so much from your channel. Thank you.

[@allineedis1mike81]

Psychology or anything in biology makes space engineering look tame and simple by comparison. You work on the most complicated object known to exist. I absolutely love space tech but what you guys do is also pretty damn boss by comparison😉.

[@Liveforgamingman]

I studied political science and even I can understand. Truly remarkable.

[@xonerate371]

It’s truly remarkable they conned the world into thinking the universe spins in all directions at millioms of miles an hour, yet the Earth is so stable, temples stand for 1000’s of years and the zodiacal symbols displayed on them hasn’t moved an inch!

[@shichilaofa]

@AllINeedis1Mike not really. Here in our country psychology is for stupid people. Very easy course.

[@atlantic_love]

@@allineedis1mike81 No, it doesn't.

[@milky_wayan]

Wow. This is like Isaac Arthur. A documentary on every aspect of artificial gravity we know. Great job, Cool Worlds!

[@annoyed707]

It's both like and liked by Isaac Arthur.

[@carlosandleon]

except no speech impediment lol

[@ipnotfound7046]

Carlos Leon you don't have to be mean

[@danmannz]

I was so thinking that, and without the speech impediment.

[@vincewilson1]

@@carlosandleon He says he has a speech impediment, but I can barely tell. He sounds perfectly understandable to me.

[@simonkeeton985]

This would take my entire life to even collate such detail. Genius

[@THX..1138]

I like this video. If I were to pick the one thing that annoys me about NASA and people's space ambitions in general it's how we are seemingly ignoring the need for gravity. We have evolved our entire 3. whatever billion years in 1G. I am extremely skeptical we can live long term in much less or more than 1G. I mean our research in micro gravity seems to say it's really, really bad.Yet after doing zero research into the effects of long term low G we are planning crazy stuff like Mars colonies. Somehow the assumption without evidence seems to be zero G is totally bad, but 1/3 G should be fine....Before we blastoff on a SpaceX Starship to colonize Mars it would be nice to know if we can even live there.

[@jackmack1061]

THX 1138 Regulations will be written in blood.

[@lsborland]

If it can be identified through near-space observation of living organisms such as plants, which genes are responsible for better adaptation to near-zero gravity, it will be easier to identify which genes would allow us to be more suitable for those (or similar) conditions. Any creatures modified to excel in those conditions would however become less suitably adapted to life on Earth. For example, you could compare an Earth-based plant, to it's identical space-faring counterpart in order to see what (if any) genetic changes occur, and where those changes happen. Potential negatives could also be identified in this fashion.

[@TheAmericanCatholic]

I think you can most likely live in Venus's gravity cause it is very close to earth 91% but that will still have some ploblems

[@Mandorle21]

I can't believe you actually think this...

[@erikjarandson5458]

Details. I prefer the Soviet style of space exploration. Put someone on top of a massive explosion, and cross your fingers. If they survive, that's great. Do it again. If they don't survive, there's always the next try. The really crazy thing? Soviet astronauts knew that this was the basic approach, and were actually free to back out (for real). Hardly any did. So, finding volunteers is apparently not a problem. It's totally feasible! Someone please figure out if I'm joking. I hope I am, but I'm not sure...

[@raymondmejias8071]

This man is the best, he is a genius totally one of the best narrators out there...🙏😇 blessings to all!!

[@Jycatgc6282]

Thank you for making your video in caption. Without your captions in this video, how can deaf people like me learn of artificial gravity. Again , thank you! About this video, just one word... “Wooooow!”

[@callemdavies7942]

Ah cool, thanks, I would not have noticed that. That makes the detail and effort put into this even more awesome!

[@XelaJN]

I wish I could be around in the future when solutions to these problems are created and people in the future look back at our syfy movies and either laugh at how far off we were or are amazed at how close we were to the real thing

[@MrConformation]

According to Steven hawking Humans are loosing their rein on this planet. We are destroying our ability to be the dominant species. Not sure anyone will be around long enough to experience adaptive living on teraformed planets or systems.

[@kurtisengle6256]

War of the Worlds. 1897. Tripods walking around instead of wheels. VERY futuristic. Kind of like a gigantic steam powered metal tarantula. Wright Flyer 1903. Again, no wheels! Amazing how close Mr. Wells came to what actually happened 7 years later.

[@tylermorris9196]

It's almost more fun theorizing this stuff. Once they're actually built they'll be awesome, but sometimes the wonder is whats more exciting!

[@Machiavelli2pc]

@@tylermorris9196 but once you build them, more concepts and wondrous things may arise as a result! A feedback loop! Once we build these, we might wonder about Dyson spheres, then to maybe shkadov thrusters, then to moving and manipulating solar systems etc.

[@sanjivinsmoke3322]

More video like this would be great. Connecting science concepts (or even sci-fi) with public through real science and realistic engineering limits. Educational, entertaining and inspirational too.

[@timothyskattum950]

Truth based on reality is often our greatest hurdle. This was beautiful, thank you Cool Worlds.

[@slevinchannel7589]

Anti-Science is on the Rise. Please do something against this by asking me and others for some good Channel-Recommendations of Education and/or Science and also give me some.

[@myidjoeystudios9582]

What a brilliant presentation for such a hard concept. Awesome and stunning!!

[@marvinkitfox3386]

Your presentation voice takes a bit of getting used to, but it is VERY clear. At no time ever in this video did I have to sit and wonder just what had been said. . As someone who very often needs to enable captions to have any clue what is being said on KZbin, I appreciate this very much! P.S. 11/10 on content!

[@marvinkitfox3386]

@@deusexaethera Because it is not merely a foreign accent? It is a clear and deliberate enunciation of the sounds in the speech, done for emphasis on clarity not beauty. Exactly what one wants for a presentation. It is a big deal because the presenter does it deliberately, and for our benefit.

[@marvinkitfox3386]

@@deusexaethera Go ask your therapist. He will know. You have now BOTH stated that his voice is "just a foreign accent, what's the big deal?" AND agreed with my statement that it is being done deliberately as part of the presentation. These two statements are conflicting. It is *very* unhealthy to disagree with yourself!

[@jp-um2fr]

It's called 'English'. Odd that, wonder why?

[@jammystraub488]

Thank you for making this. What differentiates this video from similar ones on KZbin was the inclusion of historical photographs and technical drawings. Well done.

[@wade8130]

I sometimes imagine a huge cylindrical service module, containing life support, some sort of propulsion with attitude retros, and a much shorter, but same diameter, O'Neill cylinder at one end for the crew. Great video!

[@allineedis1mike81]

It always seemed like it would be simpler to me to start out with your counter weight. Maybe capture a NEO or something like that. Have your habitation and manufacturing pods ready in pairs to connect to the counter weight (hub really) with cables or something similar. Maybe even traversable tubes. Then just keep adding pairs getting closer and closer to a circle. Maybe the pods could even manufacture the spaces between them to finish the big wheel. Honestly I think making powerful nuclear reactors for space is gonna be a must to do any of the big stuff we all dream about. It takes a lot of energy to process rock and metal into something useful. And for moving it all around its absolutely required. All the reaction mass we could ever need is just sitting out there in frozen chunks. We just need to be able to get it hot and blow it out the back. Its such a shame that everything nuclear has such a huge public perception problem. Thats gonna be a major problem I think. People just love the drama so much they ignore the facts on this particular tech. Maybe we should come up with a new name for nuclear tech? That may be all it takes. The fuel comes from the Earth so lets call it organic rock power or something. People will loose interest and find something else to complain about.🤣

[@edmund3504]

I'm only 3 minutes into the video and I'm wondering why I feel such a sense of wonder and curiosity despite gravity being a well-established concept. Then I realized... it's the music. I love it.

[@SteelWolf13]

Kinda pulls you in. :)

[@lsborland]

For me the awe is not so much the concept as the acknowledgement of the real-world physical constraints that humans already experience here on Earth. We are in a gravitational "Goldilocks" zone here on Earth, so much so that we take it for granted.

[@cappythumper514]

@@SteelWolf13 I glad we haven't fallen off the earth yet. :)

[@johnwilliamson9982]

Truly a joy to watch. This video needs to have some sort of KZbin science award.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

Thanks John! How did you find our channel?

[@johnwilliamson9982]

Cool Worlds. I had been watching SpaceX themed videos and the algorithm seems to have brought the video into my feed. This was something I’d been wondering about for ages and this video discussed this comprehensively and in a way that a non science person could understand. Thanks again.

[@Paint2D_]

I really liked this video. Any future space station that does not at least have a place to experiment with spin gravity and the effects of lower or higher gravity is in my opinion a bad Idea.

[@northeden8661]

Howdi. I think the first few stations will be the experiments, themselves.

[@shermluge]

Honestly I wish they could find a way to implement an add on to the current international space station as a test..

[@kurkbrewington7015]

Tell Elon that !!! Please !!!

[@Raz.C]

Spinning CAN be used to simulate gravity, but NOT in the way shown above in 2001. I wrote a dedicated comment on this, so I won't go into too much detail here, but if you want to see how rotation can correctly be used to simulate gravity in a microgravity/ zero gravity environment, please follow the link below to a movie (the ONLY movie not to fall victim to hollywood's mistaken assumptions about how forces/ bodies at rest/ in motion all work) and watch it from about 9 minutes and 20 seconds in. This method would work in real life, though if I've done the calculations correctly, the floors (the central axis of the ship) would need to be angled at a minimum of 13 degrees for the 'floors' to seem straight when spinning. kzbin.info/www/bejne/g2S3ea2Xr7Z4pdE

[@theguyfromsaturn]

Definitely. We really need to start scaling up our stations to include spin gravity.

[@brianwolent9593]

I'm 64 and followed Nasa from the start of man going to space. It was a great time in my life. Your presentations renew that excitement. Thank you.

[@StarGazerJim]

Unless we can figure out how to rapidly terraform a planet or a moon, I think the O’Neill Cylinder is the most likely form of off-earth habitation for mass amounts of people.

[@Joshua_N-A]

The largest asteroid may contain enough resources needed to build an O'Neill. Any asteroid that poses threat to Earth should be mined.

[@robertbrown1577]

Thank you for this amazing video! I've been looking for a comprehensive, in-depth analysis of the intricacies of centrifuges for a long long time. This is no exception.

[@stainlesssteelfox1]

There is one way to break the Equivalency principle. Have two objects side by side and let them fall. Measure the distance between them at the start and end very precisely. If they remain the same distance apart, you're accelerating. If they end up closer together, you're under gravity. Gravity pulls towards a centre point whereas acceleration is parallel. If they end up further apart, you're on a rotating habitat (though coriolis effect would have them drifting sideways too).

[@HVYMETL]

nice thinking!

[@chrisehmke1651]

@@HVYMETL would they not attract each other so they move closer anyway? Following your logic, you would reason you are in a gravity field, even when there is none. Maybe this effect can be calculated and eliminated.

[@katalytically]

Loved the video. I have seen others that essentially say that "centrifugal gravity" will not work because of the Coriolis effect. This demonstrates that it can work within specific parameters. What I really liked is the statement that no tests or experiments have been performed in space to determine how mild or severe the Coriolis effect is on the human vestibular system. The earth based testing is, as mentioned, influenced by the earth's gravitational field thus making it impossible to adequately determine what effect "centrifugal gravity" will actually have. If we are going to attempt to occupy space or colonize other planets we need to find a way to make space travel feasible. It is a total waste of people and resources if we send people to Mars, only to have them arrive so incapacitated from muscle loss that they can't even support their own weight at 1/4 g let alone be able to construct habitats and other facilities they will need to survive. The human race is within reach of being able to colonize the Moon and Mars, but we are still lacking well developed technologies. It seems everyone has their eye on the prize but aren't looking at the details that will actually make it work.

[@LucasDimoveo]

PLEASE make more videos like this! Emphasizing the science in sci-fi will show us the way forward ...

[@CoolWorldsLab]

Lucas Dimoveo sure! What topics would you want me to cover?

[@LucasDimoveo]

@Cool Worlds - one topic that I'd like to see covered is human augmentation for space flight. I know that is outside of your wheelhouse, but it is certainly a topic I'd like to see covered

[@ooooneeee]

@@CoolWorldsLab please do a video on whether we should colonise Mars the 1g clouds of Venus first.

[@ChessMasterNate]

@@CoolWorldsLab Power generation in space for use in mining, refining, colonization and such (other than travel; travel has been done to death). Everything from geothermal, solar, nuclear, wind and more exotic stuff, the complexities of doing it in space, on the Moon, on Mars, asteroids, etc. Molten salt nuclear is probably the most flexible, and solar is reliable and cheap anywhere near the Sun, but there are lots of environments, and possibilities. Another is space derived materials. How do you make adhesives, lubricants, building materials, clothing, and toilet paper. Mining and refining techniques... Forging, 3-D printing... Another is food. Food is a biggie. What do we know about growing stuff in space? What would we eat, if were were trying to be efficient, and would never be resupplied. We just have Moon regolith and rocks, or Martian red dust and rocks. We are not a two plant species if those on Mars cannot survive without Earth. Resupply should be a luxury not a necessity. Tissue cultures, iguana, spirulina, mushrooms, shrimp, hydroponics, aeroponics, etc. What kind of modifications are possible for people in space? I think this can be greatly simplified if we engineer ourselves to be cold blooded or at least operate at twenty or thirty degrees Fahrenheit cooler, have our bodies make everything we now consider a vitamin, have bodies synthesize essential amino acids, from nitrogen in the air... We could even remove lots of junk DNA so it is a smaller target for radiation and more quickly repaired, and so cells can divide and heal faster. Probably best to end the relationship with gut bacteria. This solves a lot of sanitation issues and smell issues. It should also make recycling nutrients into fertilizer much easier. Delete the body odor genes. It becomes less urgent to do laundry, if no one stinks. You wash the clothing if it is actually dirty. Body oils can similarly be reduced to keep laundry cleaner. Similar things could be done to any animals that continue to be our food...even if they are only tissue cultures.

[@ZebraFacts]

@@CoolWorldsLab I'd love to see a deep look into how we can get private companies, governments, and investors together in a common path to moving into space and other planetary objects. I would also love to see and hear a discussion on why it seems no one is actively experimenting or testing some sort of artificial gravity system as NASA always claims that one of the main reasons they are having a problem seeing people on long voyages like to Mars is because the results of prolonged zero gravity on the body is so damaging.

[@fleetwood3754]

A superb presentation of rotational artificial gravity.

[@unitedspacepirates9075]

Except no mention of splitting the current space station into three sections... a central zero g chamber, and two equally weighted crew chambers 1/2 km away on tethers to allow 1rpm to provide 1g for our astronauts to remain in space longer without health problems. Two rocks tied to a string (called a bola) demonstrates this principle.

[@plinyelder8156]

Fleetwood Mac

[@cuscof2]

@@unitedspacepirates9075 The structure of the ISS isn't nearly strong enough to support even 1/10 G. It's over $2800/kilo to launch to LEO, and most of it was launched when it was three times that price. If you want a rotating structure that doesn't tear itself to shreds in seconds you need to bring the building material from the Moon or grab a passing asteroid. We cannot boost that sort of mass from Earth's surface at this time.

[@user-mp3eq6ir5b]

Do Hampster Wheels even WORK in S.P.A.C.E. ??? Anybody want to Science Fair one up to the ISS?

[@Gguy-40]

@@unitedspacepirates9075 But if one or more astronauts from one crew chamber decide to visit the ones at the other chamber, the whole system will be thrown off balance unless compensation is made.

[@Wordsmiths]

Thank you for taking the time and trouble to make this excellent video. It's the best treatment of centripetal gravity I've ever seen, and this sort of thing really does need to be "seen" to be understood: not just in diagram form, but animated, in video form. Not only does it illustrate all the physics involved in centripetal gravity, but gives a great history of it, and an honest look at where things stand today (as of March 2019 anyway). The only thing missing was mention of the Gemini mission in which they tethered the Gemini capsule to their spent Agena booster and tried a tethered spin... but the spin rate was so low, the "gravity" thus generated was merely slightly-increased microgravity, and without any computer modeling of the experiment ahead of time, it's no surprise that the tether's unexpected elasticity and tendency to lend an "uncoiling" spin to the capsule (not to mention being so difficult to attach that the astronaut on EVA probably endangered his life to complete the job!), together with the super-cautious super-slow spin rate around the shared center of mass, meant the experiment was nearly useless except as a cautionary tale about materials engineering and affordance. ;-) So, yeah, maybe go ahead and leave that anecdote out. Never mind. This has become my standard reference video for introducing the theory and praxis of centripetal gravity. May we see a Gerald Driggers-esque research station soon! (see his book "Mars Close to Home" for interesting details)

[@Bitterrootbackroads]

Nicolas Nelson -- Wasn't there an experiment conducted on a Shuttle mission with a tether to a satellite that BROKE during deployment? I thought it was represented as something like an antenna but maybe there was more to it?

[@Wordsmiths]

Bitterrootbackroads I would have to look it up, but iirc, that was an experiment in electrical conductivity, to see how feasible it might be to “harvest” electrical energy from the EM radiation in higher low-Earth orbit. The electrically-conductive tether sure worked: a little too well. It snapped because it overloaded and arced or sparked somehow, melting or vaporizing one point along the tether. But I do remember that it was NOT a centripetal-gravity experiment. (I wished it was!)

[@carlbull8008]

I

[@dmsoundcollective6746]

i know this is 4 years old but wow this is awesome David! thanks again for all the hard work you put into these.

[@redmohawkguy1]

The module on a tether with counterweight would probably be the cheapest in my opinion, and the best way to negate the disorientation problem. Say you make a single large module in orbit. Using a long enough cable, one could achieve a radius similar to that of the Stanford Torus or O'Neal Cylinder using much less material.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

redmohawkguy1 yes this is essentially Sorensen’s concept which has the added bonus of controllable gravity

[@GuardsmanBass]

I tend to agree with that, although it's probably more feasible for a space station set-up than a spacecraft that will need to accelerate and decelerate (unless you want to retract the cable everytime for that, or have thrusters on both the module and the counterweight to fire simultaneously). You could get some pretty massive radii for these too if you needed them - we have a lot of materials where the breaking length is measured in kilometers or more.

[@THX..1138]

I'd skip launching a counter weight instead simply launch 2 habitats then link them with a tether...Where they would of course rotate around one another. Water could pumped through the tether to balance out the mass. Such an arrangement could be used to study + or - 1G in LEO or to provide 1G on a trip to Mars or wherever. A similar thing could be done with a narrow shaft instead of a tether which would be more useful on a space station. An elevator of sorts could even be used to transfer from on habitat to another or back and forth from a non rotating zero G center section. Either way the same as with the tether liquid mass would be transferred to keep everything balanced and counter mass of the elevator as it moved.

[@simialogue]

@@THX..1138 A Kevlar hollow tether should easily do the trick.

[@THX..1138]

@@javaman4584 What could be really useful would be to provide 1G on the way to Mars. Then on the return trip start at .38G(mars surface gravity) and slowly over the 3 to 6 month trip home increase to 1G. Hopefully this would allow the passengers to reacclimatise to 1G on the tip home.

[@lukearts2954]

very balanced and comprehensive presentation! A lot of relevant information in a short time, while never getting the feeling that it is rushed or information is rammed in... The build-up of the comfort zone chart is perfect to make this understandable for a very broad public. Well done!

[@CoolWorldsLab]

Cheers Luke!

[@astra8413]

Born too late to explore earth. Born too early to explore the galaxy. Born just in time to explore minecraft

[@A.Dee_Bacc]

Ikr

[@denispol79]

The ocean floor is still pretty much unexplored.

[@Frankenspank67]

You can also explore your mind with lots of fun drugs

[@Fox_Moulder]

For all the people that exist on this planet how can there have only been 8,900 that have liked this amazing video??? Maybe this is the reason why our forward progress is so slow :(

[@bezaleeluk3696]

because it is not informing us of anything new... or providing any workable solutions to the problems posed.

[@joeyjitzel5469]

The math was way over my head but you tied it all together beautifully with your commentary, diagrams and charts. Great job. MORE please.

[@GrandDungeonDad]

Love your videos sir. Your lengthy, detailed and vibrant explanation of the topic makes it easier for people to grasp the problem.

[@karlhauser893]

The tether is the most interesting solution for me, since creating a long cable with a counterweight seems like it would be the cheapest and most efficient method. It probably wouldn't be difficult to built a 1km cable, and suddenly achieving 1g is in the realm of possibility. Avoiding a wobble, however, and finding cables that could be under tension for a long period of time with such heavy weights might pose a problem. Still, that design seems promising.

[@fauzdaar6110]

But it would be very difficult to reach the massive object for something.

[@stigcc]

It would also be possible to start small and add pods when you need more space. Maybe using a meteor as counter weight that they can mine minerals from.

[@AussieSaintJohn]

Wow, excellent production, not that I understood it all but it made me realise that it's a very complex issue and that we are a long way from risking taking long trips in space... even relatively short trips to other planets in the solar system are very risky...

[@CoolWorldsLab]

Dan Under space is not for the faint of heart....

[@richardcaruso7727]

Well not in all cases, John, search engine HAVOC. Nasa says that just 37 miles above Venus there is Earth - like gravity with material friendly temperatures of 70 to 80 degrees. So a gondola attached to the underside of an inflatable dirigible would require no artificial gravity as one walks from one section of the gondola to another. And without fear of your drink, or dinner, sliding off the table while you are temporarily in the restroom. All of this natural-gravity is possible because mainly of Venus's diameter (about 7,600 miles compared to Earth's 7,900 miles) Very little oxygen there, it is mostly Nitrogen & a little bit of sulfuric acid dust that the HAVOC dirigibles propellers would navigate at high altitude with - but remember not quite in space - so that's why I'm bullish on the whole HAVOC CONCEPT and there are other advantages over Mars also. In short - whatever bone loss occurs while traveling to Venus would be much less than going to Mars. Furthermore - more importantly - once at that approximate 37 mile altitude propeller orbit around Venus the astronauts & scientist would start regaining what calcium they lost in the 3or 4 month travel they just completed. And gain without having to do 2 hours of exercise every day!

[@URProductions]

Fuck the risk, man. Let's just do it!

[@URProductions]

'Merica!

[@vDarknessFalls]

@@richardcaruso7727 Fun fact, our earth's core is made of Plasma, and that's where gravity comes from.

[@TheDeadwoods-pl3yo]

This is inspirational and I think myself and the rest of the space enthusiast community would love to see such a demonstration on the ISS with in our life times. It could prove the technology and in turn open up the door to greater exploration of space for astronauts and inspire our greatest minds to think bigger and push further. Excellent presentation.

[@AmericaVoice]

I ABSOUTLY agree with others how this was put in normal medium smart people like me and I'm only currently a undergraduate and understood it 100%! Thank you for making this! I love your channel!

[@north6502]

An undergrad who doesn’t know how to use commas?

[@AmericaVoice]

@@north6502 a undergraduate who has grammar as a weakness! I am not perfect. I have had that issue the moment before I was in grade school. If I proof read what I type a few times, it's much better typically. If it is a policy or something professional, I would have others proof read before it's public! On here, it's a comment that I reacted immediately too and didn't stress out about it! I am not perfect. Every person on this earth has aomething they are good and lacking in. I am not writing an essay or writing something for professional reasons! I was also in the hospital on pain medication as well when that comment was written! 😉

[@FoodFanBoy7845]

Where were you when I took physics man? Seriously this was an amazing explanation, and I will be sharing it with others who struggled like I did.

[@domenicdefrancesco]

Image playing football a rotating cylinder in space, the length of a foot ball field and about 100 to 200' in diameter. You could throw the ball to a team player towards the ends of the field, to your right of left, or to a player above you. But wait, you'd have to take the Coriolis effect into account. Would make for a really interesting sport.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

Domenic DeFrancesco I feel like there’s an awesome scidi film to be made about action taking place on a rotating cylinder!

[@rpbajb]

I found out about this channel from John Michael Godier. I usually play these videos in the background while doing other tasks, but THIS video with its formulaic approach and diagrams demanded my complete attention. I watched it twice, then subscribed. Good stuff.

Excellent video, very well explained. Not as simple as I expected !

[@FrankValchiria]

im glad i got here

[@glutenfreegam3r177]

The BEST 30 minute documentary EVER!

[@CoolWorldsLab]

That’s a very kind comment, thanks!

[@giantfisher]

I agree with @Gluten Free. It seems every video on KZbin is at least 10 minutes even if it's just to demonstrate how to tie shoelaces... they always include irrelevant details like the history of the shoelace. But you have TONS of detailed relevant information in just 30 minutes.

[@greggsenne1268]

I favor the tether method for several reasons. 1, cheaper. 2, the radius can be longer as the tether is cheaper than other structures. 3, the coriolis effects could be limited. 4, the tether would be more stable than a cylinder. 5, even if it were unstable, a shepparding spacecraft could maintain lock with the Earth. 6, the counterweight could be all the stuff reserved for the destination. 7, engineering the crew capsule would be simpler as most of the forces in the "vertical" members would be in tension like a bicycle spoke. 8, at the end of transit the whole thing could be despun with thrusters and the tether wound up.

[@dandeeteeyem2170]

This is easily one of the most informative and fascinating videos I have ever seen. Please continue to make videos like this, and for any teachers out there - please consider taking notes from these guys or even showing these videos to your science students. Well done ♥️

[@deancyrus1]

Hard to understand the technical stuff but the graphics help. I watched the whole thing, i was so interested. Great video. In answer to your question, i really do think we should be experimenting on the iss

[@victoriannecastle]

20% of mass in just a week?! Damn. That's a lot

[@Joshua_N-A]

Wonder how much one astronaut eat per day.

[@pruephillip1338]

Best I have seen on the topic. Well done. Superb in fact.

[@thedarkpassenger6696]

I am baffled at how anyone could click on this video knowing what it's about, sit through (or not) an exceptional presentation about the subject, and still manage to give it a thumbs down. Like wtf did they expect!? It's not clickbait.

[@blackbeardkharkongor8830]

This is the best idea of making artificial gravity, scientists must apply this theory on the space station to make astronaut comfortable and stay safe and longer in space.thank you.

[@cuscof2]

Unfortunately the ISS doesn't have the structural strength to support rotation. It was discussed very early in the planning phase, not enough rotation to actually cause noticeable effects but at least enough that water would go down and it would make planning air circulation easier. The cost for boosting sufficient mass (I-beams and such) to keep the structure from flexing was prohibitive. I think it's more likely that we'll find ways to allow the human body to cope with weightlessness.

[@nicholaswion846]

We are nowhere close to being able to actually apply any of this yet. What needs to be done, is to begin Gravity Simulation EXPERIMENTS, in order to determine what the real practical realities actually are.

[@brettd5884]

Well done! I've never seen a presentation that attempted to place limits on the size/speed of centrifugal structures. The video of the T-handle wrench flipping was also enlightening (stability).

[@Mark-en4tn]

I could just hear my physics professor trying to argue that there is no such thing as Centrifical Force, insisting that we use the term Centripetal Acceleration. But when you spin the tethered ball, all you feel is the pull away from you, rather than the tendency for the ball to want to continue on its path perpendicular to the central anchor for the tether in a net effect manner similar to acceleration. I know Centripetal Acceleration is the correct term to an external stationary observer, but Centrifical Force is a more useful term (real or not) to describe what an observer that is in the system feels. I'm glad to hear you use the term, despite science teachers trying to teach us all to be purists who can't intuit anything without being able to prove it through mathematics. Being an avid consumer of Science Fiction literature and cinema, I always wondered about rotating taurus physics, how big they needed to be, how fast to rotate, and what it would be like to live essentially in the spinning ring of an immense gyroscope. Your excellent presentation answered so many of my questions, and reawakened the awe and inspiration of my youth. Not to mention your movie clip selection was brilliantly relevant. Bravo, and Thank You.

[@deweyoxberg]

What a gem of a presentation. Fascinating history lesson, complex concepts presented in easy to understand analogies, with a little bit of humour. The T-handle experiment blew my mind: definitely wouldn't want to be on that ride! 10/10 would replay again.

[@stevestolarczyk8972]

Thank you for this. I’ve heard others allude to the fact that the taurus design has side effects, but never any explanation of what that meant. Great job.

[@wunkskorks2623]

Great video. I have a difficult time wrapping my head around physics and this presentation allowed me to have a solid layman’s grasp on the subject.

[@WillArtie]

Great summary & vid! So much info - and you went into EVERYTHING I have wanted to know about - well done. Should be required watching for all students interested or studying such things. Well done! Cheers & love from Sydney, Australia. EDIT: and only 4.3K views?! I think, in time, this number will greatly increase....

[@grlcowan]

"Confuse our vestibular system" (22:18) -- I think that just means anyone who has been in spin gravity for a week or two will be able to wake up in complete darkness and know which way is spinward. The spaceborn may hear that Terrans don't automatically know which way is east and think it's a slur, until they visit Earth and discover that it's actually not easy.

[@jamesbuckley8106]

Brilliant documentary deserves a subscription for sure , more please, thanks. 😎

[@KikiTay]

Wow you answered all the possible questions I had and more! Very well done! Very very well done!

[@ufos22]

STUPID ! kzbin.info/www/bejne/eHa6q2eJjcusebM

[@plinyelder8156]

Kiki Tay Really? For the spaceship you’re building?? Lmao

[@abhishekmahajan3782]

If my teachers taught me about gravity and inertia with this clarity i would be in harvard this time lol

[@markschroter2640]

I found the public education system failed me. The private one worked fairly well though. Tertiary education was actually better for me, but I digress; I agree that a good teacher in the math and science area is essential, In my middle high school years I had a rotten physics teacher and the whole class suffered, students that had a 95% average were in the 60% range. We tried to get rid of him but they would not do anything. We later found out he was dying, but that doesn't change anything, he should have been removed. The moral of my story is that in STEM education you can't baffle them with bullshit, you best stick to fact. Numbers matter.

[@Ducatied]

Doubt it. You spelled Harvard wrong.

[@littlehhh4338]

Blank Plate LMAOOOO

[@abhishekmahajan3782]

I'm still in a top University in my country. English is not my first language . I'm still good enough :)

[@marquisdemoo1792]

@@abhishekmahajan3782 You are doing just fine; I'm appalling at languages. I might add my partner, who is not British, speaks and spells English way better than me.

[@TheButlerNZ]

09:56 As this 'wheel' spins on an axis LINE, not an axial POINT... the sides depicted in a lot of these examples are enacted in the same vertical force, not an angle from a centre point... So the land on the left and right should be level with the middle land, not raised in a curve centred on a point in the middle of an axle. e.g., If you spin a cylinder (6:06) then water would level itself perfectly flat along its length... now take the 100m strip in the centre of the cylinder shown at 6:06... and you have any of the wheel like examples.. with the same physics... so water would still be flat across its width, not curving up.... but I just fix things for a living so maybe the artists know something I missed.... like a really big meniscus effect... (or really REALLY small initial proof of concept experiments. q8) While I'm burning braincells (or however the post it notes work in my noggin)... If you are in the middle of nowhere (in space)... what defines you actually spinning... as if things are relative to your surroundigs.. and in deep space there is very little of anything... how do they define your attitude as spinning, and not just stationary.... yet I'm sure if you were spinning head to toe... you would be creating your own artificial gravity with heavy head/feet and zero somewhere around your stomach. (good timing BTW, CONTACT just started on my TV in the background... (one of the only books I ever read as a kid that wasn't a Disney comic or Readers Digest.) and adding a Matthew McConaughey link (7:30) Small coincidental world! )

[@dettie1948]

Why note bore tunnels through an appropriately sized asteroid? lining them as with terrestrial based tunneling making say two of four tubes positioned on either side of an allocated center of rotation and using either ion drive or rocket motors to instill "spin" reduces materials cost and offers better radiation protection (Solar panels across the surface could provide electrical power.

[@camiemengineer]

Great Engineering imagination! That's how problems get solved! Better than that Elon Musk guy! By the way you could build a nuclear reactor and pulverise part of the asteroid for material to provide an ion drive.

[@cathix0032]

If that were so, all the surface material on the asteroid can loosen up and break apart sending a cloud of debris. We tend to see these floating stones as solid but as with the Ryugu and Bennu missions, they showed us a new understanding of how these asteroids are formed. Somewhere out there is probably a solid chunk ....just gotta keep looking. Great idea, but put a blanket or cocoon the stone to keep the material from flying out.

[@camiemengineer]

Cathix 003 Info on Ryugu and Bennu is useful to know but as you said there has to be a solid chunk somewhere out there. A major problem might be how with limited propulsion to dislodge an asteroid from its orbit in the asteroid belt, even something like 500 - 1000 metres across. Ionic propulsion could not do it. But if the moon, with its low gravity, contains ice as well as other minerals then that might be a source of building materials and rocket fuel, (for dislodging), to use transforming the asteroid into a space ship. It's definitely not beyond present technology to start such a venture on the moon. It could even be unmanned and fully automatic. Don't forget that it's just the "manned" component of any space flight that multiplies the costs of things. Solar panels would work superbly well on the moon and they are very light and easy to carry to the moon from earth. They are also easy to add on to each other thus enlarging the power source. Another source of ice may the comets. Hey David! this was your comment and idea originally don't you have further inputs?

[@camiemengineer]

@@cathix0032 Just added further comment on David's comment

[@ChessMasterNate]

I think the problems with asteroids is even greater than Cathix 003 points out. You need an iron-nickel asteroid with very little debris on it to prevent fracturing, leaks, and issues with the debris. Unfortunately, that also means very very difficult boring. I think it would be easier to use a regular asteroid and just hollow out a shape that permits a rotating space station within.

[@kraftrad7840]

Great documentation, history, studies and mathemetics connected - perfect!

[@joz6683]

Thanks for this subject. I have been watching your channel for about a year and going through your back catalogue. The idea of the tidal forces and gravity gradient and other matters is timely, as I have been writing a space based detective novel based on board both a Stanford Torus and a O'Neill Cylinder. I had not considered these issues until now. About half way through the process, the novel is complete, just doing a read through and some editing and revisions. Wish me luck.

[@MikeZablo]

Many channel on KZbin with good content, presentation etc but they lack of quality narrative voice! I can listen to you with interest for hours!

[@scotthowerton142]

Excellent presentation. The only thing I recommend is to keep working on artificial gravity concepts. The answer is there, someone, and will figure it out.

[@samuelboga3055]

Outstanding presentation. One of the best content creators on KZbin.

[@EliSpizzichino]

Great explanations! I had the luck to try the G simulator at Cape Canaveral. The spinning capsule will reach 4G at it's peak (for not specific trained individuals) and at that point moving your hand to reach your face became really difficult and you can tell there is the Coriolis force also going on because the "push" is not just toward your back when moving.

[@oguzhan9424]

Ive watched this when it was released and watched now every second again. You are a treat dr. Kipping. I am absolutly addicted to your videos.

[@zhubajie6940]

I've always thought a tethered two habitats (with a mobile counterweight between them for adjustment) type should be investigated with very heavily shielded habitats. With this, we could develop a series of Aldrin cyclers for lunar and Martian transits building a railroad instead of just the occasional ship to and from these bodies.

[@ooooneeee]

Video essays have been my favourite type of video for a while now. This is one of the very best. You explain all the formulas well and your use of fitting images and footage is flawless. Building that diagram/graph of comfortable combination of radius and rotation speed through the video is a great way to make us understand the irl physical and physiological constraints within which you'd have to design this.

[@nickn1782]

Yes, this should be a priority. Until people actually see simulated gravity and we have personal testimony from those who have experienced it, there will be resistance to the idea. I would say that simulated gravity is (or would be) the most important project for space biology and space medicine right now.

[@nicosmind3]

Go to a fairground and you can find simulated gravity. In one of those cyclon machines where everyone sticks to the wall

[@nickn1782]

@@nicosmind3 People need to see it happen in space. When I talk about space one of the most common responses I get is how human health degrades in low or micro-gravity environments. This is true, but it neglects the obvious mitigation approach: simulated gravity. Until this is shown to work in space (at least for those who do not become nauseated), this is going to continue to be used as an objection. Also, for Martian settlers living in low gravity, an artificial structure could be built in Mars orbit that would allow Martians to be regularly exposed to higher gravity.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

Nick N it would of course be of enormous benefit to the health of astronauts onboard the ISS too!

[@nickn1782]

@@CoolWorldsLab Definitely. Anywhere human beings (or other terrestrial species, for that matter) are in low or micro-gravity environments, a visit to a 1G torus would have health benefits. In the fullness of time (after the appropriate longitudinal studies have been performed), we may be able to determine the optimal time in a full gravity environment that would (mostly) mitigate the effects of given periods of time in low or micro-gravity environments.

[@LordCommissarLex]

The way that he's so elegantly explains things and simple to understand complex topics. has honestly made me fall in love with physics and astronomy. I always respected The Field. But seeing his videos as honestly created a passion for me.

[@conraderkelens8420]

Great video worth watching multiple times. And after reading Scott Kelly’s book it’s clear this needs to be a research priority.

[@markschroter2640]

There is no substitute for experience. It is entirely possible that we will not be able to overcome the challenges with space travel and living outside of Earth's atmosphere. The only way to find out is to go there and try it. There will be sacrifices made. I believe the nanny state needs to get out of the way and let humanity do what it does best. I do believe, having said that, that NASA is correct in that the Mars missions should follow more extensive development in near Earth construction first (perhaps a moon base). The gravity well is a serious hurdle at this point.

[@bradbray1737]

@@markschroter2640 "nanny state"??? I think I know what you mean, but can you clarify? If you are referring to the government, it was the government that put together NASA and put human beings on the moon. Not bad. And did it nearly on or under budget. drive.google.com/drive/folders/1rEKEYaSMYc7_cm8Nlu-BQ2Cet9NVf76m Let's not forget that our nanny state hired OVER 28,000 Private companies to make virtually EVERYTHING to make the rocket, ground facilities, etc. www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2019/07/20/apollo-11-facts-figures-business/#4cbde84a3377 So...if you are ragging on the tired republican bs of "nanny state," try using REAL facts to make your argument.....

[@craigmooring2091]

Thank you. This was a very helpful exposition of factors that have to be considered.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

Thanks for watching

[@rick4electric]

Now I feel the coriolis effect all the time! What did you do to me? We need a bigger Planet!

[@alexisduarte8820]

Stop drinking and you will be fine🤣😂🤣😂🤣😂

[@josephw4830]

haha

[@bigjermboktown6976]

You are the very best at narrating on the context of these subjects. And simply make the best videos period

[@benclarke5914]

truly awesome video, extremely well thought through and equally informative ! this is the physics they will teach in schools sooner or later. the Stanford torus is the winner all the way for me i think the O'Neill cylinder could work well if it was in the centre of a gargantuan stabilizing structure, just seems like Stanford torus is easier, cheaper, less unknowns, etc

[@jackesioto]

The diameter would have to be at least 100 meters or so, which is a bit bigger than the length of the International Space Station. But then again, the classic O'Neill cylinders are depicted as being 8 kilometers in diameter.

[@williamhoskins7818]

They're not paying you Enough! Thank you so very much. Please Continue professor. Curious minds got to know !

[@jasonplant5432]

This is important thank you.

[@smainebelhadi1193]

Agree. But seems to be forgotten by NASA, and space x.

[@masterdementer]

@@smainebelhadi1193 yea exactly

[@DGaryGrady]

As others have said, this is excellent. I have two minor quibbles: First, the equivalence of gravitation and linear acceleration applies only for volumes too small to experience detectable tidal force in the case of gravity (vertical stretching owing the dependence of force on distance and horizontal squeezing as a consequence of the convergence of the force vectors toward the center of attraction. (That is, the gravity force vectors are not parallel.) But this is incredibly picky. Second and more seriously, the loud background music is annoying to at least some of us, and it interferes with intelligibility for those with hearing problems. I don't understand the current KZbin fad for this. I prefer no background music at all. But again, on the whole this is really excellent and the best thing I've seen on the subject.

[@Aditya-l6c6j]

This is the highest quality video I've ever seen

[@thewatcher5248]

Well ur dumb ass and need too learn more and watch more your comment make you sound dumb

[@levik8892]

This guy has just smashed his science exam

[@gireeshdashhare8221]

Lol,he liked every comment except yours. Wonder what he didn't like.

[@iTeerRex]

@@gireeshdashhare8221 Maybe because he is Prof of physics. Calling him a good student is disrespecting.

[@beatriceponovescu3527]

Impressed with this presentation! It definitely stirred up my curiosity. I'd like to see O'Neill's project in space!

[@BellydancerMaliha]

Back in 2009 I wrote a science fiction novel that took place on a generation ship built from a double torus. I did a lot of research to make the forces the characters encounter realistic but WOW, if I’d only had this video, things would have been so much easier! This was explained so clearly and so well-thank you!

[@tinkmarshino]

very well done! A succinct and properly done presentation of facts .. Thoroughly enjoyable 10 out of 10..

[@Puckosar]

Excellent video! It's ironic though how instead of feeling joyful or optimistic after learning about how attainable this technology is like you'd expect I instead just feel angry that we're refusing to even try to achieve it. It's the same when I learn about nuclear power designs like LFTR's or other 4th gen reactors.

[@paulinebennett9863]

That was a very interesting description of the things I explain in my visits to Primary Schools (UK). I do think that there is a less expensive way of getting massive structures into space but we need to see the emergence of proper 'SpacePlanes' first. Their cargo needs then to be compacted, inflatable habitat modules that can be pulled together in orbit and inflated to the pressure needed to get them into their proper shape. I am thinking the torus model is the best option here and many Bigelow type modules would be the type of initial structure required.

[@dermankaya2685]

I have been working on a project and this vide helped me a lot. Thanks

[@KEBinAZ]

The African American astronaut in the beginning of this video is Ronald McNair, who died in the Challenger explosion in 1986, thought that was worth mentioning. Interesting and educational video too!

[@rolandgeter534]

Thank you for that reminder, Who was the lady with the medium black hair and light brown shorts please

[@KEBinAZ]

@@rolandgeter534 the lady with the dark hair and tan shorts at 0:52 is Sunni ( Sunita) Williams.

[@didrone4417]

Dr.Kipping these are one of the best and most interesting videos and presentations I have ever seen,congratulations and please continue to upload more. Thank you very much 👍