Why It's So Hard To Make Better Batteries: Crash Course Engineering #32

There are batteries powering so many parts of our everyday lives, so today we’re going to talk about how they work and how we can make them better. We’ll explain how they provide power by discharging ions between a cathode and an anode, and how reversing that process gives us a way of charging them. We’ll also look at how that batteries deliver voltage differently over time, leading to discharge curves, and some of the work being done to improve the properties of batteries for portable electronics.
Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: • All PBS Digital Studio...
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RESOURCES:
engineering.mit.edu/engage/as...
www.qrg.northwestern.edu/proje...
www.explainthatstuff.com/batt...
web.mst.edu/~gbert/BATTERY/ba...
www.scientificamerican.com/ar...
www.thenakedscientists.com/ar...
batteryuniversity.com/learn/a...
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[@KrzysztofBob]

The problem with higher energy densities is that those batteries, in the event of failure, could be lethal. Increase energy density of iPhone battery 10 times and it’d be equivalent of carrying small C4 charge in your pocket. So batteries of the future should not only be denser, but also safer. And that’s the challenge.

[@zhubajie6940]

So glad you referred to the dendrite issue! So many people think it is so easy to advance the physics and chemistry involved.

Nice video but the title question was not really explained. I get it's "hard" and "dangerous" but why?

[@ikbendusan]

because it's hard to make batteries at scale, that's the only reason

[@KhionePheonix]

To simplify what she said in the latter part of the video; we've hit the physical limitation on battery size using our current methods. Using the materials and chemicals we have in our most efficient rechargeable batteries, we just can't make them any more effective than they already are (in any significant way, at the least). They can't be made any smaller (as she said, more energy-dense), and they're having a hard time making them stronger (by using different components with better energy output). It's almost easier to reduce the size of other parts of your phone to make room for a bigger battery, than it is to make a better one. It's possible better batteries exist out there, but as she said, they're not commercially viable, meaning the costs would be too great for general public use (or they're just too damn hard to make).

[@TheBackyardChemist]

Alternative compositions that provide more capacity are known, but they have other disadvantages, like rapid degradation of capacity, being hard or expensive to make, significant self discharge or a tendency to go up in flames. Fundamentally, if you somehow managed to up the energy density of current lithium batteries by ten times, that battery would have an energy density comparable to TNT. Whenever somehow you have tons of chemical energy packed into a small amount of matter, you get an explosive, the more energy you wanna pack in the more unstable things tend to get.

[@toyotaprius79]

Most battery improvements have come from better battery manufacturing and printing. I don't like the way how mobile phones are heavily referenced for cell technology. For the most part, all of our personal devices have one battery cell, which is inflexible, and they're exposed to abuse too. What makes batteries profoundly better -- in some markets that aren't phones or hoverboards -- is better battery management, better battery assembly, not just it's actual chemical manufacture.

[@akehapkap6143]

You need a really perfect balance between the elements to make it work safe. Some of these elements cannot take to much heat without getting slightly explosive.

[@joshuaortiz5363]

I just graduated from college in Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering and I think this series is amazing, this is actually first episode I watch lol, but I need to catch up watching the rest. I want to concentrate in renewable energy and I hope I become as knowledgeable as you one day so I can work on big projects.

[@ThZuao]

Really wish you have talked about the Memory Effect. It is an ever diminishing problem, but it is still there. As a side note, batteries for microprocessor controlled electronics provide a constant DC supply voltage. That's because those fine electronic devices are really, really voltage sensitive. So your phone battery has a circuit (or your phone has it, if the battery is built in. But it is more common for the circuit to be in the battery in devices where it can be removed) to regulate the output. The discharge curve is still there, you may notice your battery has four pins instead of only the + and - ones, and that's how your phone knows how much juice you got left, only the circuit prevents it from outputting the maximum voltage the battery could provide. In my phone's case, the battery provides 3,8V, I even use it to check if my multimeter is calibrated, but it could reach something south of it's charging voltage of 4.5V (which is always higher than the maximum voltage the battery could provide). Battery life could be extended if my phone could use a lower voltage, but that's a whole other field of engineering. As said in the video, you can measure how much charge you got left by measuring the VDC output between the contacts of your battery and knowing it's discharge curve. Only that It's important to mention that when your battery dies, the voltage has not dropped to 0. That's a totalled battery and some may even literally explode if their voltage drops bellow a certain threshold and you try to charge them. Instead, your battery simply can't provide sufficient voltage to overcome it's internal resistance and the circuit's impedance, which depends a lot on the device they're been used in. Simpler devices can make do with lower voltages, while more complex ones will regard the battery as depleted sooner. I can also explain why slapping the controller works. It's regarding that internal resistance bit and corrosion of the contacts. A nearly depleted battery can heat up with use, and heat can increase the internal resistance of the battery. When you slap the controller, you're letting it cool down enough so the batteries can provide that jolt you need to change the channel. You're also breaking the corroded layer on top of the contacts, reducing the resistance of the circuit. Keep in mind we're dealing with very little energy here, so a miliohm of less resistance makes a difference. And one final thing, that thing you read on every cell powered electronic about not mixing up batteries is not just a trick to sell more batteries. It actually has the opposite effect. When you mix up a brand new with old batteries, the brand new one has a higher voltage than the old one, so it will deplete itself faster trying to equalize both voltages, with the energy dissipating through heat and potentially damaging your device (never seen it happen). As different brands of cells go, you should be fine as long as both batteries output the same voltage and are of the same type. You should not mix up batteries of different components, as they have different discharge curves, making that same problem with different depletion levels and one battery trying to equalize the output of both appear.

[@RangerRuby]

Engineering is so fascinating because it ranges from something as small as a battery to something as large as a skyscraper!

[@valeriucore4613]

Good video series, and topics a very interesting. But a bit more information in an episode would be really nice. I compare it to the Computer Science CrashCourse series, which were really brilliant. Maybe they need somebody to help them with technical aspects of the plot. Because engineering is so broad, and course on engineering is really challenging.

[@moncef0147]

Dont get me wrong, i enjoyed the video, and i learned some things, but why make a title that seems very secondary after you actually watche the video ? How about a title like (different batteries and how they work) that's more like it.

[@user-vn7ce5ig1z]

I've seen a few channels do this sort of thing recently. At best, it's accidental click-bait. ¬_¬ Anyway, for the past year, everyone's been touting solid-state batteries as the future, so you can see some videos on that if you're curious.

[@engibear6392]

*Lol, yeah. I didn't even notice. There was a general overview of battery technology, but almost no discussion of the actual limitations on the technology as implied in the title, with the exception of talking about dendrites and vague mentions of energy density..*

[@UrvineSpiegel]

Its a question you can't well answer unless the person asking understands the types of batteries. She could have said lithium ion is the best type of battery currently, and explained why its difficult to make better. But you would almost certainly question " Why is lithium ion the best?" to which she would have to explain the types of batteries. Presenting the types of batteries first answers the question before you can ask it, then concludes with the answer you were seeking from the start.

[@kypzethdurron]

I have been waiting years for a video that neatly explains this issue! I was so happy when this notification came because nobody explains stuff better than Crash Course! Sadly they didn't actually say why it's so hard to make better batteries and I learned nothing new :(

[@esthermofet]

Bah! You kids! Back in my day, we had to haul around lead-acid batteries to power our wireless electrical telegraphs. They barely fit in our pockets, but fortunately we also had this new-fangled contraption we purchased from Henry Ford to make them truly portable. [Yes, it's rather challenging to select the most effective power source for a particular product: expected purpose, relative size, weight, energy-density, safety, availability of power...]

[@bosworthdk]

0:53 I’m confused - I’ve always learned that the anode is the positive? I learned the mnemonic PANIC = positive anode, negative in cathode.

[@taintdluv2k4]

Same

[@GarrettSerack]

Indeed. Electrons flow from the cathode.

[@Doping1234]

I don't get why school books bother with anodes and cathodes. Those terms describe the direction of CURRENT, not the polarity. The cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs (or electrons enter the device on the electronic rail). If you discharge a battery the cathode is the positive electrode, if you charge it it's the negative. In both cases the physical positive terminal stays positive and the negative stays negative.

[@aadimanchekar1032]

In case of electrolytic reduction of a metal ( metallurgy) anode is considered as positive whereas while considering it in cell it is considered as negative mnemonic LOAN left (side) oxidation anode negative (charge)

[@truong5720]

I knew that there are galvanic cell(+cathode and -anode) and electrolytic cell (PANIC mne). I'm not so sure but I remember it is named cathode depends on where reduction (in redox reaction) take place. Go and check these! P/S: If I'm wrong, just tell me! I will try to revise or delete if I'm totally wrong!

[@whoozl3540]

Thanks - I really liked the video! The general function of a battery was well explained as well as its limitations and the reason for this. Makes me curious about more on this topic!

[@jared743]

I think the editing was tightened up too much in this video. There isn't enough break between her sentences, and it is just a constant run on stream of information. Let it breathe a little.

[@frmcf]

I was going to comment the same thing. It's just not as well put together as other crash course videos. Too clipped narration, some not very well worded explanations, characterless and joyless, timing of graphics not great in places. 4/10 - must try harder.

[@valeriucore4613]

I like the style of dense information without pauses. Videos are not longer than 10 min. If there is a lot of pauses it is easy to get bored, like on a lecture where teacher doesn't care.

[@00buck80]

I am glad it just isn't me a lot of videos are like that. I left a comment to before I read yours might want to read mine

[@alecgrolimond1678]

I know all of this yet it was very well presented and I love the pipe lamp behind you!

[@ShdwftheSuN]

Learned so much! Thank you! Love her voice and explanations!

[@Hambxne]

phenomenal video as usual, thanks again guys!

[@vivmcdaugherty5692]

if you asked a mechanical engineer they might say, voltages in batteries are like the amount of water behind a dam and batteries wearing out over time is like when a spring can no longer spring back and forth bc changes have occurred in the metal - it's worn out

[@Beryllahawk]

Powerful video. I amuse myself!

[@rupeshgarhwal1111]

👍 Your logo is so cool 😎 Loved the theme of your channel 💕💟💟💟💟💟👍

[@RogerWazup007]

Regarding modern smartphones, I've heard conflicting advice on how to maximize battery life including not letting the battery get below a certain percentage (such as 40%) and the number of charges being what matters most, meaning that getting the most out of each charge is ideal. Then there's whether or not to keep the cable in while it's fully charged, letting the battery drain to 0% and then fully charging once a month or so (this might be for older kinds of batteries), and most recently leaving apps open instead of closing them. What's the best way to make batteries last the longest in terms of months and years?

[@saberwasel]

I was thinking of this question this morning and this vidoe came 😍

[@mysterym2269]

Same

[@ArunGoyal2007]

Good video. Primary battery is in HS 8506 while rechargeable one are in hS 8507. Parts are in respective heading. useful if you want to trade in imports and exports where these codes are required in customs documents.

[@eduardoramirezjr4403]

I was never interested in engineering until I got hooked on Crash Course and the great Doctor/PHD.

[@castle4328]

Love this channel

[@engibear6392]

*Well, I feel like I learned something today. I wonder if there was a missed opportunity in there somewhere to sneak in a mention of cathodic protection?*

[@joycejaydivine483]

Very informative

[@brendansmith9677]

I'm so glad that my LG G4 has a removable battery! If it were sealed in, I would have had to ditch it 1 or 2 years ago. Now it can go till it breaks or the semiconductors fail!

[@RiggingDoctor]

What about the different chemistries of Lithium batteries? I have been told that LiFePO4 batteries are safer than other Li batteries

[@ratdude747]

Found an error: 6:39 - Lead-acid batteries are *not* high voltage, they're high current. NiMH and Lithium Ion batteries for hybrid/electric cars *are* high voltage, but that's not what the second half of the sentence described.

[@eve36368]

this video is beautiful!

[@boyceps]

My dad used to have a battery charger that would recharge alkaline batteries. I remember 24 hours to recharge but don't overcharge them. Also, turn off (or put to sleep) what you aren't using... Bluetooth, rarely used applications, physical location tracking, etc. Turn the brightness down, use a plain black (or very dark) wallpaper.

[@Joeviocoe]

Jeff Dahn's PES211 additive to Tesla's battery cells, have indeed increased performance and capacity. this is recent news within the last year or so. it may not be sulfur dioxide for dendrite control, nor a full silicon anode... but significant progress is being made in the commercial space. I think they are up to 5% to 10% silicon in the graphite anode... and looking at other dendrite controlling chemistries for the electrolyte. Including solid-state electrolyte.

[@sudhanshubharadwaj3337]

What video editing software should I start using if I want to start making SCIENCE VIDOES ON KZbin?(I want the software to be able to handle graphics illustrations animation etc but be easy to use)

[@RiggingDoctor]

We are switching from AGM to Lithium batteries in our electric sailboat. Trying to carry enough power to run a boat long distances is a challenge!

[@killman369547]

Graphene batteries might be a solution. They're more expensive but they have much quicker charging times higher storage capacity.

[@sung-yulpark3258]

In Li ion batteries, as the amount of charge stored per volume increase, the amount of cycle life decreases. Dandrif like Li growing was a major problem in the pastwhen Li metal was used as anodes. Carbon based anodes are used and the batteries are designed so that the capacity of anode is larger than cathodes these days to prevent dandrifs. However, it takes 6 carbon atoms to store 1 Li ion so the capacity is limited. When other material that can store more Li is used, the material will go through more volume change compared to carbon anodes. This volume change will damage the structual integrety of the anode. The amount of charge stored per one charging will increase but the battery will go through a lot fewer charges. Thus, it is almost impossible.

[@sgoorden]

If you`re tired of fighting over the power outlet in coffee shops or airports, just bring a T-extension and you can share....

[@GR-ym8po]

Thank you

[@shortstacksport]

This is really more of a science video than an engineering video.

[@SenpaiHitesh]

CrashCourse, Very Cool.👍

[@famitory]

you can sort-of recharge primary batteries, but the results are not particularly reliable or convenient, depending on the battery composition. usually the problem is that the de-ionized anode and cathode atoms/molecules don't get redeposited evenly, which messes with the ionization process once the battery is put back into regular discharge use. there's also all sorts of nasty dangers like the potential for unwanted reactions producing gasses, unreasonable amounts of heat, ect. if you want to try and recharge a primary cell battery, do it slowly, and stand back.

[@ThunderBassistJay]

Nice, but why swap anode and cathode? Current flows from anode to cathode. Electrons travel from cathode to anode.

[@RobertNewstrand]

what about super capacitors in place of batteries?

[@toyotaprius79]

In place of batteries where? Supercapacitors have very high charge/discharge rates and have mostly over the 20th century used in high-voltage grid systems. They're quick, but aren't capable of holding much capacity. They're not practical for portable storage. One example I can give are the new generation of LeMans racers and Formual 1s which have used "hybrid" drivetrains (CERS). Batteries, even very large ones of all-electric cars aren't fast enough to capture energy in race situations. The need for rapid energy capture and demand, and the giant amounts of electricity it takes to slow down a race car from 180 mph - it makes super capacitors way more practical, but they're not good for mobile devices and such.

[@BranDenhauer]

They actually are making it work on a commercial scale now. There is a new company called Ionic Materials that is producing solid-state lithium ion batteries that last 10x longer and are actually safer than liquid-state batteries. They accomplished this by developing a conductive plastic that doesn't oxidize like the old solid-state batteries that used metal components that produce those dendrites that eventually cause a short. The paradigm shift for the future of energy is finally here. From phones to electric cars, this is going to change everything. Disclaimer: for now, one of their biggest investors was the US military (no surprise there) so they are producing batteries for military drones first to satisfy their contract. But they are expanding their factory and plan to start rolling out batteries for commercial use within the year.

[@nebulalogic3784]

I hope someday we can make it

[@andrewsprague4566]

I'd actually be willing to have a bigger battery in most of the circumstances I use one. 2-3mms on my phone for even an extra 30 minutes isn't a huge trade off for me. Is there a reason outside of the demand for smaller things that we can't make them bigger?

[@akehapkap6143]

Until now, lithium cobalt oxide or lithium manganese oxide ion works nice :) No danger of explosion unless you batter it really bad. Like, my mini iPad (I use this for all, got no laptop or pc) have lasted for 6 y and still going strong. It don't get to warm or heated. I see the battery capacity is getting lower. I guess I have to change the ion-lit battery in a year or so :)

[@kzenias]

I would prefer more animation or graphical displays because even with replaying some of the parts, most of this goes way over my head. Sincerely, Someone who is definitely not an engineer

[@hailey8941]

Was that supposed to be the Boston dynamics dog robot? 2:49

[@erikziak1249]

I wonder why it walked backwards out of the screen.

[@tubemasta5000]

So the negative terminal is called the anode these days?

[@Baxtexx]

Don't forget that better battery tech is essential for storing renewable energy.

[@MoreAmerican]

I came here for the articles.

[@Monody512]

That Boston Dynamics robot ran backwards!

[@makeracistsafraidagain]

Beauty and intelligence!

[@toyotaprius79]

Love seeing this in my subs feed, but I just have a real problem with how everything was worded here. Are they expensive or *really expensive*? Has there haven't actually been any advancements? And the benefits/real world uses aren't telling anything, it went as far as mobile phones and holding excess energy 12 volt car batteries. Just have to say that there definitely has been improvements, giant improvements in Lithium batteries - the improvements were mainly down to practical advancements. Finer and finer manufacturing, printing or laminating technique, better appropriate use of different Ah cells for different applications. And for the most part, better computer battery management (if you're going to blame Galaxy Notes). Dendrites are super real and important to understand, it's one of two ways of severe capacity loss (and thermal runaways) as there's Lithium ions lost flowing between the Cathode and Anode. Like crystals in a cave, dendrites grow from pertained warm temperatures +40C, most crucially, dendrites are from ions embedded inbetween the electrolyte which happens when forcing max current draw from a battery at near-freezing temperatures. Battery management of Net capacity use, of thermal management and multi-cellular voltage balancing remedies those glass ceilings for these batteries.

[@boyceps]

I thought of the perfect solution to that. Modern computers have multiple processors, right? How about adding a second battery in the phone? When the first one gets too low, it switches to the second.

[@rekhachaudhary5461]

Crash course astrophysics please!!!!

[@adrienneandcarlie]

This may seem a little weird but she seems a little upset today whatever it is I'm giving her a hug

[@davidsan9654]

Lol hearing "bat tree" every few seconds gets only slightly distracting

[@lucasbudega]

0:56 says electrolyte lets charges flow between anode and cathode; 1:27 says electrons can't flow through electrolyte what?

[@CuriousSomeone]

Wow she is great!

[@SmallBeanImperialist]

7:51 Whats wrong? Snake. SNAAAAAAAKE

[@Qermaq]

That color is just stunning oh her. Dr Shini? More like Dr Shiny!

[@mysterym2269]

The intro sounds like the into sound of Ted

[@avi12]

7:51 I love how she uses the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 as an example of a bad battery design

[@josephfox9221]

Be nice they are trying their best

[@reelsalih]

Brains and beauty ❤️ Thank you for this.

[@010WhatMy]

reticent reb̷el beauty not so much And this problem has been known for years. This person isn’t bringing anything new to the table. She is simply reading a TelePrompTer. I’m sure she is capable of understanding abstract concepts but her intellectual creativity is empty

[@reelsalih]

@@010WhatMy I personally think she's very pretty. As to the content of the video, it's probably not meant to come out as a new concept, thousands of videos are constantly made covering the same concepts, but everyone adds their own little touch to it. I like the graphics exclusive to this channel, I like the way she speaks and goes from one point to the other. I do believe criticism is great as long as it's constructive, and it's definitely not illegal to voice your opinions so I'm not gonna jump at you for it. It's okay if you don't learn anything new from the video (actually, kudos for being well-informed) , but you need to keep in mind that thousands of other people are.

[@irrationallymadphysicist6945]

@@010WhatMy she's got a PhD in mechanical engineering (Dr. Shini Somara for you), sure it isn't chemistry or electricity but all engineers are often educated in pretty much all of the physics disciplines even if they're not directly related to their "main" field, doesn't sound like someone that lacks creativity at all. and because of how complex a problem it is, it's not like she's gonna present us the end-all solution, not in a KZbin video.

[@user-vn7ce5ig1z]

Stomach-acid for a battery huh? Hopefully not a lead-acid battery; eating lead isn't really popular anymore.

[@camiloiribarren1450]

The hardest thing to do, batteries. Gotta have the right balance of chemical energy to electric energy ratio so it doesn’t eat through the container

[@UFBMusic]

Hilariously, my laptop is at 8%.

[@ItsDooby]

How would a fluoride battery work since it’s the most electronegative?

[@aadimanchekar1032]

Impossible as fluorine wont give electrons back at the time of recharging as more the electronegative ion less the tendency to give its electrons

[@andy2more475]

The more I think about battery technology, the more I think about abandoning it all and create or have "ambient" energy on the go.

[@bsinita_wokeone]

So.........batteries are going to be obsolete in the near future according to the disadvantages of batteries described in this video, i mean think about limited storage, sizes, and limited usage. I wonder will there ever be a truly wireless battery charger without the need to charge it into a wall outlet for home and travel use?

[@Jackpkmn]

Easiest way to get more battery life into your phone designs: Stop making them so thin they break if you look at them too hard. As battery tech has evolved, 10 years ago an 8cell laptop battery pack had 4000mAh and lasted about 2-3hr on a charge. Today a 6 cell battery pack has a 4000mAh capacity and lasts 2-3 hours, imagine if they had used the improved batteries to make an 8cell pack that was like 6000mAh and lasts like 4-5 hours! We're really getting screwed by battery companies.

[@jousboxx9532]

0:14 actually since I upgraded to a Samsung that has never happened to me

[@essufi4933]

hoped you can talk about tesla batteries and it's mechanism

[@anyokasan]

0:52 cations which are +ve go to the -ve cathode 🤦🏾‍♀️

[@nealkelly9757]

am nyo Why fo include that symbol at the end of your comment?

[@anyokasan]

Neal Kelly because they’re spreading misinformation that ppl will take for fact

[@deeperlayer]

@@nealkelly9757 from all.his explanation u only saw the symbol you pc peasant?

[@andytarkoshev9115]

Radioactive batteries are the future

[@dan1204hc]

You can work and research on batteries following the career of Chemical Engineer.

[@ahmedelmogi5113]

Why we can't have a battery that work like a plant " green energy " ?

[@suppeople9987]

can you do a crash course coding

[@lmdmt]

🤔 I thought the anode was positive and the cathode was negative

[@Baxtexx]

Actually, I have never run out of batteries on my phone. Just charge it every night.

[@traplover6357]

Wish Qi chargers can TRULY charge wirelessly without a pad or wire touching the phone.

[@arthuryan3577]

Traplover7 Your wishing for too much.

[@logisec]

They have some early prototypes, check out Linus Tech Tips video on it! Very cool stuff 👍

[@McJethroPovTee]

@@arthuryan3577 there are prototypes in development that can wirelessly charge from about less than a meter so far. It's gonna take a really long time for it to reach about 2 or 3 meters and even more time to be commercially available.

[@hudsonpowell1182]

@@McJethroPovTee yes, but those are traditional forms of wireless chargers. There is actually a company with a working prototype wireless charger than can deliver wireless power to an entire room at once. The two drawbacks are that the amount of power that can be delivered at once is low, and any device that is being powered must be attached to a receiver. The receiver is small enough that it could easily be implemented into a phone charger, though, and thats really what most people would use a wireless charger for anyway, so I'd imagine we will see room-wide wireless phone charging as an every day staple within about 10 years.

[@erikziak1249]

6:42 Lead-acid battery having a good energy density? I cannot agree with that statement. They have a very low energy-to-weight and energy-to-volume ratio and also energy density is on the low end of common batteries, together with nickel-cadmiun type chemistry. Also lead-acid batteris are cheap, which is another major reason that keeps them on the market. Their biggest advantage is that they can deliver very high discharge currents, hence have a big power-to-weight ratio. This is what makes them perfect for cars and trucks because starting an ICE requires the battery to deliver a very high surge current.

[@evegarvega]

She has pretty nice eyes! And the information is very useful!

[@gato-junino]

I really liked the video, but it didn't answered the question of the title. Am I wrong?

[@hamishneilsen]

Why not just use a fuel cell?

[@neilregan2488]

Anode + and Cathode -

[@waffielz3106]

Make batteries better again

[@vivideradicator]

TESLAAAAAAA

[@macbuff81]

chemical batteries suck. Not only discharge they quickly, but they also degrade due to dendration. They have of course greatly advanced over the last few years and there are some interesting new approaches on improving on the underlying tech

[@guillep2k]

"Negative charged electrons"? WTF!?

[@dantepper7613]

Alkaline batteries CAN be recharged! I do it all the time. The issue is heat. Get the right charger and it will work

[@toolazydidntread8926]

Hey

[@studiorose11]

Her eyes are piercing. And this was extremely informative and well explained. As usual with this Chanel.

[@heronimousbrapson863]

Her eyes may be piercing, but the shelves behind her are crooked.

[@Hambxne]

@@heronimousbrapson863 yeah that was bugging me too

[@killman369547]

Graphene is the answer.

[@SubjektDelta]

7:50 - guess someone's using iPhone here...

[@delwoodbarker]

Batteries do last longer. Just not forever.

[@oreubens]

2:20 ""...where it (the battery) can no longer power the current to the circuit. I.o.w. the battery is out of power"... eek... batteries store *ENERGY*. So "the battery is out of energy". 2:25 "the amount of power you can cram into one battery..." no no no... the amount of energy you can cram into one battery.

[@attackLive]

Just make 'em bigger, what's the problem?

[@otoman106]

How about Nucler battery??? ....russian battery