The New Chemistry: Crash Course History of Science #18

One of the problems with the whole idea of a single Scientific Revolution is that some disciplines decided not to join any revolution. And others just took a long time to get there.
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[@NostalgiaChubby]

hands down, my favourite CC series, but then again I'm extremely Hank and science biased

[@NostalgiaChubby]

I'm gonna go ahead and assume Hank loved one of my comments after 10 years...just so my day will be perfect

[@LuisSierra42]

Go ahead then

[@NostalgiaChubby]

fine! I will!

[@arcticassistant9909]

I miss the secret compartment 😭😭😭

[@TheCrewExpendable]

I don’t think we should judge phlogiston and caloric theory tooooo harshly. It combined combustion, oxidation of metals, and cellular respiration into an early theory of redox reaction. The fact that these are all connected and related is definitely not obvious. Seriously, the idea that explosions, plants growing, and eating a cheeseburger are related seems crazy at first.

[@billboyd2009]

But we have to judge them by today's standards! How else can we denigrate these SWM and their patriarchal society? Take slavery - a huge injustice and soley performed by Europeans and WASPs - except for all the Arab, African, Chinese, Indian etc who had been slavers for centuries and many claim some still are today!

[@tomrutter1637]

You glossed over the importance of Lavoisier's tax collector background. As a tax collector he learned double-entry bookkeeping. "every entry to an account requires a corresponding and opposite entry to a different account" He applied the same rigor to chemical reactions. Is there some matter missing after your reaction? Keep looking, you're not finished. Equivalent exchange (with apologies to the Elric Brothers)

[@LadCarmichael]

Yeah I was disappointed they didn't mention his most famous quote: "Nothing is lost, nothing is gained, everything is transformed" This is the first lesson every student learns in Chemistry classes.

[@sandradermark8463]

Tom Rutter Never underestimate the power of a tax man. Death and taxes?

[@ebitoro4590]

Go ahead and take my thumbs up for the FMA reference. That was going through my head the entire video 😂

[@cboisvert2]

@@LadCarmichael Although the quote is from his wife! It's no accident that Lavoisier's most famous portrait shows them both working [Mrs with very big hair]

[@michaelkristensen506]

Lavosier vs Le Chatelier....two different French chemists.

[@cboisvert2]

One more woman is missing in this picture: her name is Emilie du Châtelet. She's famous for translating Newton's principia into French (remember - French was spoken throughout the courts of Europe at that time), but more importantly, it was her who decided to write the Math in the manner of Leibnitz, and doing so she made Newton much, much more accessible. Her 'translation' was much more than that, and she also published a textbook that made the laws of physics clearer still (institutions de physique). [incidentally, she's also famous for being Voltaire's mistress. Yet another woman more famous for who she scoodylipoops* with than what she actually does]. *scoodylipoops: yes, I'm a long time fan of your and your brother's work.

[@AllenGrimm1145]

5:12 I REALLY want to learn more about Pierre Méchain and Jean-Baptiste Delambre's story now!

[@kokuinomusume]

There's a great book about them, "The Measure of All Things" by Ken Alder.

[@sandradermark8463]

Alan Grimm I was born and live in Castellón, the town where Méchain died of yellow fever (In between Valencia and Barcelona, on the east coast of Spain). There are streets and plaques and a gravestone for the man who made the metric system possible.

[@AllenGrimm1145]

That's awesome! After what they went through, they deserve more credit, if anything. I'd never heard of them before this video.

[@AllenGrimm1145]

I'll be sure to keep an eye out for that book!

[@lakrids-pibe]

Hans Christian Ørsted, the dainsh physicist, came up with danish names for some of the elements: Hydrogen and oxygen became _brint_ and _ilt_ , based on the words for burn (brand) and fire (ild). He thought that it made it easier to learn science and to develop new scientific ideas. Thus _hydrogen sulfide_ is _svovlbrinte_ in danish.

[@Carewolf]

He also made the precursor to the metric system that was used in Denmark and Prussia. Edit: No wait, that was Ole Rømer.. Too many Danish phycisists

[@camiloiribarren1450]

Always love a good science history lesson. Love learning from this channel, even about branches that I never truly studied up on(engineering, astronomy, world history, etc.)

[@DavidChipman]

11:22. She was born in 1858? Don't you mean 1758? He was killed in the 18th century, not the 19th.

[@francoislacombe9071]

Timey wimey stuff

[@MrMatte1983]

Yeah... I'm pretty sure that was a slip of the tongue...

[@jmc7642]

Okim not the only one, because my brain asked, "B.C.E.?" I mean it was either that or maybe Marie Anne, was into cold dudes who became shorter.. and we're dead. 😳

[@kimjones600]

No, Hank, your French pronunciations were pretty impressive!! You must've worked hard on that one. I appreciate your efforts.💚

[@crashcourse]

We ALL worked hard on them in the room. :D - Nick J.

[@knife_wizard]

"Age of Empire"? C'mon, man, I've been sitting over here with Age of Empires 2 on my hard drive for like a year now and you drop the 's'? You're killing me. :P

[@mortuos557]

When this series arrives in the present, could you discuss predatory journals a bit? Those seem to endanger scientific credibility and it might be good to know how to recognise them.

[@Mrbertiification]

Saying "Sapere aude!" and not name-droping Kant instantly *shaking my head*. (I just couldn't help myself.)

[@DaudAlzayer]

Fun Fact! Count Rumford, a.k.a. Benjamin Thompson, was born in America, specifically in Worcester Massachusetts. He spied on the American side without getting caught and later earned his title in England. He had a fascinating life.

[@kimberlymartinez4067]

Yes, my favorite- chemistry! I'd love to use this video to help my students understand that mass remains the same even when it changes state.

[@andyhartley]

Just one point on your maps at 0:57 - at that time London is indeed the capital of the Kingdom of England (as this was before the UK existed) but the Kingdom included Wales during the whole of the 1600s. Your map shows England only, without Wales. At the time, Wales was a part of England in every way. It's only really since 1801 and the United Kingdom was Wales once again seen as seperate from England, as a constituent nation of the UK.

[@christopherhoward4160]

Cool.

[@dstinnettmusic]

NERD

[@TransoceanicOutreach]

England and Wales still have many unique connections, for example they have the same legal system and the same cricket team.

[@oh72911]

thank you so much, this is fascinating!

[@rparl]

And Laplace also incidentaly derived a now useful transform. At one point in his tome on celestial mechanics, he needed a particular result, so he took a day or so off to pen a slim volume on math. This was mostly ignored in favor of his major work, so the Laplace Transform was unknown until the 1940s, when it supplanted the Heavyside Transform, which was useful but has no mathematical basis.

[@miri64]

I actually like the English term for the Enlightenment better than the German version coined by Goethe: "Die Aufklärung". The same term is used in Germany when you give someone the birds-and-bees-talk, which is why this always leads to a giggle in the classroom when the Enlightenment is the topic.

[@sahanavic7841]

So we only really made significant progress in modernising chemistry because Lavoisier refused to 'teach the controversy' around phlogistons, and made the old school of thought go extinct. Something to think about for creators of the US curriculum around biology.

[@24680kong]

It's a double edged sword. Controlling which idea is taught does not guarantee we chose the correct one. If we turn out to be wrong, it would set back education by decades. The repetition of experiments is more important: it allows students to discover for themselves which idea fits the data best.

[@pietervoorhans]

That phlagiston thing reminds me of today's dark matter/energy.

[@athilalthaf6222]

Exactly the idea of dark matter is as brave as leaving place for possible elements by Mendeleev. While observing a galaxy some scientist could not explain it unusual spin. So they hypothesised some special kind of matter which takes care of the additional mass and cannot be interacted through electro magnetic waves

[@remildejesus]

Thank you!

[@jessebrace]

Reminder to update the CCs around 3:35

[@crashcourse]

done, thanks! :)

[@onlythefacts999]

Fourier also was the first to use series methods to describe systems (particularly thermodynamic ones), a contribution so important they were named after him (Fourier series) and contributed to the foundation of partial differential equations. Dude has to be one of the most important scientists nobody outside of his fields really knows about.

[@erikziak1249]

Almost blew up my speakers. Thanks. :-)

[@xXDesteroyerX]

Love your vids

[@hanleysmith8886]

I'm watching science history videos wall eating icecrem out he bucket in my kitchen at 2:00 am, for fun... im cool

[@kimjones600]

OMG that's me like every night 😄

[@jonycosmo6585]

Hey love the content keep it up just wondering what telescope is in the background there

[@stardustashes]

As a French, I studied half of this in school. Well, I wish I had Hank as teacher. It's waaaay more interesting explained by him

[@sandradermark8463]

Somewhere I read that Laplace was a teacher of geometry and/or mathematics at a military academy. Among the cadets at his class there was a little nerdy Corsican whom, as I have heard, would go on to attain far greater things...

[@geoffreywinn4031]

Educational!

[@RabenFlueh]

Love the way they use to bring bits of history to life! By the way... I suppose, he is fluent in one language alone. This happens often when the chance to travel into foreign countries is statistically low. So it is okay to butcher the pronunciation, as long as one is aware of it and acknowledges it. (I'm just glad that they write the names out, and I don't mean only French, but German, Italian, Latin and Spanish too ^.^ ) Cheers!

[@mickmickymick6927]

You did great with your pronounciations this time Hank, way to go. Bien fait

[@rolandabt6475]

Mick Mickymick Encyclopédie - I beg to differ

[@PlannedObsolescence]

Roland Abt Nothing is ever good enough for people.

[@Deus_Almighty]

It was funny-bad instead of annoying-bad so great pronunciation I guess. "Bien fait" as a stand-alone doesn't mean "well done", it means "you got what you deserved".

[@sandradermark8463]

Mick Mickymick Légion d'Honneur! 💝

[@mickmickymick6927]

Ça peut vouloir dire ça mais en ce contexte c'était véritable, pas sarcastique.

[@isaiahlogan3302]

Hi love your vids

[@RogueIntel]

11:45 Cracked me up

[@AlthenaLuna]

Can you folks fix the sound balance? The intro music is so much louder than Hank that I have to turn the volume down significantly for it not to be painful...and then turn it back up so I can hear him when Hank starts talking again. Good content - as always - but that volume difference is uncomfortable.

[@josh3658edwards]

At 8:50, copper sulfate is compound of copper, sulfur, AND oxygen.

[@PennyDreadful1]

Marie married Antoine when she was 13 and he was 28. But things were just different back then.

[@umutkarakurt6017]

Dark matter and dark energy are the phlogistons of our era ;).

[@cabronmalisimo]

Mhh, that's probable...

[@Kraflyn]

fair enough!

[@Alavashus]

As a Metrologist, I appreciate standards and the Treaty of the Meter.

[@Rah391]

Please do a video on the Manhattan Project!

[@elfarlaur]

I can tell you practised the pronunciation of "les Philosophes" Hank XD

[@philibertlehardi8054]

And sadly it is still wrong

[@sandradermark8463]

elfarlaur Far better French than his German, honestly!

[@Frahamen]

"Encyclopédie" is a bit of a miss. In French, stress is always on the last sylable (last sylable that's actually pronounced, that is)

[@greensteve9307]

And yet he can't even say "France" correctly! xD

[@NillKitty]

Yet he butches "phlogiston" hilariously.

[@dstinnettmusic]

That’s so interesting for revolutionary France, as in the 1789 revolution they were SUPER obsessed with rationality and progress. Then again, that’s probably why he made that appeal

[@mrnicomedes]

I'd love to know what evidence inspired Lavoisier's "something is coming out of the air" guesswork. Scientific progress never (rarely? Is there a scientific version of mathematics' Ramanujan?) comes from nowhere - it's incremental, even when it's revolutionary.

[@MrShanester117]

Do Freebird!!

[@elraviv]

a mistake at 11:20 Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze AKA Madam Lavoisier was born in 1758 (not 1858)

[@Dayglodaydreams]

I didn't know Goethe coined the term "Enlightenment" (I associate him with Romanticism, and a weirdly philosophical color theory that was not physically true). I also did not know Goethe was a philosopher at all.

[@MrCrashDavi]

Same here.

[@PatrickAllenNL]

If people still mention you after 250+ years you have truly made it.

[@aimg9223]

NICE

[@markholm7050]

Copper sulfate is a compound of copper, sulfur and oxygen. The video says, “copper and sulfur”. This is in the portion describing the new chemical nomenclature.

[@nal9345]

we really need him to do more biochemistry lessons:(

[@fionatan6723]

when u guys redo the geography crash course series, can it be a john-hank joint production again like big history? pleeaasse geog is way too interdisciplinary for just arts or sciences but not both :)

[@johngalvin1653]

Phlogiston: accent on second syllable.

[@Dayglodaydreams]

I thought that it started with Descartes's Meditations in 1691.

[@heroinedecheshire7065]

we need crash course history of art

[@lovedayeze6878]

Yaay 2018!

[@MichaBerger]

Phlogiston is as wrong as describing electronics by invoking positively charged holes. But aether was a totally different theory. Nothing to do with phlogiston theory nor chemistry in general. Off topic for this video. The idea was that if light is a wave, what is waving? A wave on the ocean is the motion of salt water. So what is moving in a wave of light? Answer: aether. Which was then replaced by space-time itself, rather than a substance occupying space.

[@ShaedeReshka]

Good overview. I hope it's followed up eventually with some notes as to why the term "Enlightenment" turned out to be extremely inaccurate despite a few major scientific, mathematical, and philosophical breakthroughs.

[@athanasia6660]

Does anyone have an idea what video editor crash course use?

[@starspawn507]

“Disintegrate a willow tree” I don’t want to go Mr Green

[@rahulshivaram1510]

A tragic omission is not mentioning Joseph Fourier's: "Fourier Transform"... today it's used billions of times in nearly every single machine, device and form of communication. From streaming your audio on KZbin to keeping an aeroplane stable in the air!

[@barreljumper1607]

I see Hank's buying his sports coat off the hanger. Come on dude, you can afford a trip to Men's Wearhouse.

[@Brandon-wx2ty]

Who else loves this show and science

[@sandradermark8463]

Golly that you did not forget Marie-Anne! Both Lavoisiers, husband and wife, were a tandem and she carried on with science even after his death... Isn't it unfair that, until recently, Antoine-Laurent was the only one who was remembered...

[@GrimMayDie]

Yeah, Mr White! Yeah, science!

[@bradenross4182]

_yeet_

[@blyyat5924]

Hey good one

[@Sean_Coyne]

Tip, the letter "c" in classical Latin is always pronounced as "k". So Newton's Principia is pronounced as "prinkippia".

[@amiratlanta]

So few women mentioned in this series. I'm sure it's not the writers or Hank leaving them out intentionally but rather the result of rampant sexism during the times discussed. Women must have made real contributions but getting published or recorded in history was nearly impossible. A real shame.

[@Felix-wq2ec]

"Described by Bacon." That's somehow funny.

[@jonathanbyrdmusic]

I feel so phlogisticated! This is a phlogiston of information.

[@ArjunTheCreator8]

Is it coincidental how I started Crash Course Statistics the same day as watching this video?

[@sandradermark8463]

And Scheele? Shining the spotlight on France puts Sweden definitely on the fringe... Unless. Surely. Carl von L. awaits in Uppsala next week - so sad that on the 100 crown banknote they have replaced his face with Garbo's...

[@taylorkoda8378]

Yayyyyyyyy chemmmmm

[@mohitberi8355]

i am excited for the launch of 'AN ABSOLUTELY REMARKABLE THING' on 26th sept .. are you?

[@Eastmarch2]

Everything that made France truly great got thrown in the fire in that revolution. They really threw the baby out with the bathwater. Turns out executing everyone of ability in your country just isn’t great for your long term success...

[@umerbinayaz6440]

Am I the only one to notice the Giancoli's book in the background? (on the shelf).

[@lindavilmaole5003]

I encountered the Phlogiston theory of heat with the work done by Count Rumford of Bavaria. He presented his findings regarding heat produced during the boring process of a cannon to the Royal Society of London. The belief by then was "as matter is subdivided, phlogiston or caloric will flow out of the material." Count Rumford observed that when the boring device becomes blunt, as long as the boring device works against the cannon, even if there is no more further subdivision of matter (as the hole did not become bigger) still heat was produced. The caloric theory of heat or the Phlogiston theory died after that. This episode provided me the information that Lavoisier created the term "phlogiston". He is the first husband of Madame Lavoisier. Count Rumford was able to put and end to the life of the Phlogiston theory but he was not able to extinguish the LOVE Madame got for her first husband, as Madame Lavoisier continued to carry that family name even if she married Count Rumford. Quite romantic?

[@reysiejaycuares5289]

The New Chemistry was invented by Rumford and Lavoisier . The Enlightenment was a shift in ideas about knowledge , away from traditional sources of authority . The Enlightment was also about social values , such as individual libreity , the progress of individual liberity , civilization , and religious tolerance , including the separation of church and state. The Encyclopedia physically demons trated three big ideas. First knowledge to our collection pool all the times , second knowledge is recordable we can transmit knowledge through things like books, third , knowledge is political . He wanted to use knowledge to help people out. Lavoisers tested his hypothesis by accounting for inputs and outputs in chemical reactions- a perfect example of eighteenth -century quantification of science. Lavoisers discovered that the mass of matter remains the same even when it changes . Lavoisier and his allies developed a whole nomenclature for chemistry in 1787. " Inflammable Air" became hydrogen " sugar of satum" became lead acetate. Vitriol of Venus"- which had also been called blue vitriol , bluestone, and Roman Vitrioal - became copper sulfate. I can say that science have so many discoveries before and I was also amazed on how they made all of those expirements they are all really genius scientist .

[@skylight6820]

"The Encyclopedia physically demonstrated three big ideas: First, knowledge is cumulative. Humans add new knowledge to our collective pool all the time. Second, knowledge is recordable. We can transmit knowledge through things like books. And third, knowledge is political." this line is very enlighten me. though we all know that every human being is knowledgeable in different manners. So, now because of this video I've got an idea for every human races. Thank you ma'am for wonderful guide:0 because of you we find this and watch this.

[@jafarmala8506]

1600 was the century of science and 1700 was a century of philosophy. Philosophers were deeply thinking about how human should behave... And they discover the laws of nature which led to be a guide in human behavior. It helps us to maintain or compare the good from bad so that is why, it led us to move with a limitation. We also add new ideas and record it for our own purposes and benefits... however some people use these knowledge as a way of getting others out or making their feet above them. Lavoiser created a term phlogiston. Phlogiston theory, the air was released during it burn and oxygen is necessary to chemical reaction. So, a candle is burning and you cover it with a jar then the flame will go out because it used up all the oxygen. This made my mind that physics and chemistry have a biggest contribution in our daily life in order to do our jobs more easily than before...

[@ainiebaldecasa8800]

The video was really amazing because I take chemistry subject when I was High School but then I did not know who invented the elements of the periodic table and other that is related to chemistry. In fact, when I saw the video I was enlighten with what the information given. First that trigger me is the Phlogiston Theory where it is the opposite of how we understand chemical reaction today. Second, the interesting 3 big ideas of encylopedia which consist of knowledge is cumulative meaning humans add knowledge, knowledge is recordable it means that we can transmit knowledge through books and last is knowledge is political. Eventually, books are really important to record the history. Another that catch me is about Antoine Laurent De Lavoisier who change chemistry as a qualitative discipline to quantitative one. He also said that mass, matter remains the same even when it changes form or shape. Aside from that he is the one discovered some elements of the periodic table which is oxygen, hydrogen and silicon. All in all it was an interesting video to all of us especially students to have any background about chemistry.

[@janeen5930]

I am stock with how encyclopedie demonstrates its idea as knowledge is cumulative, knowledge is recordable, and knowledge is politics. By that everything is knowledge, has its knowledge, and knowledge is everywhere, each one of us has knowledge that they can contibute as well. The knowledge of the philosophers that chemical reaction occurs, brought us another form of knowledge. They have explained everything through chemistry, though their chemical reaction. I have learned a new vocabulary again that Carbon dioxide before is a phlogisticated air and oxygen is dephlogisticated air.

[@historicalminds6812]

What happened to the Audio at the beggining?

[@dmitryanderson2242]

Artillery only

[@alijayameilio]

The Complexly logo doesn't have a sound :(

[@MrAsiansation]

I'm going to name my dog phlogiston.

[@fatihataheya2718]

Hi❤️

[@joshuagreening3713]

where is #11 and #12??

[@jackdoyle7453]

Englishness isn't in someone's DNA it's in their hearts and ideas.

[@dannymiller504]

I thought the pronunciation of Principia was cleared up last week? It's a hard C sound, if I'm not mistaken.

[@crienospmoht]

I'll admit I've done 0 fact checking, but this is a great channel.

[@ashagerhard8906]

Is there a video about Bacon on this channel ? He is always talking about him, but I have never heard of this guy ...

[@DocEonChannel]

Episode 14 of this very series, for example...

[@mrnicomedes]

How on Earth did Fourier find evidence of the atmosphere's greenhouse effect?

[@MakeMeThinkAgain]

Chemistry was still neo-alchemy until valence bond theory.

[@wyoming2000rs]

Can't wait for Biology before Darwin!

[@reddlesm7394]

Nice

[@billylucius7288]

1700's chemistry sounds like FART Science!

[@megmorgan21411]

I accidentally clicked this video, but then I saw Hank. This is no longer an accident this is fate.

[@katherinegutierrez3215]

Helloooo

[@Linkman95]

I feel for all of Crash Courses criticism of ancient thinkers like Aristotle, they fail to apply the same critical lens to the enlightenment. Like, "individual liberty" That's all well and good for us upper class folk, but not the poors. Break from religion? "Boy, the church sure owns a lot of land, and wouldn't it be nice if we had that land?"

[@PlannedObsolescence]

Linkman95 Individual liberty is for everyone. I'd rather not live in a society that doesn't have it. And just a reminder: hate speech is free speech.

[@Linkman95]

Okay, but that doesn't really have anything to do with the point I was making in regards to enlightenment thinkers often just wanting these enlightened ideals for themselves, and being kind of shocked that the lower classes thought liberty meant "liberty"

[@ashagerhard8906]

Linkman95 Libertarism will serve the interests of rich people, because it brings the freedom of commerce and the fact the state should not interfere in people's lives. But individual freedoms are truly for everyone. And about religion freedom, it is with secularism typically French. During the French Revolution people were not able to go to churches that were closed. And now the state is really not religious. The president swearing on his bible could not arrive in France. And the church is still having lands but since the revolution it can not ask for taxes, the churches do not get money from state an you can not show your religion in a school (public or private catholic).

[@melonlord1414]

There are always two different kinds of freedom. There is the freedom of the slavemaster, factory owner or other powerful person, to use other people without being disturbed by the state and there is the freedom of the weak not to be used by others but being able to live the life freely without some rich guy telling them what to do. I find the second one more important. Still, I wouldn't want to live in a society where the state controls everything. But I think it's crucial that the state controls enough.

[@26yd1]

Linkman95 Do they criticize ancient Thinkers? They can make some remarks about what seems ridiculous now but not really the political systems and religions it advocated ect... based of our actual knowledge. It's quite the same with the enlightenment, french revolution and stuff I guess. That would be anachronic, it was a transition from monotheist systems and monarchies to republic, capitalism and liberalism. There was not yet enough scientific knowledge available at the time so that many people develop materialism as an ideology and then as a political one, to get rid of myths and essencialism further than enlightenment rationalism (like in the french revolution for exemple, integrating women into politics remained a joke even for the leftest of the left), so you can only make criticism of it regarding today's criterias of "freedom for the poor" that started to be a thing in the XIXth century with the birth of marxism, left-libertarianism, anti-authoritairism, anti-colonianism and the social claims for women, workers, ethnias/colonies/"races" ect...

[@MagicalMongoose]

i learned most of this in AP Euro lol

[@richardshort2001]

Mmmm Bacon philosophy.

[@lucianaperezorejas1060]

Can someone please summ it up for me? PLEASE :)

[@rodfer5406]

What are your sources ?

[@passage2enBleu]

and we now live in the Age of Offense.