Newton and Leibniz: Crash Course History of Science #17

The standard story of the Scientific Revolution culminates with the long life of one man: Sir Isaac Newton-a humble servant of the Royal Mint, two-time parliamentarian, and a scientific titan whose name, along with Einstein’s, is synonymous with physics today.
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[@crashcourse]

Quick note that we learned later that we mispronounced "Principia" and have corrected it in subsequent episodes. WHOOPS! We actually had Allison Marsh, our consultant in the room for a later shoot and we were all very embarrassed. Thanks for understanding :) - Nick Jenkins (Senior Producer)

[@LifeInspector]

It's not just that. I'm a Latin teacher, and almost every time there's Latin, Hank is mispronouncing it. Even earlier in this episode, he pronounces "annus mirabilis" as "annus mirabAlis", and puts the stress on the wrong syllable too. Also, you said that the S symbol for differentials stood for the Latin word "summa" meaning "highest", when it actually stands for the NOUN "summa" meaning "a sum." Almost every episode that includes Latin, there is something wrong with the Latin. Please please please get someone who actually knows some Latin to check these things.

Note that in German "Lei-" is pronounced like the English "lie", so Hank butchered both Leibniz' name as well as his birthplace

[@robspiess]

You're going to take someone's eye out! Besides, it's mir-AB-ulus, not mira-BAL-is!

[@baronDioxid]

Hank butchered literally every single German word and name I've ever heard him say exept one (I don't know which one though) :D

[@drfernandobayo]

CAVEAT: "Principia Mathematica" is pronounced "Preen-chee-pee-ah" (accent on Chee).

[@julian_ossuna]

"Paved the way for Pink Floyd album art, amongst other accomplishments" LOL

[@Titamiva]

Leibniz : in German when e and i go walking, the latter does the talking.

[@GreRe9]

Germans would say that the "ei" (or in Eglish simply 'i') sound - is a compilation of the 'i' sound (as in 'e' or 'is' 'simple' (or most other English words with an i)) and the 'e' sound (similar to the 'e' in "gender")...

[@DaDunge]

Green Red well at any rate it's not Leebniz. If it was it would be spelled Liebniz

[@Polarbaerchen]

Also applies to the city he was born in. Seriously, is it that hard to look up the pronounciation on Wikipedia?

[@upublic]

sometimes the american utter lazyness makes me scream like mad. seriously PBS & Frank (or whichever Green brother's on duty) is it so bloody effin hard to google a effin bloody uber-famous guy's name?!?

[@simonkemfors]

this is so counterintuitive when English isn't your first language

[@htrland]

Interesting historical note: Some sources argue that Leibniz was the first to come up with the principle of least action. In light of the Calculus Priority Dispute that Leibniz had with Newton, and the fact that Leibniz's work had historically been overshadowed by that of Newton, it's interesting to note that the principle of least action has outlived Newtonian physics. Newtonian physics was overthrown through the work of Einstein and others, but least action continues to be relevant in modern physics. It's intriguing how Leibniz came up with a principle that was more fundamental than Newton's laws, was overshadowed by Newton for centuries, and was finally vindicated by modern physics.

[@oskarhenriksen]

Funfact: The Principia almost didn't get published, because the Society had blown the budget on "The History of Fishes". Which was, as you might suspect, not as groundbreaking

[@HistoryNerd808]

Newton's hometown sounds like either a Harry Potter spell or a new, horrible disease

[@patrickrusk6939]

As someone from the town, it's definitely the second option

[@Nadia1989]

Like Ottery St. Catchpole?

[@billboyd2009]

"Old Newtown" is my personsl favorite - in Norfolk or Suffolk I believe.

[@tamaracarter1836]

“Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth” is a tiny Hamlet, not a town. It’s where Sir Isaac Newton’s house, quite a humble early 17th century building called “Woolsthorpe Manor”, still remains.

[@camiloiribarren1450]

Love learning history and science at the same time. Thanks, Hank

[@Kraflyn]

+Camilo Iribarren : and german and latin too :D cheers XD

[@ximoxativa]

8 minutes and i did not hear something from Leibniz..... the real inventor of differential calculation

[@abuzohaifa1066]

I feel bad for leibniz.

[@nswanberg]

Newton -"Does German beer always taste of warm piss?" Leibniz- "I know not what warm piss tastes like.":) BFF after that exchange.

[@rdreher7380]

Now, "leeb-nits" is a very, very common mispronunciation of Leibniz, which should really be pronounced "Layb-nits" (as in a "long i" or /ay/ sound. However nobody pronounces Leipzig with an "ee" sound. always makes an "eye" sound in German, and also is always a "ts" sound as in . Thus in German, Leipzig is pronounced [láɪp.t͡siç] - where [ç] is the voiceless palatal fricative sound (called "ich-laut" in German), which is a kind of soft fricative K-sound, although in English a pronunciation of /láyp.sɪg/ is pretty common. (BUT NO LEEP-sig!) While I'm at it, some more German advice: I'm glad you knew well enough that makes a /v/ sound in German. However, another very common mistake you made is with the in . In German makes an /f/ sound.

[@Omega3131]

Excellent!

[@davidnotonstinnett]

I wish you understood how useless pronunciation diagrams are for people who aren’t language experts.....

[@mariospetros]

@@davidnotonstinnett They are the only way to unambiguous explain to english speaking people how a foreign word is supposed to be read, or to describe sounds not available in english (or mainly sounds present in one language and not in another), mainly because english has no universal pronunciation rules. And after all, no it is not that hard to learn or to read without being a linguist expert. I believe an arbitrary dictionary should have explanations and wikipedia has sound samples. There is also a difference between trying your best to pronounce something and not succeeding, and pronouncing something dead wrong.

[@angeluslupus]

Everybody is correcting the pronunciation of Leibniz and Principia, but I can't see anyone pointing out that Halley rhymes with Sally, not Bailey

[@looxluthor802]

Yea, that was a bit jarring, too. It definitely is not a Crash course in any language.

[@SaraBearRawr0312]

Imagine being in a position where the current well understood maths of the day don't support your theories so you just INVENT A NEW MATH, not a formula, AN ENTIRE BRANCH OF MATH.

[@kimberlymartinez4067]

I'm really loving these videos! I'm obsessed with learning about history and science at the same time!

[@elwitkauesa4148]

Thanks for the great presentation! Very informative and playful to keep us interested! I really enjoyed it. 👍🏽

[@ludwigvr3212]

I love learning new things with your videos because they’re so informative yet brief. Through your videos I learned to have fun learning new things and even school became somewhat tolerable. Keep the great work up guys :-)

[@craigmooring2091]

Despite the linguistic problems therein, I really enjoyed this video.

[@bluesfishes8491]

Bravo sir and or Madam! Bravo!

[@DaDunge]

Can't say I do. It's heavily biased towards Newton. It failed to mention Newton didn't give gain his full explanation for calculus until after Leibniz published his.

[@poochthedog1]

This is so cool i love learning and a big help for science in our school

[@love_tammy]

tbh I find finding the area under the function impressive because I had to learn that stuff last school year and it took me forever to grasp

[@pmg7171]

Bring back crash course mythology! !!!!!!!!!!!

[@ScienceCommunicator2001]

Newton did math physics and astronomy. He deserves more than an episode comparing him Leibniz!!

[@HopDavid]

Neither Newton nor Leibniz deserve the title "inventor of calculus". Building this branch of mathematics was the collaborative effort of many people over many years. If anyone deserves the title it would be Fermat. Fermat, Cavalieri, Barrow, Gregory and others had already laid the foundations of calculus in the generation before Leibniz and Newton. The revolutionary innovation here was analytical geometry, in other words graph paper with an x and y axis. This was developed by Fermat and Descartes. With this tool curves like conic sections could be expressed algebraically. For example y=x^2 becomes a parabola. x^2 + y^2 = 1 is a circle of radius 1. With this innovation it was only a matter of time before people used Eudoxus like methods of exhaustion to get slope of a curve. Which was done by Fermat. Ditto area under a curve. Which was done by Cavalieri in the generation before Leibniz and Newton. Newton's instructor Isaac Barrow passed on to Newton the notion of fluxions or infinitesmals. He also likely gave Newton the fundamental theorem of calculus which was discovered by Barrow and Gregory.

[@goodmen409]

Seeing as in mathematics the first to publish is generally considered the first to discover, if Barrow and Gregory did give Newton the FTC instead of publishing it themselves its their loss, Fermat rarely published things as well. It was his son that published his notes after his death. can't say I know about Cavalieri at all. But your argument that Descartes should be the inventor of calculus because he came up with the Cartesian Plain is flawed, you can make a tool but what someone else does with that tool is not now your work. While I do agree that it was only a matter of time before someone came up with it, we can only say that in hindsight, being that at the time it was a revolutionary idea. Now to your point about collaborative effort by many over many years, why not give the title to Euclid he started the way we even approach Mathematics, or any mathematician that came before Newton or Leibniz, The reason we don't is because they weren't the ones there doing the work and publishing the theory. again you can lay the foundation to a house, but you don't get credit for building the whole house you only get the credit for building the foundation

[@johnsummers9660]

Neal Stephenson's Baroque Cycle novels, while fiction, are filled with all kinds of interesting tidbits about this time in scientific discovery. Another great book, The Scientists, is purely a history of science but no less compelling. I highly recommend reading both.

[@DaDunge]

John Summers not sure I would read a book on this subject by an English speaking writer. Never come across an English speaker who want terribly biased in favour of Newton.

[@hunterfarwell]

He barely talked about Leibniz and seem to favor Newton....

[@akapilka]

@Tweaky Robin maths aren't invented, they're discovered.

[@balthasarrasahtlab8872]

Also, the "ei" in Leipzig is pronounced like the "ie" in "to lie".

[@Carewolf]

Which is another way of saying it is pronounced as an e first followed by i. German is more consistent like that (at least most of the time).

[@GregStew]

Thanks very much for sharing.

[@fjbz3737]

2:09 I can already relate

[@jkerm2727]

This series deserves a nobel prize in education and preservation of knowledge.

[@aspiahmacaurog4354]

I salute Isaacs Newton, He is so brave for wanting almost to understand everything even though Newton's dad died and her mother remarried, he pursue to study and manage to finished his study. And yet after a years of his graduation he develop the 7 invisible color of light. No wonder, how great he is!

[@Irrazzo]

Cool book (fiction) playing off the feud between Newton and Leibniz, and the early days of the Royal Society: Neal Stephenson's 'System of the World'.

[@TheAlexxcoeur]

Thanks for existing Crash Course.

[@yohannsalomon4758]

Best introduction ever 😍!

[@JohnToddTheOriginal]

Good to see an Amiga 1000 in the Thought Bubble graphics!

[@nicholasplays8031]

Thanks for the video

[@SteveHazel]

this is content i loove !!

[@christianschmid1440]

Close :P Its pronounced L -eye- bniz

[@advdhillon3313]

Thanks for info

[@jankostanjevec5315]

Where did you get the idea that Newton starts "Mechanical intelligibility"? Newton's gravity was more like the end of mechanistic theories of gravity (such as Descartes' vorti and others' where everything had to be mechanically connected) and the start of mathematical physics i.e. principia "mathematica" of natural philosophy.

[@sandradermark8463]

Lavoisier next? Well, don't lose your head! Revolution is coming...

[@gajeebant]

As much as we in hindsight laugh at Newton's obsession with alchemy and the occult, back then his obsession with maths & physics would have been considered equally weird and crazy - that's how much religion dominated things. Be under no doubt, despite his (modern day) fantastical interests the guy was an absolute genius - a pioneer of his time who saw things that no other man could even contemplate and along with a few others (Faraday, Maxwell, Einstein, Darwin) - has gone to change the progress of humanity.

[@Kraflyn]

liebnitz?

[@6alecapristrudel]

can't wait for the episode on ienstien

[@GreRe9]

"Liebsig"

[@janschilling8364]

Every time he said that my ears bleed!

[@dariusniederer856]

It's pronounced lie-bnitz

[@sandradermark8463]

Kraflyn Liebniz from Liepsigg 😂😂😂😂 lmao. Mr. Green can't speak German!

[@mimialves6343]

It's so interesting learning about the other great minds that also discovered things accredited to other people but didn't get credit thanks to timing or politics. I hope Crash Course goes into Alfred Wallace when they discuss evolution.

[@syntheticsandwich190]

correct me if I am wrong, but from my knowledge the concept binary and grouping everything in the world into twos (on/off, up/down) was thought up by George Boole at University College Cork, and with it Boolean algebra consistent of AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR scenarios in logic, which can be applied to logic gates, which is used in the digital world.

[@edisonmichael6345]

You really got light on describing just how much Newton persecuted Leibniz. Otherwise, good episode.

[@geoffreywinn4031]

Educational!

[@RafaelNavarroBarraza]

great!

[@Nadia1989]

Leibniz shot first. I'll see myself out.

[@DocFlareon]

Shoutout to the Amiga 1000 at 8:55

[@michaelrch]

Great video. Thanks Hank. I will just add another pedantic pronunciation correction - Latin this time Annus miRAbilis The L is also pronounced like LL - short i’s each side

[@nnuukkii]

At 9:29 we can enjoy the view from Leebnitzes window on the power line close to the neighboring house. It took two centuries from Leebnitz since the first power lines were built, but you should not fix that as it fits well with the other inaccuracies and mispronounces.

[@yasirjafar6794]

The video is a summary of the book " The calculus story by David Acheson " ( almost )

[@kqp1998gyy]

Great work thank you !

[@srinathjj5152]

I sense Sheldon's attitude in issac newton 3:12

[@WilliamBoothClibborn]

We definitely use both leibenitz and Newtonian notation.

[@danmorrison8194]

Both Newton and Leibniz have cookies named in their honor. They’re different from each other’s so we don’t have to worry about who’s came first.

[@DaDunge]

4:39 And hooke was right. Yes lights a particle too but not a classic particle which is what Newton was talking about.

[@mojosbigsticks]

If you want to know more about the legacy of Newton's magical research, read "Rivers of London" by Ben Aaronovitch

[@atharvas4399]

what r key differences betn the 2 versions of calculus?

[@leoschenk2118]

Leibniz = L-EYE-b-nitz. In German e before I makes the "eye" Sound. Excellent and informative video though, always love crash course

[@goyonman9655]

If chemistry was more defined during this time, he might have been a chemist as well

[@pacatrue]

Please please talk about Madame Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier along with her husband! Her story is great.

[@rcm926]

I was going to write a comment about his pronunciation of the German "ei" sound, but it appears the rest of the German speaking world has already beaten me to it.

[@aperson22222]

I thought this series came out on Mondays?

[@BertGrink]

Amiga 1000 spotted at 8:55

[@johnnybadboy3475]

Isaac invented the cat door, his best invention.

[@tobyhawkins]

A rather dubious claim, but it would be nice for it to be true.

[@johnnybadboy3475]

Toby Hawkins whether or not the legend is true, Newton was an amazing person.

[@tobyhawkins]

JohnnyDaPrankstaGangsta Well, yeah. The man invented the milled-edge coin!

[@oosgarragsoo3675]

Leibniz is actually pronounced laibniz

[@artkoenig9434]

Excellent! IThe names are pronounced Lye-b nitz and Lye- ptsig.

[@DuluthTW]

Sum factors didn't add up in this episode. JK ; ) Thanks for sharing!

[@deeb3272]

Prin-kip-ya ✌

[@loganm1586]

A quick note, should the thought bubble at 11:01 say "The Royal Society was the first of the big national societies that HAD state support.." instead of "that have state support." While they still technically have government funding, in terms of grammar, specifically parallelism, it reads better to refer to it in the past tense.

[@zhadoomzx]

At 1:38 did you mean "continuously" instead of "instantaneously"? Cause as far as i can tell, instantaneous changes are very easy to describe... the rate of change is either 0 or infinite.

[@javierreyna5321]

Can you post a link to Newton's Queries?

[@lindavilmaole5003]

Mathematics is the language used by Science. It is amazing to know that a Mathematician like Newton can perfectly say/construct the Three laws of Motion and the Universal Law of Gravitation. The appearance of Liebniz as another inventor of Calculus would make us see that no one has a monopoly of knowledge. The knowledge that one can discover today is open to be discovered by anyone, maybe at the same instant that we are discovering ours...

[@reysiejaycuares5289]

Sir Isaac Newton was also an alchamist , obsessed with the occult - with hidden , non rational truths. Newton thought the Holy Trinity was nonsense. He believed he had a unique access to a secret treasure of wisdom, both religious and scientific - passed down from God to Noah , then Moses , then Pythagoras and himself. Newton was a major alchamist - as were buddies Robert Boyleand John Locke. THe largest section of his complete works concerns Alchemy! "Crucial expirement" Newton showed that light is composed of rays of different colors that can be split using a prism , and that these rays cant be further split by second prism. Newton work in math is a good example of a new mechanical intelligibility in science. Mechanical intelligibility is just the idea that a fact about ature is true because we can do stuff with it- say, predict the motions of planets even if we dont understand what it-like,gravity - really is. Leibniz worked on almost every area of natural philosophy reshaping how libraries work. Inventing the mechanical calculator creating the binary notation that would centuries later be central to computer science , and becoming a major figure in philosophy . He used integral calculus for the first time in history to find the area under the graph of a function. He made up some important notation,or symbols , including the d for differentials and the integral sign which is long S standing for Latin word " Summa" , or highest .

[@skylight6820]

Isaac Newton was a English scientist and mathematician, in which he is most famous for his law of gravitation, and was instrumental in the scientific revolution of the 17th century. And Wilhelm Leibniz was a German philosopher, also a mathematician, and logician who is probably most well known for having invented the differential and integral calculus that definitely independent of Sir Isaac Newton. According to him "Calculus is the mathematics that describes how a thing change instantaneously, whether that thing is velocity, acceleration, displacement, height, weight, volume, or whatever. " So that so-called calculus was being quite argument by the two popular mathematician. This controversial between the two mathematician, their debate were derived from the scientist aristotelian's and decrates version. Wherein fact, mathematics is very relevant to the sciences, and sciences also relevantly to the mathematics. Besides, I'm getting confused for this controversial. Along this video it sounds confusing for me, but then I'm thankful to know about this:) Thank you ma'am for addressing us to this video crashcourse! More bless:)

[@jafarmala8506]

It was amazing that the two mathematicians were invented the differential and integral in calculus. Calculus in the mathematics is describe on how things change instantaneously. Newton was poor and did not tutored at best schools bu still he discovered an ideas in Calculus. Another mathematician and inventor was Leibniz who made my mind that no one have a complete control of knowlege because we all can discover something that others have already discover without looking or being dependent on someone's work, right? So, it may happen that some people were doubt you that you discover it by being dependent on someone...

[@janeen5930]

This video jus made me realize that math and science are really connected, indeed mathematics is the language of science Sir Isaac Newton brought us an important knowledge that we have used until today, despite the differences of him and Wilhelm Von Leibniz they gave changed the world of math and science.

[@ainiebaldecasa8800]

The video Newton and Leibniz was the one who invented the language of science which is mathematics. The two of them are really great in their own field. I have learned a lot about of them. Isaac Newton was the one who invented the laws of gravity for 1 year. Calculus is the mathematics that describes how a thing changes instantaneously, whether that thing is velocity, acceleration, displacement, height, weight, volume and others. Leibniz is also the inventor of calculus. Wherein mathematics and science are connected with each other. Both of them contributed a lot about calculus where it is the major subject that some students find it difficult.

[@crizish]

Pronunciation needs to be corrected here and there but nice video! Thanks 🙏

[@DaDunge]

6:56 No the reason newtons contemporaries couldn't understand it is Newton like the alchemist he was left part out that could only be understood if you understand calculus which he never fully explained in the principia. And also because Newton suck at explaining stuff and creating useful notations, hence why no one use best one notation today while Leibniz notation is still the best one when doing formal math (for every day work Lagrange's notation is most common).

[@Metalkatt]

Don't forget that Roger Bacon was exploring prisms and lenses long before Isaac was a twinkle in his parents' eyes.

[@WaterBucket]

1:41

[@Dsschuh]

What about the discovery of Calculus by Archimedes? Read "Archimedes' Codex."

[@mkb6418]

Archimedes invented calculus but unfortunately greek mathematics never used formulae dooming them into oblivion....

[@feynstein1004]

Archimedes discovered calculus?

[@mkb6418]

Yes. He called it the "method of exhaustion"

[@feynstein1004]

+Birgilios Marmaroglou That sounds interesting. Could you provide some sources for that?

[@barbarawilkinson8276]

Newton actually believed he was re-discovering the lost wisdom of the ancients. so in this case, he was right, again.

[@TheAnon26]

Ive been to Newtons birthplace. Kinda cool. Even the legendary appletree is still there. In a way. :P

[@rkpetry]

*_...add to that, Newton vs Einstein who discarded Newtonian mathematics to adopt some popular conjectures to physics in particular the co-relativity of motion not just relativity..._*

[@joelthomas6460]

Principia is pronounced with a hard c

[@craigson5]

I only watched this video so I would know how to pronounce 'Leibniz' biscuits. Best biscuits ever.

[@leoschenk2118]

Craig Page if only they pronounced it correctly

[@craigson5]

Yeah I guessed that'd be the case. Only Americans would mispronounce so much with such confidence.

[@danchamp2007]

Can crash course provide a brief summary of the lecture below the title. I think that will make it more friendly as to what the viewer is going to see

[@ShankarSivarajan]

0:58 Christmas Day according to the Julian calendar. It's not really a long story.

[@istvansipos9940]

(luybnitz) and (luyptzig) In German, EI is like "I" or "eye". If you really want an "eeee" (like in beer, or hear), you need a IE

[@blitzwaffe]

🎵 When two vowels are walking, the first one does the talking 🎵....*sees ei in Leibniz and explodes*

[@DaDunge]

blitzwaffe the latter one does the talking. Atleast if you pronunce the letters like in English.

[@pepedecoatza]

Can anyone tell me or share a video about the differences in the calculus of approach of Newton and Leibniz? Thanks

[@DaDunge]

jose hernandez Newton only ever derivated with respect to time. He also called infitesimals fluxions. He denoted derivation with respect to time with a round dot above the variable. Leibniz notation is the one you learned in school you know dy/dx . There's also Lagranges notation which is much later and is f'(x)

[@juanmartin8776]

I feel a liiiiiittle disappointed that there isn't a video dedicated to Leonardo da Vinci

[@frobsvzelting5524]

The newtow notation for the derivative is not used anymore in the English speaking world ? Strange... In France, we still use both Newton and leibniz notation as well as the Lagrange notation. it depends on the field Mechanics => newton's Phisics except mechanics + multivariable calculus => lagrange's Mathematics except multivariable calculus => leibniz's Are we alone?

[@GreRe9]

The "ei" i Leibniz is pronounced like the 'i' in price, ride, high or Ireland or as the zwo "ei"s in "Einstein".

[@GreRe9]

On a similar note "Leipzig" is alsso pronounced with an "ei" and the 'z'..... 🙉

[@frankschneider6156]

Never mind, they probably also pronounce Tokyo as Edo.

[@nullofthev0id]

Yay alchemy!

[@chaddonschaddons7084]

the emphasis is on the second 'i' in principia not the third. prince-si-PEE-uh

[@DaDunge]

Chaddons Chaddons it's also not prinsipicia but printchipia or if you want ancient Latin prinkipia.

[@nouvilas42]

Isn't the integral symbol an S because it is a kind of "sum"? (also "summa" in latin)

[@ToxisLT]

Very interesting... after your pretty harsh portrayal of Bacon, I was keen to see how will you portray Newton, a very, very spiteful, angry, bullying and pretty much buy awful human being, by most accounts - though genius, who is a keystone figure in all of humanity so far..very interesting indeed :)

[@cranjismcbasketball2118]

Mannn Im as smart as Newton! Im an acoholic too!!!

[@dertyp6833]

Liebniz? How do pronounce the name of the comedian Seinfeld? Sienfeld?

[@leonardojmartinez4526]

The plague is always creeping

[@6alecapristrudel]

0:16 so you got the ei in Einstein right and yet you got Leibniz wrong. I mean come on...

[@noximustheomnipotent]

Am I wrong or this video did already appear earlier this year?

[@CarolineGarland]

I thought I remembered SciShow (or some other such KZbin series) discussing how there are actually 6 basic colors in white light, but due to Newton's obsession with numerology and other mystical 'sciences,' and the power of the number 7, he essentially created indigo as its own color so there would be 7 parts to light. Am I just imagining this? If not, when and how did we learn this?