Reform and Revolution 1815-1848: Crash Course European History #25

In the aftermath of the revolutions and upheaval in 18th and early 19th century Europe, there was a hunger for reform across the continent. Reformers like Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and Auguste Comte proposed radical new ideas, and at the same time, regular people began to stand up and ask for greater equality, and a louder voice in how they were governed. Results were mixed, but a lot of the ideas that emerged during this time are still echoing in our world today.
Sources
-Hosking, Geoffrey. Russia: People and Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
-Hunt, Lynn et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.
-Judson, Pieter M. The Hapsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
-Kent, Susan Kingsley. A New History of Britain: Four Nations and an Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
-Sperber, Jonathan. Revolutionary Europe 1780-1850. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2017.
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[@MrBinthestudio]

"Various forms of excrement hit various fans." Awesome! Just fantastic!

[@lhfirex]

It's always good when John Green hosts/teaches a history course on Crash Course, but thanks a ton for your message at the end about the importance of education and critical thinking.

[@joeevans5770]

'the religious object pilfering class' HAHAHAHAHA

[@matthewmcneany]

Marx called it the 'lumpenproletariat'.

[@joeblow9657]

gotta love 'em!!

[@falkjanen5050]

It's one of the oldest professions. They have been around at least since the old kingdom in Egypt.

[@jamesmcelwain342]

legit laughed out loud at "That what is what like to be 36 in 1824."

[@Madhattersinjeans]

The more things change the more things stay the same.

[@chiefrainingstereotype.4184]

“Oh, I hope I’m not in my yellow leaf!”

[@ramshacklealex7772]

"Peterloo." So -loo was kinda like the 19th century's version of the whole -gate cliché, huh? And they're both replacing the word "water"! Could it be a coincedence? Yup.

[@rawovunlapin8201]

"Water-water!"

[@ElLorenzoMagnifico]

Great video and I know this is NOT the main focus, but I feel the need to clarify that while Bolivar looked up to Napoleon in his younger years, throughout the thermidorian reaction and during his reign as consul, he later called him a traitor to the revolution when he declared himself emperor. Alright I'm done. Cheers/

[@subswithnovids-rz6rz]

Well not really if you think about it. He was defeated by a coalition of his enemies after the failed invasion of Russia which in part because of snow. Also, if you think bolivar is better at least snow wasn’t really common in South America.

[@shockingheaven]

Yeah, if you watch the previous video, you may get the idea. Bolívar was great.

[@M4ruta]

Marx' quote about religion being the opiate of the masses is often taken out of context. He meant that religion provides comfort to people, regardless of whether it's true or not.

[@melonlord1414]

And it's used to make people numb to the pain of their society with proises, that their next life will be better, as long as they do what they are told now.

[@CDexie]

"Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people."

[@ValkyrieVal3]

Yeah, people tend to forget that this was said at a time when opiates were seen as genuinely beneficial and a perfectly good medicine.

[@melonlord1414]

@@ValkyrieVal3 we'll, it was still meant in a bad way. But not as bad as it sounds today.

[@ajtepal8596]

If you mean by comfort living in ignorance to not ask how and why you live the way you do, then yes

[@isbestlizard]

hey that fourier fellow looks like he might... transform things ;D

[@noahqb2112]

That felt much more like an older crash course and I really liked it. Funny bits, sarcasm, a whats that to Stan, really well done. I know that this is European history and John has always talked about how bored he is of European history but this episode was really good.

[@nitsuanew]

John just gave the best closing statement ever.

[@stkyriakoulisdr]

11:08 Of course Fourier would emphasise harmony

[@SamAronow]

“You better watch out, he’s a Fourierist!”

[@AverytheCubanAmerican]

Simón was inspired by Napoleon while his fellow liberator José de San Martín enrolled in the Spanish army to fight Napoleon before he decided to leave for South America to help liberate the colonies

[@michaelaburns734]

I got the book on Simon Bolivar.

[@Jokkkkke]

Avery, your Cuban nationalism is showing hahaha

[@danielmarquez2860]

Simon was just another tirant after he took power

[@Dan66TwilightFan]

@CommandoDude dude, read The General in his Labyrinth, it's about his final days, one of the most stunning works by Garcia Marquez too.

[@cannedpeachez]

Well, yeah. A lot of people at the time thought of Napoleon as the future of republicanism - and why wouldn't you, with him returning from military success (minus Egypt) to come stabilize a faltering, compromised Directorate - but Simon Bolivar specifically recounted being in Paris at the time of the coronation of the new Emperor and wrote about his disgust at the betrayal of Republican values. He was not totally a Napoleon booster, giving his later life an air of irony, not wish fulfillment.

[@Kat-ez4ni]

As a member of the Religious Object Pilfering Class I can see why these oppressive measures would merit a Revolution

[@ellyreads4886]

Welcome back, Green, It is always awesome to see you on screen. I hope you always be in excellent health.

[@MahraiZiller]

“At the time”? (7:50) As a Brit (and as a Mancunian - resident of Manchester - with a huge passion for the history of my city), I can tell you that we are still dealing with both the hold of large landowners on our parliament today. Why do you think the House of Lords still exists as an unelected house, and how even the commons is dominated by aristocratic or pro-aristocratic forces. And as a minor point, it wasn’t the police who fired. The police didn’t exist yet at the time of Peterloo. It was the troops. Also, the reason it was called “The Peterloo Massacre” is to do with Waterloo, but it’s because the Prime Minister at the time was the duke of Wellington - the self same hero of Waterloo. I really think that should have been mentioned quickly to give context to what went on. But also, yeah as always great vid. Got most of it across both succinctly and in an entertaining way ❤️

[@FullForce098]

Saying something was happening "at the time" doesn't mean it never happened again. It's like saying "I didn't see the meteor shower last night I was asleep at the time." Obviously that doesn't mean you're never gonna sleep again.

[@natethegreat1999]

I stopped listening when you put your punctuation outside your quotes. Yucky.

[@andrejansen3281]

Nathaniel Buxton. But that's British English, where if you quote a question you put the question mark inside the speech marks, and if you question a quote you put the question mark outside. It's quite useful and intuitive.

[@yankyener4491]

@@andrejansen3281 It's common sense, really.

[@adm0iii]

You're never gonna sleep again.

[@redflags6583]

It was Engels who differentiated between the utopian socialism of Owen, Saint-Simon, and Fourier and their scientific socialism based on Hegel and Feuerbach; the chief difference of which was the application of Hegel's idea of dialectics with Feuerbach's materialism to Marx's analysis of political economy, thus leading to what we understand as core to Marxism - the idea of class struggle shaping all societies. As for Marx and religion, Marx did say religion was the opium of the masses. But he also said that it was the "sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions." Literally right before he said it was the opium of the masses. Marx didn't hate religion. He understood it as necessary relief to an oppressed proletariat, while at the same time noting it as a tool of the bourgeoisie to maintain the superstructure.

[@redflags6583]

@@elmdi Marx looked at religion through a historical materialist perspective. Now, admittedly, there is a lot more about how _Marxists_ look at religion than how _Marx_ looks at religion. For Marx, religion was both positive and negative. It was a way for people to cope with the unbearable weight of the world. It gave support through spiritual guidance. But he also saw religion as affected by social and economic conditions, and, like other institutions, was being used by the ruling class to maintain their dominance. Marxists after Marx have expounded on the role of religion in society. Historical materialism dictates that religion, and religious institutions, evolve based on the control of the means of production by one class. In feudal Europe, the Catholic Church held supreme sway because of its temporal control of land, as well as its theology being beneficial to the ruling monarchy.. The Divine Right of Kings derives from Catholicism, for example. Teachings such as "blessed are the poor" instill meekness and a fatalistic viewpoint in the people, teaching them to accept their lot in life. Today, Marxists have differing views on religion. Some people follow the example of Lenin, Mao, and most leaders of socialist states and disavow religion as a tool of the bourgeois. Some people, like Christian liberation theologists, disagree. Marx and Engels themselves, in the Communist Manifesto, say that nothing is easier than to give Christianity a socialist tinge. In liberation theology, religion and materialism aren't mutually exclusive. They see the problem as the religious institution. A socialist religious institution would be one that serves the people and not the ruling class. Well this is way longer than any KZbin comment has a right to be. But I hope this helps!

[@PatrickAllenNL]

_Wa wa waterloo! Could't escape if I wanted to_ 🎵🎵🎤🎺 *starts dancing like a queen*

[@pstathopulos]

Crash Course is probably my favorite channel on youtube

[@cfv7461]

Do you hear the people sing?!

[@davidbrelu-brelu7118]

Singing the song lf angry man!

[@eliopalombi]

It is the music of a people who will not be slaves again!

[@Cohav-vo6rp]

when the beating of your heart!

[@eliopalombi]

@@Cohav-vo6rp Echoes the beating of the drums!

[@Jokkkkke]

There is a life about to start when tomorrow comes

[@willh7352]

Watching these reminds me of History class (obviously one of my favorite classes) when I was in high school, thanks so much John.

[@defyingblueprints6914]

I always felt bad that I didn't understand 'recent' European history as a European. But so much happens all at the same time, all the time!

[@rdreher7380]

I know that the "zar" pronunciatino of "tsar" is entrenched in English, but I'm Russian and so I hate it. Would love it if you switch to "tsar" - you know with an actual /ts/ sound, which is why it's romanized with a (when not romanized in the more confusing "czar" way).

[@Ellestra]

I think the "zar" thing comes from the time they used to write it "tzar" as Germans do use "tz" for the sound and that English doesn't really have the "c" sound that Slavic languages use but they could at least try to pronounce the "ts" as written. The "t" is there for a reason.

[@spazda_mx5]

This is an excellent series, thank you!

[@mr.konczal9481]

OMG (yes, OMG!) at 2:09 is a painting of a one-room school that was the framed print/painting? that my mom passed onto me after she died. She was a teacher and I became one as well. Does anyone know the name of this painting or the painter ? I have never seen it out of the context of my house growing up!

[@godricalex3531]

I believe it's called The Village School by Albert Anker.

[@zissouxx]

Albert Anker - Die Dorfschule von 1848

[@Dayglodaydreams]

What is a Dorscule in Anglish?

[@DeFraans]

I guess we're not the only ones, but you forgot the low countries! :) The Austrian (Southern) Netherlands and Northern Netherlands (United Provinces) were conquered as the first nations by the French in 1795. After their defeat 20 years later, they were united only to fall apart again 15 years later into modern day Belgium and the Netherlands. And it all started with inspiration by the French revolts of 1830.

[@fernandomunozleon]

Always great to watch a new video! Keep it up!

[@MrArthurtea]

"on your marx, get set, communism!" XD XD XD that's gonna be make me laugh for years to come, I love John

[@VoxTox]

Humor often is a last resort at making counter plea. And you must know from history (and basic math) that gunning a minority automatically has more populous support or lack of opposition at least. Which reminds us that it is not only about getting more people educated, while others stay in poverty and ignorance. But about educating the majority of society enough for keeping themselves and their children that way (preferably not by exploiting others across the border or overseas). So clearly there would be enough people to oppose this and getting them expelled is not ideal solution cause they have money outside too and surely would get more support afterwards. Anyway, any progressive person knows that it is just laughable. We all strive to live in world without discrimination, violence and poverty. Let all pray to Almighty Investor cause we clearly have no means to achieve it without him, whoever he might be.

[@Ruki9410]

I think this has to be my favorite episode so far 👏🏼👏🏼👏🏼

[@stevendeprez4942]

I understand there is a lot to cover in this period, but not even mentioning the independence of Belgium makes me question what else you left out in favour of stuff like partial English voting reform...

[@MahraiZiller]

And just to say, my critiques to this video aren’t meant maliciously. I love your videos. I often binge watch them, even when I’ve already seen them. I’m pointing out some things you either didn’t get fully right, or things you omitted which I think you probably could have made a better video if you didn’t. But nobody is perfect, and your videos - including this one - do a great job of getting ideas and history across in a manner that is accessible to people. I’m sure after every video you review what could have gone better in order to inform the next video, and comments help you see what you missed in order to make the next video better.

[@dielfonelletab8711]

Workers are entitled to all they produce ✊

[@andrejansen3281]

Dielfon Elletab. As long as they own the means to production :)

[@dielfonelletab8711]

@@andrejansen3281 that's the whole idea

[@IkeOkerekeNews]

But what do they produce though?

[@dielfonelletab8711]

@@IkeOkerekeNews everything

[@peka2478]

@@dielfonelletab8711 the average worker doesn't own the factory, not even a small part of it. By his own means, he could own a hammer and a few other tools and produce things on his knees, and own whatever he could produce this way. Which would be next to nothing...

[@benroot4692]

Bolivar opposed Napoleon after he "crowned himself" consol of the modern day holy roman empire...

[@LordDim1]

Consul* and no, Bolívar was very supportive of Napoleon as Consul, in fact he took that as his main inspiration. What he opposed was when Napoleon made himself Emperor in 1804

[@ohhibob1006]

Modern day hoy roman empire?

[@benroot4692]

@@LordDim1 i didnt articulate myself correct i was trying to say emperor not consul. im aware that bolivar used Napoleon as inspiration up until that point. my bad

[@benroot4692]

@@ohhibob1006 he crowned himself emperor.... by virtue of the pope (whom he paid off) so yes the modern day Holy Roman Empire...

[@ohhibob1006]

@@benroot4692 One, what does modern day mean Two, the Holy Roman Empire was nowhere near as centrilized, or French Three: The holy roman emperors hadn't been crowned by the pope for nearly 300 years at that point Four: He wasnt elected by electors, which ment he also didnt bribe them.

[@antonia8770]

Amazing episode as always! Well said, John, education is truly our most important defense! ;)

[@bvdv47]

Just a little disappointed that the Belgian independence was not mentioned. Especially it’s super modern and state of the art constitution (for its time)

[@bisme4084]

Thanx for posting the videos fast.

[@TheDarthbinky]

The "opiate of the masses" quotation about religion wasn't *necessarily* Marx calling it a bad thing. He was saying that religion was essentially a coping mechanism for how awful life was for the working class. The full text is: "Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people." Of course, like pain-killers such as opium, over-reliance on it while avoiding any sort of correction to the situation is indeed a bad thing, and he does go on to say that as well.

[@eruno_]

People always vulgarise Marx's writings which is unfortunate

[@varana]

@CommandoDude I wouldn't say that "medicine" really covers Marx' intent. Medicine implies a cure, it is often the means to defeat the illness. That's not what religion is for Marx. It's a means to numb the pain and plaster over it, a superficial pain killer, not a way to really deal with the problem.

[@eliopalombi]

Waterloo: Defeats Napoleon Napoleon: Aight imma head out

[@palcsoke]

Thank you for this video! 🤩

[@christophestevenson1448]

I am looking forward to Crash Course : Canadian History. It would be important to have an English, French and First Nation versions of our history.

[@yveszavaleta]

Fourier talking about harmony? What a surprise!

[@stormssc]

Thanks for the Poland reference, and bring back Me from the Past!

[@fdkjgshfjdhsfhjsdfmn]

Your channel has proven REAAAALLY helpful for my minor 'European history semester end exam tomorrow at the University of Karachi. Thanks a lottt❤️🔥

[@kal.e.4556]

I would have liked it if you had covered Greek revolution more, since it was the first successful one. Great vid

[@melon502]

so i have my ap euro exam in 30 minutes. i’ve been binge watching all of these videos in a desperate attempt to review so wish me luck

[@JoeSmith-hv7oe]

"Pay attention to what u pay attention to." At least a quarter of those viewing the video: "What? I wasn't paying attention."

[@weldin]

Glad we’re almost at my favorite period in history (1848-1871)!

[@hanagreg]

I just listened to the episode of Death sex and money you were in and I am shook. Moving.

[@CMR_1317]

Thanks so much for mentioning the Irish situation at this time!

[@merygo5136]

Thank you 👍

[@turbobus4983]

Greeks *win independence in 1831* Lord Byron (1788-1824): Great job guys!!

[@EuropeanQoheleth]

Not just Irish Catholics had rebelled. The 1798 rebellion was mostly comprised of Catholics but the leaders were Presbyterian.

[@geoffreywinn4031]

Educational!

[@VlogSmiths]

it would be really nice to have a link for a transcript for these videos since i can listen a lot better when reading along

[@ktkatte6791]

To anyone who enjoyed this video, I highly recommend the Revolutions podcast by Mike Duncan. He covers many of the revolutions, in painstaking detail, that this video was only able to gloss over in the most frustratingly incomplete way. Honestly, in a lot of ways this video feels like joined summaries of several dozen Revolutions episodes. The guy is on spotify, and again, HIGHLY recommended! That said, the video is also great, and I understand it serves a different purpose than Mike's in-depth analysis.

[@theNickRYG]

Lord Byron be like "Dear Diary, Mood: Apathetic. Sometimes I just feel like no one gets me."

[@selbos]

Very good episode. One thing I wanted to point out as a correction to what you said - it wasn’t “the police that shot into the crowds” at the PETERLOO MASSACRE. The Manchester and Salford Yeomanry Cavalrymen were lined up and waiting just a short distance away, and when received their note, they drew their sabres and galloped towards St Peter's Field slashing people as they rode through the crowded square.

[@TheBespectacledN00b]

Was going to say, Britain didn't even have police at the time, as they were seen as an oppressive continental European institution.

[@jannoottenburghs5121]

Last week you refered to the low countries while the industrial revolution was mainly in Belgium (first rail line on the continent and other inventions including the dynamo) while the Netherlands joined rather late. And now you didn't even mention Belgian independence. Should I worry?

[@lauratassier3510]

Well I am. I was really hoping to get a mention other than Prussia invading Belgium's neutrality forced Britain into WWI (which I think they'll mention, hopefully).

[@jannoottenburghs5121]

@@lauratassier3510 I hope so And it (the schlieffenplan) would be strange not to since it was a major part in how the Western front turned out. Weirdest thing is that they mentioned the Brabantse omwenteling and the united Belgian states in 1790 (what most Belgians hardly know), but nothing there after.

[@lauratassier3510]

Janno_O That is true, and it would be really weird for a European history course not to mention the principal reason the U.K. entered WWI.

[@jannoottenburghs5121]

@@lauratassier3510 welp, our country got it's first mention. They hadn't forgot our past in the Congo.

[@justcallmeSheriff]

@CrashCourse Jon, are you listening to the Revolutions podcast? I ask bc the language of the last couple episodes reminds me of that podcast!

[@M0rshu64]

I wasn't aware that John was still making videos. Its still good to see him back in the saddle!

[@IsabelleAProf]

Thank you for mentioning the Greeks. They rarely get mentioned....

[@loganv0410]

Education for exposure to a wide range of differing ideas How terribly 20th-century, or for that matter, how inexcusably 18th-century

[@dehavillandvampire]

I'm surprised there wasn't any discussion of the Liberal wars in Portugal or the 1st Carlist war in Spain since it provides a good example of a country experiencing widespread and rapid change as a result of some of the forces discussed in the video such as greater literacy. Yet at the same time as everything changed in Spanish society, so too did little fundamental change as well.

[@Artur_M.]

Very good episode! I was going to write something smart, but I'm tired and I would end up rambling about Poland again anyway. I'll just say that if anyone finds the topic of this video interesting, and haven't heard about the Revolutions Podcast by Mike Duncan, they should totally check it out.

[@adm0iii]

Oh no. You keep telling me that some things going on now have causes from earlier times. It's almost like history matters or something. How am I going to maintain my one-page list of bullet points to cover all of history?

[@Roxanewolfie]

man I really wish people stopped referring to content like this as "European history" when what they mean is "Western European history (featuring Russia sometimes)". i appreciate this series, but if it's looking at just Germany, France, Italy, England and Prussia, it's NOT European history. So many other European countries at the time were doing world-changing things, but it all goes unmentioned in this series, despite the title. No mention of Scandinavians, Southern European countries, Poland/Lithuania... So much goes untold, it's frustrating. Can you guys at least consider doing a series for the countries you didn't do justice in this series?

[@jaydee4697]

Just as a little extra bit of info, the Peterloo Massacre is considered by many to be one of the main events in the development of the trade union movement in Britain.

[@toyotaprius79]

The Irish part definitely ping ponged between 1801 and the 1840s, bit on the lite side too

[@five4five351]

I think I want to actually cry when watching this because he talks so slow now that he's older!!! :(

[@ASLEFshrugged]

08:00 I know its pedantic but rather than police shooting into the crowd Peterloo was local Yeomanry (19th century equivalent of the National Guard on horses, the officers were land owners who could vote with their tenants and other dependents filling the ranks) charging the crowd with swords

[@Dayglodaydreams]

Does Music hall, and Cabaret emerge now?

[@juniormynos9457]

Death knocking at your door at 36! Damn😲

[@jameshaunso2130]

Is there a way I can get the script to the vids?

[@thamizhanraj]

nice

[@djanime5097]

There's an issue of the subtitle in 13:02 to 13:20. BTW, good video.

[@robertrichards3034]

Where is the old crash course that I love. Where the energy!

[@Bhaalist]

That last bit at the end was really good! Stay in school people.

[@abdillahfamilychannel8418]

As Indonesian, European history is matter. Because my nation face colonisation and humiliation from some part of Europe. Thanks, I love this series...

[@Argacyan]

Indonesia is the result of dutch colonization and itself invaded or colonized since then places like West Papua and East Timor.

[@nataliegradyy1704]

@ me cramming 20 minutes before my exam

[@melaniehalfacre9785]

Writing a DBQ in class today... rip my grade

[@cgjamil]

You completely ignored Proudhon's place in Socialist thought. Proudhon was a major French thinker who corresponded with both Comte and Marx and is considered the father of anarchism.

[@eruno_]

Maybe he will mention him later.

[@Ardent_regret]

Great video, but it’s more fair to align the 1829 Catholic emancipation act with Daniel O’Connell which affected mainly Ireland rather than the 1832 reform act which affected English and Welsh electoral systems. At that time in the 1830’s O’Connell was instead agitating for home rule.

[@MIron992]

a spectre is haunting crash course

[@BardovBacchus]

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, many of the western countries, in both Europe and the Americas, saw wealthy landowners with the main goal of replacing 'rule by birth' with 'rule by wealth', despite their rhetoric. In case anyone was wondering how we got to where we are today...

[@stphnmrrs3982]

12:05 I think that quote gets really misconstrued. Obviously Marx was not a fan of religion or of repressive religious institutions but I think that quiq doesn't do his thoughts on the matter. The entire quote comes from an introduction to a manuscript he wrote on Hegel's Philosophy of Right and it is as follows "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the Opium of the people." Which is a lot more nuanced of a take than just the last sentence. Also I can't say this definitively but people also viewed opium differently then. It was used as a medicine. Heck opiates still are. Lots of people back then got addicted to opium and it ruined their lives too but I think that adds another layer to it all.

[@Cae_the_Kitsune]

At around 13:00 to 13:20, the captions stop updating with what's being said. Please fix this. Edit: this also happens at 13:40 to the end of the video, because apparently it's CrashCourse's stance that the outro is 100% non-essential.

[@imerinshanny]

WHERE WAS THIS LAST WEEK FOR MY TEST

[@ajtepal8596]

12:05 yeah I see why he thought that way I respect his point

[@balbinat]

5:29 PILVAX! :)

[@frankwu4747]

Shout-out to Mike Duncan and his “Revolutions” podcast!

[@smaailsaad3709]

how did you've got transcription already!!!!??? Did you get it before the uploading?

[@zeevtarantov]

They set the script as transcript and of course it doesn't match exactly and a large piece that he said is missing (was that ad lib'd?)

[@smaailsaad3709]

@@zeevtarantov you know everyone is talking about making money online I thought that transcription is still going to be a good way but as you see this video has been transcribed pretty quickly. I think that there is some kind of technology involved here.

[@HugoFauzi]

Great ending

[@khushigarewal2615]

Can u make US history crash course pleaseee

[@soundscapesMPLS]

Not even a mention of the Belgian revolution?

[@TheGamesWin]

Want to note that Simon Bolivar renounced his admiration of Napoleon when Napoleon crowned himself Emperor.

[@annjames3194]

I am watching Crash Course European history videos for my college exams XD

[@yakovperelman4665]

Great chapter, thanks a lot. However I missed a mention to the Liberal Triennium (1820-1823) in Spain, when a liberal government ruled Spain after a military uprising against the absolutist rule of Ferdinand VII; and how the so-called Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis crushed it.

[@ret_brailsford]

Nice shirt

[@HA1LILPALAZZO]

8:03 the Yeomanry didn't exactly shoot into the crowd......rather they rode into the crowd cutting people down with sabres (would also like to point out the yeomen were stationed in a pub before being called forward and many of them were drunk)

[@BlackfeatherTanfur]

How do you ever mention Comte without mentioning Positivism? You sort of did, but it alone is so important in the history of science that I think it'd merit a bit more.

[@harrison6082]

2:54 I want to learn about these Siberian cultural centers? Do they have a name, or any books about them?

[@harrison6082]

@Jay Blake I got the Gulag Archipelago, I want to read about the period talked about in the video. Before the rise of communism in Russia

[@eruno_]

Many of today's Russian cities in Siberia were founded by cossacks, Decembrists were expelled to those cities as they were in remote places.

[@eruno_]

@Jay Blake Gulag only refers to labour camps in USSR.

[@harrison6082]

@@eruno_ So would you recommend that I look up the history of these cities and read accounts of their early periods?

[@eruno_]

@@harrison6082 That would make sense the most, yes.