DEATH BY AXE: Robert the Bruce Vs Henry de Bohun at Bannockburn (1314)

History books record that at the Battle of Bannockburn, during the First War of Scottish Independence in 1314, Robert the Bruce killed Sir Henry de Bohun with a single blow of his battle axe. But is it true? What is the source material? Is that even possible?
Sources:
www.scotslanguage.com/Bannock...
d3lmsxlb5aor5x.cloudfront.net...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brus
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[@scholagladiatoria]

As this point has come up a few times: Robert the Bruce was a Scottish-Anglo-Irish-Norman. His great-great-grandfather was William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke. His father was born in Essex and was descended from Henry I, King of England. His grandmother was the daughter of the Earl of Gloucester. Too often in the modern world we see these medieval wars as 'England vs France' or 'Scotland vs England', but what these actually were was dynastic struggles between the ruling elite. The 95% population were just there to work, survive and do what they were told by their overlords. I have ancestors who fought on both sides of these wars, and so do most other British people. Most English and Scottish people did not get any sort of voting rights until the 20th century!

[@bremnersghost948]

Well said Matt.

[@MinSredMash]

Your preamble makes me recall a long Reddit argument I had whether Scots and English nationalism existed yet in 1314. 🙂

[@AllenCrawford3]

"The Scottish Hazard vols. I & II" by Beryl Platts is worth a read. In them she lays out what she believes to be the Carolingian Flemish origins of many of the prominent Lowland houses.

[@Cervando]

I have frequently described the 100 Years war as a French Civil War over which French Dynasty would rule France.

[@limp_dickens]

@@MinSredMash In high school I was taught that nationalism didn't exist at all until the French revolution but even then it really depends on your definition of nationalism. I definitely don't think that kind of nationalism applied to the first Scottish war of independence.

[@mnk9073]

The Scots text says "dint" which is translated to "blow" but could be closer to "dent" so it might be: gave him such a massive dent that neither the helmet nor the cap could prevent the cracking of the skull, rather than "cleaved through the helmet."

[@andrewmorton9327]

The word ‘dint’ in Scots means a blow/hit/whack. So ‘he dintit him’ would mean ‘he struck him a blow’.

[@blakey9089]

Well particularly if it was a blow to the back of the head, we know now in the modern day how vulnerable the back of the head is so force alone could likely kill a man, I like your theory.

[@japhfo]

The first word "dynt" is 'dint' or 'dunt'- bad for a car's body work. The second word "hevy dusch" is today's mighty 'doosh.'

[@joeelliott2157]

I think a blow to the back of the head is least likely. For a blow to the back of the head, you have to subtract from the speed of the blow, the speed of the Knight's horse, and the speed of Robert the Bruce's horse. In contrast, a blow to the front of the head, one adds the speed of the knight's horse and the speed of Robert the Bruce's horse, to the force of the blow. And, if the helmet gives equal protection from all directions, the front of the head is even more vulnerable to damage than the back, since the skull is thickest in the back. Assuming the English knight was not looking backwards at the time of the blow, which, of course, he wouldn't be doing..

[@uncleshagnasty]

" Dint" where I come from in the Danelaw means " Didn't ".

[@SuperGWark]

Having recently visited the Bannockburn visitor centre, their video of this encounter shows him using the reverse spike on the axe and striking de Bohun through the eye. Surprised me because I'd always been taught the version with Bruce cleaving de Bohun's skull.

[@scholagladiatoria]

That is cool!

[@huwhitecavebeast1972]

Ha, that was one of the possibilities I commented on.

[@TheFlutecart]

This is how legends happen. And l don't hate it it all. It makes History fun. Never stop learning but enjoy the fiction too. It has a purpose and reason that is also part of History. The Bruce is a Jedi in some peoples mind and that's not a bad thing because he's not deciding Brexit or building a New Republic any more. But the stories do tell of having to retrieve The Bruce's massive axe From Sir Henry's breastplate. It had become lodged and stuck and required much wrenching. If there is any way to make the story more incredible, it involves lightning and arses. Still good fun!

[@stephenlyon1358]

@@TheFlutecart If you like that you will love this. In the battle of Bannockburn, the Scottish forces had trapped the English so they could not deploy and contained any flanking. The scottish force was fully commited as both sides pushed against eachother. Then the English saw another force arriving, reinforcements. But this force was actaully the people of the local area, camp followers etc - who grabbed banners and weapons and joined the fight for freedom. This broke the english.

[@therightarmofthefreeworld4703]

@@TheFlutecart I enjoy the fiction, but you have to be able to tell fact and fiction apart. The problem is that most people are all to ready to believe a legend, or something that sounds more outrageous and extraordinary, because it's more fun or because it stirs some kind of emotion in them (like the notion of The Bruce and Wallace being some sort of morally righteous freedom fighters). Many people aren't interested in the reality, because subtlety and nuance doesn't allow them to view things as black and white, or good (Scottish) and evil (English) in the case of the Scottish Wars of Independence. Case in point, see the above comment. The English wouldn't have been concerned with locals or camp followers joining the fight, because without proper training and equipment they would have been slaughtered. But you know, "FREEEEEDOM" and all that. It sounds cool, so people will read something like that and believe it.

[@Gozzillacia]

Scottish here - we were told Bruce rode a war-pony as opposed to a large English shire horse type (well at least a large horse), and it was the fact once the English horse was in charge it was hard to maneuver but Bruce's horse being small simply side stepped, as Bruce stood on the stirips. I think Bruce went on to wage a mountain guerilla war on these small horses which gave him the advantage over the English who kept to their less mountain friendly larger horses.

[@jonathanmemole4811]

Matt, I love all your content, but this video format is my favorite! You start with a historical event, give us a look at the source material, then unleash a storm of context with beautiful replicas or actual antiques in hand! Awesome!

[@basednorsegael1089]

Where would we be without his context? 😆

[@bazaks447]

Agreed

[@richard6133]

Just think how much history that students would be *eager to learn,* if teachers used a format like this.

[@goshhowhorrible8340]

Agreed. It's really interesting

[@pablotesticules]

We often don't take into account the quality and thickness of the steel of these medieval helmets, as well as the massive potential impact of a professional man-at-arms. In HMB we use insanely thick helmets for safety, and I remember a time when a local armorer gave the team a bascinet for testing. A fighter cracked a hole in it with a blunt axe.

[@Shitballs69420]

Thank you!!!! People often vastly over estimate the protective value of historical armour.

[@Shitballs69420]

And like you said underestimate the forces generated by an individual whos experienced wielding such a tool.

[@mrspeigle1]

I always pointed this out. If 19 year old me in the sca wearing a modern overbuilt helmet with modren closed and open cell foam padding can be struck with a rattan stick half the weight of a arming sword of the time period hard enough to give me a concussion then I have no doubt about the efficacy of a solid strike from good steel.

[@fancyfouchard3491]

@@mrspeigle1 SCA 😂

[@DavidSmith-vr1nb]

@@Shitballs69420 Except Hollywood directors, who routinely underestimate the value of well-made armour in comparison to plot armour.

[@alangriffin8146]

I love that there’s never an opportunity missed to smirk at the word “penetrate”.

[@davidhoward9767]

Two Thoughts: It did describe the blow more as "the helms combined could not stop the blow from cracking him open like a dropped egg", especially if you think that he fell off his horse, and they could not check him until after both of those traumas; And second, he did in fact "potentially" snap the haft, and with the increase in speed, and launching himself in the stirrups, I find it plausible. I've broken a fair number of ax handles, and it takes some considerable force to do so.

[@emamag6455]

And consider also the force of the charge of Henry the Bohun, which is to be added to the strength of the blow he suffered.

[@huwhitecavebeast1972]

I think the blunt trauma could have killed him.

[@murph8411]

Not to say he would have been wearing a great helm of two helmets if he was out scouting. Not exactly the ideal thing to be wearing if you’re trying to see or hear as much as possible. Quite possible he might have only had a skull cap or basic bascinet as this wasn’t that long after bascinets had started appearing afaik or that he just took the great helm and only put it on quickly at the last minute. Not forgetting this is poetry and poets aren’t exactly worried how accurate their work is.

[@rags417]

Exactly ! The main reason that a lance charge is so effective is because of the combined closing speed of the lancer and its target. If Robert dodged the lance tip and then swung his axe he would have had that closing speed adding to his impact velocity. Imagine two cars passing each other at 20-25 mph each (50 mph combined)and one driver hitting the other's wing mirror. Now imagine that wing mirror being sharpened and swung forward at the same time at around 20-25 mph. Yeah - cleaving the helmet and breaking the axe shaft seems not only reasonable, but almost certain !

[@mnk9073]

@@huwhitecavebeast1972 People always forget blunt trauma when it comes to armor...

[@xyz8512]

A false edge parry of the lance from either an axe or a sword (same motion with the axe) swings around nicely into a strike. It's in the lancer's interest to move fast and the defender's to move slow or wait. The lancer should habitually veer off (left) just as contact is made, to avoid the counter-strike. I suspect Bruce saw him coming and waited. In his zeal, de Bohun didn't expect the parry to succeed and forgot to veer away. Bruce's shorter horse might have resulted in the lance coming in a bit higher which would have made the parry a bit easier also. Although Fiore hadn't published "The flower of battle" yet, these techniques were still probably common knowledge.

[@NothingYouHaventReadBefore]

I'm sure this is a dumb question, but do you mean the longsword technique where you wait in the boar and attack by first performing a false parry? Just making sure I understand how you think it went.

[@fistofthetiger1591]

couldn't you also use a shield to glance the blow?

[@Squival138]

How do you know he had a lance?

[@vytas5584]

I honestly wouldn’t like my chances of judging the speed of a horse powered lance tip that’s aiming right for my eye

[@aidanmagill6769]

Worst thing about it is that you have to pull that off three times just to get him into the second stage.

[@matthewvelo]

18:23 "Some massive context I'm going to insert into you right now". You've taken penetration to a whole new level, Matt. Great video and great content as usual.

[@neilmorrison7356]

I think,an interesting component of the story is that his axe broke indicating a great deal of energy involved in the action.

[@stephenballard3759]

The broken axe does prove that the blow must have had tremendous energy, but when an axe handle breaks during a stroke, the energy going into the TARGET is lessened, because so much of the energy goes into breaking the handle. In other word.the handle breaking steals energy from the impact. Its like karate demonstrations. It only hurts your hand if the bricks DON'T break.

[@rubz1390]

Makes we wonder if the axe was really as true and hard as it's described.

[@dougerrohmer]

I know another commenter elsewhere has said that he has broken several axe handles, and I confess that I am not an expert on axes but I question a king's axe handle breaking. If the axe is in good shape and no flaws or rot in the handle as one would expect since it is a king's, would he have broken his arm before breaking the handle?

[@LionAstrology]

@@dougerrohmer perhaps when the blow landed it landed on the bottom edge/point of the axe poking/cutting through the helm but torqued the axe head and snapped the shaft? Maybe a possibility. Todd should give it a test lol.

[@dougerrohmer]

@@LionAstrology Like I said, not the expert but judging by axes I've swung, the handle is so strong that you can drive a truck over it, and you'll break relatively weaker bones before you break the axe handle.

[@Adam_okaay]

I love storytime with Matt Easton super excited to watch this

[@tiltskillet7085]

Massive context inserted into us.... Channel is getting pretty intense.

[@Vonstab]

Taking into account what we know from other sources about warfare in the period it is likely that both men wore only partial equipment as they were out doing recon. Full harness and weapons would have been put on as late as possible, a squire or valet would have carried heavy items like the helmet and lance for his master. Given the typical armour quality of the time it entirely plausible that a strong blow from a steel axe would penetrate a cervelier or the low bascinets in use at the time. The Brus does stress the force of the blow and the quality of the axe, if Barbour made the event up he clearly understood what parts had to be present to make the story plausible to contemporary readers and listeners.

[@johansmallberries9874]

This makes sense to me, that de Bohun was not in full plate heavy armor with great helm and carrying a lance if he was out reconnoitering the battle field.

[@nutyyyy]

@@johansmallberries9874 To be fair at this time full harness would be a coat of plates and lots of mail rather than full plate. And I doubt he was wearing a great helm.

[@robertbodell55]

To be fair if Henry de Bohun was killed while Scouting as per the english source he probably was not wearing a great helm since it would affect your ability to gauge the battlefield and surroundings and he wasn't planning to engage in battle.

[@raymondmanderville505]

They way I read it was that De Bohun spotted de Bruse across the field . He was handed his lance & charged & paid the butchers bill for his head strong quest for glory

[@Colonel_Blimp]

@@raymondmanderville505 well if he had killed the Bruce de Bohun would now be a model for independent thinking on the battlefield.

[@jk28416]

If the roles had been reversed we would never hear the end of it, no questions of legitimacy would ever be raised, did you hear England won a World Cup in 1966? So quite about it, aren’t they…

[@michele3900]

@@jk28416 It's because they have nothing else to blabber about. The most expensive and 'premier' league in the world and fuck all to show for it.

[@maxshields1055]

Really enjoyed your bringing up the historical documents and walking through the process of assessing their accuracy within the context of the weapons involved and likely actual outcomes.

[@Mountainmonths]

I really appreciate your approach. Too many channels don't even give their sources, let alone examine credibility, and dress up opinions as declarative statements of fact. This channel is a breath of fresh air for me, thank you!

[@bloodswornaburmesehistorian]

Ahhh I have been waiting for this for so long! Thank you, Matt! I am also really glad you point about how national identity was very different at the time. As a Burmese historian, it is one of the major obstacles I have often encountered whenever I try to bring up a discussion. While reading about the battle, I was fascinated to find out about how vague the identity of Sir Christopher Seton, a supporter of Bruce. He was sometimes described as Scottish, sometimes English and sometimes just an individual from Yorkshire.

[@jackcatlow3716]

Hi Matt, I’ve been watching you for years . Many years ago watching your videos , you reignited my love for history and pushed me to go to open university and study history . It took me 6 years but I passed and got a 2:1 Ba hons.

[@kanamisprs4330]

I've been wanting someone to cover this encounter for years, good job. I also enjoyed the noble attempt at pronouncing Auld Scots.

[@jackforester8456]

Something I've read in a book some time ago said that, to obtain the exact same effect on a foe's helmet, a knight stood on his stirrups while the horse, trained to respond to this, lifted itself on the back legs, to then fall down with all its weight while the knight used this kinetic energy to let his own body go down at the same time, so that the arm bearing the axe could fall with enormous energy. It sounds so difficult, and yet we know that they trained since they were 6 to fight on a horse and to synchronize with it. Also, the basics of kinetics and weight applied to horse combat weren't an unknown science by then.. The idea that "mounted on the stirrups" could mean this exact thing is very tempting to me

[@jackforester8456]

@@georget5874 I prefer the term detailed instead of complicated in this case. I agree that it's unlikely to get through a helmet, and often medieval sources say a blow got through just to emphasize the strenght behind it, but on the other hand people that do reenactment are often knocked out by a blow right on top of a modern super-hardened and extra thick replica helmet. An axe cutting through mail and gambeson is also very unlikely, but a man suffering a cranial trauma with possible bleeding derived from the pressure isn't so out of possibility

[@kaiserofkush]

100% this, the iberian peninsula had horse archers doing cantabrian circles nearly 2 millenia before. People knew how to use horses for war.

[@jonesperkins1382]

This was one of the best videos I have watched so far today. Great topic good coverage. Always entertaining and informative from this channel

[@bremnersghost948]

Always interpreted that as Bobby Bruce got Bohun on the Backswing and actually Hit just under the Helmet, Smashing through Bohun's Mail, Cutting the Spine and Penetrating the Skull.

[@jasoncowley4718]

Matt just put his context into me and I enjoyed it very much! Excellent analysis there Matt.

[@vladdrakul7851]

This helps me to understand how Gimli feels about HIS AXE! Then on the other hand it does seem that Dwarves always seem to have Scottish accents!? Interesting!

[@texasbeast239]

/ahks/ sounds so much better than /äks/

[@discostu2246]

Then there's the Welsh

[@silverbladeTE]

@@discostu2246 ...I don't see sheep being a major weapon of war :P

[@CollinMcLean]

@@discostu2246 John Rhys Davies who played Gimli was Welsh.

[@rubz1390]

In Warhammer Dwarfs are northern English instead of Scottish. Don't know if Tolkien intended Scottish accents for his Dwarves.

[@Columkille72]

I struggled with this story for a long time. Thanks for your remarks Matt.

[@robertmedina5850]

Awesome presentation mat as usual practically a history lesson

[@trevergoick9341]

22:04 I'm sure you were not meaning to do this but I became very focused on and almost obsessed watching all the times you took the axe towards the helmet. I kept wondering if you were going to make contact. I believe you finally did here after the time stamp above. Thank you for sharing your great knowledge on this history. I have recently been learning about post Roman occupation to year 1000. To learn Scots was basically the Anglo-Saxon language and the idea of the "smaller" wars between families or the royals really gave me a new perspective of that time.

[@moreparrotsmoredereks2275]

The part of this story that seems dubious to me is that he penetrated a helmet with the same blow that broke his axe handle. While breaking through a helmet may be possible, it would require a considerable amount of force. In my experience, when you hit something hard enough to break the shaft of the tool, that blow typically loses a lot of force because the kinetic energy is expended in snapping the shaft, not in driving though the target.

[@CanalTremocos]

Having broken a few tool handles myself this absolutely checks out. The blow that usually fractures the handle comes from a misplaced hit.

[@blackdeath4eternity]

possible that it could have done in one blow though, since the "enemy" was in a charge that would add extra energy & after penetrating even the haft could have broke. seems less likely but i think still possible.

[@danguillou713]

I don’t know about this particular instance, but my experience is that weapons in medieval fiction tend to break at the most dramatically satisfying moment. I think it’s a poetical trope.

[@jamesdunn9609]

@@danguillou713 It very well could just be a trope. But let's assume for one moment there was a direct confrontation between the Bruce and De Bohun. If it did happen the way it is generally described, the force behind such a blow would be tremendous. The warhorses used by the English knights were huge. A knight in armor, plate or otherwise, in full charge would be moving at a high rate of speed with nearly a ton of mass behind it. The Bruce was supposedly on a smaller, lighter horse, but he would most likely have been charging forward as well. The collision would have had the force of a car wreck. And all of it transferred through the Bruce's axe and into the helmet of de Bohun. If it did happen that way, it would not be hard to imagine that the axe, the helmet, and De Bohun's head all basically just exploding in to fragments. Now I'm not saying it really happened, but the description seems to be pretty accurate given the circumstances and possible forces involved.

[@kaiserofkush]

@@blackdeath4eternity a sharpened object moving at 20~ km/hr colliding with an armored head also moving at 20~ km/hr + a trained warrior and horse together using momentum properly = plenty of force to not only split the helm and skull but the torque could also break the haft.

[@SchlangeVonEden]

My favourite bit came at 18:20; Of all the massive things to have inserted into me, context is by far my favourite. I make no excuses. 😁

[@Darkurge666]

As a Swede I actually understood almost all of it. Sounds like a mix of older Swedish/Scandinavian/Norse and English. 😂

[@thedadbodychannel8909]

Old Northumbrian is closer to Scandinavian languages than modern English so not surprised. Some of the words in current northumbrian dialect are Scandinavian in root still to the best of my limited knowledge.

[@nutyyyy]

Yes Scots has less French/Latin influences and also borrows from Scandinavian and later Dutch. Northern English dialects were the same.

[@antemanhejsan2]

I got the same notion as well. dock tror jag att skolengelskan hjälpte mig också.

[@peterscott2395]

My best pals a swede, I was amazed how many words we share. Favourite must be "braw"

[@henrikaugustsson4041]

Many English words come from proto-Swedish, old Norse. For instance, bread and bröd are the almost exactly the same, tree and träd, sword and svärd, and there are hundreds of examples, and they came from Viking settlers.

[@arc0006]

Wow I remember reading about this decades ago. When I saw this video come up I knew I had to watch it. Good video. :)

[@jdlr369]

I bought the Mark Churms’s painting of this event a few years back and have it sitting on the wall next to my 1981 Excalibur movie sword.

[@Getpojke]

In agreement with you there. We're so lucky in the UK to have such a wealth of written historical sources. But anyone reading through them quickly finds some well worn tropes like: - "...he cleaved his helmet/helm in half..." "...the rivers ran red with blood for [x amount of] days afterwards..." "...the lands were thickly forested so that a squirrel could travel from [A] to [B] without ever setting foot on the ground...' and many more. As a kid I used to think it was just lazy writing, but now I wonder if it was just not only part of a style of description that others could easily reference but also a lack of comparisons from the scribes cloistered life. Before the printing press, these accounts were hand copied or repeated by word of mouth. So it can get exaggerated in the telling, but by the end everyone tells the same version of the tale. If you've ever been to a bardic story telling, especially a story everyone knows there are certain points in the story that everyone waits for, touchstone points of common reference, the good bit we all wait for.

[@justinneill5003]

I suppose this subject has already been “ done to death” (pardon the pun) but I’m curious to know your thoughts on the circumstances around Richard III’s demise at the Battle of Bosworth Field. According to most accounts I’ve come across, it seems to be generally accepted that at a critical point of the battle, Richard saw Henry Tudor separated from his main force, with a small detachment/personal guard, possibly making his way towards Stanley to elicit his support, and that Richard seized the opportunity to lead a mounted charge across the field directly at him. My understanding is that pretty much everything we know originates from Polydore Vergil, Henry Tudor’s official historian; apparently Richard was in the vanguard of the charge, and personally skewered Henry’s standard bearer, William Brandon, with his lance, before unhorsing John Cheyne, Henry’s bodyguard, with a blow from the broken end of the lance. John Cheyne was a giant of a man, as evidenced by the 21” thigh bone removed from his tomb in Salisbury Cathedral, which puts his height at a minimum of 6’8”. There was some research done since the discovery of Richard’s remains, with the help of a volunteer of similar height and build who had an almost identical curvature of the spine. He was taught by a jousting expert how to ride in a medieval saddle and use a lance, and it was proved that even with his physical limitations Richard could have been a formidable fighter with the right equipment and training, such as he and other sons of nobles would have had from childhood (he fought at his father’s and brother’s side at a fairly early age.) As Henry’s historian I somehow doubt that Virgil would have exaggerated the exploits of the Tudors’ defeated enemy, which lends extra authenticity to his account. This suggests that Richard must have got literally within a few feet of Henry before his horse fell.

[@lostalone9320]

Have you considered that Henry looks more magnanimous if he paints Richard as a valiant foe, and the whole dynastic struggle being settled by the two claimants themselves? If you were some Yorkist minor noble, would you be more likely to accept the account that Richard charged and was slain two seconds from winning the whole war? Or that he fell off his horse and got stabbed up by some peasant? It's also pretty unlikely that Richard managed to get so close to Henry but that he wasn't found or recognised until after the battle. You would't say that Stanley found the crown and gave it to Henry if Stanley just bent down and picked it up. Richard coooould have been a great warrior, despite his disabilities, but if that's the case then I don't think anyone bothered to write it down and as far as we know he wasn't especially given to acts of physical bravery.

[@justinneill5003]

@@lostalone9320 I hadn’t really considered that as a probability because it doesn’t really chime with the account of Richard’s body being stripped and removed from the field slung over a packhorse, and being violated in the process, as scarring by a sharp instrument to the bone of the rear pelvic area seems to support. It seems unlikely that Henry would have permitted this if he wanted to vaunt his fallen foe. As to Richard’s proximity to Henry at the point of his demise, the only contemporary account of the battle states that Richard slew Sir William Brandon and unhorsed John Cheyne, who as Henry’s standard bearer and bodyguard respectively, would have been within a few feet of Henry themselves. As there is no alternative account or evidence to suggest otherwise, I would go with the account written by Polydore Virgil as being the most likely course of events. As to Richard’s proclivity for acts of physical courage, his training as a knight from an early age was supervised by the Earl of Warwick, for which he received payment from Richard’s eldest brother Edward IV. Richard went on to play a crucial role in the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury fighting alongside his brother, as a result of which the crown was restored to Edward. Whatever role he may or may not have played in the disappearance or murder of the Princes in the Tower, and I have reason to be dubious about his personal involvement in their deaths,mthere seems little doubt that he was not lacking in physical courage.

[@ericstevenss4533]

Love the breakdown, would love more like this in the future. Would also be interested to see tests of axe v helmet… what would happen if the axe came down on the ‘right angle’ part of a flat-topped great helm or another knightly helmet with angles/flat tops?

[@Nick-hi9gx]

One small correction, at about 8:30, Matt mentions most of the Scottish nobles were mixed Anglo-Norman. By this point, the Norman influence had barely made its mark in certain areas of Scotland, north and west primarily, as far as noble lines go. That would happen rapidly during the period following Scotland's independence, as the house of Bruce would try to essentially consolidate the north, and the west was already coming under their influence through marriage alliances with the Scots still in northern Ireland, that Edward, Robert the Bruce's brother, had married into. That didn't last, but it did help bring in the isles around Skye, in between Ireland and Scotland, and the coastlands there that had always been more "Celtic" than Norman. This bringing the west into the fold, and little bits of the north though that wouldn't be complete for some centuries, was one of Robert's primary goals during peace, same with his son, David II. So when Matt says "Scotland wasn't quite a single nation yet",( he is totally correct )and he is talking about Robert Bruce, he is really talking about a coalition of three different groups that are actively in the act of splitting off (the north Irish) and merging (Scots of the west, Normano-Scots of the Lowlands), and mixed Celtic, Celto-Scandinavian, maybe old Pictish, who knows what else way up there in the Highlands, Hebrides, Orkneys that wouldn't merge for quite awhile, but began to think of themselves as Scottish, just a different KIND of Scottish than the Norman Scots or the western Scots, starting in around this era.

[@tonlito22]

This is sort of an example of adversarial proto-nationalism, these people might not have considered themselves "Scots' with a good idea of what that meant, but they were sure they didn't want to be ruled by the English King. You would get similar things in Flanders, were if they didn't know what made you 'Flemish' they knew what a Frenchman was and they hated that. And of course by the end of the Century you get "Italy freed of Barbarians", which suggests something of the development of a national idea.

[@occidentadvocate.9759]

Thanks for that bit info. My Surname is from the Western area of Scotland, Loch Sloy and Lomand. Its interesting to know how and when the idea of the Scotish nation emerged. What a great people they became. 👍

[@nutyyyy]

Yes this is a really important thing to note. Also political allegiance was a form of identity at the time. Yes the nobility of England and parts of Scotland were Anglo-Norman or even of direct descent from other French stock but they also identified themselves as English very often - but that wasn't to say that they were necessarily the same English as the Anglo-Saxon English population as a whole. This is still the case in a lot of countries today even. And as you say a common enemy is very important for forming a nation state.

[@rogerlacaille3148]

Well done Matt,always enjoy your views into history! Yes back in those days,and,even for many,many,many years to come,wars were in the end,NOT country against country,but family squabbles....Nasty and bloody,but still family squabbles

[@graham6774]

Brilliant! I was taught this story in primary school in Scotland in the eighties and im so glad you could shed light on it!!!

[@comradekenobi6908]

I'm currently learning about it in school

[@campbella2796]

@@comradekenobi6908 Glad to hear of it. Is that primary or secondary? I was only taught this in primary and was really too young to appreciate it. To this day I don't know whether it was syllabus or just the notion of my long dead teacher to tell a few patriotic tales. I distinctly remember her enthusiasm when she was telling us of Douglas capturing a castle.

[@comradekenobi6908]

@@campbella2796 A bit of background in primary. They then they explained a lot in secondary. We then have to write essays for exam. In my opinion the Scottish history history ministry put too much emphasis on how to properly write a spotless essay for some reason

[@campbella2796]

@@comradekenobi6908 Good to know. I always felt there was too little Scottish history taught at school. I took the subject until I was 16 and the only other Scottish history we had was the Scottish agricultural revolution...not quite so interesting.

[@comradekenobi6908]

@@campbella2796 What city you are from sir, if you don't mind me asking

[@Hades-im1ml]

Hello Matt ! For the context, I'm French. When you speak about this story, I directly though about David versus Goliath. It is very difficult to watch trouh all mythological event write through the age. Very nice video by the way :)

[@leodannersmith7930]

This was very well done! I think the source really supports your argument, particularly the part where it says neither hat nor helm "could" have stopped it.

[@jk28416]

If the roles had been reversed we would never hear the end of it, no questions of legitimacy or disbelief, did you know England won a World Cup in 1966, they are awfully quiet about it, and never any talk about dodgy refs at all…

[@scottsantana2248]

Love this vid, really enjoyed it.

[@KosherCookery]

"Some massive context I'm going to insert into you right now."

[@Pablo668]

Great vid Matt. A good explanation of one of my favourite periods of history. I had assumed your source would be from the poem 'The Bruce' by Barbour, and that sources for period are thin on the ground. Did you use, or is it mentioned in the Lanercost chronicle? I would imagine that it is being a fairly common source from that time ad location. I only know about it from reading through John Prebbles 'Lion i the North' (several times). I very much like how you mentioned that it really was a war of the nobles for the most part, and that there were relatives on both sides of the conflict and indeed landed interests. The ruling class of the time was still a bit Norman.

[@jaega4247]

Assuming the poem would actually be perfectly accurate in describing this event, then it would seem that at least one, and possibly both the combatants were riding at full speed at each other when they clashed. With the added force from the horses, wouldn't it then seem just a little more feasible that one of them could land a blow capable of breaking both the weapon and armor on impact? Add to that the idea that the Bruce may have been swinging to the front of Henry's helmet, with the spike rather than the blade of the axe, and I think that even a greathelm would be suffering quite a lot of damage...

[@sebbi8360]

Not just the helmet but just imagine the kind of concussion/other trauma you'd get. I'm no medical expert by any means but just the thought hurts

[@BlacksmithMMA]

@@sebbi8360 exactly, you only have to dent it inwards, not actually penetrate it. History often gets exaggerated so he likely felled him with the concussive force which damages the helmet enough to fracture the skull.

[@DocJerky]

I wonder how much poetic license was used by the writers. Perhaps it was a mighty blow, and it unhorsed de Bohun, then he was subsequently killed by Robert's men? Robert would still have essentially made the kill, but when writing it the drama was increased for effect.

[@masoluboxD]

maybe he broke his neck with the axe blow and later it became mystified to the form it is

[@book3100]

You can't underestimate the adrenaline of having the shit scared out of you, and enough skill to control that enough to have the presence of mind to take advantage of it. Getting through a helmet, well maybe not. Did he get hit hard enough to separate some rivets? That could look like an ax getting through. The spike end getting through is possible too. Getting hit hard like that is liable to crack your skull anyway, helmet or not

[@AndrewGibson22]

Today, I learned a lot. Thank you.

[@stimpsonjcat67]

I agree. I have seen various critics of those texts point out that the numbers of combatants and 'small folk' claimed to be present at Bannockburn didn't make sense based on the local population. I'm still mad about the ending of 'Braveheart'...that movie did the Bruce dirty.

[@matthewmuir8884]

Watch Outlaw King; it'll help you calm down as that film at least tried to respect the history.

[@andrewkeefe1358]

You did a good job presenting the indecent, pride and hate pushing a un trained noble in to his own kamikaze attack un armored.

[@CraigLYoung]

Thanks for sharing 👍

[@nobbytang]

Excellent break down of this encounter!!

[@gwennblei]

Awesome video and super interesting topic!

[@kendallkruse355]

Matt another great video thanks hey I noticed a theme that often and weapons videos of course very anglo-centric you talk about France and Italy and sometimes Germany but what about Spain very interested in the medieval and Renaissance weapons of Spain

[@hrodvitnir6725]

Great video and break down of what could have happend and how.

[@dadventuretv2538]

So I am sitting here watching Expedition Unknown and guess who pops up to show Josh how sword and shield fighting was done. Yup, none other than Matt Easton. Pretty cool. Congrats man. Seen you on a few things now… superstardom awaits.

[@brucemcdonald4372]

Great vid and like my history i think the clan split and the battle of Bloody bay as well as the battle of Renfrew could both have altered the course of history in Britain

[@kurteichenwald7417]

I was not prepared for the abrupt insertion of that massive context.

[@jimhart4158]

The amount of additional force from two charging horses also has to be considered. That is a combined closing speed between them of up to 60mph, depending on the horses and their loading. Even if Bruce did not punch through, and axe blow like that would probably have broken something in there badly enough to cause death.

[@neilmcinnes1586]

Precisely - armour cannot defeat the laws of physics. But ultimately the precise details of this skirmish are not important - the Scots won the battle and the English lost the Scottish Wars of Independence. What is important to day is what it means to Scots. Like the "defeat" of the Spanish Armada, which was actually accomplished by storms not the English navy. But no one questions the importance of that battle to English history, or the English sense of self. Who cares how Henry de Bohun died; he did, the Scots won the battle and not long thereafter issued something called the Declaration of Arbroath, which they could not have done if Robert the Bruce had not won the Battle of Bannockburn. Remember too; Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Charles are descended from Robert the Bruce, not from Elizabeth I and Henry VIII. So was Charles I, no modern UK without him either. So Good King Robert winning the duel and the battle is vitally important. Spiteful poms taking shots at Scots need to be rejected.

[@tommeakin1732]

As far as people go, I feel like you're one of the people who has the greatest intuitions on what pre-modern weapons can do to armour for the same eras; but I do wonder how much the inclusion of horses into an equation throws that intuition off. Does anyone know how fast an axe like this will be going at the point of impact against a stationary target? A video trying to discern this would actually be really helpful. Even it's like 80mph, adding, say, 25 mph to that (a horse), plus the target meeting you at the same speed...that's a big difference!

[@thefastandthedead1769]

Some thoughts on the encounter: It is possible to put the pick side of an axe through the flat top of a great helm. That is one layer. If the next layer was close by then the first plates hole would steady the point and tend to prevent it being deflected by the two way curve of the next layer of plate. Plate deflects the majority of blows. Therefore if there was sufficient power it would continue through the coif and arming cap and into the skull. To make such a manoeuvre would entail standing in the stirrups for maximum leverage. It ties in with the account. Alternatively, using a horizontal swing could drive the pick or blade through the vision slit and produce the fatal injury that way. Bear in mind there would have been the potential of two horses worth of closing speed and kinetic energy uses velocity squared. Again standing in the stirrups could brace the legs when leaning forwards at the point of impact. Sort of the opposite of couching a lance and the back of the saddle. When you look at the account and the lesser horse and therefore lesser saddle then there would be no point in using it to brace against as in couching a lance. King Robert was also an accomplished fighter and so would have been aware of these attributes. In short, it hangs together.

[@stevegreer5230]

Very good video. Thank you. My 22nd Greatgrandfather Sir James Douglas was there as were my Macgregor ancestors. Despite Them

[@johndally7994]

Would you please cover the relative protection offered during Napoleon’s wars by shakos, busbies and Tarleton helmets? Thanks for the great videos.

[@supersasukemaniac]

from a re-enactment I had seen of the event here on KZbin, it went how the book described, in the re-enactment Sir Henry had a sword and swung at Robert the Bruce, Robert leaned to the side to avoid, and while leaning, stood in his stirrups and swings his ax in to the back of Henry de Bohun's head.

[@susannekalejaiye4351]

Excellent. Thank you

[@mac2626]

I love how you strip away all the Hollywood BS and get at the truth, or as close as anyone can. Great video thank you!

[@ChaoticSorceror]

I also wonder if maybe Robert took a swing and managed to get through the eye slit or into the face (if wearing a secret helm with no great helm over top), and to observers, the angle and perhaps metal on metal sound of the spike deflecting off the ridges of the eye slit made them *think* that it was a penetrating hit, when in reality it had bypassed the armor entirely with a well aimed (or lucky!) swing.

[@justinneill5003]

Very interesting, thanks for this. If it did happen, it must have been a heck of a blow to break the shaft of the axe, which was presumably hard seasoned wood, unless that was an embellishment in the 1375 record. If the blade, or more likely the spike, penetrated the brain through the helmet and skull, I imagine it would have lodged pretty tight and needed a huge wrench to remove it, pretty difficult to get that kind of leverage on horseback and on the move. Seems more likely that it was wrenched from Bruce’s hand when De Bohun fell from the blow.

[@gerrypowell2748]

As a Scot I found this very interesting and would believe your assessment of this particular encounter🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿👌🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿

[@Andy_466]

Very interesting video, I enjoyed it immensely. If I may provide a comment, you gave only the briefest mention of the force that two riders colliding would have added to the kinetic impact of any blow delivered. Furthermore, such an impact could have killed the English knight without any form of penetration, in fact if such an impact unhorsed him that could have easily led to his death due to the fall alone.

[@Gargoiling]

Hi Matt! Thanks for the context insertion! No specialist knowledge on this subject but I would guess the plucky underdog aspect which appeals to us today wouldn't have played the same way at the time. As you say, this was between two branches of nobility who I would guess would want to play up their nobility and that they were playing by the rules. I doubt the Scots would have wanted to present themselves as "less noble" than the English back then. In that sense, if anything, I would assume that if you were going to make up an imaginary encounter, it would be more likely to be lance on lance. I've no idea if there are other accounts of single contacts but between high-ranking nobles at the time but the detail of the use of the axe strikes me for that reason as more likely to be true (not something you would make up). It might also be interesting to compare it with obviously fictional accounts like Arthurian tales (what is the "ideal" form of single combat?). I'm not sure if there are contemporary ones.

[@promiscuous5761]

Thank you.

[@SanoyNimbus]

The text you read ... does it say that the axe came through the helmet? It says the hat and helm did not stop the axe and the axe cleaved the head down to the brain ... "Struck him such a great blow That neither hat or helmet could stop The heavy clout he gave So he cleaved the head to the brains The hand-axe shaft broke in two" ... But what if the blow was under the helm, in the forehead and the basinet was without visar (does is spells like that?) or with visar up? An axe hitting you just above your eyebrows is not a good thing. ...

[@manuelschurig2266]

hitting below the helm is also a possibility if there's no visor or the visor isn't lowered, i didn't even think of this.

[@leeming1317]

10:40 Mathew. This makes me feel so much better. As a girl when I had to do the Shakespeare, medieval English for classes, as a ESL (second language english). I was like whaaaat...?!!?! It's like an anime, you have no idea what there saying but recognize some words. Then the teacher like a prophet would extract all of these fantastical 'themes, and motifs".

[@joshnewstead861]

Can I put it out there, there's always the chance that the axe didn't penetrate his helmet and essentially concussed him to death. With how hard he must have been hit to snap an axe handle, along with the design of medieval helmets.

[@thomasboully6545]

What axe are you demonstrating with Matt? I love the look and style of it very much! I would like to get one just like it for my own collection sir.

[@bubbagump2341]

I'm an old enough history nerd that I'd studied the Scottish Wars of Independence before "Braveheart" came out and laughed my butt off the when I watched what I once heard a British Historian describe as 'Lethal Weapon in Drag'! 😆

[@Cervando]

Next you will be telling us they didn't wear kilts then and there was a bridge at the Battle of Stirling Bridge.

[@bubbagump2341]

@@Cervando Indeed, no kilts and there was a bridge and William Wallace was a member of the gentry and was a LOWLANDER!!!!!!!! 😀

[@dougerrohmer]

@@Cervando But surely somebody shouted "Freedumb!" ?

[@lowlandnobleman6746]

Gentry? AND a Lowlander? But I thought kilt-wearing, haggis-eating highlanders were the ONLY cultural group in Scotland? Are you suggesting that there was a group of Normans in the south who didn’t speak Gaelic? That’s very strange.

[@bubbagump2341]

@@lowlandnobleman6746 Yes, there were a group of Normans/Anglo-Normans in the south of Scotland who didn't speak Gaelic and William Wallace was one of them! Younger son of a younger son of an Anglo-Norman knight of Welsh extractions since Wallace means Welshman in Scots English. So gentry and Lowlander. The great plaid mistakenly called a kilt only came about in the 1500s and I don't know if boiled puddings such as haggis were around and of course most Scotts ain't Highlanders! 😆

[@danielkeding3071]

Matt, Great video - very informative. Is it true that Robert the Bruce had participated in numerous tournaments in his younger days?

[@jk28416]

He had an immense tournament record all over Europe, he was the top rated sports star of his time, recorded wins of his are on many Central European murals.

[@frankharr9466]

I did not know that about the helmets. Thanks.

[@DapperRaccoon]

Any thoughts on doing a video specifically on William Marshal? This made me think of the story of after a tournament the other knights coming to present him with an honor and him being in the middle of having a blacksmith remove his helmet because it was so dented it wouldn't come off normally.

[@Wastelandman7000]

The version I heard was that the Bruce deflected the lance or attack somehow and struck the back of his head as he rode by. If he hit low on the mail....that would kill with one blow from an ax. By shattering the vertebra and/or severing the spine. Certainly if I were in that situation that would be a preferred target compared to hacking on the helmet.

[@justinneill5003]

This is a point of interest to me, Henry de Bohun being the nephew of the Earl of Hereford (my hometown) who together with the Earl of Gloucester commanded the first cavalry division to cross the Bannockburn and advance on the Scots’ position on a flat field behind a strip of woodland. The position was intended to minimise the English advantage in cavalry but the popular account has it that the Bruce had ventured beyond the natural cover into an exposed position and as you mentioned, was not yet kitted out for battle. That may be where the reference to his being on a scouting mission may have come from, especially if he was mounted on a palfrey (a lighter and probably faster horse more suited to the role, on which a knight would ride to the battlefield before switching to a heavier warhorse saved for the battle itself.) I have pondered over whether the impulsive response of de Bohun on which the popular account is based, may have been partly driven by a desire to achieve glory in the presence of his uncle, who commanded the cavalry formation. The breaking of the axe shaft would suggest that the axe (which I am certain it was single handed as the double handed “Danish” axe from which it was derived, at least in the hands of the Saxons at Hastings, was an infantry weapon that would have been impossible to wield properly on horseback) was used with tremendous force, met with an opposite tremendous force to generate such an impact.) This would be consistent with landing the blow whilst De Bohun was charging at full tilt. Personally I believe that De Bohun was armed with a lance as per the popular account; it was a weapon of impact used from a charging horse which is consistent with a double impact from the Bruce’s axe, and it is a one-chance weapon in that if the target is missed, there is no defence against a counter blow from an opponent carrying a weapon like an axe, mace etc, suited for the melee. If the Bruce had managed to steer his horse to De Bohun’s blindside away from the lance, when De Bohun was already committed to the charge and his horse was at full gallop, he would have had an open target to swing his axe at. As for De Bohun’s head protection, I would expect he was wearing the full helm, and agree with your suggestion that the spike of the axe was used. If the Bruce had the confidence to meet De Bohun head on, and the presence of mind to steer his horse away from the lance, it is highly likely he also had the presence of mind to realise that the spike would be needed to penetrate the helmet.

[@robwatson3027]

I recommend The Art Of Warfare In The Middle Ages by Charles Oman, the best book on medieval warfare ever written. You can still pick it up on Amazon for under a tenner second hand. It covers the Dark Ages onwards to the end of the Middle Ages and the introduction of gun powder, and goes into considerable detail about weapons and armour, tactics and battles and campaigns. Absolutely a must-have if you are interested in this period.

[@Alex-in2tj]

You make some great points. The worst thing you can do with medieval history is look at it through nationalistic tinted glasses. It was the rich nobles, landowners, knights & monarchs fighting for control & more land. Great video

[@hvymax]

I personally see a crenalated hammer with 4-6" spikes as the ideal weapon for armored combat. Standing in the stirrups allows maximum energy transfer. The spike would pierce a helm nicely.

[@keirangrant1607]

Great. video. Those men were very strong back then and with the momentum of the horses, I can see it being plausible that the Bruce could have struck him hard enough with the spike, if he wasn't totally armored up

[@18pablo88]

Good effort with the Scots, definitely tones of this language in a lot of rabbie burns words

[@GVGames1986]

I saw a statue of Robert the Bruce when i was travelling in Scotland a few years ago. I think it is near or in a little village called Brough (pronounced bruff). He is still popular up there to this day.

[@CAP198462]

🙋‍♂️ but, I like reading Chaucer in the original language. As soon as you gave the reference I went and found a copy in the Early Modern English online.

[@kanrakucheese]

You can read Italian? Also: Only time I’ve ever seen the great helm worn over another helmet in fiction is a Mount and Blade Warband loading screen. I understood the concept, but always felt it was weird considering the guy IS charging into melee.

[@alexanderv7702]

William Scott's three volumes on Bannockburn are the most reliable historical information available on the battle. I highly recommend all three book:

[@-RONNIE]

Really good video 👍🏻 For me I would rather pick a Warhammer over that Axe in a medieval battle for a one-handed weapon

[@dadventuretv2538]

This was brilliant. Although I feel like I need to shower now after you put your massive context into me. Lol

[@thesearcher118]

Very interesting video. My Mother is a Robertson. Bannockburn was where we received our name.

[@hiberniancaveman8970]

Nice to hear the reading in old Scots. One thing though: word spellings like “quhen” for “when” arise from the earlier Anglo-Saxon way of writing “w”, which looked like q and u merged together. Anyway, a most informative video.

[@vivstan160907]

Some context that I think may help clarify some things here. Firstly, Barbour does envisage de Bohun using a lance, at Bk. 12, ll. 27-9 he states: Befor thaim all thar come ridand With helm on heid and sper in hand Schyr Henry the Boune the worthi... Moreover, Barbour does distinguish de Bohun's 'helm' (ll. 28, ll. 54) from the lighter 'bassynet' worn by Bruce (ll. 21). In this context, it seems more likely that the details in Barbour's account are a deliberate effort to present Bruce as achieving an essentially superhuman feat. I would definitely agree though that the multiple attestations of de Bohun's death at Bannockburn (in Barbour, in the Vita Edwardi Secundi, and in the Scalacronica) do confirm the basic point that de Bohun was killed by Bruce with an axe early in the fighting on 23rd June. In terms of Barbour's distance from the events he was recounting, he was employed by Bruce's grandson Robert II, who would have been about 13 when his grandfather died in 1329. So we can at least credit Barbour with having access to second-hand testimony at worst (and no doubt to the 'gestes' that Sir Thomas Gray claims Bruce himself commissioned and which were made available to Gray when composing the Scalacronica in the 1350s).

[@jabbassoapbox4533]

We were indeed told this story from before we even started school, LOL... Traditionally, The Bruce was also out scouting his lines, so both were a small distance away from any support - that's the reason normally given for why a one v one encounter was possible - supposedly witnessed by Bruce's retinue, but it was all over by the time they were in a position to protect their king. Also, I wonder if some amount of melee was possible in order to damage the axe shaft enough so that it broke upon use i.e. maybe Bruce was effectively "losing" and blocking with his axe until he saw an opening and took it... but yeah, very romantic and maybe all just a metaphor for the small Scottish defeating the grand English - but a story that thrilled me as a boy, that's for sure.

[@roberthill5549]

Equally plausible is that a blow heavy enough to break the haft of the axe could have resulted in a skull fracture and the immediate unconsciousness of Robert, followed by intracranial hemorrhaging which could have killed him in a few minutes. Followed up with a light sprinkle of embellishment.

[@stephenballard3759]

I can easily imagine such a thing. Say, a helmet that dented enough to split a few rivets, caved in against the skull and left him with a fractured skull and massive subdural, or even just a fast epidural bleed.

[@reeyees50]

Thank you

[@highboy72]

great presentation, a blow hard enough to snap the haft was a mighty blow, but i would agree likely with the spike side.

[@Segalmed]

That text had certain similarities with Middle High German both in sound and style.

[@Kalarandir]

I found the original passage fascinating, and how similar it is to Scots spoken in Ayrshire, with many of the same words, phrasing and pronunciation. Having been brought up in Burn's country, much of his language is similar.