Definition of Hypoxia | Causes and Types🩺

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Definition of Hypoxia | Causes and Types🩺
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In medicine, hypoxia is a condition in which the human body tissues are not oxygenated sufficiently to maintain adequate homeostasis, resulting from inadequate oxygen delivery to the tissues due to either low blood supply or low oxygen content in the blood. Oxygen deprivation can severely affect various body cells that perform essential biological processes. The term anoxia is used in the case of complete deprivation of oxygen supply in the body.
Hypoxia can vary in intensity, presenting in mild to severe forms and acute and chronic forms, and can be classified as local if a specific area of the body is affected and generalized if the entire body is affected. In chronic hypoxia, an individual may present with dyspnea on exertion, whereas, in acute hypoxia, both dyspnea and tachypnea are observed.
In some cases, tachycardia, increased myocardial contractility, and cardiac output are observed as compensatory mechanisms adopted by the body to increase the output of circulating oxygenated blood to the vital organs by decreasing the amount of blood supplied to the peripheral tissues, leading to cyanosis in peripheral areas. In addition, the oxygen saturation may be lower in hypoxia.
In moderate hypoxia, neurologic manifestations, including restlessness, headache, and confusion, are observed. Severe hypoxia can result in cyanosis and tachycardia, altered mentation and coma, and even death if not corrected quickly. Stridor (noisy breathing) can be heard in cases of upper airway obstruction. Productive cough and fever are observed in cases of lung infection, leg edema, and orthopnea in cases of heart failure, and chest pain and unilateral leg swelling may point to pulmonary embolism as a cause of hypoxia.
Symptoms of mild cerebral hypoxia (decreased oxygen supply to the brain) include inattentiveness, poor judgment, memory loss, and decreased motor coordination since brain cells are extremely sensitive to oxygen deprivation and can begin to die within five minutes after the oxygen supply has been cut off. Prolonged hypoxia can also result in seizures.
Intrauterine hypoxia is a significant clinical challenge in obstetrics observed among pregnant women residing at high altitudes and/or with cardiovascular diseases. Altered placental development and spiral artery remodeling leading to placental insufficiency and dysfunction are other causes. Both conditions can impact normal maternal cardiovascular homeostasis leading to preeclampsia and/or impairing the transfer of oxygen supply to the fetus resulting in fetal growth restrictions.
Lung auscultation can yield helpful information to diagnose the underlying condition that presents clinically with hypoxia. Bilateral basilar crackles may indicate pulmonary edema or volume overload, other signs of which include jugular venous distention and lower limb edema. Wheezing and rhonchi can be found in obstructive lung disease, and absent unilateral air entry can be caused by either massive pleural effusion or pneumothorax.
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