Dr. Zachary Knight: The Science of Hunger & Medications to Combat Obesity

[@hubermanlab]

Thank you for watching. If you enjoyed this topic and episode, please click the "like" button and subscribe to our channel here on KZbin. Thank you for your interest in science!

[@nevergiveup5939]

Why are we here in this life? Why do we die? What will happen to us after death?

[@maasharde-3525]

Please हिन्दी hindi audio track 🇮🇳

[@TheWasthereonce]

Can you do an episode on social anxiety? It's an extensively under-covered topic for how prevalent it is.

[@lisatowe778]

You really bring some insight and fascinating science to the subjects.

[@utkarsh1874]

@@maasharde-3525 this is not for the illiterates

[@StoicAurelius1]

For those who have trouble limiting their food intake like me, let’s watch and do better. Happy Monday everyone

[@MrPDTaylor]

I agree

[@Harshchaudhari888]

[@ezraarrambide-webb6807]

I struggle with polyphagia it’s really hard. Hoping this helps!

[@GardenRose7282]

Try pure saffron extract. It has enabled me to do a sub 1k calorie/day diet without feeling hungry. I also make sure to eat my brazil nuts thanks to dr huberman.

[@AleksandarIvanov69]

OP, try beef, butter, bacon and eggs for 90 days and see how what you call hunger now is not what you thought it was.

[@karenmcrobb3105]

Dr Zachary Knight was literally an encyclopedia! I hope he returns to the podcast in the future. What a gracious guest and so smiley too!

[@theflamboyantgrandma1890]

Almost as sexy as Dr. H 😍

[@trobinski1842]

LOVE THIS GUEST!!!!

[@HereForToday42]

Please do episode 2 with Dr. Zachary Knight! He had so much fun. His brain was going so fast he could barely keep up with it, even speaking at lightning speed- and he has a great smile. You both were great

[@AaronStone-vj8nl]

Dr. Huberman, this is AMAZING. Thank you so much for having this discussion. Your work in bringing zero cost to consumer information on topics such as this are breaking down barriers and letting laymen learn and be curious. Thank you.

[@dameanvil]

7:11 🧠 Overview of topics: dopamine, vagus nerve, brain-body interactions in hunger and eating. 7:19 🍽 Question about the brain's role in hunger, meal decisions, and self-regulation of eating. 7:31 🔄 Brain's dual-system approach: short-term (meal-related) and long-term (body fat levels) regulation. 8:00 🐀 Key experiment: Zombie rat study showing brainstem's role in meal size regulation. 8:39 ⏳ Short-term signals: Gastric stretch and hormones like CCK influence meal termination. 9:52 🏋‍♂ Long-term regulation: Hypothalamus tracks energy reserves and modulates brainstem circuits. 11:34 🛢 Body fat tracking: Brain uses body fat levels as an energy reserve signal. 12:18 💧 Comparison with thirst: No reserve of water, unlike fat's role in energy storage. 12:55 🔬 Discovery of leptin: Hormone from fat cells indicating body fat levels, cloned in 1994. 13:37 🧬 Obese and diabetic mice: Key experiments showed mutations affecting hormone and receptor. 14:36 🩸 Hormone-receptor interaction: Circulating factor experiment revealing leptin's role. 16:18 📉 Leptin feedback loop: Loss of fat decreases leptin, increasing hunger and reducing energy expenditure. 17:53 💊 Leptin resistance: High leptin levels in obese individuals lead to reduced effectiveness of leptin treatments. 19:45 🔄 Potential future use: Leptin therapy for weight maintenance after weight loss, despite current underuse. 21:04 🔬 The discussion is about the brain's role in hunger, eating behavior, and food consumption decisions. 21:41 🥗 Feeding behavior is divided into appetitive (searching for food) and consummatory (eating) phases. 22:08 🧠 Forebrain circuits, especially the hypothalamus, are crucial for the appetitive phase, while brain stem circuits manage the consummatory phase. 22:27 🌟 AGRP neurons in the hypothalamus are vital for driving the desire to find and consume food when hungry. 23:07 🚶 AGRP neurons motivate food-seeking behavior but don't directly control movement circuits; they set goals that the animal then pursues. 23:43 🐭 Stimulating AGRP neurons in mice triggers voracious eating, while silencing them leads to starvation, underscoring their critical role in hunger. 24:22 🔄 AGRP neurons express leptin receptors, and leptin inhibits these neurons, linking body fat levels to hunger control. 25:00 🧪 AGRP neuron activity drops significantly and rapidly when a hungry mouse sees food, indicating they predict food intake. 26:39 🔮 AGRP neurons predict food consumption based on sensory information and previous experiences, starting the satiation process before eating begins. 27:39 🍽 AGRP neurons' activity drop signifies a transition from foraging to eating and might be involved in preparatory responses for digestion. 29:47 🥩 Satiation involves multiple brain mechanisms that integrate new information to regulate eating behavior. 32:15 🧬 AGRP neurons exist in humans and play similar roles in hunger and satiety, influenced by genetics and experience. 37:10 🍔 Mutations in the AGRP-POMC pathway are linked to severe obesity, highlighting the genetic basis of body weight regulation. 39:02 🧬 Genetic studies show most genes associated with body weight regulation are expressed in the brain, emphasizing the brain's role in food intake and energy expenditure. 39:57 🧬 The debate on obesity often centers on genetics versus environmental factors, but it's likely a combination of both. 40:38 🍽 Embracing a variety of tools, from lifestyle changes to pharmaceuticals, can aid in managing obesity effectively. 41:09 🌍 Environmental changes, like the availability of highly processed foods, play a significant role in the rise of obesity rates. 46:09 🥦 Whole foods are less processed and typically more satiating, which may help regulate food intake better than ultra-processed foods. 49:32 🧠 Learning and sensory-specific satiety influence food choices, potentially favoring diets rich in minimally processed foods. 58:55 🍲 Neuronal responses to food focus more on calorie intake rather than specific macronutrients like sugar or fat. 1:04:03 🍽 When individuals lose weight, hunger may increase due to heightened activity in certain neurons, driven by lower leptin levels and a biological urge to regain lost weight. 1:05:05 🚫 Most people struggle to maintain weight loss long-term, despite various dietary approaches. Success stories often involve sustained behavioral changes rather than specific diets. 1:06:20 📉 After weight loss, energy expenditure decreases, which can make maintaining a lower body weight challenging, even years after initial weight loss efforts. 1:08:19 🧠 Research on energy balance shows that for every 2 pounds of weight lost, appetite increases by about 100 calories per day, potentially thwarting long-term weight management efforts. 1:09:50 💊 GLP-1 drugs like semaglutide exploit biological pathways to suppress appetite effectively, offering substantial weight loss benefits in clinical trials. 1:19:08 🏋‍♂ Weight loss from GLP-1 drugs tends to prioritize fat loss over muscle loss, but maintaining muscle mass can be supported by higher protein intake and resistance training. 1:23:29 🍽 GLP-1 Agonists are pharmacologic in nature, offering much higher hormone concentrations than natural physiologic changes induced by food. 1:24:57 🚫 Food and drinks generally do not increase GLP-1 to the levels seen with pharmacologic agents like drugs. 1:25:23 📉 Physiologic effects of GLP-1 modulation by food are minor compared to the significant effects seen with pharmacologic GLP-1 agonists. 1:26:55 💊 GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide have been extensively studied since 2005, demonstrating safety and unexpected health benefits beyond weight loss. 1:30:14 🏷 "GLP-1 plus" drugs like tirzepatide combine GLP-1 agonism with other mechanisms, offering enhanced weight loss efficacy and fewer side effects. 1:31:50 🌟 Future obesity treatments include triple agonist drugs combining GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon, potentially offering substantial weight loss without surgery. 1:34:21 🩺 Interest in obesity drug discovery has surged due to recent successes, contrasting with earlier cautionary tales like the fen-phen debacle. 1:36:24 🧠 Niche interest in melanocortin pathway peptides for appetite control may lead to new FDA-approved treatments in the future. 1:39:25 🔄 Short-term manipulation of the brain's appetite control system through GLP-1 agonists contrasts with the historically challenging long-term approaches like targeting leptin. 1:41:24 🧠 Dopamine plays a crucial role in motivating animals to work for food, especially when the effort required is high. Even low levels of dopamine can influence willingness to engage in tasks for food rewards. 1:42:54 📚 Dopamine facilitates learning about external cues that predict food availability (like seeing a McDonald's sign). This learning occurs rapidly and is crucial for survival. 1:46:03 🥤 Dopamine also contributes to slower learning processes related to the sensory experience and post-ingestive effects of food, reinforcing associations between taste and nutritional benefits. 1:47:30 🌟 Dopamine neurons respond to internal signals like nutrient levels in the stomach and bloodstream, aiding in the learning of which foods are beneficial based on physiological effects. 1:51:05 🧂 The desire for salty foods, like Parmesan cheese, can stem from the body's need to maintain sodium levels. Thirst and salt appetite are closely linked mechanisms that help regulate body fluid and blood composition. 1:53:28 💧 Thirst and salt appetite are distinct from hunger for calories but can interact in situations like dehydration, where the body prioritizes fluid balance over food intake. 1:55:10 📡 Separate brain circuits regulate salt appetite, thirst, and hunger, each responding to different signals and maintaining essential bodily functions. 02:03:32 🥤 Thirst neurons in animals are more strongly motivated by negative reinforcement to avoid dehydration, while hunger neurons primarily enhance the pleasure and attractiveness of food. 02:04:28 🧠 Thirst is largely processed in the forebrain, emphasizing its role in aversion to unpleasant states, whereas hunger is more about the rewarding aspects of food consumption. 02:05:56 🧠 Knowledge and perception significantly influence human eating behaviors and physiological responses, demonstrating how informational cues about food affect satiety and enjoyment. 02:09:30 🍽 Recommendations from physiology and neuroscience suggest focusing on whole foods, adequate protein intake, and debunking myths about fluid consumption during meals. 02:12:10 🚰 Drinking water during meals does not significantly dilute digestive enzymes or interfere with food digestion; it primarily helps differentiate thirst from hunger signals. 02:14:19 💊 Advances in anti-obesity drugs like GLP-1 show promise due to their effectiveness, safety profile, and potential for diverse therapeutic options in managing metabolic conditions.

[@EdelweisSusie]

This info is nearly as long as the video.

[@roundbunny]

Thank you ❤

[@druu559]

You’re doing Gods work sir 🫡

[@amyboydgreen456]

Yes, 2 weeks hospitalization In April. I gained 10 lbs on a yummy diet. Is it necessary to eat breakfast to avoid a thyroid crash? What about the coffee/protein 20gr combos that are so popular? I value this info on our food intake especially since food prices are changing so dramatically. Eating less food will save$$$.

[@dameanvil]

@@amyboydgreen456 These are witch doctors. Do not seek the holy grail with them.

[@TheteaonGLP]

I lost 76 pounds in 6 months on GLP-1/GIP. I am NOT losing muscle now. I get monthly DEXA scans. Next scan is TUESDAY last month I gain 6.0 pounds of muscle and lost 10.6 pounds of fat. Long time listen first time comment. This is great. I’m really interested in the science. I only kept my muscle because of you! You content is amazing. Thank you for making sure at the end of this LAST weight loss journey I am healthy and lean not just skinny fat. I’m actually increasing my BMR each month by about 48-52 cals a day based on my DEXA scans. You are my hero Dr Huberman. Glad I found you your changing my life!❤

[@Slev8180]

You’re kicking butt! That’s so amazing… so happy for you!! 👏

[@aliciagriffin7173]

Great job! If you don't mind, which version of GLP-1 did you use? And are you worried the weight will come back when you stop using it?

[@TheteaonGLP]

@@aliciagriffin7173 I am using Zepbound and Im not done, but I am not worried. I made life changes. I didn't just eat less of the same garage. I even did a long fast. I strength train 3 days a week with a EMS suit. The GLP-1/GIP brought down so much inflammation that I got to cancel a disc replacement surgery. I have not felt this great in my entire life. 🥰

[@HereForToday42]

is your bone density ok with all that weight loss? Has it stayed stable or have you lost some bone?

[@aynurbahadr7006]

Could you please add turkish to automatic translation languages list

[@Minnasification]

"Just push away from the table" has just been eviscerated before my eyes. Truly one of your best yet. Dr Knight is such a great communicator. I was riveted the entire time. This is a must watch for anyone who struggles with their weight, cares for someone who does, and those who still promote the moralization of obesity.

[@gangapoornima]

Obesity...i do not promote it, but i hope also people will not be too shamed with it, because that is not healing, high obesity is also a social mental disease for many many individuals, maybe even for me, i am not super obese, i am super healthy, my bloodworks are super well balanced, but i am chubby, 10 kg overweight, i am so addicted to food and it has to do with sexual damage by something that happened to me, so these things are subtle and nuanced, if the morale does not change sometimes people do not talk about things

[@ohsweetmystery]

Anyone should be able to stop eating as long as self-gratification is low on the priority list. You sound just like the serial killers who claim they cannot control themselves. Of course they can, they just choose to gratify themselves over anything else.

[@treali]

Nobody fail in an area by their own violition. If you fail in an area it's still your fault because there are people who managed to overcome it. Most things worth doing will not feel good, but people manage to do it anyway because we have parts of the brain that are literally responsible for the will to live. The main problem is that people who lose control doesn't really have any willpower and can be seen as people not even participating in life. I doubt they are even human. "Just push away from the table" Still applies and will always apply.

[@treali]

@@ohsweetmystery Indeed, these "people" assume they are the only one who has "impossible" odds to overcome. I have a huge food addiction, as soon as I get stressed I can binge eat hard af. I have always been thin though because I fight those signals. The problem is that people nowadays don't understand that life has always been a struggle up until recently. You're not supposed to feel perfectly good at all time, that's the main point. People think "I feel bad, now I must do X to make it go away". No, just wait and the feeling will go away by itself sooner or later. How can you claim to be more than cattle if you're living life on rails doing whatever your body and society tells you to do?

[@HereForToday42]

love all these smart scientists who genuinely love science and can communicate that to regular peeps

[@sarahbarnwell5296]

I feel like this guest is that type of smart that's just so rare and special. I felt like the whole time he was trying to make what he was saying digestible (pun intended) for the general public. Bravo to both of you for a great episode!

[@storage13phone2]

Please Do Another Episode on Autism treatment. Please vote up so my message reaches Prof Huberman.

[@CCSwag]

Do you have any specific topics about autism that you’d like discussed? What was missing from his episode on autism?

[@nanbobbett4608]

I want to understand more neuroscience/mechanism of autism and how genetics affect this condition.

[@Ghufran-um6yb]

Yes the genetics, early childhood and adulthood intervention methods, foods and supplements, medicines etc.

[@Ghufran-um6yb]

There are beliefs that Walnut and Almonds help, not sure if true, however learning about CBD effects on Autism would also be interesting.

[@Dulceria-La-Princesita]

Sorry, but I'm going to have to report your comment for harassment and hate speech. Prof. Huberman will NEVER see your comment and will NEVER make the video you're requesting. Good day to you, sir.

[@selenaclarke]

A couple of your guests can be ‘an uncomfortable watch’ but this guy is just so damn likeable & enlightening

[@neilbaumann4923]

Dr. Knight talks so quick and concise. Its nice to see young doctors taking such an interest in society.

[@Jombozeus]

Dr. Knight uses plain words to connect scientific terminology. It allows people of all educational levels on neuroscience and biology to take something away. That’s really nice.

[@charlotteb.9855]

This is WONDERFUL. Dr Huberman, thank you. I have a condition called Gastroparesis, which means paralysed / delayed stomach emptying. The information from Dr Knight about water vs food’s effect on gastric emptying is so enlightening! And confirms a suspicion i had that my stomach seems to empty at a rate more consistent with calories than volume (somewhat goes against traditional gastroparesis wisdom). So validating to know i was right. I would love to learn more about Dr Knight’s work. Thank you both 🫶🏻

[@az55544]

9-5 daily fasting was difficult at first. I found my ideal eating timeframe after a month or so of tweaking. Then I just decided that being hungry was ok. Just like being afraid (long time rock climber) and still acting is ok. Even beneficial. Essential, in fact. Weight/height balanced 59 yr old female. HRT changed my body - no more joint pain! And walking! Sleep. But it all started with intermittent fasting, thank you AH.

[@Toddles0694]

Great!

[@katiegeorge4916]

A request for a future episode: it’s not your typical topic, but could do a guest series with veterinarians on pet health? Questions on proper nutrition, whether to spay/neuter, physical and mental simulation etc. on dogs and cats would be super interesting to us animal owners listening

[@alangello5]

This would be great as I give salmon oil supplements to my gog for the Omega 3. Dried food causes a lot of he Health problems

[@geb2]

@@alangello5 Just soak it in water until it's soggy.

[@robinr5669]

No

[@gangapoornima]

Nice.......i am vegetarian, i hate meat replacements, my iron and b12 and bloodworks are great, i eat and cook very fresh with variations, but i am chubby, and i do cook meat for friends and my dog, my dog was sick and aggressive when he came in my life, he was around 7 years old and not spayed, so i waited till he was healthy, and after he was spayed, it took 3 months and finally his aggression went down towards other male dogs- but sometimes i still think .is it unhelathy to neuter your dog ? it s a social wise thing to do with pets, because we need to control the puppies and the hunting, but i always wonder about the health.

[@Arsh_24]

Please make an episode on Skin. I have been suffering all my life with this organ. It’s too much information out there which is contradicting to each other. Appreciate your work, and totally trust it.

[@160p2GHz]

Yes. I'd especially love learning what the actual science is on that whole idea of maintaining the mantle/microbiome/pH. I am careful to wash but not overwash my skin and still get significant spats of perioral dermatitis every few years. It relates to that, cleansing, acne, etc. I swear I can feel my skin going through cycles too, like the pH changes. I know when I'm at risk of an acne break out. Misinformation around aging would be great too. Helping people understand what they gain or don't with sunscreen and fillers would be interesting.

[@iche9373]

Just try to have a stead blood sugar level because otherwise „Glycation“ occurs and your skin gets damaged by that. Giigle Jessie Inchauspe and her glucose revolution.

[@KamranAhmed-pk4vc]

He went and did it 😭

[@Arsh_24]

Yeah man, so cool.

[@RElena-rh5et]

It s always so beautiful when you see two human beings , breathing and sharing, with so much passion, information about who we are, and how we function. Initially, I was thinking it s gonna be too long , but I never felt it. Thank you for your values and for the desire to spread your knowledge ( for free!! which also speaks volumes). Please, if you have the time, I would love to know more about the brain during pregnancy and breastfeeding. How , why, and what's the best way to take care of us ( mothers). All the best!

[@KeithM-ht6zc]

TLDR: Don’t lose hope, you can lose weight and keep it off. I lost 70 lbs 5 years ago and have kept it off. I wish I could have jumped in the conversation around the 1:06:00 mark, but I think when you lose significant weight, genetically and neurologically your body does not change to then become a system that now no longer becomes overweight. My hypothesis for how I’ve kept the weight off and how others have is that we’ve created a different neurological behavioral system that is more successful than the hunger systems/pathways that lead to us controlling our environment and response to that environment better. For me, it’s tracking calories because my hunger/satiety signals are untrustworthy, misleading, or maybe “confused”. Other people manage the inputs from the environment in other ways, by controlling what types of stimulus they are exposed like avoiding carbs or eating certain times of day or via other methods. Bottom line is there is a way to successfully keep off weight, but you have to create a new, and more successful, system to outcompete the hunger/satiety systems/pathways that works for you. Don’t lose hope.

[@amandarseeker179]

I am in recovery from a severe stimulant addiction and while using stimulants, obviously weight gain wasn't a problem. In the last two years of sobriety I have gained 60+ pounds and find it very difficult to lose it or even manage food cravings. Leaves me wondering how much of this problem is related to the nature of my history of addiction, possibley the impact of genetics connected to that and definitely behaviorial connections. Identification is key in going forward and as a single mother of 2 girls I have a huge, honorable and precious responsibility to overcome and be an example of health and growth. Thank you so much for your cause, I've learned so much here.

[@BHBalast]

Stay strong.

[@HareKrishnaPerth]

Omg. We have the same life. But I have put on 25 pounds. Single mum of 2 girls. Prior severe stimulant addiction. It's hard to manage cravings. Stay strong beautiful

[@Car-jy8pw]

I like the look you get when you say your guest’s name and say welcome. Genuinely happy to start a conversation with them. Makes me happy to see them too.

[@danevee8160]

Can you please bring on a digestion specialist and ask loads of questions regarding drinking water around mealtimes, potential dilution of stomach acid, and absorption of nutrients. Love this podcast. As always thank you for the information.

[@mariad1151]

This is my favorite episode. I could listen to this guy all day! 1st thing I've ever heard about hunger & satiety that's believable. ENCORE👏👏👏👏

[@vernekelley9356]

1. Question: with such increased doses, how does this affect a diabetic? Is there more hypoglycemia? 2. MY PERSONAL insight---My faith in a supreme God did not need bolstering, but as I am on my third time listening to this podcast, the thought that constantly runs in my mind (I don't speak for anyone but myself) is how incredible the God I believe in really is to have created humans with such intricate mechanisms. Finally, I find so many of Dr. Huberman's podcasts brilliant that I'd never be able to choose a favorite, but this one would lead the pack of competitors. Thank you, both, again.

[@Mychellechic]

Just want to say how much I agree with you. which is why I love science it always leads me to a loving intelligent creator who loves his creation And wants us not just to live but enjoy life. ❤

[@amannaithani]

Thanks Dr Huberman for the good you are doing tirelessly and helping so many people. I have been following you much before this podcast and implementing many of your protocols in my life and seeing great results. Gratitude and Respect.

[@lyndseylinnen561]

Dr. Knight is amazing! As a subject matter expert, he brought so much insight to the GLP-1 topic. Thank you for having him as a guest.

[@scotchbarrel4429]

Great guest Doc, this guy collaborated seamlessly, you guys sounded in tune with each other, less awkwardness like some of the other ones where the guest speaks over you, or loses their chain of thought when you add on a short story to the explanation. This guy deserves a medal for keeping the discussion flowing nicely, enjoyed listening, thanks Doc 👊😎

[@gmo2932]

This guy is at a completely different level than most humans.

[@serban2139]

I would hope so... being a doctor

[@MrsEclecticTex]

Fascinating! I am an NP who manages Diabetes and have prescribed GLP-1 inhibitors for many patients (if they qualify and can negotiate the shortages in the US). Anecdotally, about 1/4 of my patients report a major benefit from “less food noise.” This description of no longer obsessing about food and feeling more in control of their eating behavior is consistently is used. The psychological benefits are real. Too bad I can’t claim CME for this interview.

[@gnomie2.0]

Very interesting! That feels different than “less hunger,” doesn’t it? I’ve heard people use the phrase “less noise” to describe their experience on Strattera (non-stimulant ADHD med), which also feels different than “more focus.”

[@marita1977]

Absolutely, less food noise which in practice translate to less anxiety and the urge to eat and think about food the whole day. Speaking from my own experience

[@gangapoornima]

In India there has been some research on whole broke pumkinseeds and pumkinseedoil and pycnogenol, sometimes it can help to reduce insulin injections intake....maybe you can find some use in the research.

[@parastoonasr6328]

When I got Covid, I lost all interest in food. Being someone who thinks about food a lot and over eats, it really fascinated me. I had lost appetite before during cold or flu but nothing like this. It just completely shut down. I wish I could have kept that mechanism that kept my hunger signals on off. Am listening to this podcast now.

[@ivyivy7493]

Same as me. The sickness shut down the hunger signal totally

[@mmyuan7612]

never heard so clear and articulate explaination of such complext science topic.

[@vickiharris4000]

I love the explanation of the brain and eating in a way that is understandable to a “normie”. I have a HUGE problem eating large amounts of a food that taste good. It makes me feel completely happy even though in the back of my mind I know this problem is NOT good. It feels like I have slipped into binge eating. I would love to hear exactly what my brain is doing at the time and if there is some sort of “trick” to use to adjust my brain to avoid this type of eating.

[@mdgardengirl]

It took me several sittings to complete this episode but so worth the time!!! I believe I just listened to a genius and could relate! Thank you both.

[@BasedDad]

Learning about and implementing topics surrounding intermittent fasting, diet, sleep, and many other AH podcasts has been immensely helpful. Thank you!

[@Mindi-b9f]

One of the most charming moments 1:40:41: Dr Huberman says, "I'd like to talk about dopamine." Dr Knight smiles and says, "Sure."

[@vlad19918]

This was one of the most fascinating podcast, so clearly communicated for the general public and experts. Well done!

[@SilverNewNothing]

I was diagnosed with Bardet Biedl Syndrome in June. This syndrome seems to be linked to exactly what is discussed between 32-44. My POMC and BBS10 genes are mutated and I’ve been obese since I was a child. As a morbidly obese person, this level of scientific testing and my BBS diagnosis has been life changing. Genetic testing FTW!

[@Burrie81]

Makes you appreciate just how much of a miracle the human body is when you hear of all these mechanisms that go on without us knowing! Unbelievable

[@drhannah8525]

I loved this podcast, possibly my favourite guest so far. Brilliant, good science communicator and such a soothing calm voice. Thank you! More please :)

[@19Jetta]

This was an extraordinary episode. One of the best this year so far--

[@vernekelley9356]

I will listen to this many times. Amazing.

[@yoyoschmo1]

Loved this. I’m an obesity medicine physician. I would ask in the future that you use person first language. I was surprised to see how much I learned from your guest. So fascinating and a good reminder why I got in the field in the first place.

[@juzzie]

I’m 60 seconds in .. and I think this is already better than most social posts I just watched ..

[@juzzie]

Probably because my brain stem is smaller than a rats … 😮😂

[@Mychellechic]

@@juzziehaha 😂 …. couldn’t help feeling bad for those poor rats though 😢

[@beser12v66]

Please make an episode on cutting, bulking and recomp (and IF if possible) from the scientific/biological POV ! Thanks for all the knowledge you make available!

[@ruthx2614]

Thank you - this was great. I’m on Tirzepetide and there’s plenty of discussion on KZbin about its effects on the gut and fat v muscle loss, but not much on the neurological impact. New research is showing GLP1s have a positive effect on reducing addiction and Alzheimer’s. I’m gladdened to see such a dispassionate, science-centred positive analysis of these drugs.

[@sovereign775]

Wow, what an absolutely amazing episode. Thank your Dr. Knight and Dr. Hubes. And not to pit one episode over another but the episode with Dr. Lyon was mentioned to be one of the most popular. I am surprised this episode is not one of the most popular. I can see the delight in both guest and miraculous regulations and beauty of the human physiologic system and share and that delight. It is truly beautiful. One of my inputs I have (n=1) from my personal experience of losing weight: Was never obese but definitely overweight, at one point suffering from severe binge eating disorder during med school. I was 185 lbs (@5’9”) and am now 155ish lbs, decently lean. My experience with metabolic adaptation is that you will experience hunger when initially dropping that weight but once you are there for a while (for me, perhaps weeks of “owning” that weight) your hunger and appetite will regulate to that new weight and you will experience less hunger. This is with background habits of daily exercise (which suppresses appetite) eating real food and being thoughtful about portions. I wanted to throw that out there for anyone who thinks they are unable to sustain their weight loss. It is possible. At one point during the episode they mentioned that the current studies have not shown that people are able to sustain their weight loss; however you can add my anecdata to the humans that Hubes mentioned whom he advised a real food “diet.” A sustainable lean physique is attainable and sustainable even if you have sub par genetics like myself. With much love and health 🙏🏽❤

[@slbaaron]

But dr knight referenced researches showing continued reduced maintenance calories / metabolism as well as higher levels of hunger even after a year of losing weight. I think for people who can keep weight off, you essentially have built a new system that is constantly fighting against your natural urges and homeostasis state but eventually so much so you do it unconsciously and can truly believe you are keeping it off and happy and “not difficult” doing so. Whether it’s by specific cues of diets and programs (subconscious calories counting, eating time window, etc) or by mental adaptation. However, in most cases in my personal observation, they are one or two major mistakes or external factors away from relapsing such as significant stress and change in life, severe physical injury that puts your exercise routine out of the picture, etc. ultimately what’s working is working especially if you have done so for years. But out of all the fat people losing weight “successfully”, which by most scientific definition is over 1-2 years time frame, I still see ~half of them relapse at a later time over the course of 10-20 years. It’s a tough game. I’m one myself but I’ve bounced up and down a couple times and in good shape now. Good luck to you!

[@Bot28111]

Yeah this podcast seemed to me to say that it is practically impossible to lose fat and keep it off. Do you still have increased hunger and lower bmr like it says in the podcast? It felt depressing the statistics indicated that fat loss is practically impossible.

[@slbaaron]

@@Bot28111 I can tell you one thing that's absolutely true that will change everyone's BMR is muscle mass, so living a healthy and active life is going to help on that. I also think this is something Dr. Knight did not address on what is our hunger and fat "homeostasis" feedback loop set point based on: Absolute fat mass, or body fat percentage? It's within the realm of possibility that our genetics pre-sets to a certain level of fat mass as feeling normal - commonly referred to endomorph vs ectomorph in bro science. In that sense it can explain the bro-science in a scientific way. Essentially some people are bound to eat more and carry more fat mass total over the long term, but as a result they are also usually more likely to gain muscle when training hard, becoming the strongmans and linebackers. Assuming no drugs are abused, the other side of the spectrum are more likely to be the lean athletic looking dudes From that perspective, I don't think it's as sad of a picture. Outside of the truly medically challenged (diabetes) and such, most people could likely get into a "stable" good shape by carrying (relatively) a lot more muscle, which can be achieved by training hard. Whether you end up being a sexy lean cut 6-pack-abs bearer year round, or a hulk barely fitting in a standard door, that may be up to these genetics without drugs, but that in itself doesn't sound too saddening imho

[@daniellaferrari1]

I learned so much from this guest. What a great podcast! Thank you Andrew.

[@GilbertWilliams-g9h]

This is very timely, since I've been actively trying to lose weight for the last week. It's going ok but trying to curb the hunger pangs is challenging and making me quite grumpy... according to my husband 🤔. Thank you for bringing us this very informative and supportive podcast Dr Huberman and Dr Knight.

[@eeronat]

Having had carbs, especially starch, and then not eating causes hunger. If you acclimate to lack of starch, hunger will lessen. If you eliminate all carbs for several days, hunger will be very low. Don't overdo it though. Doing 3 day experiments is a good idea.

[@aamiller27]

Thank you, Dr. Huberman, for another riveting podcast where I learned so much! A fascinating conversation, for sure.

[@lilianamontiel1966]

As someone who lost 130lbs about 9 years ago and kept it off so far (currently power-lifting) it was so great to hear the studies on long-term effects of having been morbidly obese. I can definitely relate to the years post weight-loss where i was “skinny/fat” and had lost muscle. Started playing ‘strength catch-up’ 6 years ago. If i could go back and start all over, i would have started with a high-protein diet and heavy lifting or strength training from the get go (what i do now.) But when you are obese you naturally incline to “faster results” and focus on the number on the scale too much, and that’s why i went the low-calorie/high cardio route. (This was before i had knowledge of proper nutrition & training) I recommend to anyone that is trying to lose weight or improve their health, it is 100% worth it to be patient/consistent and build muscle and strength as you get fit. You may not see results as quickly, but your body will feel so much better/stronger in the long run. Ultimately a lifestyle change is something you want to be able to sustain for a long time anyway, so even slow/more intentional results is the way to go, vs quick weight loss where you will likely lose strength.

[@Bot28111]

According to the podcast, aren’t your leptin levels high due to losing fat causing you to be hungry all the time? Also is your bmr 25% lower than people naturally at the same weight as you? From the podcast it seems that it’s almost impossible to lose fat and keep it off due to hormonal signaling? This podcast seemed very depressing to me. What do you think?

[@iss8504]

Fasting is they way. Combine with whole unprocessed food, junk food no longer has any control over me. I actually feel sick now eating out. I even don't crave chocolate anymore. Was at Aldi, bought what used to be my fav chocolate covered almonds and ended up throwing them out. If you don't retrain your body, you will keep reaching for junk. I feel nauseous when i try to eat more than a few restaurant french fries. So I think i am free from the processed food addiction. addiction.

[@ivyivy7493]

How can u do that

[@ynor2087]

Episodes like this are the reason I subscribe

[@AgnieszkaWalczuk-g8r]

Fantastic, fantastic guest! So clear, enlightening and... kind!

[@BobbieAnderson-u4k]

I just thought you’d like to know that I was taking continuing education classes through the American Council on Exercise and they referenced your podcast in the class on breathing and mental health. Love all the information you share and the way you present it. Thanks for sharing your knowledge and expertise!!

[@nataliemcclain5370]

I would love to see more studies and content about how anorexia can lead to binge eating and the biology behind that.

[@theruvalcabafamily18]

This was an amazing episode!! Thank you so much for providing these incredible interviews with the most knowledgeable people. You provide the facts about these very important topics and I appreciate that!

[@marieclaire90210]

Would love to hear an episode on autism and epilepsy. Thank you.

[@kayleabritton7695]

Really enjoyed this episode! Just wish semaglutide was actually covered by insurance for everyone who needs it especially due to the difficulties with weight loss that Dr. Knight highlighted.

[@carcticus5590]

Dr Knight spoke so clearly and had so information much to impart - shame Huberman kept interrupting and talking over him. Let the guest speak! Dr Knight probably felt like he had to talk quickly because he was afraid of when he would next get interrupted.

[@pewdeepew122]

I think more research needs to be done regarding adhd and it’s links to binge eating, obesity and diabetes.

[@HareKrishnaPerth]

A misfiring to the prefrontal cortex will cause that, among other poor decision making

[@mariagates473]

I don’t have ADHD and have been diagnosed with binge eating

[@pewdeepew122]

​@HareKrishnaPerth a lot of people with ADHD will lean heavily on anything that stimulates dopamine in the prefrontal cortex including amphetamines, nicotine and sugar. I came across this when working with people who had diabolical binge eating behaviours which were corrected once ADHD was treated. Not sure if it is causation or correlation but there is enough evidence to suggest further studies should be considered. One person I worked with had the compulsion to consume 6-8 energy drinks a day just to get through his work. He said to me that he needed to start his day with one and a cigarette just to get started. Once his ADHD was controlled, he went down to 2 a day and now no drinks no smokes. As he said, "I don't think they work any more." I just find it interesting, the consistency of similar stories, there needs to be further study I think.

[@jackiemarie5202]

Having ADHD the dopamine portion was very insightful! Thank you

[@overtonesnteatime198]

Hi Andrew, As someone with adhd, and borderline personality disorder your video(s) really help to put things into perspective which gives me the chance to live comfortably. I appreciate this very very much. I would love to meet you one day and have a brief conversation. Cheers.

[@saraha6237]

Apart from the excellent conversation (mind-blowing and hopefully belly-deflating), I enjoyed so much the musical voice of this Dr. He certainly has very good hearing.

[@youtubemom497]

I have been drinking Yerba Mate for appetite control since I heard Dr.Huberman discussing it. It works similar to ozempic but not as strong and less side effects. Loving it for cutting!!

[@rafecruz1]

So thank you first and foremost for taking the time to do this pod. Did anyone here find a solution or a protocol to find the best way to control eating? Also, stop overeating and sugar cravings?

[@mysticbeastdraws2067]

I enjoy listening to these podcasts, sometimes they go over my head but I appreciate how in depth and open minded they are and I always learn something new. The one about social media made me understand how serious the situation Is. I've recently left instagram and because of that episode I think I'll also leave snapchat soon. I would love to see Dr. Neal Barnard as a guest at some point. Thank you for offering this information for free.

[@TomSL55AMG]

Wow, awesome baseline for a discussion with my doctor. What an exciting time for advancements. Thank you so much.

[@gmo2932]

I saw this again also several other huberman interviews and gotta say this is what imo a real scientist and researcher should be. He wasn’t trying to peddle anything or seem to push ideology first and then “find” facts later. He knew his stuff and seemed very open to learning new things and all from a neutral position and very professional. I keep seeing other interviews and many seem to be just pushing an ideology to sell a book or a cause or something. Maybe it’s against processed foods, GMO or other “villains” so it’s easy to swallow the narrative when some complex facts that cannot be easily verified are thrown around. But it’s still easy to see that there’s something being peddled. So having someone like Dr Knight is very cool. Gives you the feeling that he looking for the truth and not trying to push a version of the truth to sell a book or something like the three previous interviewers. I like to learn the truth about health and other issues regardless on what ideology falls into.

[@sharondleisk]

Thank you both for an amazing and informative podcast. I had to watch this about 4 times to really let different bits of it sink in and I somehow think there will be more rewatching.

[@jeandicarlo-wagner]

Fascinating, have listened three times! Will listen again. Soooooo helpful!

[@IvanFlecha]

Your brains are beautiful!!! Thank you very much for this!

[@rachelbaxter452]

It’s good to know the why behind the what, as in why it’s so challenging to loose weight and keep it off. This can feel a bit overwhelming for those of us who work hard to loose weight and keep it off. I’m glad I’m tenacious, and I am not a rat. After fen-phen I swore I would never engage in weight loss at any cost ever again. I can’t afford to believe that it’s impossible to loose weight and keep it off. Belief that I can is one of my best tools.

[@dr.samierasadoonalhassani2669]

To summarise 1 hour of the lecture is interaction between genes and environment. The body cares about energy ( calories) not micro nutrients at level of certain hormones. Mainly protein and sodium. Proteins because of 9 essential amino acids not made by the body. Sugar and fats can be made by proteins and microbiome which makes short chain fatty acids( last statement from my own education). The brain stem centres control short term but hypothalamus long term control. Andrew hypothesis about ultra processed foods are this processing prevents the brain from knowing macro nutrients and hence eating more and more obesity. Eating is to give body what it needs and not about tase. ( Eat to live and not live to eat.

[@jithenin]

Thank you ANDREW ❤ it’s 10.49 PM in Sydney, NIGHT is all set to receive knowledge from DR KNIGHT ❤

[@ishita881]

It's 6:22 p.m. here in India🇮🇳 😃

[@Zer-on3xd]

Two Words, INTERMITTENT FASTING, For me, this can differ per person and it gives me more energy rather than when I had breakfast felt crashed and tired.

[@shealafferty5846]

I am a 29 year old female, breast feeding my third child. I am so painfully hungry CONSTANTLY. I feel like there’s limited info on breastfeeding so I’m hoping this reaches you. I work out 6 days per week, cardio, weight training, HIIT, you name it. Sometimes I eat until I want to throw up and I feel like I have 0 control. I eat EXCLUSIVELY whole foods and healthy protein (grass fed beef, wild caught salmon, pasture raised eggs). So what are these cravings? Strictly breastfeeding related? I know I need to consume more than the average woman my age with my activity level and breastfeeding but like I said, I go way overboard sometimes and cannot escape hunger. Tips? Thoughts? Help 😢

[@katiee3842]

I want this too!!! I am exclusively breastfeeding (did same with 1st and experienced the same hunger). I eat ONLY Whole Foods. I don’t eat any grains. I eat solely protein, fruit, and veg as Andrew mentioned and I still find it hard to lose all of my baby weight until the 1 year mark when I stop breastfeeding.

[@robinr5669]

Evolution only cares that the offspring survive and so the hormones drive you to have the most nutrition available to the baby.

[@kristianlovealot]

I'm not educated in this field, but my gf drank a lot of water throughout the day while breastfeeding(also helped her produce more milk). Might also help with your hunger pains. Hope it helps.

[@JennBruer]

Excellent conversation, Dr Knight is a wealth of knowledge. Huberman's "hypothesis" is intriguing. As someone who's lost 80 pounds and kept it off for years, I can tell you that maintaining has meant using all my mental real estate, despite only having eaten whole foods since 2012, I am still so incredibly prone to weight gain. Someday i'd rather just take a medication that can make keeping a healthy weight more feasible. I feel like eventually these medications can give people their lives back.

[@sylviamho]

Such a master of his domain! He distilled everything so well. Thank you so much for this! I have to watch again to get everything I might have missed. 👍

[@olgazavilohhina6854]

¡Hola Profe!Another brilliant episode. The segment about thirst and hydration was just mind blowing. Thank You for all Your hard work and care for all of us

[@fantomas1770]

i’ll have two number 9s, a number 9 large, a number 6 with extra dip, a number 7, two number 45s, one with cheese, and a large soda

[@socialistprofessor3206]

Love that game!

[@sherylburt7863]

Thanks ! So interesting learning these new -to me- concepts. I can also echo the notion that getting some water when really thirsty stimulates something in us. In my experience as a critical care nurse, I noticed that when I was able (when ordered by the dr) to give the very thirsty patient some ice chips or even tap water, they were often ecstatic, remarking just how good the ice was. We nurses thought it was funny. Now I see that there was something special and innate going on in their brains !

[@PierreFlc]

Thank you so much for creating such great quality content ✨️

[@martasanchez150]

Ozempic was a nightmare for me. When the dose was increased I went back to living out of the bathroom. It is unrealistic to think a working person can just wait out those side effects. Back to post pandemic mental adjustment, weight dropping slowly at a good monthly rate as well as my A1C. But doctors want to get rid of "fat people". Which is really sad, because I would have maintained a relatively healthy weight without all that bullying.

[@Ro.Lin13]

I already know this is gonna be next level; can’t wait to watch

[@RogerComponovo]

Dr. Knight seems to have no reservations about the GLP-1 drugs. This seems to be in contrast to a previous podcast guest, Robert Lustig, who was concerned about side effects such as depression. I was a little disappointed that there wasn't a little discussion about side effects or adverse effects of the drugs. I did find the info to be great and was very pleased that you had him as a guest.

[@mohammadzubairarain1021]

Beautiful podcast! Thanks both of you!!

[@LesleyPeach]

Combinations of therapies will be what many people need. Only the lucky few will need a single change.

[@graceforalways6445]

Dr. Knight, I hope you're able to return to another podcast where you're comfortably allowed to finish your thoughts!

[@AznDudeIsOn]

26:04 this makes sense as to why often you are cooking you don't feel hungry after cooking Thanks for this great lecture on ozempic! 1:48:38 yea I thought this was the case when thinking about taking care of pet cats 2:11:20 don't think i heard this before

[@adrianagNeuroFit]

This is going to be A fascinating conversation. This is a subject I have been fascinated with all my life. As someone who battled anorexia for almost 2 decades and I can say understanding mechanisms and our psychobiology changed everything for me for the better 💜💪🏽🧠

[@AnahitaAmiri]

Such a great episode. I learned so much. Fewer interruptions is appreciated ;)

[@jonathanbethune9075]

I wanted to offer you a word or two off gratitude. I hit some rough patches with my health and your expertise and that of your guests got me on the right track again and healing. Got my health back and I'm very grateful. Thank you. A lung infection that set in over the coarse of couple of years as slept on some old foam mattress pads slowly filled my lungs with things it eventually couldnt accept and an infection set in. Oddly I had a tooth go as well which they proscribed antibiotics knocked the infection out and I was left with a inflamed respiratory tract that took another year to normalize... Anyway a hard couple of years and I'm back on track. I do have some questions about the inflammation and the toxicity that my system got used to fighting. It diminishes your capacities and makes your mind sluggish. Is there a fast track to getting your vitality back. Exercise and proper nutrition is what I'm doing and dropping some excessive weight but I'm lethargic, not a little bit traumatized and going into my 55th year, which of course may just be simple old age :) Anyway many thanks.

[@sulimangulzaree21]

Thank you so much for both of you I appreciate for everything you are sharing for us.❤❤❤❤

[@raewillspeak_]

Been waiting for this one! Excited to watch and hear your thoughts in GLP1

[@roblh31]

I enjoyed this episode. One of the best.

[@dezilada]

Brilliant!!! As always, soooooo grateful ❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤

[@santodejesus3012]

Huge thanks Andrew

[@spanky3245]

Dr. Huberman. I was hoping you would consider doing a podcast on Occipital Neuralgia resulting from a pinched nerve. There is not that much out there and most neurologists (or at least the DRs I saw) do not have much on a cure or how to improve/manage symptoms. It took me 18 months of trial and error but through neck, core strength exercises, daily stretching and chiropractic care I saw a huge improvement. That being said, I spent 6 months getting MRI's, going to doctors that had no clue what was going on and the unknown was quite stressful. I am still not 100% but I can live a mostly normal life. Hope you consider, because there is a community out there that would appreciate it. Regards- Mark B.

[@emilyjohnson5910]

Follow up questions about glp1. There are some folks that don't respond to wegovy. What's up with that? Some, like myself don't respond until it's at full dose. Because it's so expensive, that's 3+ months of paying for the drug without results. There seems to be a rule that you have to do daily extended endurance although sometimes people loose without it. The discussion of lepten as a follow up brings me lots of hope and curiosity. Thanks for this video to both professors.

[@alexlavi3699]

Absolutely brilliant!!! Thank you so so much!!