How To Start A New Garden (From Start to Finish)

Our website: www.rootsreconnected.com/
Create an in-depth garden plan from start to finish: learn.rootsreconnected.com/th...

[@aquietplace5832]

This guy has a whole roll of cardboard and I'm over here breaking up Amazon boxes...lol! Love this video, thank you for sharing.

[@onion6foot]

Do we know what chemicals are in the cardboard? Always worried they are using coal ash in stuff like cardboard. They use it in drywall.

[@ebybeehoney]

@@onion6foot - in the US drywall is usually made with gypsum not coal ash. That type of drywall is usually from China. The US mines gypsum.

[@onion6foot]

@@ebybeehoney Well, around here they dumped coal ash in unlined ponds and the bay, so I can't feel too certain.

[@veronicavatter6436]

Same

[@FrankEdavidson]

@@onion6foot It's layers of kraft paper. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard

[@jenmcclung607]

I loved the simplicity of how this video was made! So, so many KZbinrs over-explain and clutter their content with words, words, and more words. Thank you for this refreshingly quiet, yet direct and helpful how-to!

[@glenntagaylo2339]

I agree, I prefer more work and less talk :) This is awesome video!

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Thank you for the kind words Jen

[@lisageorge2955]

I couldn’t agree more!!!! I don’t care how people came up with their plan or what their kid said that was precious or any of it!! I’m not cold hearted, I just want to cut to the chase when learning how others do things. I’ve always vowed if I ever do a podcast or video it will be as straightforward as possible! This goes for recipes also. I just want the recipe. I don’t need a 20-minute preamble!

[@kenaninan6229]

But you need words to explain abstract things. Clear a'd concise communication skills enhance creativity and imagination.

[@TaiChiWithMe]

I have watched many market gardening presentations on KZbin by the top sucessful market gardeners. This is without a doubt the best presentation I have viewed to date. No wordy dialogue, just clear precise and to the point valuable instruction. Excellent job Duthc Farmer!

[@terrimilavec5885]

That is one productive man!

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Thank you very much!

[@Muddleyt]

@@TheDutchFarmer hi, please tell me, how wide are your beds? Thank you.

[@munteanuandrei8875]

​@@TheDutchFarmer why are you putting down compost, instead of using the land itself? I was thinking there are a few reasons Either the land is not suitable for growing things, or it has been overused, either that or using compost and toping it up around the year is much more efficient on growing things, but I am not sure which one is the reason or if its the right reason?

[@munteanuandrei8875]

why is he putting down compost, instead of using the land itself? I was thinking there are a few reasons Either the land is not suitable for growing things, or it has been overused, either that or using compost and toping it up around the year is much more efficient on growing things, but I am not sure which one is the reason or if its the right reason?

[@tornrebsdugout3505]

This is absolutely a NO DIG, NO WORD, NO COMMERCIAL, type of making a garden. Thank you, i enjoyed your show. I rarely finish other KZbinrs type of gardening, too much narrations bore me to death.

[@DAKneesy]

Not one word spoken. How refreshing. The focus was the garden...that's what I love most about gardening...getting lost in the moment. Vision. Creation. Well done!

[@jaredbullock5366]

It’s like primitive technology channel for gardening

[@LandElevated]

I totally agree!

[@saintevil6084]

Most people want to be the spotlight and think you're there to listen to them ramble

[@Padraigp]

What I hate about it is chansawing trees lol. 😂

[@dachsymom5232]

Really great demo on how to do a No dig garden. Thank you. Great job! For all the persons poking at him about "digging" first.....removing trees you want to relocate and rocks in your way is not the same as digging a space for a garden. No one gets to skip those steps of removing stone and small trees. If you have ever put in a garden from scratch then you KNOW this was WAY easier! The method I learned growing up is back breaking work that continues with weeding and weeding and oh yeah weeding some more. I've enjoyed my no dig garden and it only gets better every year. Try it!

[@f1bernet]

I live in an area called Rocky Ford. And I swear the rocks continue to appear popping up from the ground.

[@onionwater1882]

Frost pushes the rocks up every year.

[@jasoncook2294]

Hey how many times can you plant before you need new compost? I know compost is super rich but how many years can you go?

[@ohiogardener4019]

@@jasoncook2294 I add a couple inches of new compost every fall. It keeps getting better and better.

[@Trakehner20]

@@f1bernet lmao! They will come even after they're removed, huh?

[@evyedelman4297]

18:25 made my heart melt. Having your daughter help is so heartwarming and such a great skill for her to share with you. She will be so excited to see the growth process till harvest. Absolutely inspiring! Keep sharing! 🙏🏻♥️

[@noreply2030]

free labor

[@barbaroacosta5335]

@@noreply2030 more views also. It's proven by the youtube algorithm, a pet or a child will increase your views.

[@newday7622]

@@noreply2030 😄🙏

[@VitorMadeira]

I get back to this video every now and then. This is one of the most inspiring KZbin videos ever! Please, we need more videos from you! Greetings from the Algarve.

[@Dovey62]

This is wonderful! I've been doing this for several years now, but I generally wet the ground underneath, then wet the cardboard to help make it easier for the earthworms, and to have the plants underneath decompose better. I've started putting my autumn Leaves under the cardboard as well. They feed the soil very well. Thank you for this video! Awesome!

[@rosemarywacera2576]

Hi can I use dry grass instead of leaves,kindly assist

[@Dovey62]

@@rosemarywacera2576 I suppose so. Grass contains plenty of nitrogen. Can you get leaves though? So many people just take them up and throw them away.

[@dekonfrost7]

Dovey62 where do you think that compost comes from?

[@Dovey62]

@@dekonfrost7 It's decomposed organic matter. Not sure you're asking because you don't know, or you think I don't know. lol..

[@SW-zu7ve]

Pretty sure that's what the sprinkler is doing.....

[@msmw6159]

This is the first video I've seen from your channel and I loved it. It's so peaceful to simply watch you work and listen to the birds and the music. Thank u for not adding narration. 😊

[@becky8233]

February 4, 2023 This is a blessing for my plan to garden the most I have ever grown I have enough space to run rows like you have shown. I can never thank you enough. Thank you so very much. 👍💝💥🤩👋🌟😅☺️🌞.

[@Herschel1738]

Sometimes, even if you want to be "no dig", you just have to dig, especially when you doing your initial garden prep. It depends on what you have to work with. I tried to do totally "no dig", using cardboard boxes, grass & leaves. I was converting a grassy field that had been a pulp & paper tree farm for decades. It was cleared & seeded for grass 15 years ago. It had a very thin 4"-8" layer of forest compost over pure solid CLAY & lots of rocks all through the soil. I swear, you could cut out cubes of the clay & use it in a pottery studio, it was so pure. My problem was that in some areas, the top layer amended nicely & drew in worms but nothing broke into the clay layer. Even daikon radishes failed - they just pushed themselves against the clay layer & grew up above the soil line. Plus, some spots were so full of rocks it was interfering with root growth. I finally had to turn the soil with a fork & shovel, to break up the clay down to 10", and added organic matter to that depth. There just was nothing in the clay layer to attract the worms that are the best soil turners, aerators & decompactors that Nature made. (Except for fire ants - those miserable monsters are scarring my legs for life, but they do move soil around & eat a lot of garden pests.) If I did it right, I expect that I will only need to do this the one time.

[@sharky2582]

Check out epic gardening and epic homestead channels, Kevin Espiritu deals with/ talks about the struggles of clay soil and how to amend it, but I don't think his situation was as intense as yours. I think he'd probably have information along the same lines as to what you've done lol I hope you have bountiful harvests!

[@Romans828girl]

Wow. I just got my Daikon radish seeds yesterday, and I plan to let them overwinter in my garden beds so maybe next spring will be easier -- because CLAY. So much clay. The possibility that they would grow up instead of down had never entered my mind. My soil is not as intensely clay as yours, so maybe I'll be OK. My goodness, you've had a lot of work to do.

[@SulthanMuhammad]

hey, do you think its possible to just use dried weeds without the cardboxes? getting plaing cardboxes is hard in my area. thanks in advance

[@roberttatusko3238]

@@SulthanMuhammad Try newspaper if that's available

[@SulthanMuhammad]

@@roberttatusko3238 ok thanks ill try it on my next patch :D

[@jodieziegler1061]

I've watched this video 3 times and it's so calming I just love it. Getting a truck load of compost delivered in 2 days and I'm so excited to get started with my garden and give this a try I just had to watch this again. Thank you for an awesome video ❤

[@VitorMadeira]

I get back to this video every now and then. This is one of the most inspiring KZbin videos ever!

[@DoubleQz]

How is your garden doing?

[@lisametzger-gott6049]

A thing of beauty . A moving meditation!! Well done, Sir.

[@UrbanHomesteadMomma]

Great example of how to start new no dig beds! The cardboard on a roll is pretty brilliant... I’ve never seen that before. Way easier than laying out boxes. The end result looks great!

[@nathanburnett5191]

agree with what you said. if you dont want to spend the money tho HVAC shops seem to have the best thick and clean cardboard. that or the back of grocery stores.

[@Miley_00]

@@nathanburnett5191 so there is just a few inches of soil for the plants to grow from? Is this so under the cardboard can build up microbes for later in ground planting?

[@katleenceulemans]

@@Miley_00 making shure the cardboard is wet can be important in dry conditions, to help it break down. The weeds die of due to lack of Light end become organic matter, very good method

[@virginiaaduca5560]

This is just a passion, love, patience and focus. Without it, you can’t see the success of your labour. Great.

[@amandarubio8491]

The mix of asmr and light background music was perfect. Very soothing. And the gardening is very inspirational as well.

[@JulieKeeperofMyHome]

This video was exactly what my husband and I were looking for! I cannot thank you enough!!

[@WanderingNature]

I’ve been changing my 1/4 acre yard into a food forest using free boxes, leaves chicken manure with woodchips one day at a time

[@HighLevelNinja]

I'd love more info on how you do it a little bit at a time! It seems like each little bit I do turns into a weed farm, and end up de-weeding before adding more.

[@Jord111]

That was unbelievably relaxing. He made hard work look sooo pleasant!

[@selamewnetu4975]

I love that little helper kid, very blessed to have this kind of parents. This kid is a Lucky one!

[@deinse82]

Looks like hard work:) Thanks for making it even harder by doing youtube on the side. It's amazingly helpful and inspiring. Beautifully shot, as well.

[@TheBushdoctor68]

Hard work yes, but only once. When it's all installed, it barely requires maintenance, and... no digging! :)

[@TheDutchFarmer]

@@TheBushdoctor68 Exactly that! ;)

[@TheDutchFarmer]

No problem! I'm happy it helps! :)

[@thedoubleboiler6971]

Anything worth doing, rarely comes easy. It's work, yes... but I wouldn't exactly call it that; at least not for me. It's more fun than anything.

[@fainaryabinina8111]

And you try to say in person what you say behind your back ...

[@keifers]

BRAVO! This was awesome! Gardeners know, hard work results in the THE most rewarding of outcomes. This was fantastic to watch. 😁

[@GLifestyle50]

The best gardening video on KZbin👏

[@meglange3595]

Wow! I've never seen anything so well planned and executed, and so simple and efficient. That was amazing. Thanks so much!!

[@mysticmeadow9116]

By far and away the best No Dig start I have seen in a long time. Thank you for a well detailed yet simple guide. Blessings to you from zone 8 GA USA.

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Thanks a lot! Appreciate it👍👏

[@flashtone2834]

This was freaking epic and amazing! I can’t believe this was free to watch!

[@AlparslanE]

That is exactly what I thinking. It’s just amazing!

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Thank you!

[@kathleenclark4714]

@Jeff Bruce Because the quality of the video is really good. Free things are usually shit, like the shit quality you know is on here 95 percent of the time, lol. It's cool that someone put this much into something, and then put it up here for free. yes, they get paid in advertisements, i get it, but the original sentiment was more along the lines of 'thank you for putting so much time and effort into something amazing, and letting us all watch'.

[@bradley723]

If it looks free, it means you’re the product

[@mainerockflour3462]

What a beautiful love letter to your family. I did the same thing, but my then-wife was illiterate. I miss my Kubota.

[@Orangatangerine]

1: clear big weeds and rocks (optional broadfork) 2: cover in cardboard 3: cover with good soil/compost 4: wood chip paths and exterior. 5: measure planting locations 6: plant in measured grid

[@Ionut.B93]

Love your videos..you MUST post more often..lol...keep up the good work..greetings from Romania!🇷🇴🇷🇴

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Thank you! I'll try my best! :)

[@Iulius92]

Culmea că și eu sunt prin Olanda ! Normal ei au toate utilajele frate ,dar vad acum și genul de om care lucrează la mânã... Hai că e pe stilul românesc ,frate! Big like !

[@efitsi7496]

Congratulations ! So detailed without even a word. Inspiring and really helpful. We will try to follow your steps. The most amazing thing is that your child not only helped but knew exactly what to do and where to put the potato!! If it is so easy for a kid we can do it also !Thank you for the beautiful video and the music 🎵🎶🎵

[@grantstewart8698]

It's a relief to see that someone has done it the way I was planning to do it. Thank you.

[@tclodfelter8789]

ANYONE would be PROUD of that!!!

[@FloridaGirl-]

The prep is always the hardest. Do it right though. Saves tons of work weeding. I’ve always recycled my cardboard boxes this way. Good thing he’s good and young. A nice big area he has tackled. I could see where you’d need cardboard on a roll! Nice job!

[@jma80804]

Beautiful! You’re an artist.

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Thank you!

[@kennypridemore5466]

He's more than a gardener, he's an artist 🎨 gardener , his brushes are his hands , his feet , his back , and his mind .

[@sinoyolopikoli487]

This is honestly so inspiring. Absolutely got a lot of ideas of DIY tools since I don't have the cool gadgets yet. Totally worth every second

[@jeshurunfarm]

You're back! Just finished watching. Nice dude. Missed your vlogs. Respect from Africa 🇿🇦

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Hey Justus, long time no see! :)

[@jeshurunfarm]

@@TheDutchFarmer same here. Did you have a cozy winter, hibernation much?

[@tanzeeliqbal3122]

Its my first time on your channel, but reading all the emotional comments made me feel that you are really a loving and nice person. By the way thanx for the amazing video

[@LaVern57]

WOW! I love 💕 you already This is my very first time visiting your channel and again l love it already. Listen to the peaceful cheeping of the birds as you wort oh I adore 🥰 this. Then u get y the benefits of ur labor. The power of sowing and reaping is amazing.

[@angeladelosh9258]

Thank you! This is exactly what I needed to see. I have an area of about an acre that is just grass and I failed with my first garden because it was in the wrong spot...now I know where I need it and how to start!

[@jeweloftheisle498]

You are the completely the most hard working man I’ve ever seen on KZbin. Absolutely Amazing.

[@shaunwilliams901]

Finally..... Moreno is back..... from your number 1 fan here in South Africa, j have watched all your videos champ.

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Hi Shaun. Thanks for watching! :)

[@shaunwilliams901]

@@TheDutchFarmer are you going to make a video of harvesting your potatoes?

[@shaunwilliams901]

@@TheDutchFarmer one more question if i may, which fertilizer do ypu use? Ive seen you used tons of tons of compost but i have never seen you use Fertilizer if im not mistaken.

[@19rekha19]

Respect you Sir 🤗 Your Junior is watching all your great job. You are such an amazing, inspiring Dad too 🤗.

[@jeanneamato8278]

I’m so impressed. Such hard work but logical. Wonderful to watch.

[@jankowal4655]

Great job man! I am speechless! Simply amazing!

[@jillhumphrys8073]

I did something similar 5 years ago by dumping composted manure in piles and spreading in 8'x4' and 15 " deep. No sides. I top it off every spring bc it settles. Much much easier than digging.

[@jessicarangel3436]

No soil is needed?

[@1965Haval]

Really well done. I just love how you transformed that plot to what I call a heaven. Thank you for sharing this video with us. I like to see updates of your great work.

[@d3s1r3dpk]

SO EFFICIENT! Literally amazing. Made me stop, watch, and learn.

[@jenniferNP]

This is a beautifully made video! It is just what I was looking for--inspiration for me as I convert a big patch of my lawn into a no-dig garden.

[@velvirek]

I have watched so many videos about no dig but this is my favourite. Next season I will try to do it. 👍

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Thank you! Good luck! :)

[@samwisegamgee8318]

You got me into all this stuff and I am starting a no dig this year. I already planted peas too early and they got frosted out last night :( lessons learned!

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Sorry to hear that. Fleeces could help! Gardening/farming is all about experimenting, making mistakes, learning and having fun! :)

[@200LJ]

Has a new beginner wanted to plant my own vegetables your video made it very easy for me to do this is an excellent video for comers thank you now I have confidence in planting my first crop .

[@ollvebranch]

How can SO much effort look so effortless? Great to watch!

[@marianocelentano2864]

It was lovely to see your daughter helping you. All the best and thanks for sharing the infos. : )

[@HedbergHenrik]

Excellent video, made me get up from the sofa and go out to work in the garden. Looking forward to see this plot before harvesting!

[@capsaicinkings23]

This is the dopest no till video I've seen so far I'm about to order some corrugated rolls now

[@alexandercoss]

Just a wonderful presentation! I liked the "no words" approach. Thanks for the video.

[@marissadevantier]

Amazing video! This example makes me really think about embracing the possibilities of no dig!

[@shrikrishnahadbe645]

i love u from India

[@RexTVRex]

Wow that's awesome I just love farming so bad that I quitted my job to focus on it :) more power!

[@joycefung2473]

If we all had financial freedom I think most of us garden enthusiasts would do too

[@ngijoanggur2200]

hay Hay it's really nice to see you have the same hobby, always love the world

[@emmagrace40]

You hear alot of people talking about the process but actually watching the steps is on another level. Fantastic video. Thank you!

[@katecallahan8348]

I just did this, minus the broadfork! This is a really great summary of the method from start to finish. So jealous of your nice flat cardboard. Even with weights, it wanted to curl up and fly away. I’m about to lay drip lines since my crop is cut flowers and I want to water those from below to minimize powdery mildew.

[@TheDutchFarmer]

We experienced also some challenges with wind. Watering down the cardboard a bit before applying helps a lot in this case. Good luck with the flowers. The drip lines will surely help!

[@FarmersFriend]

Beautiful film! And nice hat too. :)

[@julyortega4895]

Now I see what my niece ment when she mentioned how satisfying it was to watch me work! I get it now. This video was satisfying to watch and easy to copy. Thank you for not frying my brain with so much talking😜. Well done 👍

[@melissakilgore5139]

That was amazing and beautiful to watch. My back hurts just watching it though. Considering, we just bought a homestead with 18 acres, we’d better get in shape!

[@jebakumar6939]

Happy to see you back

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Happy to be back!

[@KansasGardenGuy]

I like the corrugated cardboard roll better than individual boxes. I've used this idea sometimes and works good! I mainly use silage tarps now to kill grass and weeds than build on top.

[@TheDutchFarmer]

They're for sure much more practical, yet come with an additional cost. Not a problem on our commercial scale, but perhaps not optimal for the home garden (depending on budget).

[@tracyhh3096]

God bless you for the hard work, including your children, and transforming your little plot. I look forward to more good ideas.

[@kyleknudsen9048]

When you put the little noodles on the tip of the rack to mark out your spacing you blew my mind. So simple and so effective

[@Our_Hive_of_Five]

What a beautifully and well put together video, from the intro to the end. Thank you for the time you put into this to help so many of us! It's greatly appreciated.

[@bobaloo2012]

It's amazing how much of farming is moving stuff from one place to another, isn't it?

[@mhawang8204]

My back hurts just from watching this video. Great job! I'm inspired :)

[@robertarevalo5883]

Thank you for sharing this amazing video. Not a word but full of learnings. Very inspiring.

[@bajamerica]

Looks great... and it only took 22 minutes !!!!

[@GalaxeeCat]

Excellent job with the video editing! It’s beautiful and educational and that’s a pleasure to watch!

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Thanks! :)

[@bernardetadrabovablardone5588]

Simply fantastic! There's always so much to learn from others. So inspiring! Well done the Dutch farmer!

[@MjMojo]

I absolutely loved this video! The cardboard is the answer to stopping red ants! Thank you so much! Great work! God Bless

[@indragmail]

Thank you for giving me ideas on that card roll. I was collecting used cardboxes previously.

[@pjhoover1]

I love the direct seeding tool!!🌱💕

[@tclodfelter8789]

One DETERMINED man...ON A MISSION!!

[@patriciahill1101]

Omigosh I am so tired just watching this man work so hard...but I can see how this method could be translated into a much smaller space in a reasonable amount of time. Very impressive!

[@ravinder201086]

Wow, wait is over and Happy to see you again.

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Happy to be back! :)

[@Autism_Forever]

No dig garden: step 1 - dig out unwanted trees :)))) But seriously the end result is great ♥

[@Brooks3434]

Lol!

[@KaniaaseelanHarishSivaseelan]

Was about to comment that, you beat me to it XD

[@mikemike5973]

Hi Anna, I don't get the video what's the benefit why not just dig?

[@Autism_Forever]

@@mikemike5973 I guess it's supposed to be easier :) Plus excessive tilling damages the soil.

[@lionmelendez765]

Sir on my birthday I was feeling a little depressed and suddenly something brough me to your video, watching your dedication and love for what you do makes me appreciate it even more what I have done on my own garden, 2 years in the hot and cold weather I managed to create my own paradise of fruit, vegetables and herb plants. Thank you for such a motivational video. God bless you and your Family in whatever you do.

[@kikismultiverse1696]

8 years ago, there were a friend in Leeuwarden suggested to start planting farm together with me. I was very excited, somehow due to school we didnt manage that which is a pity. Now I saw a dutch farmer on youtube! subscribed ^ ^ leuk

[@321homewrecker]

I'm all about regenerative agriculture, its awesome what you do and that you shared this knowledge with The People! Thanks for what you do and keep up the great work my friend!

[@littleglasshouse5797]

well done, good to see a new video. Perfect for viewing in any language.

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Thank you!

[@ninasempathictarot1963]

Thank you so much!!!!!! Would’ve never thought of this. Much love and light to you and your family 🤗🤗🤗 plus I love the fact that all we hear is the work and not excessive talking lol much more relaxing and you can say so much more without words. Thanks again for sharing.

[@claudiaazoury6844]

I admire you for the work you displayed and the knowledge I had derived from watching your video. Thank you for sharing.

[@Picci25021973]

Love your little helper! :-)

[@TheDutchFarmer]

She's growing up to be a great help on the farm (if she wants)!

[@driespeeters2349]

@@TheDutchFarmer (if she wants) Jup, thats good parent points!

[@albinaklemm5400]

So fleissig und geschickt, ich liebe es solche Videos anzuschauen, danke

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Bitte! :)

[@heidibear44]

This was super informative and so peaceful to watch. Glad I found this channel.

[@tstewart1100]

So simple...I'm prepping my yard this weekend....thanks!!!

[@user-ri3ud9pc2c]

All that in one day!? Hypnotic.

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Took me about 2 days of work!

[@katalinboros8466]

@@TheDutchFarmer 😯

[@alisonandrew5231]

Your previous videos really inspired me and got me researching this method and the benifits to the soil. I was allocated an allotment this year and have set it up using your video's as reference. Been most enjoyable gathering materials and transforming my plot. Now getting alot of "looks" from fellow allotment holders who I'm sure think I'm a bit bonkers 😂 Thankyou for the very clear and no fuss approach which then allows us time to reflect and enjoy mother nature. Roll on the growing season!

[@TheDutchFarmer]

Great to hear Alison! They're probably going to adopt to this system once they see your bounty! ;)

[@rojcharinsamranboon8081]

I just follow you. And what you do is amazing. I really appreciate what you do.Because I like agriculture too.

[@raybans4980]

Your demonstration and showing the final garden space are a Garden of Ideas for us! I have a quarter hectare of unused and SUNNY land to put into production, and you have helped me to try to move away from the need for machines and excess chemicals. SUBSCRIBED -

[@michaellippmann4474]

Well done! Great way to do garden beds...have been using the same approach on mine but on a much smaller scale. Thank you for doing the video! Mike 🇨🇦🍁

[@jaefellows5024]

I have always been interested in no till gardening, so "Thank You" for your informative channel and expertise! Sure beautiful farm you have in France. Shine On!

[@channagirijagadish1201]

Thanks for an amazing video. It helps people like me who want to farm and have no clue where to start.