Early Therapsids: The Thick Headed Beasts

By the Middle Permian approximately 280 million years, the once dominant predatory Sphenacodontids had begun to decline. Large sailed backed carnivores such as Dimetrodon and relatives, while formerly successful, now had to compete with a new and more derived Synapsid lineage; the Therapsids. The most basal of these animals were still hypercarnivores, much like their basal Sphenacodontid cousins, although later forms were highly diverse and included purely herbivorous and omnivorous forms. Features uniting Therapsids include the presence of larger temporal fenestrae, indicating the development of more powerful jaw muscles. This paired well with the development of a more mammal-like tooth structure, which in ancestral Therapsids included snipping incisors, prominent blade-like canines and slicing molars. In addition, the limbs were held more directly beneath the body without being fully erect, while the feet were more symmetrical, giving these animals a more mammal-like gait when walking or running.
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