Embryology of the Heart (Easy to Understand)

The development of the heart explained in a very simple way.
This video is by no means an exhaustive lecture on every segment of the embryological development of the heart. There is still the development of the valves, and the other components of the mature heart to consider, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that guide the development of the heart, for example by the migrating cells from the neural crest.
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Summary for your notes
Clinical note on the importance of laterality and heart defects: Establishing laterality during gastrulation is essential for normal heart development because it specifies cells contributing to and patterning the right and left sides of the heart. The process requires a signalling cascade that includes serotonin (not described in this video but still important to consider) as a key molecule in initiating the pathway. Disruptions of the laterality pathway causes many different types of heart defects including dextrocardia (right-sided heart), ventricular septal defects (VSD), atrial septal defects (ASD), double outlet right ventricle (DORV - that is, both the aorta and pulmonary artery exit the right ventricle), and outflow tract defects such as transposition of the great vessels, and pulmonary stenosis. The importance of laterality in normal heart development explains the role of antidepressants of the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) that have been linked to an increase in heart defects. These drugs disrupt 5HT concentrations, which could disrupt 5HT signalling in the laterality pathway causing the above mentioned malformations.
If you have any questions, or you have trouble understanding please leave a comment under the video and I'll be glad to answer them :)
Corrections:
- At 8:54 I meant to say ventrally and caudally, not ventrally and dorsally. So the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosis bend ventrally (forward) and caudally (down).
- At 12:20 I incorrectly suggested that a patent foramen ovale is associated with TOF, this is not the case. Rather, it is a ventricular septal defect.
SUMMARY:
On approximately day 16, heart progenitor cells migrate through the primitive streak to a position cranial to the neural folds where they establish a horseshoe-shaped region in the splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm called the primary heart field. As they migrate, these cells are specified by the laterality pathway to contribute to right and left sides of the heart and to form specific heart regions, including the atria, left ventricle, and part of the right ventricle. The remainder of the heart, including part of the right ventricle, conus cordis, and truncus arteriosus (the outflow tract), is derived from cells in the secondary heart field (SHF). The SHF lies in splanchnic mesoderm near the floor of the posterior part of the pharynx and is regulated by neural crest cells that migrate through pharyngeal arches in this region. Disruption of the laterality pathway results in many different types of heart defects, while disruption of the SHF results in defects of the outflow tract, including transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary stenosis, DORV, and others.
Induction of the cardiogenic region is initiated by anterior endoderm underlying progenitor heart cells, and causes the cells to become myoblasts and vessels. BMPs secreted by this endoderm in combination with inhibition of WNT expression induces expression of NKX2.5 the master gene for heart development. Some cells in the PHF become endothelial cells and form a horseshoe-shaped tube, while others form myoblasts surrounding the tube. By the 22nd day of development, lateral body wall folds bring the two sides of the horseshoe toward the midline where they fuse (except for their caudal [atrial] ends) to form a single, slightly bent heart tube consisting of an inner endocardial tube and a surrounding myocardial mantle. During the fourth week, the heart undergoes cardiac looping. This process causes the heart to fold on itself and assume its normal position in the left part of the thorax with the atria posteriorly and the ventricles in a more anterior position. Failure of the heart to loop properly results in dextrocardia and the heart lies on the right side. Dextrocardia can also be induced at an earlier time when laterality is established.

[@minass]

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[@mercyanu.]

please do you have sample questions on anatomy and physiology?

[@c9kit803]

and hello to all the medics furiously cramming for the summer examinations

[@Rotzfresh89]

Dr. Minass I just wanted to thank you. I passed my embryology exam today. Your videos helped me a lot! Keep up the good work😀👍

[@minass]

Correction: At 12:20 I incorrectly said that a patent foramen ovale is associated with TOF, this is not the case. Rather, it is a ventricular septal defect. I'm sorry for this error viewers!

[@ibrahimmohanna5708]

I noticed this mistake. I was about to write to you about it but you fixed it here. I really enjoyed ur video and I'm looking forward for ur new videos. Thanks.

[@seangannon6005]

Would it not be an atriail septal defect

[@anesumukura7312]

Thank you

[@sowmiyan1505]

Patent for amen ovals is a atrial septal defect

[@minass]

​@@seangannon6005 Even though they are both holes in the atrial wall, they are not the same because the mechanism for their pathology is different

[@muslimahsiregar8778]

It took hours for me to get the overall view of this chapter of embryology by reading Langman, but this video helped me to understand within 13 mins only. Thank you so much!

[@SasukeUchiha-bz6se]

thank you good sir, love how you actually try to explain it instead of randomly bashing latin terms.

[@beatriceborromeo6658]

Greek terms, basically every term in anatomy comes from greek, not latin

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I literally just left my crappy online class to get this golden explanation

[@minass]

Thanks!

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Same

[@cardiacmyxoma4073]

This is probably the GREATEST video outlining cardiac embryology... thank you!

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You need not do anything 😉

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[@minass]

Awesome, glad you liked it :)

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Looks like you will almost be done with Med school . I am in 2nd year 🤦🏾‍♀️

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Embryology can be daunting and not taught well but your diagrams, explanations and videos are very helpful! Thank you!!

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Thank you so much Doctor Minass, you've really saved the day!

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[@hardz2110]

any chance you could do a vid on placentation? Thanks for everything so far!

[@aadhiravanan9539]

i simply adore the way how you try your very best to make us understand the cardiac embryology...for the first time i enjoyed watching a lecture...great work

[@suchanads.1241]

Thank you so much! I've been struggling with the development of heart for a while but now I got it!

[@minass]

Thanks for watching Suchanad!

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Thank you my friend! You're great at this!

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I cant tell you how much i love your videos! Youre a lifesaver!

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Thank you for these videos, they help very much with embryology understanding!

[@lalalaland4552]

I was really stuck with understanding cardiovascular development. This helps! Thanks

[@khadeejasalim1531]

I was freaking out because I had no connection during embryology today. this helped so much! thank you ❤

[@emmasoo4523]

Thank you sooooo much for this! You explain it really really well! Can't wait for your video on how the septums are formed!

[@minass]

Thanks Emz! I have exams coming up, so I would have had it up sooner but I'm planning to make that video next. Thanks for watching :D

[@hananalmutairi3415]

Thank you sir , Great explanation I'v understood it more now Good Bless you

[@jihan3197]

Thank you so much sir! This video is so helpful and make me easily to understand about the embryology of heart!

[@saraa.9862]

AHHHHHHHH SO GOOD! thank you!

[@drSaraNouh]

I couldn’t thank you enough!!! You saved my life, Sir! #MedStudent

[@minass]

Happy to help!

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I may just pass my anatomy b of you! TQ!!!

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Brushing up for MD licensure exams! Thanks alot! 😍

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As soon as I 've washed this video I've subscribed 😀😃 thanks man

[@ivannayuhan849]

THANK YOU SO MUCHHHH. Really make me easily understand rather than look at my lecturer explaining in class 😭😭

[@marizamuci8832]

It's an amazing explanation, very helpful. You have done a great job. Thank youuu

[@7999abt]

Thank you for this easy explanation it's very helpful 🙏🏻

[@twinchipuppy]

I love your enthusiasm, thank you

[@alexconley1]

Thank you for this explanation!

[@dr.varshinitamilselvan]

Second year medical student at this point of time. Thank you lots for this video!

[@kiplangatboaz1244]

Your lecture is really helpful, thanks

[@AsoourE]

Never liked embryology but this is REALLY helpful, thank you!

[@mashalnasir8500]

Oh my , Masha'Allah you're saviour, May Allah bless you with all you wish for . ameen .

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Thank you. This was very helpful.

[@minass]

Thanks for watching!

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You are a gem of a teacher! Thank you so much!

[@minass]

You're very welcome!

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this was very helpful thanks so much, you look so passionate about this! It truly shows

[@mehrdadmahdavi4960]

Holly santaa mariaaaa! Im crawyin! I finally understood this! Thank youuuuu! Thank you very much! You have saved me

[@godfirst3588]

Thank you. Can you explain how the development of SVC, IVC, IJV and other small organs are inter related i the development of Heart? Thank you

[@acepective]

This video was great, dissected the development very well. Would you recommend this video to someone reparing for the USMLE Step1?

[@minass]

I would recommend it for people who are completely new to embryology who need a good foundation for further study. You definitely need to do extra study to pass your exams but these are the "high yield" points

[@hakeel33]

Gorgeous, elaborately concise !! waiting for more.

[@minass]

Thank you Hijan :D

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great video. keep on making more of this understandable videos!!! i get it now for real

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Great and clear stuff, thank you!

[@tekeitoko5560]

A very great and easy to understand video. Really appreciate your effort and passion in explaining it :)

[@minass]

Tekei toko thanks for watching 👍🙂

[@ioanapricop964]

cramming the night before the exam with this golden material:)

[@aliceroxcullen98]

Thank you so much for this video! Could you please make one on the development of the heart valves?

[@naruepornbb]

Greatest video ever! Thank you so much! This helps me passing the exam 💖

[@minass]

sweetiebby you’re welcome 😊

[@khadeejasalim1531]

I was freaking out because I had no connection during embryology today. this helped so much! thank you 😁

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Fantastic! Thank you. Clearly you love this stuff.

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Thank you for this easy explanation 🖒🖒

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Amazing explanation. Thanks

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simple demonstration thank you

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thanks, well explained 👍

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Very simple but extremely impressive, thx

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Amazing. Well explained

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I've watched so many videos about this and finally one that makes proper sense. Love the pokemon referencing :)

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Make sure you save it to your favourites so you can rewatch it (for your exams) 😂

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[@minass]

So nice of you

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hey, Love these videos, very helpful! maybe a little more of the genetics and molecular aspects but very easy to understand

[@minass]

Perhaps in the future, I try to keep these videos very simple for beginners

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excellent explaination

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Thank you ! such a big help

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Well explained.... Thanks a lot!!!

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Very helpful! thank you

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thank you so much for this sir

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Thanks, good explanation..

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love your hard work and teaching passion

[@minass]

I appreciate that! Thank you!

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Thank you, Dr Minass!

[@minass]

Thanks for watching!

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Thank you sooo much, easy indeed

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This is great.

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Very helpful! Thank you.

[@minass]

So glad!

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amazing , thank you so much !

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well said, thanks man!!

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You are a master of your art.

[@minass]

Thank you

[@kp5988]

Congenital cardiac sonography student here, thank you! So great!

[@minass]

My pleasure!

[@dhuhatahseen1732]

thanx for this easy explanation

[@arthurchang5940]

Thanks for the clear explanation!! But could you explain more about the step in which the primary and secondary heart fields are converted into the endocardial tubes? Are the 2 tubes formed solely from primary heart field but NOT secondary heart field? If so, at what stage does the secondary heart field start sending cells to the heart to form the remaining part of the right ventricle? As you've mentioned, secondary heart field is responsible for the formation of truncus arteriosus. So do cells from secondary heart field join in the heart during the formation of the primitive heart tube or right after the fusion of the endocardial tubes, or even after folding? Thankss!

[@peninahfrancis1396]

Thanks for the video Dr

[@minass]

My pleasure

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Thank you sir, very informative video!!

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watching 3 hours before exam , and understood quite more than reading those 100 slides. Wish you were my teacher.

[@minass]

HAHA good luck with your exam :)

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this is heavenly - bless your heart. thank you.

[@minass]

Wow, never thought I could make the video heavenly. I've achieved a new level! Thanks Ana, follow me on IG @m1.nass / @mi.nass

[@aminezaidi4089]

thank you for the video just a quick correction: bulbus and ventricles are the one the fold ventral-caudal while primitive atrium and Sinus venosus dorso-cranially.

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thanks it really helps love u I actually didn't take class of this in uni because of some issues and so much worried about it on Tuesday is my test on test but u make my good foundation over this thanks a lot......

[@vpriya1992]

Amazing video !! Thank you so much !!

[@minass]

You're welcome Priya

[@aesthetics_by_drmona]

amazing video..thanks