EP 255: Dr. Biswo Nath Poudel | Nepal's Economic History | Mallas & Shahs | Sushant Pradhan Podcast

  Рет қаралды 123,163

Sushant Pradhan

Sushant Pradhan

Күн бұрын

Пікірлер: 390
@surajshrestha8423
@surajshrestha8423 8 ай бұрын
अब ईतिहास त पढन पाउदैन तर यसरी ईतिहास काे कुरा हुदा धेरै कुरा सिकन बुजन सकिनछ धेरै धेरै धनेबाद
@sureshasuresha6520
@sureshasuresha6520 8 ай бұрын
Shah dynasty को इतिहास सिध्याउने आदेश पाएको छ प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठानले, भनेको सुनेको छु
@animatemyconfession
@animatemyconfession 8 ай бұрын
Fav for a Reason, Every one thinking about Swarnim Wagle, but this guy izz on whole next Level
@sevenchakra5548
@sevenchakra5548 7 ай бұрын
Yes he is in a different level, a level where pseudo intellectuals live. This man needs a proper history lesson. Besides narrating what Anglo-Saxon (known to be liars) historians have written about Nepal, he does not seem to know much. Does he know how kings were made all over the world? Does he know about official creation of Free Masonry in 1717? Does he know about Royal Society? Does he know about Cromwells, the uncle and the nephew? Does he know about Russian mysticism? Does he know about Russian occult and how it is related to tantrisme? Does he know how all these impacted Anglo-Saxons' politics all over the world? Does he know why Nepal remained independent? Does he even know that the British royal dynasty is German? Does he know that most of the British and European kings were either of French or Prussian (German) descendants? Does he know that Young Turks were Jews falsely converted into Islam? Does he know why Protestant revolution occurred? Does he know what the real reason behind french revolution was? Does he know who Kazars are and how they spread all over Europe and controlled world finance first through Italy, then Netherlands, then England and now USA (New York)? Does he know what Israel is doing right now? Does he know what messianism is? Does he know what prophecy of Isaiah that Netanyahu is talking about? You cannot understand Prithivi Narayan Shah, his unification of Nepal and then later on the rise of Ranas without understand all these. This so called professor is a joke.
@purenefoli
@purenefoli 7 ай бұрын
@@sevenchakra5548 you do the honor of connecting the dots 😜
@yuvrajchhetri9073
@yuvrajchhetri9073 7 ай бұрын
this guy is endorsing hear say as a fact. you think that's information.. most of the fact are baseless biased subjective judgement of a speaker
@NabPkr
@NabPkr 7 ай бұрын
@@sevenchakra5548 Holy, your comment is so grand and profound. I'd love to hear about you and how you've acquired knowledge on such broad spectrum. Thanks.
@sevenchakra5548
@sevenchakra5548 7 ай бұрын
@@yuvrajchhetri9073 Definitely. The world took a very different turn after the crisis in Catholic church. The protestants were born and the Judaeo-Protestant ideologies took control over the world. Prithivi Narayan Shah was born during this period. Kings all over the world before 16th century and after 16th century were completely different. Different time, different tide, different way to running kingdoms. This clown, an impostor is posing as a history professor.
@poudelsushil
@poudelsushil 8 ай бұрын
One of the best Nepali podcast i have heard so far. Felt like watching a movie. Dr. Bishwo Nath Poudel’s knowledge in history is something that need to documented for future educational purpose. Now i am wondering where my family lineage were and how they were part of this history.
@me2000
@me2000 8 ай бұрын
Susant bro you are contributing the nation unknowingly. God bless you. The best podcast.🙏
@bijdhyastha5503
@bijdhyastha5503 7 ай бұрын
😂😂😂😂😂
@ShyamChhetri-gb7qy
@ShyamChhetri-gb7qy 2 ай бұрын
नेपाल राष्ट्रको जय जय होस्।
@rcdhakal_sir
@rcdhakal_sir 8 ай бұрын
Surprised.... My economics professor is talking about factual bit unbooked history. Hats off professor
@sagaradhikari7906
@sagaradhikari7906 8 ай бұрын
Mphill Gardai ho KU ma ??
@Redundancyrocks
@Redundancyrocks 8 ай бұрын
Gunakamadeva was the one who flipped shitty kathmandu valley into " Nè "(pilgrimage) because Gunakamadeva came from Dunhuang (guiyi circuit) and modeled it with the image of rich silk route cities like dunhuang and khotan. The myths of swayambhu is of khotanese in origin. So called newari script was brought in by those tibetans because dunhuang was the one where every dharma texts were transcribed and translated during late tibetan empire. So called thakuris were of tibetan origin and were rulling the valley from Bhot-anta ( sindhupalchowk). People had to pay levy to enter the valley during and after gunakamadeva. The invasion of tibet by mongols did cut off the route and weakend the rulers. This podcast host is a blooody joker !
@rcdhakal_sir
@rcdhakal_sir 8 ай бұрын
@@sagaradhikari7906 ho hajurr
@indowarrior9195
@indowarrior9195 8 ай бұрын
​​@@Redundancyrocksfrom where do you draw that conclusion? So we should listen to Rinpoches and sanskritist who was a fanboy of rinpoche? There is no written evidence, no any inscriptions nor sutra speaks of it. The only attested name of Bhot-anta is from the time of Songsten Gampo and Trisong detsen which is so few, where do you find the connections of Thakuri Dynasty in it? Also, Bhot anta refers to Bhutan, how hard is it to study translated Annals of tibetan and bhutan history for you? Now please dont come up idiotic argument of Sindhupalchowk being bhot-anta and Songsten gampo ko palo ma bhote haru ktm aauda bhotāhiti banatheo. I mean can you Tibetan folks even study some inscription of Bhotahiti? Tessei Bhote vanera hepya haina k timi haru lai mula. I study both Tibetan and Sanskrit. Give me sources, not your imaginative oral stories made up by Rinpoches which was backed up by white fan boys. Tetro dakini sanga nachera hinya Padmasamvab kei dherei kura pauna garo xa. Aba later time ma gayera connected vako mongolia ra khotan ko syawambhu myth lai Gunakamadev sanga jodxa jasko inscription feri 4-5 ota majjale pauxa k. Kehi buddhist connection xaina bhai Gunakamadev ko.
@RavishPatel-q2t
@RavishPatel-q2t 5 ай бұрын
The Fabricated Kirata Myth: How the Limbus and Rais Rewrote History with British Patronage The history of Nepal and Sikkim has long been shaped by the influence of various ethnic groups, but in recent centuries, certain communities have sought to rewrite this narrative in their own favor. Chief among them are the Limbus and Rais, who claim to be the descendants of the ancient Kirata people - the purported indigenous rulers of the region. However, a closer examination of the evidence reveals that this "Kirata" lineage is nothing more than a fabricated myth, propped up by the Limbus and Rais with the patronage of the British colonial authorities. Contrary to the Limbus' and Rais' assertions, there is a striking lack of archaeological, epigraphic, and documentary evidence linking these groups to any ancient Kirata civilization or kingdom. Instead, the historical record points to the dominance of other ethnic groups, such as the Sen Thakuris and the Bhutias (Chogyals), in Nepal and Sikkim for centuries prior to the arrival of the Limbus and Rais. The numerous forts, palaces, and inscriptions left behind by these established dynasties attest to their political and cultural legacy, which the Limbus and Rais have sought to obscure and erase. Tellingly, the Limbu-Rai revisionist history relies heavily on unverified "oral histories" that conveniently align with their desired status as the rightful indigenous rulers. Furthermore, genetic and linguistic evidence suggests that the Limbus and Rais were in fact relatively recent arrivals to the region, having migrated from the Sichuan province of China in the 13th-16th centuries due to the upheaval caused by the Mongol expansion and the Dzungar genocide. This places them centuries after the flourishing of the Khas, Newar, and other ethnic groups who had deep roots in Nepal and Sikkim. Leveraging the lack of written records among the broader Nepali populace, who were restricted from literacy under Rana rule, the Limbus and Rais were able to promote their mythical "Kirata" narrative and elevate their status as the rightful indigenous rulers. This revisionist history was further bolstered by the patronage of the British colonial authorities in Darjeeling, who saw the Limbus and Rais as malleable proxies that could be used to advance their own interests in the region. In essence, the Limbus and Rais, with the aid of the British, have succeeded in rewriting the history of Nepal and Sikkim in a way that erases the legitimate claims of other ethnic groups who had a much deeper historical presence in the area. This biased, Limbu-Rai centric narrative has left historians grappling with a distorted understanding of the region's true past. Only by confronting this fabricated "Kirata" myth with the weight of archaeological, genetic, linguistic, and documentary evidence can the record be set straight. The rich, multilayered history of Nepal and Sikkim must be acknowledged, rather than promoting the opportunistic agenda of certain communities who seek to elevate their status at the expense of the region's true indigenous peoples.
@amitrayamajhi677
@amitrayamajhi677 8 ай бұрын
The era of Shahs, Ranas, and Thapas holds incredible potential for captivating stories and plots that would enthrall movie audiences. It's surprising that filmmakers and screenwriters haven't explored this rich history yet. Countless narratives could emerge from this period, offering a treasure trove of material for compelling movies.
@ln5712
@ln5712 7 ай бұрын
My thoughts exactly. I always wonder why they are so interested only on those same old love stories.
@unujhjjjjjjjjjjjjj
@unujhjjjjjjjjjjjjj 7 ай бұрын
Me too. The stories that can be drawn from history of Nepal is endless. I would also like to see movies done in Kirati, Licchavi, and Malla Era, just imagine, stories on how whole civilization shifted. How lichhavis travelled from Vaisali then to how they became successful to enter Nepal and even rule it. Likewise, stories for Mallas, how they had to leave their thriving country because of Mughals and take shelter in Nepal. Even, story of Taleju bhawani coming from heaven through Indrajit to Lanka, then Ayodhya hidden for centuries and then accepting Malla Kings.
@smreeteeshu
@smreeteeshu 7 ай бұрын
There were movies made that weren't successful. Economy is the key.
@thehimalayanconnection
@thehimalayanconnection 8 ай бұрын
अति राम्रो वार्तालाप र एतिहासिक जानकारी को लागी धन्यवाद , ति तमामअनाहकमा काटिएका ,मारियेकाहरु को आत्मा को चिर शान्तिको कामना गर्छु
@memestudio56
@memestudio56 8 ай бұрын
सार्है राम्रो podcast। अहिलेसम्मको असाध्यै मनपरेको र धेरै सत्यमा आधारित।
@sanjayacharya9471
@sanjayacharya9471 7 ай бұрын
मानिसहरु बच्चा जन्माउन अमेरिका जान्छन् । उनी नै हुन् जसले आफ्नी गर्भवती श्रीमतीलाई सुत्केरीका लागि नेपाल पठाए । यस्तो देशभक्त मान्छे मैले जीवनमा देखेको छैन । उहाँ इन्जिनियर हुनुहुन्छ, उहाँ अर्थशास्त्री हुनुहुन्छ, उहाँ इतिहासकार हुनुहुन्छ। त्यसपछि गत चुनावमा चितवनका जनताले व्यभिचारी गिरोहका एक सदस्यलाई भोट दिए । नेपाली जनता अझै उम्मेदवार चिन्न संघर्ष गरिरहेका छन् ।
@kiranshrestha8519
@kiranshrestha8519 7 ай бұрын
Loving the new perspective of our history in depth. Thank you and very much looking forward to the next episode.
@padmasunderjoshi6748
@padmasunderjoshi6748 3 ай бұрын
Very educative. Hats off to the speaker.
@indramainali4613
@indramainali4613 7 ай бұрын
Dr Bishwo! You are an walking encyclopedia! I have never heard anyone so knowledgeable and fluent in the history of medieval Nepal! Great Man! I was having a virtual tour of the Bagh Durbar watching live tigers roaming around the courtyard of the residence while listening to Bishwo.
@asimsuwal7661
@asimsuwal7661 3 ай бұрын
Your topics and subject are very interesting Great work
@DalBdr-y7p
@DalBdr-y7p 4 ай бұрын
One of the most intellectual personality in Nepal
@99sacrifice
@99sacrifice 7 ай бұрын
First nepali podcast i watched full. Agree with all Dr. Poudel said. That unification thing is all bullsh*t. From economic prospective it makes sense. Learned alot. Many people think Keyrong is Nepal China border, it is not. Timure is Nepal China border. From Timure it takes 90 min approx to reach Keyrong. Waiting for part 2
@IshworKhadka14
@IshworKhadka14 6 ай бұрын
For you it can be a bullsh*t.
@99sacrifice
@99sacrifice 6 ай бұрын
@IshworKhadka14 yes it is Bullshit to me.
@IshworKhadka14
@IshworKhadka14 6 ай бұрын
Exactly the same way a person sees the world how he/she is.
@victorious1989
@victorious1989 5 ай бұрын
​@@IshworKhadka14can someone, your poor neighbor loot your property and say I unified ? I guess not.
@neeshamkhadka
@neeshamkhadka 7 ай бұрын
राष्ट्रपिता पृथ्वीनारायण शाह अम्मर रहुन 😢 शाह बंश धन्यवाद ❤ हामिलाइ यति राम्रो सुन्दर देश दिएको मा 😢❤❤❤
@sumeetdagi818
@sumeetdagi818 8 ай бұрын
What a sensational podcast it is. What a chaotic political situation we have been through. If we don't compare ourselves with others, I think we can find a whole lot of reasons to be grateful for the freedom we have found as a Nepali society. Now I am more clear that we shouldn't go for Monarchy, but rather strengthen our democracy, rule of law, good governance, and effective foreign relations.
@ujjwalkhadka3824
@ujjwalkhadka3824 7 ай бұрын
I slightly differ here. assume a powerful leader you meant is efficient leader, in this case YES. Resource distribution requires strong leader (and his/her team) fine execution. A weak leader will only want to please everybody and do nothing in the end, real leaders need to open a path on top of existing foundation and obstruction, therefore the term powerful, needed to let others obey at will, nobody willing to please a weak leader, but will listen to the powerful leader. since you start off a developing country, it means you are behind the development curve and disadvantage in pretty much all aspect, such as resource, technology, infrastructure, etc. Discipline democracy is good (Not like Nepal)its loottantra in the Name of Democracy)but to achieve a good stable governance it has to start with some autocratic means…
@kshitizadhikari7814
@kshitizadhikari7814 7 ай бұрын
That's the problem, you know why? Just a single podcast can change your perception then that means your beliefs are not strong. PN Shah unified Nepal, that's a basic fact. This guy tries to analyse context of 250 years ago in current scenario. This is just a talk, it might not be true at all. He said PN shah wasn't interested in unifying Nepal, yet he did it. Lol contradicting his own opinion. If he was that brutal he could have killed plenty of people of valley and remove Kumari as goddess if his ego was way too big as this guy tells. Things don't add up here. He is economist, not historian and historian themselves have been wrong in so many cases.
@IshworKhadka14
@IshworKhadka14 6 ай бұрын
Wars and brutality have been everywhere throughout the would when it comes to unification or annexation. I am not validating them though here. There are records of those chaos and power struggle in the history, mostly due to the greedy people around the head of state which still continues to today. However, the narrative he's trying to build up hasn't been validated by any proper historian. Well, if only this thing can change or strengthen your perception on monarchy, then you have never realised or understood it's significance.
@victorious1989
@victorious1989 5 ай бұрын
​@@kshitizadhikari7814 valley ko manche kina marcha ra? सुनको अंडा दिने हाँस मानेॅ त मूर्ख hunxa, 😂😂
@nepalsudar
@nepalsudar 7 ай бұрын
He scratch the Harsh Reality of Our history . Freedom and democracy comes through that dark era yet people got a slogan saying “राजा आउ देश बचाउ" ! A good podcast !
@PriyansW
@PriyansW 7 ай бұрын
baised podcast xa
@PriyansW
@PriyansW 7 ай бұрын
naak kaateko kitab timro cristain pastor le lekhya ho see the book author name ,tehi cristain missonaries lai pn shah le jiwan daan diyera desh nikala garya hun
@RavishPatel-q2t
@RavishPatel-q2t 5 ай бұрын
The Fabricated Kirata Myth: How the Limbus and Rais Rewrote History with British Patronage The history of Nepal and Sikkim has long been shaped by the influence of various ethnic groups, but in recent centuries, certain communities have sought to rewrite this narrative in their own favor. Chief among them are the Limbus and Rais, who claim to be the descendants of the ancient Kirata people - the purported indigenous rulers of the region. However, a closer examination of the evidence reveals that this "Kirata" lineage is nothing more than a fabricated myth, propped up by the Limbus and Rais with the patronage of the British colonial authorities. Contrary to the Limbus' and Rais' assertions, there is a striking lack of archaeological, epigraphic, and documentary evidence linking these groups to any ancient Kirata civilization or kingdom. Instead, the historical record points to the dominance of other ethnic groups, such as the Sen Thakuris and the Bhutias (Chogyals), in Nepal and Sikkim for centuries prior to the arrival of the Limbus and Rais. The numerous forts, palaces, and inscriptions left behind by these established dynasties attest to their political and cultural legacy, which the Limbus and Rais have sought to obscure and erase. Tellingly, the Limbu-Rai revisionist history relies heavily on unverified "oral histories" that conveniently align with their desired status as the rightful indigenous rulers. Furthermore, genetic and linguistic evidence suggests that the Limbus and Rais were in fact relatively recent arrivals to the region, having migrated from the Sichuan province of China in the 13th-16th centuries due to the upheaval caused by the Mongol expansion and the Dzungar genocide. This places them centuries after the flourishing of the Khas, Newar, and other ethnic groups who had deep roots in Nepal and Sikkim. Leveraging the lack of written records among the broader Nepali populace, who were restricted from literacy under Rana rule, the Limbus and Rais were able to promote their mythical "Kirata" narrative and elevate their status as the rightful indigenous rulers. This revisionist history was further bolstered by the patronage of the British colonial authorities in Darjeeling, who saw the Limbus and Rais as malleable proxies that could be used to advance their own interests in the region. In essence, the Limbus and Rais, with the aid of the British, have succeeded in rewriting the history of Nepal and Sikkim in a way that erases the legitimate claims of other ethnic groups who had a much deeper historical presence in the area. This biased, Limbu-Rai centric narrative has left historians grappling with a distorted understanding of the region's true past. Only by confronting this fabricated "Kirata" myth with the weight of archaeological, genetic, linguistic, and documentary evidence can the record be set straight. The rich, multilayered history of Nepal and Sikkim must be acknowledged, rather than promoting the opportunistic agenda of certain communities who seek to elevate their status at the expense of the region's true indigenous peoples.
@kamalmaharjan4589
@kamalmaharjan4589 5 ай бұрын
Such and informative episode. It would be amazing if you could provide the sources of informations provided by the speaker as well. It may be links, books, manuscripts etc so that, we as viewers and enthusiasts, can also do our own independent research in the same topic?
@maheshpant8474
@maheshpant8474 7 ай бұрын
Best of the best podcast I have heard so far! Very well done Sushant, keep up the good work!
@dilipgauchan7702
@dilipgauchan7702 7 ай бұрын
I could listen to this guy all day , what a good story teller
@khagenneupane3395
@khagenneupane3395 8 ай бұрын
Part two awaited 💞🙏
@theuttamadhikari
@theuttamadhikari 7 ай бұрын
Its said that there were 12000 homes in Gorkha kingdom when PNS became a king. Its said an advisor named "Bise Nagarchi" gave him the idea of collecting Rs 1 from every home in Gorkha kingdom at the time, grossing approx 12000 at the time which funded the start of Unification of Nepal. Just Saying. That was the greatest crowdfunding event in history of Nepal. Maybe even the first 😁
@jak1375
@jak1375 8 ай бұрын
I am loving this . This is such mesmerising history telling. Its my second repeat listening.
@st_prashant_jung_shumsher_rana
@st_prashant_jung_shumsher_rana 8 ай бұрын
Well Prthivi Narayan was conqueror but not a saint. He too had his darksides
@bhumigat2349
@bhumigat2349 8 ай бұрын
ईतिहास brutal थियो, अत्याचारी थियो भन्ने angle बाट वहाँले ईतिहास पस्किनु भयो। यो भन्दा धेरै बढ्दा brutality धेरै पछिसम्म युरोप, अफ्रिका र अमेरिकामा थियो। mass massacre, ethnic cleansing, slavery, slave trade यी आदी तमाम brutality दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध पछिसम्म पनि युरोप, अफ्रिका, दक्षिण पुर्वी एसिया जताततै थिए। इतिहासको मूल्याङ्कन तत्कालीन समयसँग तुलना गरेर हेर्ने कि आजको आँखाबाट मात्र हेर्ने? अहिले पनि युरोप अमेरिकामै त्यो brutality का अंशहरू बेलाबेला प्रकट भैरहेका हुन्छन। वहाँले ईतिहास नेपालको ईतिहास लाई negative हिसाबले मात्र हेर्ने हुँदोरहेछ। विश्व ईतिहासको पनि हेक्का राख्नु होला।
@neonn9674
@neonn9674 7 ай бұрын
Itihas kelauda apa ramro matra kelayera hunxa???? Naramro lai kelaunu parena… sati pratha ko ni kura nagareko vaye hunthyo vanna khojeko ki?????
@NB-nabin
@NB-nabin 7 ай бұрын
2 taie prospective waa Neutral vayera fact vanne naaki aaphno opinion. And kuro Sati prathako ho tyo galat kura ho but tyo vitra pani ramro kura Sano baccha vayeko widow lae sati janu pardaina thyo
@RavishPatel-q2t
@RavishPatel-q2t 5 ай бұрын
The Fabricated Kirata Myth: How the Limbus and Rais Rewrote History with British Patronage The history of Nepal and Sikkim has long been shaped by the influence of various ethnic groups, but in recent centuries, certain communities have sought to rewrite this narrative in their own favor. Chief among them are the Limbus and Rais, who claim to be the descendants of the ancient Kirata people - the purported indigenous rulers of the region. However, a closer examination of the evidence reveals that this "Kirata" lineage is nothing more than a fabricated myth, propped up by the Limbus and Rais with the patronage of the British colonial authorities. Contrary to the Limbus' and Rais' assertions, there is a striking lack of archaeological, epigraphic, and documentary evidence linking these groups to any ancient Kirata civilization or kingdom. Instead, the historical record points to the dominance of other ethnic groups, such as the Sen Thakuris and the Bhutias (Chogyals), in Nepal and Sikkim for centuries prior to the arrival of the Limbus and Rais. The numerous forts, palaces, and inscriptions left behind by these established dynasties attest to their political and cultural legacy, which the Limbus and Rais have sought to obscure and erase. Tellingly, the Limbu-Rai revisionist history relies heavily on unverified "oral histories" that conveniently align with their desired status as the rightful indigenous rulers. Furthermore, genetic and linguistic evidence suggests that the Limbus and Rais were in fact relatively recent arrivals to the region, having migrated from the Sichuan province of China in the 13th-16th centuries due to the upheaval caused by the Mongol expansion and the Dzungar genocide. This places them centuries after the flourishing of the Khas, Newar, and other ethnic groups who had deep roots in Nepal and Sikkim. Leveraging the lack of written records among the broader Nepali populace, who were restricted from literacy under Rana rule, the Limbus and Rais were able to promote their mythical "Kirata" narrative and elevate their status as the rightful indigenous rulers. This revisionist history was further bolstered by the patronage of the British colonial authorities in Darjeeling, who saw the Limbus and Rais as malleable proxies that could be used to advance their own interests in the region. In essence, the Limbus and Rais, with the aid of the British, have succeeded in rewriting the history of Nepal and Sikkim in a way that erases the legitimate claims of other ethnic groups who had a much deeper historical presence in the area. This biased, Limbu-Rai centric narrative has left historians grappling with a distorted understanding of the region's true past. Only by confronting this fabricated "Kirata" myth with the weight of archaeological, genetic, linguistic, and documentary evidence can the record be set straight. The rich, multilayered history of Nepal and Sikkim must be acknowledged, rather than promoting the opportunistic agenda of certain communities who seek to elevate their status at the expense of the region's true indigenous peoples.
@sauravbajracharya3403
@sauravbajracharya3403 8 ай бұрын
Grand son of Dhan Bajra Bajracharya here. Thank you for mentioning him when the country is forgetting him.
@sauravbajracharya3403
@sauravbajracharya3403 8 ай бұрын
@@indowarrior9195 timi ho mahaan bro 😂😂 bachcha jasto comment hando raicha
@mongollama3940
@mongollama3940 8 ай бұрын
Bro, if u are gson, please upload his works in digital format hai. TU ma Dhan Bajra Bajracharya history reading sources navayera garo xa. Aru sab ko books pauxa market ma but uhako paudaina. It will be a great value/addition to youths who want to study about Nepalese history and for scholars too.
@keshabkhatiwada100
@keshabkhatiwada100 8 ай бұрын
My sincere respects to the great Historian 🙏
@aryankarki7900
@aryankarki7900 8 ай бұрын
🙏🙏🙏
@adkyya2373
@adkyya2373 7 ай бұрын
किन उहाको पुस्तक बजारमा सजिलै पाइदैन?? सजिलै पाइने ब्यबस्था मिलाइदिनु होला। 🙏
@abdulsansari413
@abdulsansari413 8 ай бұрын
I always listen and watch enlightened talks of Dr Biswo Poudel--He always shares on the basis of economic history and political economy--he is a great economist of Nepal--I wish him all the best!
@BirendraBista-k9n
@BirendraBista-k9n 3 ай бұрын
Good one
@narjungsingh6804
@narjungsingh6804 7 ай бұрын
Great
@SumanBudhaMagar
@SumanBudhaMagar 4 ай бұрын
Onething we should know is that his all perspective is Economical History.
@LaxmiPaudel-jb2be
@LaxmiPaudel-jb2be 6 ай бұрын
The tempo of this story telling is so graceful that you should have continued for 8 hours instead of making the 2nd and third part. Is there a rule that you should stop a podcast in 3 hours even at the cost of rhythm and tempo? Break the format, don't keep it for tomorrow unless you are making a university lecture video. 😎
@Goodtips555
@Goodtips555 8 ай бұрын
इतिहासमा पनि ब्रह्माण्डको जस्तै १३ आयामहरू हुनछन्। उहाले एउटा आर्थिक आयाम मात्र केलाएर, जसरी ऊहाले “स्टार्टरको क्रेडिट” को बारेमा दर्शकहरूलाई भ्रामक सन्देश प्रचार गर्नुभयो र हामि नेपालीको स्वाभिमानमा ठेश पुर्याऊनुभयो । यस्को हिषाव इतिहासले अवश्य गर्नेछ ।
@arjunbasnet25
@arjunbasnet25 8 ай бұрын
पाहुना जानकार थिए, मेरो समस्या वार्तालाप सुन्न, भाषाको मिश्रित प्रयोगले मेरो दिमाग घुमिरह्यो, के भनेको भनेर One sample info the brain got: "I भात eat" First time listening: the brain gets confused in the translation, either use full English or pure Nepali.
@sydv2005
@sydv2005 8 ай бұрын
If you ask people of Uttrakhand they see the Gurkha as their invader and ruler because harsh ruling
@AK-dn7vl
@AK-dn7vl 8 ай бұрын
Firstly, the events that happened in Uttarakhand was not a national policy, otherwise it would have happened everywhere Gorkhalis won. For reasons unknown now, Amar Singh Thapa suddenly decided to do, what he did. Secondly, when the capital i.e. Kathmandu learnt of the these deeds by Amar Singh Thapa, and order was sent to immediately stop those actions.
@neutralboi1984
@neutralboi1984 8 ай бұрын
​@@crumbae1248uttarkhand were not ruled my mughal
@RATH678
@RATH678 8 ай бұрын
Not only Uttarakhand whole present and past boundaries of the Gorkha suffered same bro..........and the Uttarakhand today we know is only the half and the half of it's territories lie inside Nepal.......as we know there was doti kingdom ruled by katyuri Kings
@RJ-bq4ix
@RJ-bq4ix 8 ай бұрын
Uttrakhand was basically useless for Gorkhali elites their aim was to capture Kashmir and uttrakhand was on its way it too far from Capital kathmandu so they were hard to be assimilated and ruled through iron fist via governer
@Khukuri5
@Khukuri5 8 ай бұрын
if you ask people of shreelanka, bhutan, pakistan, maldivas, bangaladesa, Nepal and afganistan they see the Indian as their invader and ruler because harsh ruling yet.😡
@blackhole5086
@blackhole5086 7 ай бұрын
Part 2 aauna paryo
@binodgc7389
@binodgc7389 7 ай бұрын
Imagining a century of blank pages in the annals of history seems rather amusing. If those scrutinizing today's political landscape refrain from documenting or daring to reveal the true workings behind the scenes, this era may too be relegated to obscurity. Perhaps the guest on the podcast possesses insight into the unfolding events of these decades. If not, who knows what revelations may emerge a hundred years hence........................ Back in 2006, the political scene in Nepal went through a major shake-up when the political parties joined forces to kick out King Gyanendra and take control of the government. Among these parties was the UML, led mainly by KP Oli, who had ousted Madhav Kumar, the longtime leader of the party. Once Oli rose to the top, he proved to be quite cunning. He didn't have a child. He surrounded himself with loyalists and systematically ousted anyone who opposed him, not just from his own party, but even from other communist groups, hoping to weaken them collectively. It's quite unusual, right? Oli seemed obsessed with power, willing to do anything to be seen as the father figure of Nepal, despite not having any children of his own. He married a Newar woman, like many other communists entering Kathmandu from poorer backgrounds, perhaps to save on rent or for other reasons. On the flip side, the Nepali Congress was under the sole leadership of Sher Bahadur Deuba. Now, how he rose to power remains a bit of a mystery. Surrounded by questionable characters, he earned the dubious title of the "chief of the corrupt." It's really puzzling how someone from Dadeldhura ended up studying in Britain and marrying into a powerful family. Some say a British ambassador might have played a role in his marriage. Deuba served as prime minister five times, which is quite a lot, especially in those turbulent times. He had a son who tried to capitalize on his father's influence in business, but it didn't quite work out. Perhaps he lacked the smarts or was too focused on trivial matters. Then there's Prachanda, whose real name is Pushpa Kamal, but most people know him by his nickname. He's a bit of a complex character-part revolutionary hero, part power-hungry schemer. He fought for the people, but also constantly sought power to protect himself and his family. After his son's death, he tried everything to make his daughter influential in Nepali politics. So, yeah, Nepali politics was a rollercoaster ride during those times. blah, blah, blah Perhaps it was a mistake to overthrow the king, or perhaps not. Here we stand under the 5th republic constitution, marginally improved from before but still falling short. It seems we have lost our way somewhere along the journey.
@akashkhattri8196
@akashkhattri8196 8 ай бұрын
38:22 I totally disagree......afno vested interst ko lai bhaepani India China ko agadi 1ta dhikko nation ko jug ta rakhnu bhyo ni
@MilanShah-gv3dm
@MilanShah-gv3dm 8 ай бұрын
Very deep conversation sir🤨🤨🤨🤨🤨
@khanalu
@khanalu 7 ай бұрын
Real Podcast not a so called interview type Podcast.. great knowledge.. fan of Bishwa Ji.. your analysis is above the our dirty politics.. Hats off 🙏🏻🙏🏻
@prashantpradhan4424
@prashantpradhan4424 7 ай бұрын
best podcast so far ! this is how podcasts needs to be rather than following the common narrative. Critical thinking and realistic historical perspective KUDOS sushant Pradhan
@IshworKhadka14
@IshworKhadka14 6 ай бұрын
Let's also be critical on events or people that were on stone age.
@anonymoussoul8770
@anonymoussoul8770 8 ай бұрын
Downloading options Remove nagardinu hola hai travel garda sunne garchu dherai ananda huncha 🙏🏼❤️
@Himalayanhunk88
@Himalayanhunk88 8 ай бұрын
Spotify sunne ne
@anonymoussoul8770
@anonymoussoul8770 7 ай бұрын
Video pani herne garchu 🙏🏼
@mllbgaming5917
@mllbgaming5917 6 ай бұрын
Someone should make a tv series on Prithbhi Narayan Shah. I can already imagine the battle and politics in my head😀😀
@Chillvibe9
@Chillvibe9 8 ай бұрын
Omg….I tried to listen him…desh banauna ra tesko lagi ragat ko balidan diney kura lai ta yesley kati haluko leko…..Yesley aafno bau aama lai pani same bhanla….Biha garyo malai janmayo kunai Thulo kura hoina…janmayo bhandai ma baa/ aama lai glorify garnu pardaina…..ma kehi bhanina kina yesko sikshya tehi hola….
@CompleX_ion
@CompleX_ion 8 ай бұрын
Rastriyeta ko kami vako manis haru ko thopada yestai hunxa
@modernsage8132
@modernsage8132 8 ай бұрын
yo jholey ho bro, guu chalayo vane hat ganaucha chill, sablai thaxa, Superhuman guru gorakhnath le rojeko dukha payeko organic raja ho. Yo muji le jati khyaseni eauta real gorkhali le khukuri nikalesi ko ho esko malik dhoti ho ki khairey, ko chak ko pwal ma lukna janxa, Chill bro. real story thavako sab manxe lai ta maobadi saranarthi banayera katai india katai europe kata america lakhatera arko desh ko citizen lina badhya banayo. Raja haru le organic nikaleka desh bakta udhami haru sab ko paisa lutera maobadi haru le, desh chodna badhya garerko sabai lai thaxa cha, ra tyo Prachande ko ghati kosaile chinalyo vane tyo manxe lai public support thulo hunxa sablai thaxa chaa
@anilghimire2767
@anilghimire2767 8 ай бұрын
Couldn't agree more. 👏
@anilghimire2767
@anilghimire2767 8 ай бұрын
T
@PhilosopherX-y7s
@PhilosopherX-y7s 8 ай бұрын
Listen to other historian like prof mohan prasad khanal. You will got to see new thing about Nepal history .
@nishantshah6146
@nishantshah6146 8 ай бұрын
More podcasts should comes like this, need to know more about our country history.
@santoshbhandari21
@santoshbhandari21 8 ай бұрын
Biswo Poudel is such a realistic economist and leader. We need to hear from him more often.
@pkk57
@pkk57 8 ай бұрын
मन पर्यो । अर्को भाग पनि ल्याइयोस्।
@SushantStha-rd2pe
@SushantStha-rd2pe 7 ай бұрын
Insight ful. I never miss any videos from him.Waiting for 2nd part
@user-ob3uc6fd3d
@user-ob3uc6fd3d 8 ай бұрын
Wow. Khatra lagyo. Please keep up the good work. Yo podcast ajhai long hunu prthyo. Biswo Prakash Sir ko knowledge and information lai salute cha. Lets make another video on what policy level things were there during Malla regime that made the era so developed
@sureshasuresha6520
@sureshasuresha6520 8 ай бұрын
What about British and Germany east India companies in kirtipur ? These were not written in the histories, p n Shah actually fought with British and Germany in Kathmandu valley and unified. Nepal
@binodrai3653
@binodrai3653 8 ай бұрын
It is not unification, it is colonization of Gorkha Kingdom.
@sureshasuresha6520
@sureshasuresha6520 8 ай бұрын
The unification happened fighting with British, Germany, Portuguese from Kathmandu valley. He did not stop, he went fighting with east India companies in Sikkim and Indian states too
@sureshasuresha6520
@sureshasuresha6520 8 ай бұрын
@@binodrai3653 the British and German were driven out by Shah king, it was intolerable defeat for them, they had unbearable defeat, which they don't want the world know, they twisted the history and made Shah king negative
@RATH678
@RATH678 8 ай бұрын
​@@binodrai3653if you term unification as colonization then every country in this world are formed by colonization
@binodrai3653
@binodrai3653 8 ай бұрын
@@RATH678 yes, every country is formed by colonization. People from some countries united together after colonization like India. After colonization, they had to go through unification/mutual understanding in cultures, languages, religions, and belief systems. Some countries like Nepal is not united. Nepal is united only by geography, not by other aspects of Nepalese people.
@YRSHAHI
@YRSHAHI 7 ай бұрын
Not sure how much truth lies in your historic talk, but if we call ourselves Nepali then Prithvi Narayan Shah is the one who had a vision to make this country. Any country needs to have leaders who are ambitious and visionary and PN Shah was yes ambitious and visionary person. We need to respect him and what he did otherwise we would be still fighting with small countries or would've easily taken over by India. We should also respect Kirats, Lichhabis and Mallas and all other states of Nepal thats why we are diverse yet united. जय नेपाल!!!
@RoshanKunwar-kd8kh
@RoshanKunwar-kd8kh 7 ай бұрын
Waiting for 2nd eposide
@egoanil
@egoanil 7 ай бұрын
release next episode asap, Man.
@rajeshgurung4654
@rajeshgurung4654 8 ай бұрын
Is there any way, where we can organize the seminar session or lecture regarding the topic with Dr. Bishwo Nath Poudel. Literally, I was in depth n can listen throughout the day.
@subashthapa2172
@subashthapa2172 8 ай бұрын
Sir le time time ma ale sano sor ma bolera bujina. Natra story kada xa nepal ko. Thank you for telling the history.
@inkdouma
@inkdouma 7 ай бұрын
khai ta arko part i'm still waiting, aaye paxi link haldinu la dai!
@nepalistarcreation
@nepalistarcreation 2 ай бұрын
Yo fataha ko ho जसले banayeko desh ma basera usaiko kura katdaixa
@charmsmisunderstood
@charmsmisunderstood 8 ай бұрын
Deopatan Gwola then Hadigau then today's Basantapur. The first of twos have very less things talked about.
@FWSBEAUTY
@FWSBEAUTY 7 ай бұрын
you should ask lp Bhanu Sharma for the podcast..many neplease people seems to be aware about spirituality . 🙏
@peace8820
@peace8820 6 ай бұрын
baburam bhattarai lai bolaera same topic haruma podcast garnu paryo
@sabinbishankhe1410
@sabinbishankhe1410 8 ай бұрын
1.41 is too short it had to be 2.41 ❤
@buddhaneverest
@buddhaneverest 8 ай бұрын
Agreed
@suman2830
@suman2830 7 ай бұрын
Part 2 khai ta
@101yayo
@101yayo 8 ай бұрын
Please give approximate dates when talking about history.
@kiranawale2954
@kiranawale2954 8 ай бұрын
need 2nd part ASAP
@whatyouwant8020
@whatyouwant8020 8 ай бұрын
Damn!!! one of the best podcast in this channel.. Keep it up Sushant brother!!
@ashutoshmanidixit6944
@ashutoshmanidixit6944 7 ай бұрын
Sushant's 'monocast' style barely skims the surface, leaving him drowning in shallow waters of comprehension. The conversation must have swiftly flown over his head.
@Meta_ex
@Meta_ex 7 ай бұрын
He has nothing to add just like us, we were never taught our own history in detail. The ability to absorb information is a good thing to formulate relevant queries for future dialogue.
@virus7472
@virus7472 8 ай бұрын
Dherai paxi info dinya ramro manxya aaunu vayo
@kbg6710
@kbg6710 7 ай бұрын
An amazing podcast with Dr Poudel indeed! But I think it’s a bit unfair to villainize and completely ignore the grand vision of Prithvi Narayan Shah. Dr Poudel mentions his rashness and his brutality, which is fair, but it was also his realization of the threat from the British Raj, having travelled to Benares and experienced it firsthand. Had he not embarked upon the ‘brutal’ yet necessary unification campaign, each of the baise and chaubise rajyas would have fallen like dominos to the British Raj. Another point is the glorification of Bahadur Shah (which is justified) but the complete neglect of his rival and bhauju Queen Regent Rajendra Laxmi who was a formidable and capable administrator overseeing the state affairs so that her foe and devar could completely focus on warfare.
@victorious1989
@victorious1989 5 ай бұрын
Vision vaneko aafno rajya kasari बिस्तार garne simana badaune vanne मात्र हो, बाकी sabai glorification bahek kei haina. स्यालले बाघ बाट बचायो, कसरी? भन्दा, खाएर, खाएको काण्ड Justify गनेॅ कसरी भन्दा बाघको भय देखिएर. स्याल = गोरखा बाघ = ब्रिटिश BUT, खाएको चाही कसले ? स्यालले 😅😅😂🤣 गोरखा राज्य भन्दा फरक राज्य, समुदायको दृष्टीकोणबाट पनि हनेॅ गरौँ. जय नेपाल 🎉🎉
@sureshk.c.8183
@sureshk.c.8183 4 ай бұрын
❤❤
@pawanmarasini
@pawanmarasini 7 ай бұрын
Wow
@subashthapa2172
@subashthapa2172 8 ай бұрын
Sushant dai le mesmarized vayera question nasodya ke homework nai nagarera question nasodya????
@arpanaadhikari1062
@arpanaadhikari1062 7 ай бұрын
still waiting for part 2
@prs26
@prs26 8 ай бұрын
History is written only by the brave
@bhiyeemyaktunm2224
@bhiyeemyaktunm2224 5 ай бұрын
Humbly request please invite linguist Dr George van driem in your podcast. 🙏🏼
@jmahadevshah4231
@jmahadevshah4231 7 ай бұрын
पूर्व पश्चिम का पस बाहुन लाईं दरबार मा पस्न नंदीनू होला के अर्न भन्या हुन भन्या बाहिर का मूँछे ले दरबार मा बेथिती ल्याउछन “ दिव्य उपदेश “ ज्ये देश 🇳🇵
@ajaysyangbo58
@ajaysyangbo58 5 ай бұрын
@MrNameeo
@MrNameeo 8 ай бұрын
Good coverage.
@deepakbhatta9913
@deepakbhatta9913 7 ай бұрын
He just translated the concept designed by westerners about our history particularly great king Prithvi Narayan Shah.
@victorious1989
@victorious1989 5 ай бұрын
Ani School ma pathaune इतिहास chai kasle lekheko ho ta? महेंद्र माला and इतिहास संशोधन मंडल, aafno banshaj ko gun गान.
@sarojadhikari8318
@sarojadhikari8318 7 ай бұрын
वहाँको अध्ययनको तह धेरै माथी रहेछ । बबाल लाग्यो ।
@Tri-Chem
@Tri-Chem 8 ай бұрын
Oh God euta complete historical movie nai here jasto bhayo. Good luck Sushant brother.
@shrijanapradhan5449
@shrijanapradhan5449 8 ай бұрын
🙏🏾🙏🏾🙏🏾💖💖💖
@sevenchakra5548
@sevenchakra5548 7 ай бұрын
मगरको छोरोले नेपाल देश एकीकृत गरेको, यो भारत्ये बाहुन लाइ काह पचछ त ?
@baburamaryal6121
@baburamaryal6121 7 ай бұрын
What a insightful conversation ! magnificent !
@101yayo
@101yayo 8 ай бұрын
Book recommendations?
@iamdpb
@iamdpb 7 ай бұрын
+1
@theenvyful
@theenvyful 7 ай бұрын
...didnt skip a sec. Great podcast. Learned alot from Dr Bishwo. Amazing knowledge. He should be invited more often.
@thedav54321
@thedav54321 7 ай бұрын
👍👍
@bishnuaryal470
@bishnuaryal470 8 ай бұрын
Always do not forget to compare contemporary political, geographical condition and contemporary world leaders and their activities when talking about Prithivi Narayan Sahah. History of other countries and how they glorify, why we Nepalese do not need to glorify our history? Even the colonized and 75 years old India glorifies thier history why not Nepal ? It is fact that current situation of Nepal is not well but we can not forget history. I am proud about my country's history compared with other countries history.
@rajeshsubedi6384
@rajeshsubedi6384 8 ай бұрын
पिटे पनि गोदे पनि आफ्नो बाउ भन्या बाउ हो छोराको राम्रोको लागि गरेको हुन्छ । प्रिथी ना शाहले जे गरे पनि नेपालको लागि गर्या हो । डुस्मनले मात्र नराम्रो प्रचार गर्छ । हामीले प्रिभी ना शाहलाई आज नराम्रो भन्छौ , भोली india को राज्दुत गोर्खा जान्छ अनी पृथ्वी ना को सालीक मा पाल्यर्पण गर्छ अनी भन्छ “ हम्को इश स्थलमे आके बहुत गौरवान्बित हुवा हुँ “ पछाडी बाट हामी सबै नेपे हरुले ताली “तड टड तड “ ठोक्छौ जस्मा उहा interview दिने बेक्ती पनि हुनुहुनेछ । हा हा हा हामी नेफोली !
@victorious1989
@victorious1989 7 ай бұрын
@@rajeshsubedi6384 kunai euta jati/samudaye ko lagi bau hola, but bahusankhyak samudaye ko lagi bau baje ko hatyara ho. Itihas jitne le lekhne ho, jitne ko gun gaan gayincha, and Nepal ma history ko narrative Shah side ko narrative ho, MahendraMala and Itihas Sansodhan Mandal. To know history, you need to review from multiple perspective, winners and losers' side.
@rajukumaryadav4068
@rajukumaryadav4068 8 ай бұрын
Easter terai, makwanpur and maithili rajya ko history lai pani explore garaidinu paryo.
@pratikking2272
@pratikking2272 8 ай бұрын
Sen Thakuri ko raj ho. They were Magars. Modern Nepali language was formed in these kingdoms
@rajukumaryadav4068
@rajukumaryadav4068 8 ай бұрын
@@pratikking2272 The initial name of Nepali language was "Khas Kura" (खस कुरा), meaning language or speech of the Khas people, who are descended from the ancient Khasas of Mahabharata, as the language developed during the rule of the Khasa Kingdom in the western Nepal.
@pratikking2272
@pratikking2272 8 ай бұрын
@@rajukumaryadav4068 Nope. That was 1100 years ago. Khas and magar came together. Magars adopted khas language and many magars were given the title of thakuris. Sen thakuris are a mix of khas and magars. Modern Nepali was made during sen kingdom of central and eastern nepal. That is why modern nepali sounds a bit like assamese, bengali because borders of sen kingdom touched from Bengal to all the way to himachal.
@laxmithapaliya7501
@laxmithapaliya7501 8 ай бұрын
Next episode dai
@asminsilwal5518
@asminsilwal5518 8 ай бұрын
Realistic and genuine.
@ChanchalSharma_chhauri
@ChanchalSharma_chhauri 8 ай бұрын
So very like “The Game of Thrones”
@vijaythapa2357
@vijaythapa2357 8 ай бұрын
Podcast ko dauran ma mentioned books pani bio maa note garidinu bhaye ikxuk viewers lai sahaj hunethyo!!!
@manish.bhatta
@manish.bhatta 6 ай бұрын
This man and his in-depth knowledge is amazing
@prashantchand8392
@prashantchand8392 8 ай бұрын
He is just trying to potray prithivi Narayan shah as far grey character just referring some accounts of pastors and reffering some historian remarks by misleading facts.
@abstenia670
@abstenia670 8 ай бұрын
Actual facts chai k ho bro? Raja haru nirankush nai thiye teti bela. Tyo attitude nai chainthyo ruler huna. Teti bhanani na paune? Jai Jai kar nai gari rakhna parne. History pure white hudaina, it is grey in nature.
@mahim199
@mahim199 8 ай бұрын
@@abstenia670 objectively third person's point of view le history discern garnu nasakda prasantchand bro ko jastai outlook huncha facts ko
@Himalayanhunk88
@Himalayanhunk88 8 ай бұрын
History is written by rulers so .if you were king of that time what would you write and make people believe about you😂
@abstenia670
@abstenia670 8 ай бұрын
@@mahim199 Yep, I would say they have been brainwashed to deify the kings. Also, they can't withstand someone who has unorthodox views. Basically, a sheep mentality.
@jackryder3278
@jackryder3278 8 ай бұрын
Yeah correct. P.N. shah was not a brute as explained by these so called geniuses. For example he could have destroyed all the newari culture and temples of kathmandu after defeating the valley but he didn't do that infact he had great respect for the culture.
@hitthegold
@hitthegold 7 ай бұрын
Brutal Era ma people had done unthinkable. Please read the history carefully.
@suryabhusal1527
@suryabhusal1527 7 ай бұрын
Title haru chai nepali ma pani rakhnu paryo hajur.
@sanjaylow2754
@sanjaylow2754 8 ай бұрын
Ig ppl need more knowledge about it and it's true that what he did was for his family and power not as a unification even tho I'm proud nepali now but sttill i believe that as per all of these history ppl need to learn more about it and stop being mad and accept what it is ig justt my pov
@ramraja2286
@ramraja2286 4 ай бұрын
War isnot contest of words pn shah unified nepal so that we are here .doctor has analysed history referencing present prevailing law human rights .we nepalese should thank pn shah because of him we didn't became slaves of british. nepalese are known as brave gorkhali because of pn shah.I think criticising pn shah is scolding your own father for giving birth .Pn shah was a great man and he will always be great .
@Pank132
@Pank132 7 ай бұрын
One of the best episodes!!
黑天使只对C罗有感觉#short #angel #clown
00:39
Super Beauty team
Рет қаралды 36 МЛН
Episode 30: Prof. Mohan Prasad Khanal | Sushant Pradhan Podcast
2:26:20
Sushant Pradhan
Рет қаралды 228 М.
On Air With Sanjay #114 - Balen Shah
2:20:10
Sanjay Silwal Gupta
Рет қаралды 2,9 МЛН
Episode 25: Rookmangud Katwal | Sushant Pradhan Podcast
1:19:39
Sushant Pradhan
Рет қаралды 140 М.
On Air With Sanjay #457 - Dr. Yogi Vikashananda
1:55:53
Sanjay Silwal Gupta
Рет қаралды 104 М.