Etymology: Some History of Proto-Indo-European

[@NativLang]

A mug of cocoa and some P.I.E. - what a delicious start to my day! You're wise to stress repeatedly the hypothetical nature of Proto-Indo-European. Some out there (uh... me) have rushed over hypotheses in the reconstruction process, presenting it as a big reveal/unearthing. That leaves the door open for confusion when met with debates over phoneme inventories, less well-attested forms, fuzzy semantic frames... Also, it never gets old seeing lopsided reflexes with initial Gmc consonants standing out thanks to Grimm's Law. Or doing the same with voiced aspirates, where Latin stands out and Germanic looks more conservative. Nothing beats Indic though. Ahhh, you covered so much fun stuff here!

[@hongry-life]

Cocoa ... or cacao sounds similar to cauca(sus), but with switched syllables:)

[@itudis9279]

Can I just say how much I love this

[@michaelsommers2356]

A Book of Linguistics underneath the Bough, A Mug of Cocoa, some P.I.E.-and Thou Beside me singing in the Wilderness- Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow!

[@johanna-hypatiacybeleia2465]

The nature of the voiced aspirates in particular is considered up for debate by some IE-ists (whether they were even voiced or aspirated at all, or something else). Also, what exactly were those laryngeals?

[@michaelsommers2356]

@IngLouisSchreurs I don't understand.

[@dfiala9890]

12 seconds in and you already earned your like with the "etymology of etymology" bit. Keep up the good work, hoss. Much love from Arizona.

[@Ana_crusis]

I'm so pleased I've found this channel. The content is remarkable, packed with information and interest.

[@PeelingFlame]

"Greek etimos may be related to..." *has intense flashbacks to Age of Mythology*

[@Theballoonwillpop]

😂what were you rocking back then , sword,spear , long bow?

[@adamwojcik9331]

Why are there so many goddamn content creators on KZbin worthy of my money? I only have so much, guys!

[@Alliterative]

You know, I have exactly the same problem!

[@LouisHansell]

That was great! The issue with Grimm's Law actually being defined by Rask brings to mind Stigler's Law. Many laws and observations in science have been credited to individuals who didn't really discover them, but due to circumstances those laws and observations were named after them. For example, the Maunder Minimum was recognized before Maunder described it, but his name is on it. This phenomenon happens so regularly that it has its own name, Stigler's Law. And yes, Stigler would be the first to admit, he didn't discover this naming irregularity.

[@MajorGeneralVeers]

The patron saint of the internet is Harambe.

[@76rjackson]

"Despite what the pedants say, Literally can be used figuratively. " Subscribed

[@kimberlyperrotis8962]

Etymology is what fascinates me most about words. Someone once asked why I was always looking up words - was it to impress people with my vocabulary? I laughed, that was why she did it, she insisted. I always had a huge vocabulary and didn’t need to add to it, all constant-readers do without any effort, what I’m interested in most is where words came from. Plus, once a root or stem in another language is learned, is opens up many other related words, and vocabulary derived in modern times from Greek and Latin, especially.

[@KenFullman]

I can't remember when I first took an interest in etymology but it was a very early age. I believe it all started with place names when someone informed me of the history of my home town's name. I don't think there's a day goes by without me looking up the etymology of some word or another. When I started learning French I would also research the history of French words too. I was quite often surprised that they come from exactly the same root as the English equivalent, even though they now sound completely different. Now it's pretty common for me to see people rolling their eyes as I'll digress in a conversation to say "did you know the origin of the word...." Yep, unfortunately if you haven't got the bug, it seems to be a rather uninteresting subject.

[@Keronin]

This was a fascinating video! I love Etymology in general, so your whole channel has been great, but the whole meta aspect was awesome!

[@Alliterative]

Thanks! Much appreciated! It was fun to do.

[@megret1808]

Cross pollination muddies the issues. The Japanese word for bread in “pan” which they got from the Portuguese

[@Pilum1000]

Especcially this case isn't problem, i think. Except fact that hypotese about these native relation for this word is really historically strange, Japanese have larges narratives in writing without this word more ancient period . It's mean borrowing.

[@Ana_crusis]

Pāo is Portuguese for bread

[@megret1808]

@@Ana_crusis Sorry, "Pan" is Spanish

[@Ana_crusis]

@@megret1808 yes i know. You said Japan got it from the Portuguese. Which is more likely... That they slightly corrupted the pronunciation from pāo to pan, because they had a lot more contact with the Portuguese.

[@megret1808]

@@Ana_crusis that’s possibly true

[@1stAmbientGrl]

I'd like for you to do a video expounding the etymology of "shining father" and how that ties into the history of world religions. That intrigues me.

[@Alliterative]

Thanks for the suggestion, I'll think about that topic.

[@camerontaylor7471]

“Shining father” is another NAME for the BEAST.... all world religions and gods and goddesses are nothing but the EGO ... LUCIFER or the morning light is the human intellect ... it is SATANIC ... that’s what the “Illuminati” and the free masons and the Rosicrucians all are worshiping KNOWLEDGE ...

[@YOSUP315]

No I think Saturn is the "real" symbol of those types; the one marked by eating his own children, castration. Jupiter is the symbol of the good supreme deity.

[@-SuperCraigIsGay-]

@@camerontaylor7471 Wow, fascinating. (Sarcasm.)

[@codemancz798]

People just tend to associate light with good.

[@rouldennn]

Europa is an Akkadian word that relatively makes it to be Semitic derived. Eurobba (or Erebu, Orobba) in old Akkadian meant the sunset, and for the first time was used by the Greeks to call the western lands as Evropa. this word is related to some other Semitic words such as Qorub (which means the same thing, the sunset) and even the word Arab, which means the people who live in the west (not the west as we know today, but because the Old Arabs used to be living in western Arabian peninsula) - Although some have interpreted the word Arab as something else, it probably means the same thing.

[@flamencoprof]

The first inkling I had of Etymology was in the Appendices of the book Lord of the Rings by J R R Tolkien. There were tables similar to those shown in this post. I never looked at nor heard language the same way again.

[@Amateur0Visionary]

Inkling...Well played :)

[@robertklouse1369]

The Silmarillon is au'nother 🐦 fine find🦜

[@fidenemini111]

Some idea about existance of indo-european language family was noticed even earlier. Around 1550 a scholar of Grand Duchy of Lithuania Michalo Lituanus ("Michael the Lithuanian") in his treatise De moribus tartarorum, lituanorum et moscorum ("On the Customs of Tatars, Lithuanians and Muscovites" ) in support of then popular among Lithuanian nobles legend about Lithuanians being descendants of Romans, gives an example of 74 Lithuanian and Latin words which are similar and with the same meaning.

[@patrickhodson8715]

“What a word means now isn’t always determined by what it used to mean” hysteria comes to mind. Hysteria is related to hysterectomy in that they both come from the Greek word for uterus.

[@seasidescott]

It's still related in that hysteria was and is still used primarily toward women acting with hormonal craziness.

[@lokeshchandak3660]

at 11:54 Dyeu-Pater sounds way to close to dev-pitr. which would translate to god-father/god-parent in Sanskrit, by whatever little understanding I posses. just a connection I noticed.

[@johnnyhaigs243]

Lokesh Chandak absolutely a cognate, both Indo-European languages. There was also Dyaus-Pitr of the Vedic pantheon which could be related to both Zeus-Pater and Jupiter.

[@elgranlugus7267]

It means "Sky Father". Because God is derived from Dewos, meanwhile Dyaus is "Sky".

[@hkumar7340]

Actually, the compound "Dyeu-pater" would correspond to "Dyau-pitr" in Sanskrit (Samskrt). Dyau is one of the words in Samskrt that means 'heaven'. In the Amarakosha, the Samskrt thesaurus, verse 1.1.6.2 goes: "Suraloko dyau-divau Dave Striyaam kleebe trivishtapam" (giving many synonyms for 'heaven'.) So, "Dyeu-pater" becomes "Dyau-pitr", that is, "heaven-father".

[@hkumar7340]

Sorry, autocorrect did some damage... The verse from Amarakosha should read: "Suraloko dyau-divau dve..."

[@SanketGajera]

Dyaus pitr is sky god. Dyaus is god from vedas. Dyaus pitr - zeus peter - jupiter

[@winandsingh]

This was unbelievably intense and captivating. Thank you so much.

[@thomasvieth6063]

For a great many years now, I am a fan of the interpretation of (shams) ereb for Europe and (shams) asi for Asia. A professor for Old Turkish alerted me to that around 1990. (He didn't claim it to be Old Turkish but of Sumerian origin.)

[@klausbrinck2137]

Dyeu-Pater leads to latin "deus" and greek "Zeus", but don´t forget, the genitive of "Zeus" ist "Diós", and so the letter "D" is back again! Only the nominative is "Zeus", all the rest beginns with a "D".

[@georgios_5342]

The z of Zeus comes from Di-eus. Di is the subject, which is why the genitive is Dios. Eus is the ending. But because the ancient Greeks didn't like having so many vowels (or consonants) together, they shortened Di to Z

[@David_Palacios]

I know it’s been 2 years since you made this comment, so maybe you’re already aware of this but I’m just gonna say this in case anyone else is interested. As many people know Dyeus PH2tēr is the name that evolved in Ancient Greek as Zeus Patēr and in Latin as Jupiter (Jous Patēr), both of which represent the name of the chief god of their respective pantheons, however Latin “deus” descends from PIE “deiwós”, meaning god or deity, not one specific god, even though it shares a root with “Dyeus” it doesn’t descend from it, eventually with the rise of Christianity “Deus” came to be used in Latin as the name of the one and only “deus” (god). Something that I also find quite interesting is how in Old French the name “Deus” evolved into “Dieux” (pronounced pretty much like “Dyeus”) in the nominative singular, so even though the name didn’t exactly descend from Dyeus it ended up greatly resembling it.

[@klausbrinck2137]

@@David_Palacios No I wasn´t any sure that those 2 have seperate descends, I just assumed, that they may have the same... I am also happy to learn that Jupiter comes from Jous Pater... What does "PIE" mean???

[@David_Palacios]

@@klausbrinck2137 Proto-Indo-European

[@Adriana.Gabriela]

Here's a linguist having eargasms and braingasms 😂 great video!

[@Alliterative]

Thank you!

[@ChrisPantazis]

at 07:05 the word for fish in Greek is "psari" (it starts with p, although "ps" in greek is written with the letter "ψ")

[@juanausensi499]

I think that's a coincidence. Ancient Greek 'fish' is 'ichthys', 'psari' is more recent and probably a borrowed word

[@pablitocream]

Hi! My mother is Spanish philologist and we love talking about etymology. It would be interesting if you talked about Basque and its etymology as it is a very antique language and it hasn't evolve as much as others. As an example: we know that Basque is a language at least from the stonage times beause the names of many tools have the "stone" word in it. "Stone" in basque is "haitz" (h is mute), "axe" is "aizkora", "knife" is "aizto", "hoe" is "aitzur",... In the case of Basque or Euskera, etymological science differs greatly from that of other languages, since the origin of much of the words is not in the linguistic roots of previous languages. Basque has its own roots, roots that go back at the origin of articulated language.

[@Alliterative]

Thanks for this-I will think about Basque, you’re right that it has to be approached quite differently than the way I do a lot of these videos!

[@Pilum1000]

" we know that Basque is a language at least from the stonage times beause the names of many tools have the "stone" word in it. "Stone" in basque is "haitz" (h is mute), "axe" is "aizkora", "knife" is "aizto", "hoe" is "aitzur" - sorry, but if you mean "neolithic age" like a time period (~7000-1800 BC), it isn't evidence. Because it can mean only what Bascues used stoned tools more longer , at all... :) I want say only it's incorrectly say anything like "Bascue language have an age of 7000" and in this "stoned" aspect too.. :)

[@jamespurcer3730]

Fascinating. I would like to see an episode on the "Gregorian Calendar".

[@Alliterative]

Well we do have this: kzbin.info/www/bejne/n4Sol4p6rNurjac

[@virvisquevir3320]

Panagiotis Samartzidis - It's circumstantial but compelling. Piecing together evidence from genetics and linguistics, pottery.and horsemanship, weapons and agricultural tools, bone fragments and phenotypes, burial customs and carbon dating, etc., to create a MOST LIKELY scenario. It's messy and mixed up, peoples moved around, mixed and fought over millenia. It's not straightforward and the artefacts we have gathered only go back so far in time. We thus arrive at an Indo-European language group, a Semitic language group, a Polynesian language group, etc. It's an inference from the available data. A MOST PROBABLE scenario. We have the pyramids of Egypt and INFER they were built by men and we guess how they were built given what we know about the tools at the time of the pyramids' construction. That's all we have today and we have to do the best we can with what we have. We have no photos or films of the pyramids being built. How much evidence do you need? Do you believe in Darwin's evolution of the species? All circumstantial evidence. Do you believe that dinosaurs roamed the earth? That a huge meteor hitting the Gulf of Mexico wiped the dinosaurs out? I don't know. Perhaps you believe that God created man fully fledged as he looks like today in a matter of seconds and that God created the Greek language fully fledged as it is now. That's your right. But most likely the Greek language has an evolutionary history beyond the mists of time, like Sanskrit does, like Chinese does... You have every right to be proud of the mighty achievements of the Ancient Greeks and their fundamental contribution to Western Civilisation and the contribution of Western Civilisation to the world as a whole, to today's consciousness, but that does not negate all the compelling evidence pointing to a linguistic origin in common with German, Latin, Sanskrit, etc. Cheers!

[@maizoon4327]

Loved this, it plays into my love of wordplay & the interest I got in words via doing quizwords with my mum & nan

[@Alliterative]

Thanks! Language lovers unite! :)

[@priyamastibhati]

Etym of etymology derived from Sanskrit “satyam”. Sanskrit “sat” or सत means truth. Also the source of “is” as in existence or “presence” or being-awareness or ever present foundation. All knowledge flowing down from Sanskrit. Study Sanskrit to understand the world and the basis of it all.

[@Fummy007]

Interesting that Tuesday is linked to Jupiter because in Romance languages eg French it is not Jeudi (Jove's day) but Mardi (Mars' day)

[@patrichausammann]

Jove's day, more precise the name "Jove" referes to Jupiter/Zeus, but maybe it also has to do with the god "JHWH" -> "Jahweh" -> "Jehova", who is like Zeus and Jupiter, "the father in heaven". Tuesday comes from Tyr, so "Tyr's day". Tyr (Tyr=Tiw=Ziu) is also known as Wodan, Wotan, Odin, Jupiter, Zeus and the Aegyptians had also a equivalent with Amun Ra. The name Tyr also hangs together with the term "Lux"-> light. By the way, Amun Ra was also associated with Zeus by the ancient Greeks. Thursday, comes from Thor, the son of Odin, so Thursday actually descends from "Thor's day". And what does Thor and Jupiter have common? They both throw lightnings, which produces thunder. In German the word of Thursday is "Donnerstag" , that means in a literal translation "thunders day" or "the day of thunder" in English.

[@Alliterative]

Yes--Tiw is a god of war, like Mars, hence tuesday/mardi. It seems (though there's little evidence for it, since it predates writing) that Tiw was once a chief god, like Jove & Zeus, but was demoted when Odin was introduced to the Norse pantheon, and became restricted to a war god. So the etymology is a clue to an earlier stage in the religious development. Probably. :)

[@patrichausammann]

Yes, I agree, relating to the Edda, Tyr and Odin aren't the same god. But they are from the same family, called the Aesir. And their legends hang together. Also there is a possibillity, that there were some "facts", which were mixed up because of the mixing of the tribes, not to forget the influence from other nations like the Romans. Maybe that lent to confusion, it might be that everyone wanted the biggest hero in his family, despite they descended all from the same "root". The Aesir are very similar to the Olympian gods. In the Edda, Odin was the father of Tyr and Thor, but they were only half-brothers, because they had different mothers. In another legend he is the son of "Hymir", who was a giant, but that wouldn't make a big difference, because the Norse gods descend anyway from the giants, so I think this doesn't matter. Anyway Odin seems to be "Jupiter" (Roman) or "Zeus" (Greek). Thor seems to me to be "Vulcanos" (Roman) or "Hephaistos" (Greek), with the hammer as his symbol. Don't forget the thunder sound of a volcanic erruption and sometimes there are some lightnings visible in the dust clouds of volcanic "explosions". Tyr might be "Mars" (Roman) or "Ares" (Greek). And yes, all three Gods were gods of war against the "Titanes". It seems to me that Tyr was the main god of the Germanic tribes (maybe therefore German -> Ger-man -> guerre man (from a Germano-Franco-English point of view^^)which stands literally for "war man" or in correct English "man of war" or warrior. The Symbols of Tyr were his knife or sword and a Cerberus like dog and both reminds very much to the appearence of Ares or Mars. But it seems that Ares wasn't that bad, because he was a democrate (Thing the old Norse and Germanic word for a gathering or governing assembly (old English "folk meeting" and in German "Volksversammlung") and he sacrificed him self to prevent the doomsday. And it is like Alliterative said, Tyr was restricted from the name "god of heaven", to the "god of war".

[@waterdrager93]

Patric Hausammann I don't think german comes from guerre and man. Germanic W as in war changed to gu in romance languages later on. see wilhelm versus guilliome and guard versus warden.

[@solorock28]

@Maik Foerstenberg a lot of ''war'' words from germanic survived in latin languages, because of the barbarian occupations in spain, italy, portugal and france, words like guerrra-werra-war in spanish, espia-spaiha-spy, guardia-wardon-guardian, bosque-bosk-bush

[@SergeKiz]

The best and concise (shirt) video on a subject. Well done

[@Alliterative]

Thank you!

[@ReidarWasenius]

You took us on a highly enjoyable trip. Thank you!

[@tecumsehcristero]

Isadore sounds very cool. Because of people like him who took the time and money(Vellum and book binding was SUPER EXPENSIVE) to preserve knowledge is why we have history

[@texasfossilguy]

Alot of people apparently get it wrong saying Thursday, Thors day, as Jupiters day, according to this it is Tir or Tuesday. Interesting note.

[@juanausensi499]

Thursday is 'jueves' in Spanish, probably from 'Jovis' (Jove/Jupiter)

[@NikhileshSurve]

6:17 In Sanskrut it's not pronounced as "peter" but "pitru" & it's romanised spelling is "pitṛ" (mother being "matru/mātṛ") coz the "ṛ" is supposed to neutrally represent its 2 pronunciations 1) "ru" (historic, in use in many southern languages like Marathi & Dravidian languages) & 2) "ri" a relatively modern one (mostly in northern languages like hindi). Sanskrut too is romanised as "Sanskṛt" since those in the north pronounce it as "Sanskrit" in their languages which & it's also the more well known due to our govt being in the north favours everything northern including language.

[@Se2n67g9r]

I agree with you. I speak romanian and we pronounce a lot of words with the same phonetics. Its easier for me to pronounce pitru and matru and it makes a lot more sense. What i see this guy do is just look at the words from a germanic point of view.

[@jenniferrossiter6894]

eleven seconds in, and you are clearly an ascended master, preach it brother

[@volodymyrostrovskyi533]

Thank you, great picture and great facts that I didn't know! It's sad that this video doesn't have more views, as it's better than some others I saw for this topic

[@Alliterative]

Thanks!

[@BurnBird1]

What bother me about the misuse of the word "Literally" is that there's really no word to replace it. If I say that I literally couldn't get out of bed this morning, people will just think that I was tired and actually could have gotten out of bed, but just didn't feel like it. If I was paralyzed for whatever reason and *literally* couldn't get out of bed, there's no way to properly express it without adding a bunch of details. Having to respond with "No, I *LITERALLY* couldn't get out of bed" is just silly to me. Literally has turned into just another intensifier, which there are tons of, whereas the actual meaning of literally, as in something which isn't figurative, doesn't really have another equivalent.

[@shardhakumar5347]

Tnk you for this video . Very helpful love the study of language's not a expert on etermolgy " but I am learning more about it thanks again.

[@Alliterative]

Thank you! Glad you found it helpful.

[@THINKER43]

Thank you, in what I do this is the single beat video I have ever seen

[@Alliterative]

Thank you!!

[@OmegaWolf747]

Our linguistic family shows that we're just one big human family.

[@stefanhensel8611]

ORLY? There is the Indo-European family, the Afroasiatic family (even older), the Sino-Tibetian, the Turkic (possibly related to Mongolian, which possibly has a common ancestor with Korean and Japanese), the Austronesian, the Na-Dene, the Uto-Aztec, the Finnugric, the Bantu languages (not even clear whether they form a family or just a sprachbund), the Khoisan, the Caucasian etc. etc. plus a bunch of seemingly unrelated ones like Basque, Etruscian, Piranhãã ... We cannot say, and probably never will, whether and how all these families have a common ancestor. It's well possible that language developed several times independently, like writing (which was invented at least four times without knowing from each other: Egypt, Sumer, East China and Mexico), and that dozens or hundreds of language families have disappeared without leaving a trace. Language must be at least 100,000 years old, the birth of modern humans, and linguists say that after 10,000 years it's completely impossible to establish a connection between two languages if you don't already know the intermediate links. That makes at least 10 cycles (kykloi, wheels, see how hard it is to identify a relationship after only 5,000 years?) of total linguistic revolution. Probably the click languages of South Africa like Xhosa are as near to the language of Adam (which the philosophers looked for desperately during the Middle Ages) as possible. So if you plan to see God in the afterlife, you better learn one of them. Hebrew or Arabic definitely won't help, let alone Greek, Latin, Old Slavonian or English. Genetically we may well be a family, but linguistically we are probably total aliens.

[@colinp2238]

Interesting that you mention Tiw as the root of the name for Tuesday but there is a presumed older form of the name from a Proto-Germanic god called *Tiwaz. This name is also given to the seventh rune of the elder futhark, although that may or may not be the correct name as we do not have the real names available to us. The older name of the day is Tiwesdaeg. The rune is belived to be one of the oldest runes dating back to the Bronze age and has not changed since that time. It was used on shields to protect warriors in battle and the Norse used it as an amulet to protect them from evil.

[@lizleapin1835]

If you think all that is cool, check out the possible connections between the words fear, fire, pyre/pyrotechnic, heat, hearth and home! There are versions of this in the Greek, Latin, Germanic, Slavic and Indic languages! And any student of yoga knows agni is fire in Sanskrit, while ogon is fire in Russian and they both sound so much like anger! The hot tempers of us humans!

[@lizleapin1835]

I'm going out on a limb here and suggesting something unproven but I think "home" may have once been a combined term for "my hearth". Something akin to ancient "the hearth of me".

[@Cosmic494]

Thanks man! was quite helpful, preparing to insert my self into different college classes before I go to college in 2 years thanks!

[@Alliterative]

Glad it was useful! Good luck with the college prep!

[@patrichausammann]

Thank you very much for this interesting video!

[@DSMWannabeLinguist]

I've been trying to get back into the swing of writing and this video is exactly what I needed, thank you!

[@Alliterative]

Thanks! Happy writing!

[@stephena1196]

Literally isn't used as an intensifier where I live, it's just used to mean literally.

[@Alliterative]

Language change is uneven, of course -- meanings develop differently in different places. Where are you?

[@stephena1196]

Coventry, UK. Now I've thought more about it I my brother had a phase of using literally as an intensifier, but that was c.30 years ago. I have noticed in recent years certain people on some less good BBC TV documentary programmes using "incredibly" as an intensifier, sometimes in almost every other sentence. I think it's in an effort to make what they say more interesting and exciting. Also I believe it's an attempt to give them "the common touch", which is surprising as they seem to be the only ones using the word in this way nowadays.

[@dlwatib]

I notice that President Donald Trump and his press secretary Sean Spicer use "incredibly" as an intensifier a lot. People who use "literally" as an intensifier when what they are saying is only virtually true open themselves up for ridicule, at least on the internet.

[@ghenulo]

So, "literally" can mean "figuratively", so how do we specify that we actually mean something literally?

[@Palimbacchius]

You can use "literally" to mean "figuratively", just as you can use your underpants as a hat; in neither case will you look particularly smart.

[@Pilum1000]

@@Palimbacchius especially, in the light of this history of word's mutations this case show “smart” or "not smart” somebody for us... And, f.e. - in history of costumes... :>>>>

[@Pilum1000]

"You can use "literally" to mean "figuratively", " - for me, f.e., it is strange hear what English speakers (i think it is form got from Americans novadays) use word "to figure" in the meaning "to calculate/plan/understand" (and "figure" in "numeral" too, just this is Medieval... ) ... "i'm figured .." :) May be, i understand logic of this assotiation and flux of this process, but it's strange :) ...anything like this - kzbin.info/www/bejne/b5-ui596hcmJnKM :> or this - kzbin.info/www/bejne/aYnKn2WIoLBsnLc

[@Luka1180]

@@Pilum1000 ?????

[@Pilum1000]

Lukas Sprehn ........

[@edlingja1]

Absolutely fascinating. Thank you so much, I'll go watch it again just for you :)

[@Alliterative]

Thank you! That’s what I want to hear! :)

[@vedatdemir7803]

Language is a primitive argument that molds consciousness. The average IQ of a society is related to the flexibility of the spoken language. In fact, when you go back a lot, you can see that names and words consist of just one syllable. You got the words from very nice points. This is amazing! If I had mastered the English language, I could support you ... Don't get me wrong, I am not glorifying the proto-Indian european language family here. Because there are languages ​​older than this family. There is no end.

[@kingbeauregard]

While it's true that "literally" can be used to mean "figuratively" -- in much the way that any word could technically mean anything if you insist it does -- it is not mere pedantry to observe that it's a stupid practice and we should stand athwart it. We don't have a surplus of words for de-metaphoring a metaphor; we've got "literally" , and that's it. Using "literally" to mean its inverse is about as bad as literally burying the hatchet: the hatchet will get rusty in the ground and no longer be able to cut. See how I just used "literally" to communicate that I wasn't talking about "burying the hatchet" in the typical figurative sense? That's why we need "literally" to mean "literally" and not just "whatever stupid people think it means".

[@kenmoore137]

Thank you Kingbeauregard for clearly making an important point about a deplorable trend. Of course language changes, but those careless and sloppy changes that reduce the power of language to express, explain, and clarify should always be resisted.

[@yorgosmouzakitis7052]

@BLUE DOG the "English:" language is already dead..

[@magnusorn7313]

@BLUE DOG you are a hypocrite

[@tinfoil8599]

it's all narcissism and conceit. in Enlgish, it's the usage of "literally." In my language, it's the stress in certain words (but, tellingly and revealingly, not others that underwent the same kind of change.) People will try and turn everything into a f.. class shibboleth because they are tribal and insecure. They may even come up with sophistimacated explanations for why a certain usage is incorrect and an affront to all that's good and true, but it'll be a post-hoc rationalization, the narcissism and the need to signal one is above the great unwashed was there first. Words are words, people. Not f.. incantations.

[@richardbennett4365]

We should sometimes emphasize the European part with the term proto-euroindian instead of always saying proto-indoeuropean. It's shorter and saves time, too. More concise. More efficient.

[@Johnny_Tambourine]

My theory is human languages have changed due mostly to human laziness. It takes less effort to say "Fa" than it does to say "Pa" as in Father and Pater. The F sound requires less violent movements of the mouth and jaw muscles than the P sound requires. Same with the 'Th' and hard 'T'. Humans are adept at making their lives easier.

[@latronqui]

hahaha I was confused for a few seconds, I didn't know the etymology of what word you were talking about today.

[@Alliterative]

Ha -- so meta it's confusing! :)

[@brendanward2991]

2:07 - "A sixth- to seventh-century bishop..."

[@andrewcrowe2170]

Great video! Very informative! Doesn’t all of the ancient DNA evidence point to the Kurgen hypothesis for the source of PIE?

[@moneimonei7973]

What should we follow now or then

[@Sirmenonottwo]

Best video yet IMO of course :)

[@Alliterative]

Why thank you! :)

[@abc-yn4yl]

Alliterative. all embrional etymology are in Albanian. Greek is third dialect of albanian language. you don't know the real etymology of words. English= e nje gluh ish= and one language was. England= e nje gluh na ndan =and one language separated us Englishman= e nje gluh ish m'ban= and one language was man. EAGLE = England= albanian eagle. land= vand ,vend England= e nje gluh vand= and one language land. man= m'ban(dialect) =me bene= make me. god make first man. tree= te rri= to stay. trees dont move leaves= levis,leviz= move televisin= te levisin,te levizin=to move dog= do gje= want, need something cat=kap= catch cat is only for catching insects and reptiles. horse= hip osh= is for climbing ( riding) a lot= a(asht)plot = is full,to many i do = dua = want you do = ju doni it do = ti do my= mu, mua winter= w/mbin ter= plants everything summer= shum merr= take a lot (harvests, sun) sumeria is old civilization. sumeria=shum merja= take a lot of knowledges. floor= f/phluhur= dust. old time people sit in dust not floor. mind= mend fork = sfurk. old albanian tool. ran= rend, vrap zeus= zeu =the voice hera= era= wind zeus marries hera. the voice marries the wind. house= ha + ushqe= eat+ feed. feed= fle= sleep house= to eat to feed( kids) to sleep. water= (w/m)m'a ter= m'ba tere=keep everything( continents, all materials) material= m' ba ter jan= water is put= (p/f) fut computer=kam fut ter= i have put everything ( in it) magnet= m'ba gje ne te= keeping things on it. i can give the real etymology of english words only by albanian language. Albanian language is mister. albanian= al ban jan = all made are all= boll in albanian you can read by every letter not like english.

[@abc-yn4yl]

Alliterative. you fucking layer. albanian is oldest language and from the language-tree you can see it clearly. only when you'll learn albanian you'll understand the univers.

[@ericmueller6836]

Fun1sKing But "Trees don't move" is a solid linguist stance. Bahahaha.

[@bilbildautaj5418]

the truth Pershendetje!E cmoj perpjekjen tuaj per te bere tè njohur teorine e embriomorfemave te Petro Zhejit te cilen e njihni mire dhe e propagandoni me aq pasion sa dukeni si i pasionuari Dalipaj qe po kontribuon me perkushtim per konsolidimin e kesaj teorie.Edhe mua me la rrembyer zemren kjo teori dhe me sa mundem perpiqem ta promovoj ne rrjet.Per mua Petro Zheji eshte Koperniku i etimologjise sepse duke vene shqipen ne qender te universit gjuhesor spiegon origjinen e te gjitha gjuheve te familjes indoeuropiane ashtu si Koperniku spiegoi levizjet e planeteve duke vene Diellin ne qender.Nje verejtje te vogel kam.Mbase nuk eshte mire te ofendosh kundershtaret sepse nxit nje negativizem e refuzim emocional qe e demton qellimin tone.Sidomos kur debatohet me njerez qe s'jane as greker as serbe qe sic dihet jane armiq apriori.Atyre edhe une su le kusur pa thene por te tjeret s'kane faj se nuk e njohin shqipen.Dihet kohe e durim.Gjithe te mirat.

[@johnalbertdevadosanselwyn2993]

Thank you very much. It is an excellantvideo. I benefited a lot. all the best for your efforts.

[@Alliterative]

Thank you!

[@MrEmGera]

I have been staring this mask you have at the background.... I am 100% sure I have seen this somewhere before but I cannot recall any information. Can someone help me? Thanks in advance... I love etymology, I am Greek and for me is like a daily hobby because I have a lot of words to work with in today's spoken Greek

[@Alliterative]

Yes, that's it. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo

[@ucaneriste7497]

I was waiting for this. Thank you very much. The PIE word *dyeu is also the root of English word "day". By the way, the Old Turkic word "Teŋri" means sky-god. Descending from this root Modern Turkish word "tan" means "dawn" and "daylight". I'm sure the same pattern can also be observed in any other languages. We, humans, are the same.

[@pennysmirlis5989]

I am sure that the Turkish language might have some indoeuropen words. But Turkish is not considered to be a an indoreuropean language.

[@ucaneriste7497]

Actually I meant, the same logic pattern can be observed in Turkish too, regardless of its language family. And I am sure, associating the term "day" with divinity can be observed in any other languages or language families. We, the humans, are the same, coming from a star... the Sun in particular. No matter what we believe, we'd worshiped it, literally.

[@garethjones2596]

Certainly not. English 'day' derives from PIE *dhagh-an whose root regularly give PG *dag-az (PIE *d would have given PG *t) and which by Grassmann's Law gave Proto-Indo-Iranian dadzhan-, a neuter noun, and *tad dadzhan 'that day' was metanalyzed as *tad adzhan to give Skt. ahan- and Avestan azan 'day'. ON Tyr is from PG *tiwaz < PIE *deiuos (Lat. deus, OIrish dia, Skt. devah, Av daevo) akin to but not the same as *dieu- 'daytime sky' the source of Lat. Jupiter Gk. Zeus pater, Skt. Dyaus pitar and the Hittite sun god Sius attas

[@ucaneriste7497]

Oh, thank you for your correction and clarification. It helps a lot.

[@mustafaziyaakgul3331]

uçan erişte dude , we are not coming from same source and indo-european is a complete joke . İf you want , I can tell it.

[@sagemcallister4822]

Erebus is the Titan of Darkness in Greek mythology 5:00

[@flamencoprof]

Sad.

[@juanausensi499]

It can be still a reference to the West, because when the sun sets in the west, then came the darkness.

[@gamerboi5969]

Thank you for helping me

[@bl4sfemer5150]

very interesting. Great presentation! Just what I was hoping for. Thank you

[@maximreserve3442]

It's interesting to also note that some words had no direct linkage to the past. For example, S.C.U.B.A. comes from the acronym for Self--Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus.

[@rs0wner301]

damn mane good as always G keep it up proud of you

[@adamwojcik9331]

KRAKATIK If only Alliterative had responded with "Papa Bless." Would've been golden.

[@brunofeitosafl]

Absolutely wonderful! Thanks from Brazil.

[@FreeToBe339]

2:33 does anybody here watch 13 reasons why? The character Tony Padilla is (almost) all-wise in his knowledge about the main character in season one, Hannah. His last name being Padilla, similar sounding to paideia, meaning education

[@silentvoiceinthedark5665]

Abraham comes from Brahma and Abraham's wife Sara is Sarasvati who is named after a river and is the wife of Brahma

[@nagarajkrishnan6380]

You murdered the sanskrit pronunciation.

[@gabrielasobral1194]

did you just made palaeontology equivalent to archaeology? 😭😭😭 anyway, i'm glad i saw the video until the end, i looked for a patreon last week on the podcast webpage and i didn't find it, so i thought there was none... i will donate. and consider adding there as well :)

[@Alliterative]

Well, let’s just say they have similar roots! 😉 But thank you, that’s very kind! Sounds like we need to make our Patreon link more noticeable. Your support is greatly appreciated!

[@nhao1980]

Fascinating video, although I don’t understand all of them . May i Ask how you made the amazing presentation? Any software for that?

[@Alliterative]

Thank you -- I know they're rather overstuffed with information. I use Inkscape to put the images together, Sozi to animate, and screen capture and video editing software (in my case Magix, but many programs would work) to put it all together. I'm pretty sure it's not the most efficient way to to do it, but it's what I know how to do!

[@johnszczesny3451]

easter europe did not exist for them,,,why no one say about DNA R1a1,,,Egyptian Pharaoh

[@Lellistair]

Did you have stroke while writing this comment?

[@amberswafford9305]

I’m glad I’m not the only “word nerd” out there. A moniker I’ve given to myself due to my pension for etymology & lexicography.

[@katmannsson]

that intro sold me, Love it.

[@theknave4415]

A great intro to the topic. Well done!

[@Alliterative]

Thanks!

[@tecumsehcristero]

We are all indebted to Isadore of Seville and men like him who persevered wisdom of men who were of a different nation and religion than him so that we(those in the future) may be more educated than him. What a noble hearted man

[@PC4USE1]

There may very well be a word in Hawaiian "wiki" but I was told the the WIKI in Wikipedia stands for What I Know Is- a reference to the fact that Wikipedia is driven by a common base of knowledge.

[@francisnopantses1108]

When Wikipedia began they were very clear that the name came from a Pacific language. That other name is a folk etymology.

[@Pengalen]

Decimated, which originally meant destruction by one tenth, but is now widely misused.

[@Delgen1951]

My question is how will langues change with the existence of recorded media, like film and TV? Will the record media slow or stop change like what happened to English with print and English spelling.

[@Alliterative]

To be honest, I have no idea! The amount of recorded media will surely have *some* effect on language change -- more global mixing is an obvious possibility -- but the degree and type of that effect is very hard to predict. I'd imagine there must have been some research on what's been happening -- after all, there's about a century of data since movies and radio started -- but I confess I don't know of any myself.

[@masonmorgan6753]

whoa stop dude you're gonna give a nose bleed you're making me think too hard

[@gamerboi5969]

Lol

[@SpencerTwiddy]

this is poetry

[@adrianokury]

What was the presentation software used for this fascinating lecture?

[@Alliterative]

I use Inkscape to design it and Sozi to animate it. Thanks!

[@hallvardlundehervig5508]

Very informative and entertaining video

[@wgk4845]

+Alliterative, why don't you upload your infographics of each episode on your website. I just love infographics and connecting dots.

[@Alliterative]

Oh, that's an interesting idea; we've been putting a few of them up as posters in our CafePress store, and giving digital posters to our Patreon patrons. But maybe we'll think about making them available on the website too. We'd need to add the image credits to an infographic version, that's all.

[@jmmip202]

proton

[@TyeJack203]

Why are the words only going back to Greek, roman and European history? Africa and Sumerian languages were around first so I’m just curious.

[@dg-hughes]

Paused the video at 8:30 to go do something then came back pressed play and ....

[@chusty93]

5:02 both cognates with hebrew "erev" which means evening as well. Phoenician, akkadian, hebrew and arabic are all semitic languages

[@strafrag1]

Excellent video. Thank you.

[@lavette916]

logo is symbol , the power is in the symbol , ask any advertiser or corporation to explain why they use logos or symbols , before alphabets were symbols that are all connected to the constellations above .... hence the man on the cross is... Aquarius , a man , an Air Sign on the FIXED CROSS .. and they built a religion around that symbol

[@anibalcesarnishizk2205]

Superbly done!!!!.

[@sabbyblue]

I adore this video. And it's a free cultural work, too!! Thank you.

[@Alliterative]

You're so welcome!

[@krish.5780]

I'm purely addicted to etymology have been since I was 11... Super video...💚✌

[@Alliterative]

Thank you!

[@Dokrovluka]

It’s amazing how these proto-indoeuropeans spread their own languages, culture, and also DNA.Whitout them I think we would be very different today..

[@iw3892]

Love your videos! Keep up the good work!

[@Alliterative]

Thank you!

[@georgecrisdo]

Where you find the word etymology?

[@Alliterative]

My main sources are listed here: www.alliterative.net/general-credits

[@yvonne530]

A study recently published in Science Magazine 2023 proves the antiquity of the Albanian language, which is much earlier than the Greek and Armenian languages > 8000 years old. Albanian can descipfer the ancient symbols and the other languages.

[@edgardocarrasquillo9]

Thank you, very, very interesting.

[@SophiaAstatine]

Very awesome and informative video!

[@jacksonhoerster3966]

Do you think one of PIE’s God words evolving into Norse Ás, Persian and Indian Ashur/Asura etc came from the Semitic’s Asher, near-God or consort to God word.??

[@dee5298]

I don't think I have a love of words but I do use them fairly often.

[@j.m.waterfordasxiphanex3738]

Excellent presentation on the history of words.