Extremophiles on Mars, Galaxy Bars, Artemis VS SpaceX | Q&A 242

Where do the galaxy bars come from and how do they stay stable? Will humanity ever become a Type-II civilization? When will we get more info about the TRAPPIST-1 system from JWST? Answering all these questions and more in this week's Q&A show.
Video from Destin: • I Was SCARED To Say Th...
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00:00 Start
00:58 [Andoria] Where do the galaxy bars come from?
04:46 [Vulcan] Wen TRAPPIST-1 system info?
09:13 [Risa] Will we become a Type-II civ?
12:58 [Aeturen] What can I look at with a telescope?
17:28 [Vendikar] Is the Solar system tilted compared to galactic plane?
21:08 [Remus] Could extremophiles survive on Mars?
25:32 [Janus] Does gravity go to infinity at the event horizon?
26:53 [Cait] Will Artemis continue to the Moon?
31:26 [Betazed] Do we have UAP tech already?
33:16 [Cheleb] What could grabby aliens possibly eat?
35:50 [Nimbus] What is the ideal planet type for a spacefaring species?
39:27 [Belos] Will competition with China advance the US space program?
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[@frasercain]

I said "F" type star as an example of something that's a little smaller than the Sun. I meant to say "K-type" star.

[@-Thauma-]

Thank you dear 😍

[@DougieBarclay]

I want a refund

[@Roguescienceguy]

A horrendous mistake from your part Fraser😜. Also, you could actually go with a smaller digit too. The sun is the G2V as in the second hottest main sequence in the G classification. Zeta reticuli a is smaller and b only by 1 percent

[@rhoddryice5412]

Only Bad Astronomers Forget Generally Known Mnemonics - (Most) Learn Them Young ;)

[@mortimas4137]

Riiiiight. . .

[@mimetype]

Galaxy bars? The chocolate? They're usually stabilised by the shelves they're stacked on.

[@JamesCairney]

Unless its hot and its a galaxy caramel

[@FleshWizard69420]

Milky Way bars taste really good

[@JamesCairney]

@@FleshWizard69420 in the 90's they changed the milkyway bar and introduced the "flyte" that was the old milkyway bar with a new name. Seemed quite pointless to me, they could've left the old milkway alone and just introduced the "new" milkyway as the flyte, but no. Change the old one then bring out a new one which is the old one. Perfect reasoning from Mars (the confectionery company not the planet)

[@JAGzilla-ur3lh]

Remus If we do comprehensively verify that Mars has no native life to interfere with, I would say we have a duty to take appropriate terrestrial life up there and release it in areas where it stands a chance of surviving and carrying on. That, to me, is one of the primary reasons for humanity to expand into space: so we can take our fellow earth life forms with us and give them new opportunities to thrive and evolve. Ideally we need to get as many species as possible out of our solar system completely so they can survive the expansion of our Sun.

[@-Thauma-]

This guy is the coolest on the internet. Prove me wrong 😂

[@ralboraggins9564]

there are women who smear period blood on canvas and call it art

[@filonin2]

Risa I just wanted to point out that a Dyson Swarm would not use satellites in orbit but "statites" which are not traveling at orbital velocity but are instead held up by light pressure. These would essentially be solar sails that you would steer to keep still by changing their shape, just like a regular sail. The sunward side would also be the solar collector with the backside being the radiator. These wouldn't need any fuel to remain in place and have no problems with orbital stability since they are not in orbit.

[@realzachfluke1]

Huh, I've never heard that before. So I guess we HAVEN'T started building our Dyson Swarm yet have we, Fraser ;)

[@unvergebeneid]

Those aren't practical for orbital habitats though.

[@Chris.Davies]

Imagining a super-advanced culture running on solar power is... ridiculous. Sorry. It's like the people of London in 1900 wondering where they're going to put all the crap from the 8 million horses London will require before the the year 2000. A Dyson Sphere doesn't stand up to even the slightest bit of scrutiny, especially when we consider the following truth: IF YOU CAN BUILD A DYSON SPHERE... YOU DON'T NEED A DYSON SPHERE!

[@timpointing]

Is a Galaxy Bar something that is attached to the Restaurant at the End of the Universe? The Gargle Blasters are to die for!🤣

[@phnompenh1439]

Another brilliant episode, Thanks so much Frasier, love your channel

[@X3MgamePlays]

It is a good thing to realize that a water civilisation can't start a fire. But if we ever meet one that is space fairing. It will be very interesting to learn of their history.

[@gabrieldavis5794]

Its feasible they could go on an organic route, using complex chemistry and specializing organisms to perform industrial work. Wouldnt be very efficient, and would put strain on foodstock and thus population. But we could imagine a world populated with sapient octopuses, with underwater cities, with limited outposts on land, with herds and herds of specialized sea-cattle. I imagine they could evolve a jellyfish into a suit they could wear, that could survive on land. Its just downstream from there the same industrial path humanity has taken. It might take longer, but it is feasable. In fact, the sea floors on earth are covered in minerals and geodes from erosion and deep-sea magma vents. You could see floor mining being transported to cattle that eat it and defecate some sulfide or oxide product, then it being taken to land to to be thrown into Arc Furnaces. Especially, stuff like stainless steel, that can permeate underwater, as soon as one furnace is up the industrial expansion can only grow exponentially. Living in water in space can be advantageous, if your spaceship get punctured water can quickly clog that hole, and if the conditions are right, freeze and secure the hole.

[@user-px2yn4zg2l]

Nasa has added Blue Origin moon lander to the Artemis program. Considering how complicated Space X system is it is prudent to have a backup though it may not be ready till about 2030

[@Emjayel23]

Come on man! It's been more than enough time for those Trappist results!!

[@Etopirynka]

Andoria. My question is a follow up to the type 1 civilisation. When we go type 2 - are we 'ready' to do that? I mean when one takes all the energy from a star - what about other planets? What will it do to them? Can we even do it before we're certain there's no life (or no chance for life) on any other planet in the solar system?

[@filonin2]

That would be well established since this would take hundreds of years to do. The planets would freeze btw unless you left moving gaps to let light shine only on the planets.

[@Etopirynka]

@@filonin2 I did consider that. What if we find bacteria on Titan? I never read too much in the topic honestly, maybe the author of the idea says sthmn about it?

[@wobogoat3379]

Good question. It reminds me of Carl Sagan saying we shouldn't settle Mars if there would be life. The same question was asked to Rubin Zeta, the head of the Mars Society. He sayed that mankind doesn't care for simple life on earth, so why should we care for simple life on Mars if we would plan to settle there or plan to geo engineer another planet. Personally I agree with Carl Sagan but I am afraid mankind doesn't.

[@Etopirynka]

@@wobogoat3379I know right? It's a nice topic for a conversation imo. Simple life can evolve into much more complex one, can't it? Enter Star Trek and the Prime directive :P

[@user-ve9xn8do7d]

Vendor!! My fav by far. Thanks for the videos

[@PlanetXMysteries-pj9nm]

Science and the universe are something too sublime for me. Thank you for letting ignorant people like me see more of the universe. I really like this channel

[@_RedWizard]

Vendikar. Very illuminating answer.

[@darthjarwood7943]

It would be very strange if we find no current or past life on any planet or moon in our solar system but the life on earth that humans consider extremophiles could live on these other bodies

[@absalomdraconis]

It would certainly imply something about starting conditions.

[@TommySaucierPlourde0]

Cait; I really liked the talk that Dustin gave and his frankness. The fan clubs are all stunned by the progress that Starship presents, but in the reality of Artemis, is it really progress and how many steps still need to be validated before everything comes true. It’s refreshing to hear real questions being asked. The progress that spaceX is making remains dazzling, but the promises surrounding Artemis/Starship are still reaching a level of technological maturity that spaceX is still far from.

[@roderickbeck8859]

Artemis is ridiculously expensive. Every launch is several billion dollars?

[@davidelliott5843]

Is SpaceX really so far from delivering a functional heavy lift vehicle? I think they are pretty damn close AND with money that Artemis lost between the docs cushions

[@TommySaucierPlourde0]

Still, human will fly in the next Artemis. No human is close to flying the big steel thing. AND nobody know the real cost of starship to the moon. Don't forget it need at least 10+ flight to refull a container in space to make it to the moon. Nothing of this sort is been done. Drink the coolaid if it please you. But I'll listen to those asking tough questions. @@roderickbeck8859

[@dannybell926]

Aeturen, because of what you said about star clusters. I love Pleiades. It was the first thing i saw out in space that made me want to know what it is. Its amazing how it can appear one way when looked at directly, another way when viewed by periphery, and another through a telescope.

[@jroar123]

There is a major problem with transferring fuel from one tank to another. Cryogenic fuel (LNG) Liquefied Natural Gas when transferred from one tank to another is always tested to ensure what left the plant and into the ship for transfer. It's important that the temperatures and composition is the same because of a phenomenon called "ROLL-OVER." If the fuels are mixed they are not close to one to another, it will experience a rapid expansion boil-off expansion. This will explode your tanks and potentially ignite the gas. Onboard testing is a must before you pump one tank to another.

[@GodWorksOut]

We should try seeding life in mars. By the time we are ready to move there it will be ready for us.

[@marcusambler4205]

remus !! another great episode fraser

[@runrin_]

fraser, i've heard you meantion that you expect new trappist-1 exoplanet info soon. it would be useful to have a summary of what we've learned from JWST so far, as well as when exactly data will be made public. what planets do we know about, which are we waiting for more info on, when will researchers run out of time to publish, etc.

[@GrouchyHaggis]

Andoria - Great visual graphic!

[@NeonVisual]

I wonder if the SMBH in the centre of galaxies getting more massive over time has something to do with it. We also don't see any SMBH's in ultra diffuse galaxies, and they don't have any of the structure we normally see. I hope nothing bad happens if the bar gets so big that it includes the solar system.

[@friendlyone2706]

If lunar gravity is sufficient to avoid the worse effects of weightlessness, that alone should be motivation to maintain a lunar colony for any company seeking profit for micro G manufacturing.

[@MistSoalar]

Aeturen - This explains why my dad stopped using his telescope which he wanted since his childhood.

[@frasercain]

The Moon... again?

[@MistSoalar]

​@@frasercain If he had a nickel everytime I told him so, he'd have an observatory by now

[@michaelgian2649]

Cait Very realistic process description of Artemis; gets beyond the NASA hype in a polite manner.

[@marvinmauldin4361]

In the late 1960s, the government put out blurbs saying things like only 2.5 cents of your tax dollar goes to the space program. That is more than we would put up with now, but not an incredible amount of the gross national product, as it was called. The Soviets probably spent a much higher percentage.

[@Nolan1410]

Could we use the extremophiles to help terraform Mars?

[@saeedafyouni619]

Andoria loved the video Great content

[@dk6996406]

FYI, a few months ago the group that did the Trappist-1d observations basically said the observations were too noisy to get any idea whether there were and atmosphere there; so, hopefully, someone does some observations there in Cycle 3, as there were no approved observations of the possibly habitable planets in Cycle 2. Also, the e, f, and g observations didn't finish up until July and November, so it hasn't been too much time for those two.

[@Threedog1963]

Aeturen. I have a 6" reflector as well. In addition to what you mentioned for targets to look at, I bought a solar filter and look at the sun. Nothing like the Coronado scopes, but pretty cool when the sun spots show up and when there is a total eclipse, you can see pretty cool stuff during totality. Another target I like is nebulae like in Orion. Also, globular clusters are fun to look at. On another note, entry level scopes don't typically have a tracking mount, which I wish I had. PITA to find a target and constantly have to adjust when you are at high magnification.

[@renezirkel]

Remus I really like your show. I always get answers to questions I never thought about and still find interesting. And you cover topic I can not find otherwise on youtube. Thanks.

[@lpalbou]

@frasercain 2:33 makes me think if there are correlations between the spiral bar galaxy and black holes, either a current active massive one or a more ancient one that ejected matters on an axis around a central point of rotation. we have seen such phenomena in black holes and considering their size and importance, it could very well shape those galaxies as a rotating bar expelling matters.

[@JamesCairney]

Risa Its the answers we like. I shouldn't speak for everyone but I will, why not. The answers are good. I suppose you can't have answers without questions, but you see the point.

[@tonywells6990]

Galaxy bars become more prevalent over time. They are thought to be caused by density waves travelling out from the centre, causing stars orbits to change and causing new star formation as gas is 'funnelled' towards the centre through the bars. Interestingly, the bars are thought to decay over time as they become less stable, shrinking until the galaxy appears more like a typical spiral galaxy with smaller bars again so they are temporary, but long lasting, features that may reappear and disappear several times in the future. They probably also feed the active galactic nuclei with new hydrogen 'fuel' that surround supermassive black holes at the centre of galaxies.

[@frasercain]

Oh, that's interesting, so maybe a temporary resonance that happens after a merger.

[@tonywells6990]

@@frasercain One study suggests a galactic bar cycle lasts for 2 billion years, and another study finds that 80% of spiral galaxies today have bars, compared to 20% about 6 billion years ago. There probably aren't many papers or large surveys on this topic though so this could all be speculative.

[@tonywells6990]

@@frasercain I don't know if a merger causes bars to form, more like a natural progression due to the density waves travelling around (or in and out of?) the galaxy a few times. Bars appear to be caused by disc instabilities and can occur in galaxies that have not had any major mergers for billions of years.

[@PeterGwartney]

​@@tonywells6990 Bars are also much harder to see in distant galaxies, and automated techniques for bar classification are notoriously bad. I imagine the gap will be narrowed once we get that sorted out.

[@tonywells6990]

@@PeterGwartneyYes that could be true.

[@chadcrider2020]

We've now proven that we can reach "small" objects with 2 separate missions (Dart and Osiris Rex). Would we be able to leverage this ability to "land" on an "oumuamua" like object with something that could stick, and go for a ride, turning the object into a voyager like probe? Could this teach us anything that we could use to justify the cost?

[@Roguescienceguy]

Would be kind of silly as we can easily throw probes out of our solarsystem at speeds far exceeding the speed of oumouamoua. Voyager 1 and 2 go rather slow by todays standards(60k kmph give or take). If we were to launch a probe in 2024 then we can still catch oumouamoua(315k kmph) before it is in interstellar space. The parker solar probe reached 650k kmph f.e. It's feasable, but there might not be enough propellant left to decelerate

[@Rorschach1024]

Interstellar objects are moving too fast for an attempt at a landing.

[@absalomdraconis]

Landing on an object travelling at interstellar speeds doesn't make it any easier to go interstellar.

[@Roguescienceguy]

@@Rorschach1024 depends where the ISO comes from. Again, Oumouamoua was pretty slow moving in relation to our sun

[@muzzyali8011]

The parker solar probe is only fast because of the gravity assists it has used along with the gravity from the sun. If the probe used thrusters to follow Voyager 1's trajectory and leave the sun's close gravitational pull it probably wouldn't be that fast since it would lose so much speed from the sun pulling it back@@Roguescienceguy

[@jimnjele.bean-dayone3505]

The telescope question basic answer is it depends on weather you have a polar mount or dob mount. In both cases, you level the scope. Polar mount has provision for aquiring the pole star (in northern hemisphere). Dob mount is alt/azimuth (up/down left/right). My scope is dob mount, and I added a 0/360 circle to the base. Dobs IMHO are way easier to use and view through. To get the coordinates, I use stellarium which can be downloaded for pc android or apple...hope that helps

[@MelodicMethod]

31:27 i laughed so hard at this pronunciation, for some reason. Thank you for the wonderful astronomy knowledge

[@ioresult]

Janus: Spaghettification happens inside black holes big enough, like Sag A*. At the event horizon of SMBHs, gravity gradient is low enough that you don't even feel it.

[@bbbenj]

My many thanks 👍

[@arlisnarusberk]

thank you

[@phdnk]

@frasercain , there is a GR theory misreport at 25:45 : an observer falling into BH will not observe the time compressed future of the universe. The universe behind the infalling observer will be redshifted and somewhat slowed down as well. Please do not repeat this myth next time. I used to believe in this fast-forward myth myself, but Leonard Susskind lectures on BH and GR taught me better.

[@phooogle]

Fraser, you read Peter Hamilton's "Commonwealth Saga"? Starts with Pandora's Star - very good set of books (with a few dull chapters in the last book). Great story about a Dyson Sphere civilisation.

[@marvinmauldin4361]

For decades we've had to contend with UFOs, Unidentified Flying Objects. Now they've been eliminated,, changed to UAPs, ,Unidentified Aerial Phenomena. This should help, because who in the UFO community can spell aerial phenomena? However, I think it's like calling a janitor an infrastructure maintenance engineer instead of giving him a raise.

[@hive_indicator318]

Remus I knew about the tardigrades, but I didn't know about all the others or that they were also exposed to Mars conditions. Science is so cool. Even negative results tell us stuff!

[@jscotthatcher380]

i liked the forest greenscreen with random interuptions better than the indoor greenscreen. 😜

[@frasercain]

Although it looked cool, it was extremely difficult and exhausting and meant less content.

[@ganymedemlem6119]

At 39:50 I would say you would want to live in a moon slightly smaller than Earth orbiting a gas giant planet with at least one other major moon. The smaller size would mean less delta V needed to get to space, provides an environment with easy options for gravity assists to visit other worlds around the parent star, and gives very nearby options to begin space exploration.

[@mikesunderland9145]

Your bit about Earth life surviving on Mars begs a question. If Starship launches from the swampy conditions at Boca Chica, would life that latched on to the outside of the ship survive both the journey though space and the fiery EDL to Mars? Green Mars opponents think so. What say you?

[@emiledaudet5255]

31:26 perfect pronunciation

[@TheebayOffroader]

You can see some nebula with a 8" telescope quite clearly. Not sure about a FIVE inch, but I think you could. Orion nebula looks really good.

[@torkhan2519]

Question: Hey Fraser. If a planet is ejected from a solar system and goes “rogue” does it stop being a planet because it no longer orbits a star? And what of the (said) billions of exo-worlds that are not gravitationally tied to a star? Are they not “planets”? Or should we acknowledge that we haven’t fully defined what a planet is???

[@runningray]

Andoria I love galaxies!

[@michellebahns5870]

Hi Fraser. Why don't all black holes spin infinitely fast? They start out as spinning stars. The spin of the star transfers all of it's angular momentum to the black hole which becomes infinitely small. As the star gets smaller and smaller, it spins faster and faster. Doesn't that mean that the black hole should then spin infinitely fast as it becomes infinitely small?

[@FleshWizard69420]

Trappist 1 is a red dwarf, so I think it's safe to say the planets have been microwaved 😂

[@jondoc7525]

Maybe not if one side is towards the star only .have life lives in caves or something . It would just take out electric

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

Trappist-1 is an M8V. Given that it is fully convective ergo produces powerful flares that emit X- and UV rays which can strip atmospheres from closely orbiting planets.

[@Chris.Davies]

Every kid who's ever had a circular above-ground pool over summer knows that if you have to clean the pool, you make a whirlpool in it, then jump out. When the water rotation finally stops, all the dirt is in a pile in the center - and quick to vacuum out! This despite the fact that a whirlpool creates a centripetal effect which pushes the water outwards, as with Newton's bucket! Funky stuff. :) As humanity progresses, energy use becomes ever more efficient, and there must come a time when energy use per person actually drops, while the standard of living continues to increase. The reason we have to become ever more efficient, is that otherwise we will cook Earth with waste heat alone. I think Earth extremophiles would have to compete with the Martian ones, to survive. My money would be on the Martian home team members. They've had the time to adapt and migrate. But why would we take extremophiles to Mars, when there is absolutely no possibility of ever terraforming it? To kill the Martian ones? o_O And, it appears they have bears in space! kzbin.info/www/bejne/oIHGpX57btRslZo :) It will sound controversial, but the River Model of General Relativity explains gravity, and so-called time dilation perfectly, and its explanatory powers are unmatched. The model shows that time never dilates - it simply appears to, because clocks slow down. So does biology. But clocks and biology slowing down are explained by conservation of momentum in all the vibrating particles of a moving system. Each particle gains relativistic mass as velocity increases (relative to space) and that means its vibrations must slow down due to conservation of momentum. And this is why time appears to slow down - but it does not. It just looks like it. Einstein made a serious mistake equating clocks to time. Because clocks are not time, and clocks do not (and can not) measure time. Clocks measure gravity strength (pendulums and hourglasses) or oscillations/vibrations as in quartz clocks and atomic clocks. There is no twins Paradox, because there is no missing time. DYOR on the River Model of General Relativity.

[@charleslivingston2256]

Nimbus: Earth only having O2 because we are phosphorous limited really makes me think

[@terminusest5902]

How common are galaxy collisions. If they do collide are they likely to combine or separate again. How far separated are galaxies.

[@dylangreen6075]

I know you're gonna talk about Destin's video! Haha

[@CookieMcWeaksaus]

i wonder if your patron Mark Thompson is the Famous voice actor that reads all the star wars audio book...!

[@heaslyben]

Some days you eat the bar, and some days the bar eats you -- or when Andromeda and the Milky Way merge, both!

[@GreatAwakeningE]

Qu: Should we create Gas Stations for Starship in LEO, GEO and at some of the Lagrange points, on and around Moon and Mars? Where would be the best places to locate them?

[@mikesunderland9145]

Lagrange points would not be a good location for refueling. They are mostly stationary points and would require coming to a stop and then restarting again. LEO and perhaps GEO would work as it wouldn't require slowing down.

[@lucidmoses]

Oh IDK, Under water life can have fire/rocket fuel the same way we do. It's not like rocket fuel is lying around on the ground. We make it. I'd guess most industrial processes happen in environments humans can't live. I can't see why we would be unique in that way.

[@MIN0RITY-REP0RT]

Are spiral galaxies throwing the stars out away from the center as in a pinwheel fireworks? Or are the arms spiraling in closer and closer to the center, or neither?

[@gunnargeroy8406]

Is life more likely to be found on Europa or Enceladus?

[@danlewellyn6734]

Orion nebula, pleades, mizar (optical double)

[@dazuk1969]

Fuel is by far the biggest problem for starship. Even if spacex manage to get enough fuel to the tanker to fill a starship moon lander in orbit, it has to have enough to not only do multiple burns to get there and land...but be able to take off again from the surface. And all this requires a starship to keep it's fuel for multiple days at cryogenic temperatures. It just seems very sketchy to me and I think the Blue Origin lander seems much more viable. It is not as complicated, and safer imo.

[@truecrony]

12:10 that's why we should be lofting the ISS to a Lagrange point not de-orbiting what we've paid it's weight in gold for.

[@Joenerfhearder]

How long till we can start manufacturing fuel in space? Could we use Lunar resources?

[@ashleyobrien4937]

So, when ol' "stickpictures" (which actually belong in stick mags lol) asks you do we know about barred spiral galaxies and how they form, you could just say "I don't know" but that doesn't make for an engaging one sided conversation I guess. But it is a very good question, at smaller scales we see and understand how gas could get brought together into a sphere, with gravity acting in all directions, but go larger and galaxies SOMETIMES end up as diffuse balls or blobs like you might expect but again perhaps our understanding of gravity is incomplete because barred spirals are really the start of the weirdness when it comes to the variety of shapes that mass seems to assemble itself into, I don't think angular momentum accounts for the effects we see either, I think there is some fundamental part about gravity and the universe that we are as yet have no way of explaining, like the idea that our universe is actually just some weird membrane, perhaps the universe is just the result of distinctly different dimensions colliding and all that we know of as the universe is just some fluctuation of interference, and we are like microbes living inside the surface tension of a soap bubble, never destined to know "what's out there"

[@samson1200]

Vendikar! Since we cannot see all of the Milky Way Galaxy Presently, How long would it take our fastest spacecraft to go above the Galaxy to be able to see all of it??

[@kx4532]

There's a difference between a desiccated organism sitting there for ever and then reviving it, and an organism metabolizing and reproducing.

[@kx4532]

Lichen would have the best chance.

[@friendlyone2706]

An excellent chance if high country varieties chosen.

[@sjzara]

You don’t see the universe speed up as you fall in. You don’t see the universe fast forward - the effect of time dilation is only one way. You would only see the universe fast forward if you resisted some of the acceleration towards the black hole. If you fell freely there would be no effect.

[@alexanderreintzsch5315]

Remus. It's awe inspiring to think of spreading live to liveless places in the sun system.

[@kx4532]

You need a long exposure camera.

[@sakismpalatsias4106]

Well Artemis can be on time if we treated R&D as a national security priority. Ie treat it like a military program instead if civilian. It allows programs to have priority in green lighting. Case in pont... the situation with starship.

[@mikesunderland9145]

Starship is a civilian/private program. They contract with NASA and the Space Force, but that is it. I don't think I would want a government takeover of SpaceX to provide military level funding. In my opinion, SpaceX has much more freedom than they would if the government was in control.

[@sakismpalatsias4106]

@@mikesunderland9145 that's not what I'm say. During the shuttle program. It became a joint venture with military. They got more funding and things were expedited. The shuttle program would have never come about without joint military cooperation. No body stated that the gov should have control of starship. We are stating it should have priority; as a national security priority. To overcome the red tap. Let's be honest.. many civilian applications have military applications.

[@Bitchslapper316]

Even if an actual dyson swarm is observed anytime soon astronomers will just call it dust or say a planet/moon came apart and the debris are orbiting the star. Mainly because we don't have the technology to see the difference. The idea of technology causing the observations won't seriously be considered broadly until we know extra terrestrial life is an accepted fact.

[@paulsaksida9376]

Are we not detecting Intelligent life throughout the Universe because most habitable planets are icy worlds? For example alien fish would communicate via sonar, carve out ice cities , bath in air pockets above a thermal planetary core. How can we measure technosignatures in this reality?

[@sandrageter5221]

Any chance you could post these in 15 minute parts? My attention span can't make it to 45 minutes.

[@TheCassual]

Question: do supermassive black hole binaries exist anywhere in the universe? Can we see them anywhere?

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

I believe Anton Petrov said that one was found.

[@tryhardfpv5351]

If Starship is working for Artemis then multiple refueling and storage of immense amounts of fuel in orbit as well as booster and Starship catching and reuse are all solved. By definition this makes SLS redundant as well as Starship as a deep space vehicle. Does the HLS need to be a full starship to go to the Moon and land there? Could it be a smaller vehicle which is taken to orbit on top of the booster/starship which then detatches from the main unit and goes and fuels up at the depot which would require much fewer launches?

[@WaxPaper]

If seems inevitable that Artemis is gonna be delayed. I can't see how SpaceX is possibly gonna get Starship done in time, especially with the logistics of a dozen orbital launches just to fill up the tanker for a single trip. And what's up with the lander that SpaceX is preparing for NASA, is it even done?

[@petevenuti7355]

Cait , I found it cheaper to buy a new inkjet printer on sale that comes with ink cheaper than replacing the ink cartridges, so every time I run out of ink I buy a new printer, do you think if I launched my printer to space it would be cheaper to refill the ink? 31:04 31:04

[@garyswift9347]

Risa. At 33:34 you show an abandoned building, which has graffiti that says "Beer is Canadian cocaine". lol. As far as Mars sample return goes, I think China and the US will both fail on first attempt, so it comes down to who can succeed first, not who can launch first.

[@tonywells6990]

People always seem to forget (even with all the care that Frasier and other great youtube science channels put into explanations) that all the weird effects associated with falling towards a black hole event horizon are relative to 'a distant observer' (eg. from distances beyond millions or billions of miles, or sometimes stated as an 'infinite' distance), and are not the same effects that a 'local observer' (a person falling in, or within a few thousand miles from the event horizon) would experience (which is usually just normal physics). Maybe it's just that there are so many awful youtube 'science' channels out there sensationalising everything.

[@AnyOtherNamePlease]

Don't let Fraser see the way you spelt his name! 🤣🤣🤣

[@tonywells6990]

Oops! Sorry Fraser!

[@JamesCairney]

Scrambled eggs all over my face. What is a boy to do! (Isn't funny a second time, the link wasn't supposed to be there)

[@davecarsley8773]

If Betelgeuse becomes a pulsar, will we be able to see the pulsing with the naked eye???

[@surferdude4487]

I would think that as you fall into and through the event horizon around a black hole that the universe would blue shift, from your point of view, until there was nothing but incoming gama waves. It would not be pleasant.

[@DrMarioMorales]

@frasercain maybe by the time Half Life 3 comes out we’ll have a Dyson Swarm so we can run Crysis 3 at full specs

[@olivergrumitt2601]

The whole plan for Artemis to land astronauts on the Moon depends entirely on Starship succeeding and everything going perfectly from now on and with no more launch failures. The whole thing seems so complicated and excruciating difficult, that I see no way Artemis landing people on the Moon in only 2 years, as is currently planned. Spaceflight is dangerous and everything needs to be practiced to perfection before any landing is attempted. And there is also the issue of being able to mount a rescue mission should Starship or any other lunar lander fail to take off from the Moon, and the problem can not be fixed, or be fixed quickly enough. The Apollo landings were a huge risk and gamble, with the Moon walkers only one failure of the lunar module ascent engine away from staying on the Moon permanently and therefore dying when their oxygen ran out. No such risk should be taken again. Still, the lunar modules did do the job of landing astronauts on the Moon and taking them off the Moon, something Starship is still a long way indeed from demonstrating. It would be more accurate to say Starship MAY take 10 years before it is ready to send astronauts to the lunar surface, maybe it will be considerably longer than that. By that time politicians and the public may get fed up with The whole thing and cancel it, after so much money has been spent. As it is, I do not see any public excitement about the Artemis project at all and everyone looking forward eagerly to the first crewed moon flights for over half a century. I can not see anyone saying “One small step for a man( or if one prefers, the gender neutral word person) again, one giant return leap for mankind” if an astronaut (whether he or she) ever gets to land on the Moon again.

[@dadsonworldwide3238]

Remember paradolia of mind plays huge parts in seeing images in the clouds above which are extremely influenced by social behaviors of the times and age. We are still trying to force old world evolutionary mindset clockwork mechanics onto infinite sums of approximating complexity. Cant use deterministic outside view on this its going to get wored out from inside inertia reference frames. Its just that we have alienate a belief system physical prescriptions of the past to do so. Computation of fluidlike simulation can already fix this without magical dark matter.

[@markschroter2640]

My bets are NASA does the 2nd Artemis and then bails on the project and simply uses Starship for the whole deal.

[@Disasterina]

I vote Remus! Also, do you think Starship and other big rockets will ever have a zero carbon footprint?

[@olivergrumitt2601]

Not ever, whether for rockets or other kind of transport. . The only form of transport that will ever have a zero carbon footprint is walking.

[@kadourimdou43]

Why is LHS3154b so puzzling. Could it be the result of planets colliding, so just part of the planetary making process.

[@mezsmith]

Does the hour hand on a clock ⏰️ go round 2x faster than earth 🌎 spins

[@joey_after_midnight]

maybe SpaceX could collect upper O2 from the atmosphere, and solar wind H2 and make fuel while orbit. using electrostatic boosting

[@seankelly1291]

Isn't it a bad idea to try to put people on any unhabitable planet when we can't figure out the biodome? And, if you like please do address this in terms of minimum biodiversity. How many species do we need to coexist with for our basic survival? And even, if possible, also a prospective into our dependence on the electro magnetism of our plantet specifically. Thank you. Love the detail.

[@DrOscarZAcosta]

does this room have a window to the outside or are u already preppin'? sincere question.

[@frasercain]

Yes, the room actually has windows in all directions. It's kind of like a solarium? I'm just using that all for illumination.

[@DrOscarZAcosta]

good to hear thx ;-)@@frasercain

[@Idiotatwork]

Question...does anyone know the exact location of the Tesla car that got launched to space a few yrs ago? And how long will it continue to travel before it is expected to get trapped in some bodies gravity

[@brianbates7572]

Astronomers, what... 'guessed' that our galaxy had 4 arms, and it has been reduced to 2. How does that affect the mass of the galaxy? What happened to all the stars in the discarded arms?

[@ZeroIQ2]

Before we ask if humanity will be a type-2 civilization, we need to work out if humanity will even get past climate change problems.

[@realzachfluke1]

Nope, we can ask both simultaneously. You can't stop us from doing so. We don't know the far future anymore than we know the near future, so if we're talking about humanity, it makes more sense logically to just *never* ask what's going to happen to the species than it does to ask how we're going to respond to even our near-term challenges. People are gonna think about whatever they want to think about, and there's nothing that you, I, or anyone else can do to change that.

[@ZeroIQ2]

@@realzachfluke1that's true

[@frasercain]

Try not to think about humanity walking the narrow path to becoming an interstellar civilization. Too late, you already thought about it.

[@ZeroIQ2]

@@frasercain lol true