Fat Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies, Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn Vitamin D3 K A

www.stomponstep...
Vitamin A (Retinol, Retinal or Retinoic Acid) functions as a component of light reception pigment in the retina. Therefore, deficiencies affect vision and cause Night Blindness. Vitamin A also acts as a growth factor that causes the differentiation of cells. Therefore, vitamin A can be used to treat certain types of AML as it causes differentiation of immature leukemic cells. This effect of differentiation of Vitamin A also means deficiencies can affect the immune response. Vitamin A supplements for deficient patients can be an effective treatment for disease like Measles. Deficiencies can result from fat malabsorption or inadequate intake of foods high in vitamin A (Liver, fruits, & vegetables).
Vitamin A is also a teratogen that can cause numerous problems for an unborn fetus. This makes sense as prenatal development is a period where cell differentiate needs to be highly orchestrated. Too much vitamin A could interrupt this delicate process due to its effects on cell differentiation. Vitamin A should not be used as a treatment for women who may be pregnant.
Vitamin A toxicity can result in a wide array of non-specific symptoms like nausea, irritability, headaches, visual problems, and changes to skin or hair. Most other vitamin deficiencies or toxicities have a more specific classic presentation. Therefore, I usually just rule out the other answer choices and select Vitamin A toxicity if nothing else fits.
Vitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D3] is synthesized in the body as a result of sun exposure or ingested as part of cow's milk (breast milk is actually low in vitamin D). The inactive precursor to Vitamin D undergoes enzymatic processing in the liver and the kidney to become 1,25-(OH)2D3. This active form of Vitamin D primarily increases the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the diet. Therefore, deficiencies of Vitamin D lead to decreased bone mineralization. Vitamin D deficiency in children leads to Rickets and in adults it leads to Osteomalacia.
Vitamin K is responsible for the modification of numerous proteins required for coagulation. Therefore, deficiencies of Vitamin K lead to deficiencies of Coagulation Factors II, VII, IX & X as well as deficiencies in Protein C & S. This can lead to an increased PT, increased PTT, bruising (purpura, ecchymosis, perifollicular hemorrhages) and other problems related to clotting.
Vitamin K is taken in through the diet & synthesized by normal gut flora. Both of these routes lead to an inactive form of Vitamin K that must be activated by liver Epoxide Reductase. Coumadin (AKA Warfarin) inhibits Epoxide Reductase to intentionally create a Vitamin K deficiency and inhibit clotting. Patients with liver failure may have difficulty activating their vitamin K also. Patients who are on wide spectrum antibiotics may have a deficiency if Vitamin K because antibiotics can kill off the normal gut flora which produce Vitamin K. Newborns also often have Vitamin K deficiency because they have not yet been colonized with the normal flora that create Vitamin K and breast milk is low in Vitamin K. This is referred to as Hemorrhagic disease of the Newborn and is why newborns are usually given a shot of Vitamin K soon after birth.
Now that you are done with this video you should check out the next video in the Vitamins section which covers Folate & B12 Deficiency (www.stomponstep...)

[@stomponstep1989]

If you liked this video and want me to make more please let me know by commenting, liking this video or by subscribing to my KZbin channel. If you have a question, please don’t hesitate to ask and I’ll try to answer it ASAP.

[@evanreinhart5402]

For mass review leading up to my exam these videos were extremely helpful, it was just enough to spark my memory on the thousands of questions and pages i've read. Thank you for investing your time!

[@dr.brentcompton5147]

Love the whole series. As a current DC who has gone back to med school to get my MD its a nice easy refresher course. Thanks for putting in the time!!!

[@stomponstep1989]

Dr. Brent Compton Cool. We need more MDs with diverse educational backgrounds. Thanks for commenting and good luck with the rest of school!

[@kristineskjoldanhansen7971]

Thank you for a good video. Maybe you should mention that cow-milk only contain vitamin D because of fortification -not naturally :)

[@stomponstep1989]

Kristine Skjoldan Hansen that is a good idea. When I get a chance i will try to add a pop up box clarifying. Thanks!

[@stomponstep1989]

Kristine Skjoldan Hansen I finally got around to adding that pop up note. Thanks again for the suggestion!