Francis Fukuyama,John Mearsheimer & Katzenstein Debate|Future of Democracy| Realism vs Liberalism

November 18,2014 Debate,25th Anniversary of The End of History and the last Man.
Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama is an American political scientist, political economist, and writer. Fukuyama is known for his book The End of History and the Last Man, which argues the worldwide spread of liberal values and democracies.
Francis Fukuyama claims that liberal democracy is the end of history. ... The author argues that incorporating elements of postmodern thought into Fukuyama's theory makes it possible to produce a stronger and more compelling account of the theory that liberal democracy is the end of history.
The phrase the end of history was first used by French philosopher and mathematician Antoine Augustin Cournot in 1861 "to refer to the end of the historical dynamic with the perfection of civil society".
Liberal democracy, also referred to as Western democracy, is the combination of a liberal political ideology that operates under an indirect democratic form of government. ... A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms as it may be a constitutional monarchy or a republic.
#francisfukuyama
#Katzestein
#democracy
#liberaldemocracy
#hegemony
Democracy is a form of government in which the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation, or to choose governing officials to do so.
Cornerstones of democracy include freedom of assembly, association and speech, inclusiveness and equality, citizenship, consent of the governed, voting rights, freedom from unwarranted governmental deprivation of the right to life and liberty, and minority rights.

[@IzabelParis]

Mearsheimer has such a sharp mind.

[@boysiedent6149]

Ok - Great doctor -Would you care to tell us - just how you arrived at that conclusion ?

[@neilabernath5862]

@@boysiedent6149 yes, observation.

[@clemfarley7257]

Probably easiest for you to listen again but carefully Many different ways to live and do so well.

[@boysiedent6149]

@@clemfarley7257 - CLEM, I HAVE ONE SIMPLE RULE IN MY LIFE - I do not listen to krap - i do not eat krap - I do not engage in event that are krapily presented - i.e.: MUSAC IN THE BACKGROUND - I do not (knowingly) - speak krap - I do not form association with krappy people - ( I TRY MOST OF THE TIME TO LIVE - A SIMPLE KRAP FREE LIFE) OK

[@clemfarley7257]

You say you have 1 rule and proceed to list 10. You’re rules sound great.

[@tarsetar1000]

In theory yes liberal democracy is much better than autocratic system. But what about 1- if autocracy could eradicate poverty in 40 yrs and liberal democracy not only could not eliminated poverty but in practice has widened the gap between rich poor? And 2- what about inverted totalitarianism we witness today in the supposedly liberal democracies, i.e., corporate autocracy?

[@redlipstickmafia]

Excellent questions,

[@lamrof]

Human kind lived under autocracies since the species started organizing itself in societies, and survived. When there is a zealous will around an ideology you call it religion. That is what Fukuyama to me. A zealous evangelist spreading his religion.

[@mauricio6216]

@@lamrof 100 %

[@andreeaalexandru7811]

Autocracy eradicating poverty? How did you combine these words? Liberal Democracy widened the gap between rich and poor? Under Neo Marxist Ideology, Subversion Cult, or who exactly points that out? Those sentences are not a thing in the objective reality where the 1% everywhere else outside the West are like GODS and where the last thing that autocracy is thinking about is eradicating poverty.

[@strwind]

When did this lecture happen? Thx for posting

[@internationalrelationspolitics]

You are welcome

[@africanintellectual4037]

2014 at Cornell university

[@TheMaddav]

Thanks for asking, I was wondering too. I don't understand how people can post such videos without mentioning the date.

[@LETSgoBRANDON08.]

I was wonder why he has not mentioned anything about the forced organ harvesting the ccp is conducting? China has 1 of the largest organ transplant industry and the lowest amount of voluntary organ donation

[@strwind]

@@LETSgoBRANDON08. have you seen any journal report on that? I’ve only seen FB posts and you know how credible they are 😂

[@kenh4681]

Fukuyama's "End of history" is fallacy. All political systems must evolve and keep improving. No such thing as the perfect system, only a better system. Too bad it fooled a lot of people, last but not least, his students.

[@indonesiamenggugat8795]

Fukuyama gets the world completely wrong 🤣

[@usenlim]

nice to meet a fellow Indonesian here

[@robertstan298]

...again

[@pemaxiaolili676]

probably surrounding himself with a group of confused samples..

[@usenlim]

@@pemaxiaolili676 can you tell me why Mao is still admired even though the great leap forward lead to a great famine and yet after the catastrophic failure instead of stepping down he murdered his own people in the name of cultural revolution?

[@chubascomohd2688]

Just the same as the killing of the Uighur in China.

[@borisbadinoff1291]

Watching this debate in 2022 gives an unfair advantage. What has emerged or became much clearer since 2014 was not on the speakers' radar. Unfortunately, most trends go against Fukuyama's idealistic thesis. (1) First, there's the point made by both Mersheimer and the third speaker who remind us that there are multiple variations of democracies, so much so that it becomes hard to remember the model as we zoom in on real countries. But one point they fail to make (though the third speaker hints at it) is that the country that they seem to take as a model or gold standard, ie, the US, is in fact a highly flawed model, well below the standards found in Northern Europe or Germany. Nowhere can we see such a long list of meddling in the exercise of a fundamental right: gerrymandering, voting right suppression for various groups (convicts), creating logistic barriers to casting a vote designed specifically to disenfranchise certain populations, limiting the number of places where people can vote, turning around mail vote, up to prohibiting the distribution of water in queues ?!? We could also mention the electoral college, which is designed as a brake to restrain the potential effects of the democratic vote, but it's somewhat less egregious considering that most democracies have two legislative chambers also intended to create some inertia in the political system. (2) Mersheimer and the third speaker agree that liberal democracies are designed to manage somehow the inherent dissensus within any collective. Though things were already getting pretty bad in 2014, we can observe how much the speakers didn't see coming the massive polarization of the public discourse we have witnessed for some years now, reaching at times fever pitch. It could have been predicted by simply looking at the growing self-awareness of populations that had benefited from an unprecedented access to education, and that the flattening of "the right to speak" that got boosted by social media. It is very hard to tell what the future holds for democratic societies when any citizen is entitled to his/her own facts and understanding of reality, and can reach millions without owning a newspaper or a network. We're probably at a point of transition seeing how national leaders remain attached to well-tested methods of political communication (spin, obfuscation, denial, whataboutism), while citizens demand open and clear communication without which they hold on before lending their trust, waiting for leaders (and other institutions regarded as part of the power structure such as mainstream media) to come clean after having been caught lying. This is a daily occurrence across most Western democracies who are all going through a populist moment to various degrees. (3) Most scary is to see how populist politicians have identified these trends much sooner than most. Ironically, it is Obama who paved the way by using social media and sentiment analysis to produce targeted messages to ramp up support and win an election. But across the world, we've seen the rise to power of populist politicians who've embraced the same methods but to generate chaos and dissent that served their purposes: Narandra Modi in India, Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil, Salvini in Italy, and... Trump in the US.

[@_Dovar_]

And Brexit. It worked somewhat as a catalyst to Trump's election.

[@virtualpilgrim8645]

Add to that the use of lawfare and courts to thwart the will of the people and the invention of fake civil rights categories to supplant the Constitution.

[@view1st]

@@virtualpilgrim8645 Not to mention the possibility of outright ballot rigging as, for example, using computers instead of manual counting of votes.

[@StoutProper]

Ukraine was absolutely on mershiemer’s radar and he predicted exactly what is happening

[@StoutProper]

Hungary and Poland

[@masoodmortazavi]

Fukuyama's analysis of IR of Iran is perfunctory, inadequate and shockingly shallow. In fact, he seems completely unfamiliar with the relationship between Confucian and more recent Perso-Islamic traditions. Studying the Seljuk rule and Nizam-ul-Muk and his "Seir-ul Muluk" (or "Siasatnameh", the books of princehood and politics) might be a good starting point. A reading of Khomeini's Velayat Faghih would also be necessary. On the issue of the situations of extreme emergency and crisis, mentioned by Mearsheimer, I would say the necessary reading is Machiavelli's Discourses on Livy, quintessential on any reading of political systems. Mearsheimer's greatest contribution is his critique and analysis of the origins and the political unfolding of liberalism.

[@spiritofgoldfish]

Mainstream ideology turns the history of economic thought on its head, inverting the meaning of a free market. The free market Adam Smith talked about is free FROM economic rents, not free FOR economic rents. According to Adam Smith, what it means to have a free market is to be free from economic rents. That is the role of the state, to free the economy from rent seeking. It stands to reason that a banker would deny the free market, in their vocation of rent seeking. Yet, the banker ideology of denying a role for government in the economy, and in fact denying the free market in a mixed economy, is accepted as common sense. In the empire whose home is America, central planning is done by the managers of large concentrations of wealth such as JP Morgan and Blackrock, and number about 300 individuals managing $50 trillion as of the posted interview, instead of democratically elected representatives as the classical economists envisioned. This oligarchy hires the politicians, regulators, and generals, of either or both parties in the US and client oligarchies around the world, through the revolving door, and they are who the governments work for. Corporations spend more lobbying than the combined payroll and other costs of running both houses of congress, and this doesn't count money in political campaigns. Congress only votes on laws written by corporate lawyers. kzbin.info/www/bejne/kIaqmWSJqpxgpc0

[@spiritofgoldfish]

If the US was a democracy, we would have a decent minimum wage, public health care, free education, parental leave, and gun control, to name a few, all by the expressed will of the majority. We have institutionalized opposition at best, not representation at all.

[@miramichi30]

@@spiritofgoldfish Not true, you wish to live in a left wing country, but the is not America. Gun control is expressly unamerican. Read the constitution some time.

[@spiritofgoldfish]

@@miramichi30 There is a constitutional right to privacy too, that does not exist. I was only pointing out that majority rule does not exist, not what the majority should want.

[@rodneychew9893]

After 2 minutes, it is very clear that Fukuyama is not doing an analysis but definitely proposing the model he wanted. Today USA rule not by law, not rule of law but Rule By Guns. Why not talk about an American regime collapsing at the seams with BLM racist killings and rampant despairing homelessness

[@vanitas5665]

Fukuyama was measured today

[@TheHungarianOak]

Mearsheimer is clearly the winner, and thats because his analisys is objective , he describes things while Fukuyama defends a model, which comes rapidly to an end.

[@clemfarley7257]

Notice John cites human nature. Many liberals look away from things as they are.

[@ivankaramasov]

Mearsheimer is not always that sharp. For example when he argues that the US will prevail vs China because the US has prevailed four times before before in history in competition with other great powers. That is at best a very weak argument

[@TheHungarianOak]

@@ivankaramasov your comment proves that he is not pro Russian, as he was accused, for predicting rightly the current crisis🙂

[@ivankaramasov]

@@TheHungarianOak I agree that he is not pro-Russian, bit don't see the connection to my comment?

[@TheHungarianOak]

@@ivankaramasov He is accused of being pro Russian, he is snubbed by major TV networks and also many comments accuse him of Russia bias. Your comment suggests that he is actually pro American, which I sensed from his other lectures as well. I dont know , whether you can accuse him of not being sharp, he basically foretold this crisis when no one gave a thought. At this point I just think that he is objective and its being misinterpreted as anti West anti Russia anti US. anti Israel, which is good because it proves his neutrality and scholarly integrity

[@yanyanli]

It's really a saddening thing to listen to those American prestigious scholars like Fukuyama who are so far away fromand blind about what is actually happening in the world today.

[@JoeC1688]

If he doesn't go along with their narrative, he'll be out of a job and may need to return to Japan! So, feel sorry for him!

[@texwiller4029]

A hegemonist.

[@view1st]

He's an idealogue, nothing more. Like US think tanks and foundations he serves as an apologist for the status quo.

[@texwiller4029]

@@view1st The media and the academic think tanks who pretend to be objective and scientific are in fact connected to CIA and Military industry complex. At least, this is how Ray McGovern, ex-CIA analyst and human right activist it sees.

[@RuiCaratao100]

@Manfred K he is a CIA asset.... nothing more!!!

[@johntan6312]

after the end of history failed….fukuyama is now so confused…..he even linked stock market pull back…some thing similar to liberal democracy….haha ha…..crazy….those are completely different animals….

[@mariadamen7886]

Fukuyama is just another has been with hardly any insight in today's world. Imo he's just regurgitating a shallow view, common amongst most 'american experts'.

[@bilal59446]

Fukuyama seems to be living in an unreal utopia. It's like he is trying too hard for liberal democracy and the market economy to triumph. Mearsheimer's perception of the political paradigm is clear cut, sharp, and predicated closer to ground realities.

[@haohuajiang526]

mearsheimer’s methodology is about treating countries as sane and reasonable unit, craving for survive. Even if mearsheimer himself is a typical liberal/democracy supporter, his theory follows better logic.

[@lamrof]

Yep one follows nature the other idealism.

[@liangyige5759]

Fukuyama’s past fame destroyed him today

[@nathasyapramudita6312]

I'm sorry I'm not quite familiar with his idea, but can you give me slighly explanation, why you think that?

[@liangyige5759]

@@nathasyapramudita6312 I think Fukuyama sort of explained that at the beginning. He is too famous for writing the end of history piece, which proved to be largely invalid now, and everyone identifies him with that, making it very hard for him to step out of that tag, despite him trying very hard.

[@dxw5795]

You only put Francis and John in the title while there are actually 3 scholars in this lecture. It is very unfair to the 3rd gentleman. Who is he?

[@NashvilleFanatic]

Dang, I'd really like to see another round where they can respond to each other.

[@brunoparis20nation]

It’s hard to go after Fukuyama and Mearsheimer …

[@hongdeli6148]

Politicians debate in parliament, scholars debate in society; every one believed oneself as world saver, debating, debating, endless debating to finishe with debating country.

[@lamrof]

lol,

[@nromk]

Half the population doesn't like the regime?... Um every nation has that issue, not just Iran

[@15a4k0n]

Love the token marxist

[@cobaltbomba4310]

Even his title on the Book made me cringe, why Fukuyama is still trying to bullshit about Western Liberal history which is mired in chaos and bloodshed. This is end of your bullshit Mr. Fuku!

[@christophertodd1980]

This is from 8 years ago.

[@felixmcallister8754]

The last guy's speech was a meaningless word salad. Should have had Fuku and Mears debate each other.

[@EurojuegosBsAs]

As a citizen of the patrimonialist republic of Argentina, I can painfully relate with what Francis is saying

[@borisbadinoff1291]

Trump put an end to the End of History.

[@benganchan1420]

Politicians divide a country according to their agendas. And when the votes are counted , it results in hung government which is not a workable government . Happening in america canada malaysia india….

[@jagabe9680]

Russia tried liberal democracy, didnt work, in fact it split USSR just to appease the idea, but didn't get credit. Back to realism, all of you are jerks.

[@debralegorreta1375]

In the US, politicians do not represent their constituents. US politicians divide the country up (right, left, center), as you say, to make the country is a democracy and then make it look like the government is hung -- all just as you say Beng An Chan. However, the government is not at all hung. Instead, the government is under total control of the US oligarchs, principally three overlapping cartels: MIC (the military industrial complex), OGAM (oil, gas and mineral extraction companies), and FIRE (finance, insurance, and real-estate). There are others such as Ag and Pharma, but these are not as powerful as the top three, MIC, OGAM, and FIRE. Everything domestically and abroad is decided by these few people no one is allowed to name other than by the term "The Blob." The Blob has interests everywhere you mentioned: america canada malaysia india . . .and then some. They control these vassal states as well. The neorealists you see here in this video safeguard their interest from academic attacks. The neorealists decide all academic disputes in politics, economics, and the field they invented "international relations." They define what all these academic subjects are about and what can and cannot be said about them. Mearsheimer is their gran priest. That is a very workable government, just not in the interest of its citizens or world.

[@busy4853]

@@jagabe9680 🤣🤣😂😂

[@AKAHEIZER]

Europe...works most of the time just fine.

[@terryleung9422]

Good emperor vs bad emperor. OMG are you talking Disney fairy tales.

[@miramichi30]

I think you miss the point. How do you get rid of a bad leader in an autocratic system? If the leader's power is unrestrained, and there is no democratic process to replace leaders, then the leader can run the country into the ground. Chairman Mao is a good example of this.

[@СветланаИванова-ы4г8е]

I am very disappointed from Fucuyama. It is so obvious that he serves USA interests.

[@swingering]

It’s painful to hear how Fukuyama still try to defend his thesis in his book despite all the signs of western liberal democracies declining and failing. If he’s honest he should start by contrasting his argument starting with what is happening in his own country since he wrote the book. Instead, he keeps pointing fingers at all the problems with the rest of the world but never mentioned anything about his own country.

[@AKAHEIZER]

Okay, than have fun with your preferred totalitarian Regime, but for me they don't seem too aspiring.

[@LAK2049]

To defend Fukuyama his thesis was a reflection of the time period, late 1980s and 1990s. An era of Soviet decline and Chinese socialist market reform.

[@pr0newbie]

@@AKAHEIZER believe what your media and politicians tell you about the world. If you're in Europe or the US you're most probably living in a plutocracy, not a democracy.

[@pr0newbie]

@Valer the symptoms of the kind of system you're talking about sounds like a state in decay.

[@StoutProper]

Yeah he'd be better off remarking how the utopia he predicted never materialised and why

[@fjordhellas4077]

Professor Mearsheimer is a Star and a first class professor of geopolitics, just like Harvard Professor Stephen Walt. Why doesn’t Fukuyama spend his energy analyzing the deep flaws of our so called American Democracy and how failed is our corrupt political system? Are we really that different from Turkey or Brazil? The only difference is that we know how to masquerade the charade making our people believe that their votes count when in reality we have gerrymandered everything to make sure that our votes are useless. In what other democracies people have to take off work to go voting on Tuesday ? Or one has to register to vote? Or you need to have a substantial amount of money to participate in the political process/ system. Isn’t the United States a plutocracy? If you’re wealthy, you hire tax lawyers to make up new rules and loopholes so you won’t have to pay taxes. Everything falls on the middle class and the working class. Isn’t that the ultimate dream of our American ideology - to create and establish a Liberal World Order to fit our agenda of owning the world and its resources?

[@Frip36]

8 years later, John turns out to be right.

[@StoutProper]

He was right about a lot, but you don’t see him invited onto the mainstream media as an expert

[@ahmedbadal3795]

Respect to fukuyma but there is no such thing end of history ....and we dont have to judge him maybe he thought it will be the end the world when he was writting the book John m is a master when it comes to politics and also very shard he even predicted the taliban taking over afghanisgan and also in ukraine

[@theinfralink6598]

His prediction is as good as Gordon’s coming collapse of China.

[@popded]

How can anyone take seriously a person that claimed "the end of history", in any context?

[@salatcs]

He meant lib dem is the top, so we can maximum move backwards

[@thebigyeeter4282]

did you read the essay?

[@matthewkopp2391]

„The end of history“, Fukuyama was criticizing Marx and Hegel‘s teleological concept of historical Progression after the Cold War ended. The context is western philosophy and one of the most ubiquitous understandings of politics and history that has framed Western understanding for over a century. . So ubiquitous that people take the idea as if it were „fact“.

[@mattja52]

How about the end of an Empire.

[@miramichi30]

@@matthewkopp2391 Thank you for posting this. So many stupid people in these comments who don't understand "The End of History" in this context, and obviously haven't even read it.

[@ivankaramasov]

The fact is that unrestrained capitalism is freedom for those that do well, but tyranny for those at the bottom. Freedom from poverty is a more basic human need than freedom of speech. (Not that freedom of speech is not a good thing.) That is why the Chinese communist party has been able to govern with relatively little opposition.

[@HTeo-og1lg]

It is ironical to learn from the man that got his thesis so woerdly wrong.

[@itssanti]

Fukuyama is still working after the collection of stupid things he said and wrote?

[@Mahad921]

I love how professor fukiyama just chooses subjective details to make his arguments. Someone should ask him what the people in the southern states and the brexiteers think of liberal democracy

[@nromk]

Democracy for me isn't definitely the end all and it's not the best form, democracy needs to be tended too, it needs reforms and it needs the best civic education and it needs working institutions, if any of these fail the contradictions in democracy take over till democracy fails and you have a dictatorship, a monarchy and oligarchy anything but a democracy.

[@greenleafend4games]

Fukuyama performs so many mental gymnastics and unpacks his message in so many needless words that he himself knows he lost the argument and the audience.

[@Frip36]

Democracy shmecockracy, there is only Oligarchy.

[@xiangli2452]

Fukuyama is wrong on most Chinese development since 2014. Xi has done tremendous amount work to improve Chinese society: improve living standard, fight corruption, eliminate extreme poverty, improve social justice, fix governmental issues etc. That's why he received a high approval rating among the people. While Fukuyama is wrong, I still like his honesty and integrity. But he seems confining himself in a fixed set of rules and the rigidity limit his vision.

[@spyro1159]

Bruh

[@AKAHEIZER]

He has great competence in political science, and has studied most of the historic relevant systems right trough the centuries. I have nothing to complain about his work...?

[@AKAHEIZER]

Xi is going, to some extent, in the direction of empire with a touch of fascism mixed in.

[@michaelswaim9428]

Fukuyama has been very wrong in his assessment of Post Cold War existence. Mearsheimer has been spot on. That’s all we need to know.

[@HolyWarrior1]

Would be great if we lived in a liberal democracy. Iron rule of oligarchy seems to still be the rule.

[@borisbadinoff1291]

Impressive display of intellectual rigor and respect between the debaters. Such elegance from Mersheimer who can do a precise and merciless critical review of Fukuyama's thesis, while demonstrating an authentic respect for Fukuyama's overall contribution to political science. However, it would seem that Fukuyama was right on a key point underpinning his thesis: that people's aspiration for a "good life" might be best provided by liberal democratic regimes ultimately who tend to be less kleptocratic and more stable on the long run than autocratic ones. Putin's aggression against Ukraine on Feb. 22, 2022 provides a real-life context to ask ourselves a basic question: Are regular Russians more concerned with Lebensraum or having functioning institutions, the rule of law, and some degree of say in their country's policy? Mersheimer may be right about the vagaries of US unilateralism in creating chaos and geopolitical tensions. But Putin's primary concern in engaging troops abroad (or sending proxies through Wagner) seems to have been first to come to the rescue of autocrats - and not their country - whose rule was being shaken. Listen carefully to Putin's speech at the Munich Security Conference in 2007. His denunciation of the US military interventions as "threatening all" is not related to international security in the concert of nations, but a direct threat to the autocratic regimes in US sights (eg, Iran). It's fair to say that Putin's reaction might be warranted when US policy talks about "regime change." He clearly saw the Arab revolutions, Maidan, Libya, etc. as setting a precedent that might spill over into the fate of his own rule. Mersheimer's realist analysis of the role of the West in cornering Putin and "pushing" him into repeated military aggressions is very accurate for the first part, but assumes that there's some higher entity called Russia whose interests Putin is only serving. And that's a blindside similar to the ones he exposes in his critique of Fukuyama. The storytelling deployed by Putin since 2004 at least is a perfect match to Mersheimer's geopolitical views. But we can detach Putin from Russia by wondering what may have happened if Alexei Navalny had been allowed to run in the 2018 presidential election and won (which he might have, thus a risk Putin was not ready to take). Would "Russia" under Navalny have invaded its neighbors to "protect its vital interests and natural sphere of influence"? From the dirty war in Tchechnia, false flag terrorist actions at home, and the sending troops allegedly in the defense of minority groups that fit Putin's narrative, all his military actions were intended to protect his regime, push back the rising influence of Western democracies, and prop up fledging ratings before elections (riddled with rampant ballot fraud). Just focus on Putin's personal agenda and Russia's alleged geopolitical interests become quickly blurry. After Ukraine's invasion, they simply evaporate as it becomes clear that Putin's actions are putting his country on a self-destructive path. Putin seems quite ready to let Russia pay the high price of his actions, as long as they increase his chances of survival. We're pretty far off any geopolitics, except if they account for a country's death wish (Nazi Germany?)

[@Reapehify]

Except where you take the Schmittian assessment of nation and people as interchangable and derived from the state. Putin is Russia, just as Xi Jinping is China or Justin Trudeau is Canada. America's federal republic isn't prone to the same critique because its size and scope is almost supranational, much like the European Union. There's an asymmetry between Americans as domestic citizens in a nation and America as a nation on the international stage. In a world of neoliberal globalization, ethnic hybridity, and Western hegemony, Putin's actions are quite rational from a nationalist perspective. And justified, considering the global punitive response to not only Putin but to Russian identity at every level (economic, social, cultural). As Mearsheimer pointed out here, it's quite convenient for Liberal democracies to have rights until it isn't--and then the extrajudicial political norms emerge as they suspend civic rights and retreat to eternally reified claims of ethnicity and xenophobia, while the citizens are lockstep in jingoistic rhetoric against the offending party. The end of history is not an assemblage of liberal democracies. The end of history is a global neoliberal technocratic plutocracy. The end of history is a wimper. Anemic, as the third professor suggested.

[@osamuikeda3953]

How can anyone take Fukuyama seriously? He speaks a lot, saying nothing.

[@kshen7485]

John’s analysis put Francis to be totally naked as wrong theory.

[@victormanciu4714]

when did this happen?

[@internationalrelationspolitics]

2014 at Cornell University,

[@jacquelinemarie6325]

@@internationalrelationspolitics who is the third speaker??

[@dexterdextrow7248]

Nice job republishing old debates... At least label the bloody video with 2014.

[@athenakoios]

It is clearly stated …

[@dexterdextrow7248]

@@athenakoios in the title? Don't think so.

[@athenakoios]

Is it very difficult for you to click on the description?

[@dexterdextrow7248]

@@athenakoios i can't click the description before I click the video. If I'd known it was an old debate I've already listened to I'd never would have bother to go to the video in the first place. You get?

[@eleonoraformatoneeszczepan8807]

48:09 min ...

[@jimray678]

May I ask who is the last penal speaker? The "ex-German" as he proclaimed?

[@internationalrelationspolitics]

Prof Katzenstein

[@kingpriapatius5832]

Francis Fukuyama is humiliated. Mearsheimer rules.

[@chosk80]

Fukuyama's the End of History and the Last Man. A great book, a Great writer and thinker. Just like Karl Marx. His book will perhaps be remembered in a similar way as the " Communist Manifesto" in a not so distant future.

[@coahuiltejano]

Mearsheimer's critiques were so clear and lucid that Katzenstein was upset to be following up with that. LOL. How fragile some of these academic are....where is your plastic power bro?

[@hsingkao2024]

Fukuyama tries to justify hegemony, labeled with “liberal democracy”, as his mentor Huntington did 5 decades ago. 👍 and 😞

[@peterkratoska4524]

Katzenstein has a point on the economics (basically the decline of the middle class and the economic inequality that has since 2016 shown up in the illiberal and Trumpist populism as well as the militarism of the US. However that would be lumping Fukuyamas "liberal democracy" as being primarily the US style, when Fukuyama himself says it is any number of democracies such as the US, or Thatcher's England, or the more Socially Democratic but capitalist Scandinavian countries (like Norway and its Citizens Sovereign Wealth Fund). Good point also on the de-colonization as being a fundamental transformation - but the process is still ongoing, much like Fukuyama says the failure of the Arab spring is just the beginning - rather like early days after the 1848 uprisings swept over most of Europe and didn't really take. The next step which hasn't been mentioned is the developed world actually spending money and helping develop the emerging countries. From a purely economic standpoint it would be the best investment, rather than deal with wars, failed states, mass refugees etc. I see a lot of anti- Fukuyama comments below. He best sums up his fairly loose idea of a liberal democracy is one with rule of law, an independent judiciary, and a transparent electoral process where the state leaves the individual alone and stays out of deciding how he/she should live. Take your pick on which system you would rather live, and then you will see why there is no immigration to China, Russia or Iran, etc. and instead to the US, Canada, Australia, EU etc.

[@manuelmanolini6756]

what about true democracies like the Nordic model? Fukuyama is a neocon at heart. Neocons are passé. Only Mearsheimer had something worthwhile to say.

[@snslifestyleorg]

Democracy is an untested system. No democracy has survived more than 300 years while China with its legalism has survived more than 2200 years. The Nordic model works well for a small nation with homogenous population. Democracy will collapse in a country with a large diverse population. India and America are two good examples of a country that has failed democracy.

[@matthewkopp2391]

Are their really any “true democracies“? Not even Switzerland is a real direct democracy as they claim. The origin of the argument comes from Aristotle who pointed out in a „true democracy“ the poor majority would vote away the wealth of the minority. The argument was quoted in the federalist papers by James Madison, and is well known in political science. In the Nordic countries they have what is best described as social welfare states. And that idea came from conservatives like Bismarck who wanted to preserve the aristocracy and to destroy the popularity of socialism through welfarism.

[@neon1300]

@@matthewkopp2391 This is the conclusion I drew from your words, please correct me if you disagree. So as long as the wealth inequality of Nordic countries still increases (even at a much slower speed than US), eventually Nordic countries would still reach the chaotic political situation that is happening in US, as the increasing wealth inequality will cause imbalance in weight of voice (through political donations, acquisition and consolidation of media etc.) among different classes.

[@manuelmanolini6756]

@@matthewkopp2391 Bismarck stumbled into the right answer. The only socialism that has not been tried is the transformation of the capitalist enterprise into worker coops and stiff regulation of the economy (Wolff, 2022). Hey, I subscribe historical materialism, but the State taking over all the means of production has not turned out very well in the past.

[@manuelmanolini6756]

@@snslifestyleorg Why should I assume that the Nordic model only applies to small homogeneous nations? Where is the evidence of that? Would Medicare for all be impossible in Gringoland? Why so if Medicare already exists and could simply be extended? Would free public higher education be impossible in Gringoland? Why cant Gringoland spare 62 billion a year? Remember the GI bill? Would parental leave be impossible in Gringoland? Why? Would trade unions be impossible in Gringoland? why? They existed in the past. And so on? You do not have to be a few white vikings to enjoy those public goods if there are enough resources. If Gringoland can spend three trillion in Iraq and Afghanistan, why not spend money in positive human rights (health and education) for its domestic population?

[@nromk]

Well if Christianity and Marxism or if Islam and Marxism can be reconciled, so can Confucianism and Marxism.

[@xiangli2452]

The "good emperor and bad emperor" model is far too simple in describing China's leadership succession. The candidate is an adult, usually at least 45 years old, vetted by a fairly large number of seasoned politicians and statesmen. So while the 'bad emperor' scenario cannot be ruled out, the chance for one is definitely much reduced. After Mao, there is Deng, JIang and Hu. Now it is Xi. All of them performed above average, with Deng and Xi are well above. If "good emperor and bad emperor" model is obsolete, then Fukuyama's thesis on China is untenable. And the development proves him wrong.

[@yuanhaochue2889]

A reply: @AKAHEIZER current CPC of China is not young.. after 72 years n turned itself from the most impoverish country to be the second largest GDP or already the largest in PPP terms.. n the highest foreign reserve of more than 3 trillion USD. Compared to 30.3 trillion of US national debts.. Socialist or autocratic system is only a tool to manage a large nation of 1.4 billion people while the fundamental pillar that supported the Chinese economic miracle I in modern history is the thousands of years of Chinese cultural heritage n legacy that manifest the social order for family economic fulfilment n national aspiration for self esteem n dignity.. Any form of containment or demonization will further manifest the one track national aspiration for sustainability to prevent the repeat of the Century of Humiliation started from the Yellow Peril Syndrome, Chinese Exclusion Act, the 2 Opium Wars/ 8 Western nation aggression against China, invasion by the Japanese, then 72 years of embargo n sanctions since the founding of Modern CPC China in 1949... Hope u can engage with me again by 2025, the water shed year for New World Order base on Multilateralism with sharing prosperity with world communities instead of Western Neo Liberal Democracy White Supremacy traditional playbook for unilateral n unipolar hegemony base on exploitation, imperialism , forced slavery, colonization, genocide n Western culturally prescribed rule based value system.. ..

[@randomnobody660]

Mr Fukuyama is certainly making interesting claims. Out of things very troubling to him, apparently the Ukraine crisis is one, ok, but also just China doing very well?

[@gmanhan8305]

Ukrainian? this Fuku guy is again proven to be a joke .

[@pascaltran4398]

Compter les pays, plutôt que le nombre d'habitants ! 😄. Comment se manipuler soi-même.

[@yuanhaochue2889]

A reply : @Boris Badinoff @Boris Badinoff Thank u for such a well supported documentation in support of your perception that has good values to capture my attention as follows: 1. Northern Europe must be credited with the most eco systems like education, welfare, efficiency n governance especially a rather balanced mind set in geopolitics, very little geopolitical propaganda but Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Finland used human rights n purported Xinjiang Genocide to demonize China.. ( unless u are Asians or non-White, one just does not have the genetic code for genuine inclusiveness, humblelynese, tolerance n EMPATHY for humanity ( Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Holland, UK, US , Germany Australia, New Zealand are icons for imperialism, colonization, exploitation, genocide have been part n puzzle of their genetic code embracing Anglo Saxon, Western White Christian Evangelical Supremacy that condoned Apartheid in South Africa until the 1990s.. ) UK aristocrat Anglo Saxon Supremacy paradigm is epitomized by the reverence, respect n idolized icon of one of the most racist n rogue leader , Winston Churchill n yet any reparation or critique made for his war crime in particular caused millions of Indian died of starvation as he diverted the food stock back to England during the 2WW.. ( but Mao Tze Tung was criticized for death of millions partly due to Western Sanction to stop importation of fertilizer to grow more food or agricultural machinery n even sugar while a Malaysian Tycoon. The Sugar King donated 10s of million dollar of sugar then!, old cloths n pork fats were sent to China by relatives in South East Asian countries.. ) Secondly, Labour Party had slightly repented due to past guilt but the majority of British still have the Anglo Saxon Superior Complex. ( I have many British, Australian, NZ , Belgium, European relatives n friends.. worked with British n American as colleagues n selling their products.. ) 2. Now that there are good number of Chinese diaspora around the world n there are many podcast, bloggers that have reported the predominant Anti Chinese propaganda.. especially from the comments on newspapers reporting China issue , mostly are ignorant n arrogance spiced with racism n White chauvinism .. just look at the Anti Beijing Winter Olympics 2022 propaganda.. however there are also those so called Yellow Banana that love to join in these Western Chauvinistic narratives .. but the trend is more positive towards China now they realize how wrong is the Western indoctrination, I am one of them! 3. Talk about Empathy, historical facts has demonstrated that empathy is derived from the Asian cultural heritage n legacy that the West in general is devoid of legitimate ownership unless n until effective n equitable reparation for past Imperialism n colonization .. for example, America, Australia n New Zealand were not discovered by the West.. so history books must use the right perspective " colonized"! Now the Ukraine Crisis.. without going into detail facts... . The bulk of the double standard n hypocrisy narratives is from the West including Sweden n Finland that have always been more neutral.. but being politically correct ! ( how about the past n current war crimes especially by US, UK, France,recently by Australia, Yemen genocide, Afghanistan, Cuba sanction for the past 50 years.. North Korean invasion by US in 1950 , the Middle East crisis especially Iraq faked WMD, Japan has yet to repent its Comfort Women issue n rectify its history books..... 4. China has proven the fact that it has improved the livelihood for 1.4 billion, regardless of its political systems that does not conform to Western value systems.. even with 350 million US citizenry equipped with the best medical eco systems but with the highest 956 thousands Covid deaths.. to date .. that is absolute mismanagement of governance, the insurrection into Capital Hill is against the law but the Hong Kong occupation n damage to Legislative Building is said to be ," what a beautiful sight to behold," by Congress Speaker. NANCY PELOSI!.. the richest democracy has nationals debts of 30.3 trillion while 1 trillion hold by Socialist China! Talk about autocratic n serving interest of the elite, how about 139 million Chinese tourist travelled round the world in 2019 n went back to China .. ( if I am Xi, I will let millions of Chinese to flood the world with refugees to see the meaning of the Yellow Peril...!) in conclusion, let's observe until 2025 n the next 25 years to ascertain whether SHARING PROSPERITY WITH WORLD COMMUNITIES IS A MYTH OR MISSION ACHIEVED BY A CULTURAL CIVILIZATION STATE, CHINA WITH THE CULTURAL Heritage n legacy of over 5 thousand years... this is cultural n racial chauvinism !

[@steffenhesslarsen]

Thank you Yuan Hao Chue, for your comments regarding your view on 4 topics. Allow me for clarity to first try to identify the headlines of you answer in the 4 paragraphs and your conclusion: 1) Democracies in northern Europe may have an effective model, but the population in these countries are genetically challenged when it comes to inclusiveness, humbleness, tolerance and most of all empathy. Reverence for Winston Churchill in the UK and the west is seen as particularly damning. 2) Chinese diaspora outside mainland China are increasingly approving of China in spite of anti Chinese propaganda. 3) Empathy is exclusive to the Asian culture as shown by history. 4) China’s political system is superior to the west, and western politicians are hypocrites. Your conclusion is that the debate is cultural and racial chauvinism, and in the period 2025-2050 we’ll see that China’s model will share prosperity with the world, proving its superior heritage and legacy which has lasted for over 5000 years. A) While I disagree with many of your statements, I am happy that you participate in public debate. That in itself is a strengthening of free speech which is a pillar of democracy. I should mention that I am from Denmark, and hence according to the post genetically challenged when it comes to inclusiveness, humbleness, tolerance and empathy. Though I may be blind to my own short comings I will note the following point about empathy in Scandinavian countries: Denmark ranks 4th when it comes to foreign aid for developing countries as a percentage of Gross National Income for DAC members: 0.71% as 2019 numbers, where China reports 0.36% in 2019 and the US reports 0.16%. Denmark is behind Sweden (0.99%), Norway (1.02%) and Luxembourg (1.05%). Outside DAC Qatar reports 1.17% and Turkey 1.15%. This is widely seen as something to be proud of in Denmark and I believe all of Scandinavia. This idea of helping those that suffer from poverty and unequality pervades Scandinavian democracies, and thus I find it difficult to subscribe to the point of view that Scandinavian countries have little empathy. In addition Scandinavian countries have high equality between men and women (all Scandinavian countries have had female prime ministers), free education (so education isn’t based on parents wealth) and free healthcare. I should note that this is paid for via high taxes, which are accepted in the spirit that the strong in society have a duty to support the weak. I think the argument that the US and Europe have historically lacked inclusiveness, humbleness, tolerance and empathy is correct. Danes were viking raiders a thousand years ago after all. However, I find it is more important what kind of people we are today, and today I do not recognize your argument that Scandinavians have a genetic deficit regarding those four virtues. Indeed I have a difficult time seeing those four virtues represented in the post I am answering. Nonetheless, it is my fervent hope that the 4 virtues are indeed pillars of Chinese policy, and that the author is correct that China will prove it to the world in the period 2025-2050. B) When it comes to Ukraine, I think the global point of the conflict is this: Russia and the US guaranteed in 1994 that they would never attack Ukraine if Ukraine disarmed their nuclear weapons. Ukraine did so. Putin attacked in 2014 and went for full invasion in 2022 for reasons explained in the video and by Putin himself. Unless Putin eventually backs down, this will likely lead to massive nuclear weapon proliferation across the world, as the only safety any smaller country has from being invaded by bigger neighbours will be nuclear weapons. Currently Iran and North Korea are creating nuclear weapons capability, and I will note that these are countries that have come under pressure from nuclear super powers. If most of the world gain nuclear weapons capability, many think that it’s only a matter of time before a thermonuclear war will be sparked by some conflict or another - and that will be it for humanity. According to this view it would be preferable for the world if Putin could find some way to de-escalate this conflict without subjugating Ukraine. Mersheimer however believe that the threat of Mutually Assured Destruction will finally bring peace to the world, and thus a world divided into spheres of influence backed by nuclear weapons in his view can be a good thing. As a final note, if any of my remarks above have offended allow me to apologize. The post is intended to raise awareness that we all want a better world, though we may differ in opinion on how we go about getting there.

[@yuanhaochue2889]

@@steffenhesslarsen Thank u for your very rational n in-depth reply with much humility n grace......I am busy now n will add value the soonest ...👍

[@yuanhaochue2889]

@@steffenhesslarsen @Steffen Larsen @Steffen Larsen @Steffen Larsen yes, after reading your reply twice.. Indeed.. it is the most eloquent feedback from hundreds of engagement with Westerners that disagree with my narratives with such sincere n open mindedness , 1 trying not to be dogmatic.. the Western cultural heritage emboldened by past expansionary n dominating aggression.. even though with a a more accommodating multilateralism among the general public, but the Deep State ( the political/ government bureaucratic systems) will continue manifest its strategic geopolitical narrative to undermine emerging power especially a non- White just with the fact that only 28 developed nations including Japan are the core alliance controlled by G7 that using their definition for free world n rule based order to manipulate the world geopolitics to counter any socialist nations especially China.. using Ukraine Crisis as the case reference.. Russia has been classified as being a rogue nation base in history that must be contained regardless of the costs to world good, while Ukraine is emboldened to defy Russia.. this is just being double standard hypocrisy of the West demonstrated by numerous cases of injustice to recent silence n lack of actions in Yemen, Cuba n recent US confistigating Afghanistan reserve in US,.. as for myself, travelling to China yearly but yet to visit Xinjiang.. my conclusion is the fact that 57 Muslim countries are the key objection to Western nations proposed sanction on China for claimed genocide, which is absolute fabrication but a fact that China did contained terrorism in Xinjiang to manifest separation from China under US/Western corrupt intent to sabotage Belt Road Initiatives n Xinjiang is the strategic Gateway for China to the West,.. Referring to the 4 virtues inclusiveness, humbleness, tolerance n empathy Virtues are being nurtured by culture, religion, ways of life in terms of socio economic progression ( personal, national or humanity life cycle) while culture is prime.. The key difference between East n West is culture,..while the West has s much earlier start in modernization n industrialization derived from its adventurous individualism, aggressive, expansionism in comparison to Asians community spirit for harmonious living under hierarchial leadership., So, Asians still maintain inclusiveness, humbleness, tolerance n empathy as the core values compared to individualism of the West that overall subdued the 4 virtues n I may have wrongly implied being exclusive to Asians.. base on current environment especially the antagonism of East n West netizen like me, it may take a long time for the West to appreciate leave alone accept the Asian challenge to defy Western dominance..( unless there is this type of mutual respect n mutual expectation to engage between u n me..) The voice from Chinese diaspora is getting stronger in support of China is partly result of their modern education mainly in Western education system n learned to be more outspoken, assertive in particular improved in socio- economic status especially the spare time to indulge in freedom of expression other than earning a hard living... ( A simple fact that racial crime against Asians is getting worse because of their socio-economic status have improved considerably.. ( new influx of Asian immigrants are base on securing s better quality of life instead of earning a living)! For example Australia n NZ has banned Chinese buying farm land...and more stringent quota for application to immigrate.. May I clarify that Chinese socialist model is suitable for China n can not be copied for other nations while Western democracy system is in decline because it's system has created too many follies in particular individualism that defy the wearing of mask n vaccination ( both are scientific logic for common good, while one has the right not to be vaccinated but it must not contravene the right of another person to be infected in closed environment that non vaccinated, unmasked, or those without Covid tested should be refused entry...) There are still legal tussle for abortion, LGBT Rights .. ..while same sex marriage is another absolute illogical manifestation of human rights n individualism in the mind of most Asians, myself in particular they are free to practice their choice of life style but legal rights to be married n adopt children defy the basic sancity of natural institution of marriage n partly to procreate next generation... It is not s matter of superiority of political, cultural or management systems, but the reality,, pragmatism, effectiveness, sustainability for altruistic ( being idealistic) for humanity.. one simple conclusion Western standard of living is not sustainable based on its high cost, , emerging cheaper competition n scope of economic returns ( eg. US economy is 80 percent service only 14 percent manufacturing.. thus less people study basic science n research because financials using USD, Swift n print money stock markets in the world to sustain the economy is not long term ( that is one reason China stop the world largest listing by Ants of Alibaba because to much hot stock money that the Chinese small investors could be slaughtered....) Even Europe, the welfare system is no longer sustainable, how much each country contribute towards salvation of world poor communities is futile unless they are assisted to develop their economy base on self reliance, even Switzerland strength in financial Banking system is being eroded with emergence of Eastern financial centers, alternatives to Swift n China as the 135 nations largest trading partners via production of goods instead of military production.. ... These are realities not be cause of politics simply said...its economic imperatives.. Sociology point of view.. it will be the trend that people are all learning to consume more grains n greens instead of meat, which is much higher carbon fiot print than grains n greens.. so will Western learn to be vegan while it is already part of Asian religion n culture...even within my own society, reducing meat n diary products is already the trend even though we are not meat based diet.. My sincere appreciation for your statement that enhancing n improving the imperatives for humanity is responsibility of all however with different ways or means, Indeed.. that calls for multilateralism in diversity as the core strength, healthy competition but not subjugation, alliance for military containment, respect for sovereign integrity base on mutual understanding, mutual respect n mutual expectation.. while being the colonized, exploited, dominated, enslaved, side lined, being assimilated n subdued .,.,..I would love to have u advising 6.5 billion of us... How to repair/mend this historical emotional scar, psychological imbalanced paradigm about the cruelty of imperialism.. that caused hardship, the lost of opportunity n past generation who died, the jealous n envy of Western sophistication, quality n standard of living that was deprived from us but unfortunately the Western media kept marketing their life style that is so hard for our future generations to fight achieve..unless Western standards come down a little .,.. for mainly because we have lost a few generations of opportunity with our own resources being stolen from us n now we are not competing on a level playing field for examples being constrained by the dictate of carbon footprint to exploit our domestic resources.. If u read my text without getting irritated n continue to reorientate/add value/enrich my rather dogmatic state of mind,. That is the first step towards universal understanding n salvation for humanity.. It took almost 3.5 hours of our family holiday in a tropical beach resort to write the above.. .. must learn how to share a few photo with u..

[@aa2339]

Their ultimate check is called the ‘Mandate of Heaven’.

[@debralegorreta1375]

Neo-realists talking about democracy is like fish talking about bicycles.

[@JaKommenterar]

Also isn’t that Samiel Huntington’s photo?

[@kevinlaw6191]

Behind all these so called noble ideologies : greed

[@ClownCarCoup]

Fukuyama was prescient about Russia at 13:26

[@davidleung5166]

Democracy will stay there. It all hinges on its definition and what it means to each body.

[@dorukumuttuksal]

Enough! Time for the transhumanists

[@Lee-Van-Cle]

nothing scientific, both are of personal opinion. Fukuyama quotes Hegel more than any scientist in his book. By spreading the nightmares of democracy, he fulfills he mission of Neo-conservatism of Strauss.

[@miramichi30]

How do you expect political philosophy to be scientific? Not everything can be empirically tested. However, if we look at the historical evidence, it certainly seems that liberal democracy, with all it's faults, is still the superior system of government.

[@Lee-Van-Cle]

@@miramichi30 If not tested, then rather just call it political philosophy, and don’t use the word “science” to misguide others. However, as a matter of fact, the presumptions of political philosophy can be falsified by psychology study as in Behavioral Economy and by Game Theory. The dogma you put forth, Democracy as the superior system of government, is just a paraphrase of Churchill, without any support of evident, just for self-deceiving. Democracy, first from Greece, centuries later Anglo-Saxon copied from the Iroquois tribe, has never been successful in history. Just see how the glory of Greece and Anglo-Saxon faded. Rather, the success of West came from Colonization and the exploitation of other peoples, which Anglo-Saxon did extremely well. In 2016, Democracy was proved unable to face a digital world. Consequently Trump and Brexit happened. Ultimately, Democracy will bring you to the Tragedy of the Commons, as Game Theory demonstrated.

[@jacquelinemarie6325]

Who is the third speaker??

[@ghasd12]

thanks

[@Real_OSHA_Unsafety_Engineer]

What we need is creating a common enemy to make Fukuyama's model possible.

[@garethmorley3430]

Mearsheimer totally misstates what Fukuyama actually said in “End of History”. There just is no claim that liberal democracy is going to be instantiated everywhere.

[@miramichi30]

It is certainly implied. How else will democratic peace theory take hold. Or in his words the boredom we would face.

[@garethmorley3430]

@@miramichi30 , the claim was that there is no potentially universal alternative to liberal democracy (of the kind Marxian socialism was). There can be plenty of *particularist* illiberal undemocratic regime types after the End of History. Fukuyama did not claim there will be no more wars. The "Last Man" hypothesis is not that everyone is going to be bored. That's a cartoon

[@garethmorley3430]

@@miramichi30 I don't even agree with the End of History thesis, but Mearsheimer just doesn't understand it.

[@IvanIvanov-sc2iu]

Basically, one could easily argue against term "modern" or other terms. Or could point that some countries require more detailed explanation(ROK, China, Singapore, RSA еtс) to somehow inscribe them to this picture of a world. My few cents. Being in China for a few years, i was really surprised how bad everything is counted or computerised. Just imagine. You build a 100 floor modern tower with rafters being just bamboo stretched together and supplied to a construction site just by handwritten approval bill. Nothing is stamped or put into accounting programs. And surprisingly, no chaos is happenning at all. I asked foremans about this and was shocked that they dont have to much experience(20+ years like i thought) on this because they 're forcefully rotated between different cities, projects etc every 3-4 years. So no one can benefit from corruption - they just dont have time to make cahoot or collusion. And yes, they have very strict and hard penalties for this. One can say that its a dictatorship or autocracy or whatever you call it. But what to do with social posters all around construction which say "Worker! remember! you must do only one thing: you must return to your family this evening". But my point here is not disagreement or whatever. I wanted to note, that if one smart plan or system works, this does not mean that it will work somewhere else or at least, that its easy to build it somewhere else. And the courage to admit it nowdays requires enormous bravery. That's strange. Instead of telling "let's investigate subject and make some good research and come to a decision" nowdays its simplier just to tell "they are totally corrupted and this is not working". Thanks for lectures P.S. Dr. Mearsheimer is awesome !

[@orwellhuxley6301]

Fukuyama: “global GDP has quadrupled in the past 25 years.” What he doesn’t say is that most of it consolidated in the hands of oligarchs, politicians, and “Wolf Street.”

[@StoutProper]

A much more accurate statement would be wealth redistribution from poor to rich and the wealth inequality gap has increased by a factor of 100, and over the past 14 years Real wages and living standards for over 80% of the population in most developed nations have declined.

[@lamrof]

global GDP is in the hands of western oligarchs, what does the glob has to do with it. He is not dumb enough not to see it but chose not to mention it. That makes him insincere.

[@johnmusanzi2105]

The end of history was not the End, but the beginning of thinking about the mistake that the Soviet Union had made.

[@vanitas5665]

Loved the address

[@yuanhaochue2889]

After 8 years, Fukuyama n Mearsheimer are both out of touch with reality of geopolitics.. There's is no absolute liberal democracy or autocracy but a blend of political systems to suit the basic National life Cycle of individual nations.. .....between China n India.. both political system is still being nurtured by the respective systems subject to the expediency n quality of the leadership.. after all there is NO END TO HISTORY BUT MULTIPLES OF S Cycles.. again subject to the national life Cycle of the nation, the degree of progress of the society in socio economic and cultural perspective.. Classic model is the current China, for such a diverse n large population it happen that the Century of humiliation had captured the imagination of the majority to liberate itself from the Yolk of corrupt capitalism n neo liberal democracy ...as Fukuyama has stated in 50 years time China may develop another political eco system, which I will predict as a valid perspective.. regardless of the new model, what underpin the molding of the new model will derived from the Chinese Cultural Dictate n legacy because for centuries, China is a unique Civilization State advocated by Prof. Martin Jacques....compared to the current modern Nation State( the American Exceptionalism derived from its being a melting pot of cultures, imperialism n hegemonic geopolitics.. Fukuyama's hypothesis of his End of History is being too presumptuous, arrogant n ignorant of the reality that the world at large should be frustrated n disgusted with the American Model of Neo liberal Democracy that abuse rule of laws with corrupt intents.. that undermined the voice of lesser sovereign nations.. .. I personally being a hybrid of East n Western culture, I have the confidence that China will not export its political model because since 1949 until 2022, it has been suffering the onslaught, Slandering , containment n demonization by the Collective West using the pretext of Neo liberal democracy, human rights n their prescribed rule of laws...Chinese culture has EMPATHY..同 理 心! Lastly, the continuous political divide n socio economic failure with America domestic system with 3 trillion national debts while a socialist nation such as China is holding about 1 trillion US debt.. just judge which political system n leadership/governance is more accountable. Responsible n benevolent to its citizenry.. with 93 % of Chinese has trust n confidence with CPC government in China in comparison to American changing statistic n currently Biden has less the 35% and about 57% voted .....effectively President Biden is only about 29% of American votes as President !!!!!😇

[@snslifestyleorg]

3 trillion national debts - should be 30.3 trillion and counting.

[@yuanhaochue2889]

@@snslifestyleorg u are absolutely correct.. Thank u for correcting me..

[@AKAHEIZER]

Than it may be time to show EMPATHY for Ukraine, start to show real leadership, and take though decisions, standing up against Putin, and fight for the global security order that served China very well in the last decades, and it although largely responsible for its prosperity and success.

[@AKAHEIZER]

The current Chinese System is very young and had never come under real stress, to compare it with the American System makes no sense, I don't think that over the long time the Chinese System is sustainable, to repressive.

[@yuanhaochue2889]

@@AKAHEIZER current CPC of China is not young.. after 72 years n turned itself from the most impoverish country to be the second largest GDP or already the largest in PPP terms.. n the highest foreign reserve of more than 3 trillion USD. Compared to 40.3 trillion of US national debts.. Socialist or autocratic system is only a tool to manage a large nation of 1.4 billion people the fundamental pillar that supported the Chinese economic progress is the thousand of years of Chinese cultural heritage n legacy that manifest the social order for family economic fulfilment n national aspiration for self esteem n dignity.. Any form of containment or demonization will further manifest the national aspiration for sustainability to prevent the repeat of the Century of Humiliation started from the Yellow Peril Syndrome, Chinese Exclusion Act, the 2 Opium Wars/ 8 Western nation aggression against China, invasion by the Japanese, then 72 years of embargo n sanctions since the founding of Modern CPC China in 1949... Hope u can engage with me again by 2025, the water shed year for New World Order base on Multilateralism with sharing prosperity with world communities instead of Western Neo Liberal Democracy White Supremacy traditional playbook for unilateral n unipolar hegemony base on exploitation, imperialism , forced slavery, colonization, genocide, Western prescribed rule based value system.. ..

[@tuomaskaila1010]

Fukuyama is the quintessential liberal "thinker". Vapid, trivial-minded, unimaginative, always emotionally invested in the prevailing ethos of the ruling class, and always wrong.

[@goforitkesong]

Good to see Mr. Fukuyama still active. --by战忽局

[@georgecherian6520]

Excellent presentations & discussion.

[@Nietzscheable]

Francis Fukuyama gives a great assessment of China, without the usual jingoistic nonsense. The long history of Emperors and long ingrained training of Confucius (and Lao Tzu) coupled with the "nature" of the Chinese people contrast greatly with Russia and America. John Mearsheimer rules as usual, but that does not minimize the contributions of Fukuyama. Who was the Winner? US! / those of us who got to listen to both of these smart men.

[@viniciustoresan4780]

??????????

[@Dragons_Armory]

*Wrong*

[@aby110]

Fukuyama's theory is the definition of copium

[@MrSpermstar]

@IRP: Could you please add a timestamp to the description? thanks.