Galaxies Don't Rotate The Way You Think | 4K

Galaxies are not spinning tops. So how do stars move within them?
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[@adventureswithdogs2251]

What really amazes me, as a 64 year old, is how much we've discovered about our universe in just a relatively short time! Thank you, Alex. As always, your videos make learning about space easy and entertaining at the same time.

[@FlyingSavannahs]

I heard that the late US Senator John McCain's mother died this October at 108. She was alive during the Spanish flu pandemic! Is that nuts or what? A remarkable family, she had an identical twin sister who lived to 99. father to 97, and mother to 87! Maybe not so nuts??? I'm only 4 years behind you and I can't keep up with everything I want to know. Plus, I grow more fascinated with science history year by year. It's a losing battle!

[@adventureswithdogs2251]

@@FlyingSavannahs So true- it seems our scientific knowledge is increasing exponentially every year! Although the internet has a lot of drawbacks, (as I'm sure you agree) it has the benefit of making access to this knowledge much easier. It's also great for keeping the mind healthy!

[@FlyingSavannahs]

@@adventureswithdogs2251 ✔️

[@sifteali6195]

A stack of years old

[@arthurthekyogre9155]

Cool Boomer, a very rare appearance

[@z-beeblebrox]

*"This video is brought to you by Geologie"* *Me, half paying attention:* No I'm pretty sure it's brought to us by astronomy

[@nigonkouk1770]

U know u want summa dat' :[) LoL

[@whissie]

Sheldon?

[@JodBronson]

LOL

[@JodBronson]

ASS-TRO-MONY !!!

[@aniksamiurrahman6365]

Nah! Astronomie produces dog food.

[@noeldenever]

Alex, in the end of every video: "So, there we have it..." Me: Nooooo Every time, it ends up with me abusing the reload button. Thank you Alex. It's always a pleasure watching your labor of love ❤

[@Mainaed]

😵😒 Brain explode....

[@astro_cat030]

lol

[@Ericlee-ne7du]

Imagine standing on a planet within the inner galaxy and looking up at the night sky.

[@xzadious]

Get Elite:Dangerous and fly a ship to the center of the galaxy and land on a planet. You will see how epic it looks.

[@10thMorales]

Isaac Asimov’s Nightfall.👍

[@Ddub1083]

It would look generally the same, a bit more stars but thats it. The number of stars we can see in the night sky is a INCREDIBLY small fraction of the stars around us (relatively) in the galaxy. The sphere of stars that we can see in the night sky would be a minuscule dot on essentially any rendering of our galaxy. This region is about 20 light years in radius... but our galaxy is roughly 100,000 light years in radius. So the region is relatively incredibly small. So in the inner galaxy, there would be more stars in this small region but thats about it. Although there are vastly more stars in the inner galaxy, the increase in the amount within a 20 light year sphere would be more, but not so much more that it would look different. And you also might think well these stars are going so much faster, thus the stars positions wouldbe changing as well. This too, would not happen. Yes the stars are orbiting much faster in the inner galaxy, but the reason the stars in our sky stay fixed is because all those stars we see are local (within the 20 ly radius) and thus are moving WITH US around the galaxy at generally the same speed and direction. So just as the cars in a formation lap around a racetrack dont move relative to each other because they are all going the same speed, the same is true of our sky and the stars positions in it remain constant, at least over thousands of years. This would be true of the inner galaxy too, although faster, the relative speeds are still similar and thus the apparent positions of those stars would remain seemingly fixed.

[@Sanquinity]

@@Ddub1083 One small change. The stars even in our local area are still moving relative to us. People just don't realize how long 250 million years really is. Try drawing a really big circle on a large A1 paper. Now divide it into 250 million sections. Yea, not going to happen. A single dot of a very fine pen would already be more than 1 or even 100 sections. So the stars are still moving, it just takes far longer than our lifetimes for it to be noticeable with direct observation.

[@olympicging1155]

Or imagine being in a rouge solar system (if there is such a thing) that has been ejected from its galaxy, and having the galaxy fill your night sky.

[@braddles8684]

the universe is so incredibly beautiful. in high school i didn’t have a single class on astronomy (don’t know if it’s different in the us or elsewhere) so i had to do all my own research and i’m so glad I did. what a magnificent mystery we are

[@jmonie02]

Same

[@Andreschannel_SA]

Great video. Extremely informative and interesting. And the correct spelling of the English words used in the annotation did not go unnoticed either. You acquired a subscriber.

[@ghulammujtaba3191]

Seriously, these were the thing which were wondering in my for an year. Now you have cleared it. Try these topics more.

[@AvB.83]

While I am, in theory, somewhat aware of how we measure the movement of stars or other light sources, it's still fascinating that we could take pictures of those galaxies for probably hundreds of years without noticing any visible changes due to the vastness of space and the relatively low speeds involved, yet we can with reasonable accuracy measure speed and direction of those objects...

[@HB-mn8lh]

System of nature is vast for us, otherwise tiny. So life form may complete its era without noticing these changes. But life form is human perspective. Everything is alive or dead. If you want to notice these changes, you can do so as a star, planet, etc.

[@winstonmcintosher2702]

Alex your voice makes understanding alot easier it has that unique curiosity influence thanks for the videos. how many light minutes,hours,days or years are voyagers in space now?.

[@ոakedsquirtle]

To all the comments that go something like, "Hot young singles near you", most stars actually form at least in a binary system, many being up to 6 actually, so all the young stars are polygamous then later become "divorced" so they aren't really single.

[@CeesaX]

That's fascinating. For the binaries, are they so close that both stars would be considered in the same solar system (like within a hundred AU of each other or so) or much more distant, so that each has its own distinct solar system?

[@rustyshackleford9475]

But they become single

[@dsdy1205]

@@rustyshackleford9475 well, they're not young anymore

[@wildmanjeff42]

awesome video ! It is hard to accept that some are rotating in direction the arms are pointing, just does not seem right. Interesting though, I always thought when I saw one in a documentary turning this direction it was just inccorect graphics, but I can see how other galaxies could interact and cause it. thanks for the video!

[@rossporter1885]

How beautiful to imagine our world spiralling in an interconnected dance through our cosmos. When I open myself to this greater possibility, it fills me with joy and wonder. Thank you Alex.

[@ZCasPlays]

Nice video brother! I've been watching for a long while and I always enjoy when you have something new on your channel. All the best!

[@heavencanceller1863]

Amazing video as always! I always find it amazing how large galaxies are

[@alexv3357]

"Space is big. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mind-bogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think it's a long way down the road to the chemist's, but that's just peanuts to space." ― Douglas Adams, _The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy_

[@FonicsSuck]

Millions of bright, hot young singles near you.

[@backwoodsjunkie08]

Some may be dwarfs if your into that kinda thing

[@DragonOfTheSkies]

I’m just looking for a black hole

[@synq-_-8595]

@@DragonOfTheSkies I want to find brown dwarfs

[@bluemamba5317]

Where the light certainly never shines.

[@DragonOfTheSkies]

@@synq-_-8595 Just make sure Uranus isn't emitting any gas clouds

[@sarahb1862]

Do they have an idea of how long it takes for a galaxy to complete a rotation? What are some examples of galaxies that have lost their definition? Love your videos!

[@HB-mn8lh]

Broaden your perspective. System of nature is vast for us, tiny otherwise. So that life form may complete its era without noticing any changes in cosmic system. But life form is human perspective. Everything is alive or say dead. If you want to notice these changes, you should be as huge as a star, planet, etc. For us, their movement is seemless, dead slow and even still. But this is not important. In ancient era, our philosophers & priests were true that the system of nature is Infinite (limitless) and Eternal (timeless). Anything you see or feel is the perceptive of biological life. You can't go beyond this perspective because you are locked into life and death is the key. Things beyond human perspective might be different. The name Universe limits your infinite (limitless) and eternal (timeless) perspective or the actual perspective. Time doesn't exist in the Infinity (of nothingness), as infinity is eternal (always there). Infinity is a logical fact, because something has to be there everlastingly, after everything else, even it is nothingness or vacuum. Mass resides inside vacuum. Mass needs vacuum to reside inside it or exist, but vacuum doesn't need mass for its existence. Vacuum or nothingness is the actual realm and constitutes infinity. The virtual mass is actually the displaced vacuum, which is like an adhesive bond that forms systems. This is how mass & vacuum are interrelated at the smallest virtual particle level. This relationship forms vacuum-mass bonded systems in this infinite and internal system of nature. Vacuum or nothingness is the actual realm and constitutes infinity. Things beyond human perspective might be different. The Creator or Deity may be something other than mass-vacuum infinity or something beyond mass-vacuum infinity. There is no scientific proof of this concept, but the Infinity is a logical fact, as there has to be something beyond everything else everlastingly, even it is vacuum or nothingness. If you want to travel into the infinity (of nothingness) to resolve it, before you start journey, you can imagine that this everlasting infinity is already laid out somehow out there everlastingly, which is a mind blowing logical fact, as there has to be something beyond everything else everlastingly, even it is vacuum or nothingness. In our infinite and enteral perspective, all intermediate entities are the various phases of mass-vacuum relationship, for instance rock, planet, star, universe, multiverse and so on in the system of nature...

[@nullifier_]

Hundreds of millions of years. Not even joking

[@thereaperstales6490]

Thank you I don’t mind the Ads gotta make ur money 💰 also. Thank u for keeping it till the end.

[@kirbymarchbarcena]

SON: Dad, what's a spinning galaxy? DAD: Something that Samsung has been trying to do for many years.

[@jimmyshrimbe9361]

kirby march barcena that doesn't even make any sense.

[@adventureswithdogs2251]

@@jimmyshrimbe9361 It does if you know that Samsung manufactures a tablet called Galaxy...

[@adventureswithdogs2251]

Kirby- I have the 10.1 tablet that I sometimes rotate 90 degrees on the vertical axis to switch between landscape and portrait. Does that count?

[@kirbymarchbarcena]

@@adventureswithdogs2251 A rotating screen should be 360° just like a planet that spins on its axis, right?

[@adventureswithdogs2251]

@@kirbymarchbarcena It was an attempt at humor. Don't overthink it.

[@Rationalific]

The music and visuals are so soothing.

[@brianzaborowski4333]

Love your videos! I feel as though you missed a better segue between the galaxy rotations and the skincare sponsor; had you ended with the “black eye” galaxy it could have been much more natural. 😆

[@astrumspace]

Haha and I already thought I was being creative!

[@brianzaborowski4333]

@@astrumspace Your videos’ creativity speak for themselves!

[@michaelbook2019]

Pausing while the galaxy rotates is so trippy And just the density waves in general are trippy asf too look at

[@caryd67]

1:40 if you’re feeling bored, pick a dot and follow it it’s fun

[@alairhatatlantortenelem]

That was pretty cool, thanks mate

[@adityabairathi]

This channel needs more popularity, stat. I love the narration and information!

[@herculean616]

Thank you, this really sparked my curiosity to learn so much again.

[@scoobysnax3813]

Congratulations on the sponsorship 👏🏾👏🏾👏🏾👏🏾

[@ogkhush3731]

They see me rolling they hating

[@lugh_007]

😂

[@_M27_]

They should pin your comment

[@erikadavis4696]

🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣

[@awuma]

Thank you for presenting some very interesting results. The animations showing the difference between orbital speeds and pattern speed are particularly instructive, though the sequence starting at 2:36 unfortunately suggests matter and the arms moving together... a stationary shot would be better.

[@jeka1030]

Look at all those galaxies... And people still believe that there cannot be any other life than humans.

[@jeka1030]

@@nikkibelair8899 In my opinion there is life everywhere, even sentient one. But, everything is so far away that as we look at stars and planets, we see their past and therefor we cannot see life activity.

[@TechKidShazil]

@@nikkibelair8899 isn't that the first born hypothesis

[@R3in_Ch]

@@nikkibelair8899 nah i doubt it.

[@MrHichammohsen1]

Birkeland currents run in the universe. An electric current can't be without a magnetic field and vice versa. The magnetic field rotates at a 90 degrees angle from the current line, so everything looks like its orbiting a point or axis, from the largest scale as galaxies to the smallest scales like subatomic particles.

[@josephjohnson3738]

Best guess on here.

[@MrHichammohsen1]

@@josephjohnson3738 The thing is with electromagnetic forces is that the frequency of the current will make stuff like saturn ring stable and not mix, which he mentioned but did not know the real reason behind.

[@alexmcd378]

The arms as density waves have a striking resemblance to traffic jams with no visible cause, which happen with dense enough traffic and a minor disturbance that creates a wave of stationary traffic that slowly moves backward down a highway

[@waqarwani9446]

They got wings made of Dark matter..!!😂😂

[@leeberry3708]

Would solve a lot of questions and create more but it would certainly give science a fresh perspective and more certainty in the direction we should be exploring.

[@yaddahaysmarmalite4059]

Have you done a video on horseshoe shaped orbits? I've heard theres a couple moons around Saturn that have such orbits.

[@AintGotAnyName]

Finally somebody made a video about galactic spirals! I always found this phenomenon baffling (way more so than overrated black holes) yet nobody seems to pay any attention to it. Thanks so much!

[@forthewin84]

Very interesting! Loved the subject! (as always)

[@pricey0986ify]

1:50 MY EYES!!!! 😳😵

[@monisrajput8056]

rotating galaxy blown me away . the different pattern are so unique from the real world object

[@Cole-jb5ip]

Great video Astrum, thanks. 😎

[@lostadventure76]

I have a question... One that I have a hard time finding an answer for. Let's say you have different mass stars that each have an intelligent civilization in them. One star is super massive, while the other one is Tiny Mass. Does time dialiation allow one civilization to evolve, grow, faster than the other? How much of a difference you be found? Like... Coukd one civilization experience 1,000 years in the same length of time another only experiences one? If this is all true... Wouldn't it be a huge technological advantage fir a civilization to colonize stars that give them a speed time advantage?

[@jackallread]

This was a great video! Thanks, I learned a lot!!

[@Ulvetann]

Cool. Now I have trillions of new questions my OCD demands answers to.

[@loza2101]

Geologie: don't let pimples go supernova on your face!

[@coliedeekenzo]

I could learn about this all day! Thank you!!

[@edwardturner1282]

Simply mind blowing.

[@yalu2]

1:14 this is hypnotizing! (1:44 even worse)

[@shenaniganswithles8051]

Me: mom I'm watching "how do galaxies rotate" My mom: usually clockwise right?

[@Captain.AmericaV1]

I was under the impression that since every galaxy has a supermassive black hole in the centre, that is what keeps the galaxies together, and has an influence on galaxies rotation etc

[@gravitonthongs1363]

The SMBH can be ejected during galaxy mergers. They influence orbits, but usually only account for less than 5% of galactic mass. Not a necessary requirement.

[@zakirhussain-js9ku]

I think extreme gravity of galaxy wraps space around it like a solid sphere with galaxy and space rotating as a monolithic body.

[@timothy8426]

Equilibrium of maximum momentum velocity in resistance as interactions between forces collide and haven't equalized?

[@PowerPoint_WE]

1:10 this is actually how galaxies rotate in Universe Sandbox now. In the oldest version they used to rotate like 0:57

[@arisjatmika]

I love the animation 🤯🤯🤯🤩🤩🤩

[@rogerscottcathey]

The spiral arms emanate outwardly from the central sun, they are not falling into it. Similar trails can be visualized for the planets, seen as lone atoms spewed from our sun. Moons are spewed from within planets. Just a hypothesis. But it explains a lot.

[@junimeme5626]

2:49 Find hot young stars near you!

[@jeffreystvarchive6367]

Are there any comparisons to be made with how hurricanes spin? I’ve often wondered.

[@RideAcrossTheRiver]

A hurricane is a compact area of surface low air pressure with air rushing inward and upward to equalize to surrounding pressure. A galaxy is stars and gas clouds orbiting a central mass--with the central mass becoming ever greater the farther you go out from the centre.

[@VitronixGamez]

ASTRUM I LOVE YOU

[@0ptimal]

Wow terrific video

[@Ramiromasters]

If magnetism happens at the atomic level and at the solar system scale, could it be possible it happens on a galactic level? if so, then perhaps this explains some of what we call dark matter. An indication of this may be the galaxies that don't seem to have any dark matter, as we know, magnetic fields tend to flip and during this transition the field weakens.

[@ngc-fo5te]

Nope.

[@timmytwothumbs]

The question I think really matters is "Why does everything in the universe spin?"

[@Jacob-yg7lz]

Velocity

[@Gordon_L]

Angular momentum

[@nick61811]

Boredom

[@Andreschannel_SA]

If I understand your question correctly. Just my opinion based on what I understand - Gravity. It's is not really spinning, it is more orbiting. Spinning is when an object rotates around its own axis. Orbiting is when one (usually smaller) object moves in an orbit around another (larger) body. Basically they orbit around each other. This is due to the gravitational forces between them which is generally initiated by moving towards each other, but not in a straight line. This orbital motion is what keeps celestial bodies from just plain crashing into each other, which also happens quite often, hence the craters on our moon, for instance. If the gravitational force between bodies are too weak, they might just pass each other. There are basically the three main events which could take place with celestial bodies in relatively close proximity of each other: 1. Just plain crash into each other. 2. Orbit each other. 3. Pass each other. I hope this helps and that your question was not merely rhetorical.

[@jursamaj]

2:45 Claim here that there are more stars in the bright arms. Last I heard, the density of stars is about the same in the arms and between. Rather, the young *bright* stars are in the arms, which is why the arms themselves are bright.

[@leonardop.2581]

Hi. Question about spiral galaxies and dark matter, would gravitational time distortion give the same visuals as if the inner and the outer circulation would happen in the same rate from a faraway perspective ?

[@hrtbrk1]

Funny i was literally thinking about this 2 days ago. Perfect timing

[@michaelo1929]

Our mobile devices have the ability to read our minds.

[@hrtbrk1]

@@michaelo1929 I thought it was just me o.0

[@ignitione]

I like your videos but in video ads is not my thing, it was a pleasure

[@nickdibart]

I just realized there has only been enough time for our galaxy to make 45-60 revolutions so far.

[@THIS---GUY]

Awesome and informative video. Thanks for your time 😁

[@richardgreen8694]

According to some people we have orbited the galaxy 16 times in the last 4 million years. According to your model if you go down the arm you can only do two orbits , unless you drift out through the arms.. Please explain?

[@SaiyaMan2011]

Thanks, Alex!

[@frankkolmann4801]

I sometimes wonder why spiral galaxies look like water going down a sink drain. Gravity causes the water to flow but it flows in a spiral. Perhaps a similar effect driven by the black hole at the centre of galaxies is simply sucking all the stars into the black hole. It certainly appears the ends of the spiral arms are feeding the black hole. No dark matter needed. The extra velocity of the stars is a hydrodynamic effect.

[@almondleslie1410]

Ever notice how much like a double helix the movement of the galaxy looks like?

[@dreamyrhodes]

Someone told that spiral arms have nothing to do with stars, they are only dust and gas. Stars just pass through them. The increased star density in the arms comes from them being the places where stars form and not from stars forming the arms in the first place.

[@CrankyPantss]

That was very interesting, as always.

[@TheJoker6789]

You would have to watch one for a long time to know for sure. Could be a whirlpool sucking everything in, or spinning and spitting never ending stars outwards.

[@awabaaliahmad6046]

what is dark matter? please make a video

[@seditt5146]

What about shear size? Even IF the outside spun at the same speed as the inside relatively speaking, AKA, Like Bicycles spokes, we would still see spiral arms due to the limitations of the speed of light. Even spiral to some extent could be straight relative to the rotation of the galaxy core.

[@Baleur]

2:32 that is incorrect tho, no? Because we found the outer stars move much faster than merely gravity would account for. As if space in a galaxy is more "viscous" Not at the same rate as the inner stars, but not as slow as in this animation.

[@gravitonthongs1363]

1:02 this is the shape made if outer stars were moving slower

[@samuelcallai4209]

What an amazing channel

[@f_youtubecensorshipf_nazis]

I wish my conscious self existed forever so I could feel time like stars do.

[@HELLISH43]

It does ur soul exist forever

[@MrRocksW]

Great viceo really enjoyed it

[@julianrulzus]

Most humble voice

[@sarahskurnik4482]

What is spiral galaxies act like a solenoid in space? Converting electrical energy of gases in space to mechanical energy. A electromagnet in space.

[@fotmar]

In which direction the galaxies turn???They turn in to the left or to the rigth direction???

[@fsmoura]

Around an axis

[@Rog5446]

Thank you for confirming that the way I thought galaxies rotate is exactly as you've described.

[@fnl62fnl62]

Nice presentation. Geologie?

[@LiveFree765]

The text box is much too large. It's not just annoying and needless but it also covers up large sections of the video.

[@rionwillard6188]

Great video ! Random sponsorship!

[@malladimarkandeyulu7796]

However we learned Dark matter /black holes exist and they swallow the stars&planets having less gravitational force. What exist on the other side of the black holes? Secondly Comet Helena once in seventy-five years only appears. Where does it exists all the while? Tracking the comet may explain us something new

[@akselrn8784]

wow thank you

[@eriknelson2559]

If the spiral arms are made of gas, which is rotating more slowly than the "stars passing through them" (1:23)... and if we measure Galaxy rotation curves with the (slower moving) gas... then is DM even more necessary?

[@mhill3884]

If you wiggle a cup of coffee, espresso is the best, with some thick foam on top, you can create all the common patterns of galaxies in your cup. I was surprised myself at some of the patterns. Now some smart guy can do the math on that.

[@gabriellang7998]

says "Galaxies Don't Spin The Way You Think" then proceeds to explain how the galaxies spin, turns out this is what I thought.

[@mikeolivier6794]

does the center galaxy black hole consume the stars? If so, how are the galaxy arms replenished?

[@will2see]

What could you possibly know about what I think about the rotation of the galaxies?!

[@kristopherburkholder9366]

I have yet to get a satisfactory answer to the question ; with all the spinning and expanding of the universe, how is it that the stars have been in the same location relative to us for thousands of years ?

[@colinmerritt7645]

They're moving relative to us, just slowly.

[@jaredpatterson1701]

What if they rotate the same way high/low weather pressures on earth behave? Black holes can be like the eye of a hurricane which is a more intense low pressure. Interestingly a high pressure forces air outward so maybe the theoretical white hole does this with stars and gas instead of air like in high pressure systems

[@daos3300]

or what if you're just tripping

[@BuZzKiiLLA]

the arms dont get tighter bc they cant get tighter. the gravitational waves fill up all space infinitely from a central point but they cannot cross into another arm. the density happens within each arm. tighter closer to the centre and looser at the edge. but the spaces between are always equal. gravity can be considered waves within waves. motion within motion. thanks for coming to my ted talk lol.

[@BuZzKiiLLA]

the arms only appear bc.....gravity although from infinite points extending out to infinity.....it is still 4 sided. and the arms appear simply bc of the nature of what makes up gravity. like a crowd of people that extends to the horizon. gravitys centre point is nonexistent. its more a CENTRAL place. you are in the middle yet you have no idea. now back to the arms, within the crowd there will always common areas where people dwell in the same areas yet are completely unaware of their surroundings. this occurs simply bc even tho it may seem like complete chaos and randomness. gravity is actually made from order. the patterns occur bc of the nature of the shape that gravity is. it is made from a single wave yet completely unique from every perspective. and yet although infinite, there is still space in between. that is bc true infinity, infinity in reality, is made of two things. space and space in between. hence the reason for black holes. the search for a single tile that will tile the plane infinitely and still be unique is pointless. even in nature, this does not happen. it is perspective infinity. simply bc man can think of it in their mind, they think it is a possibility. the answers to the universe are so simple as 1+1=2. yet those 1s are not the same 1. they are the same thing they are both equal to one but they are theyre own one. theyre own number. like we are all human. we are the same creature or whatever. yet we are all unique. we are the same thing yet we are different. that is bc we all live our own reality from our own perspective. but perspective is just that. your own view. it does nott change the reality of the universe. only your view of it. get a circle shape. and tilt on its axis. imagine that is something in space. you can never change your perspective on it and so bc of the axis tilt it will always appear elliptical shaped. you can match your entire view and understanding of the universe to match that shape and describe why it is the way it is and yet the reality of that shape is circle. and will always be circle. people need to understand the difference between perspective and reality.

[@kenantahir]

dark matter is a MYTH! we just dont understand gravity on a larger scales.. our understanding of the cosmos is still in its infancy... im sure we will figure it out... BTW can you name the stars and their galaxies which we can observe and conclude it can only be explained via existence of dark matter? I like to know so can u name which are the stars and their speeds in the galaxy that either is magic or dark matter!

[@sunrazor2622]

Time is "speeding up", so when we look at distant galaxies in the past, they appear to be rotating slower than galaxies near. If we lived 10 billion years ago, would we a difference in orbit speed for nearby galaxies than we do today?

[@oh_crisis]

Boy would we a .

[@doodelay]

beautiful

[@briand9217]

I used to love this videos until I went to college and tried to do maths. Naa back on KZbin for me