Geology 15 (Faults, Folds, and Joints)

Glad to have you studying with me! I have more content in the works and I hope you'll enjoy it. For those that are interested, the best textbook out there is this one: amzn.to/47VNed8. However, it's a little old now (two of the authors have passed away) and if you prefer a newer textbook, I would recommend this one: amzn.to/45UFDcR
For other physical geology lectures: • Introduction to Geology
This lecture video discusses the way in which rocks deform and change shape under stress by folding, faulting, and forming joints. I cover the types of faults (dip-slip and strike-slip), the types of folds (anticline and syncline), and the features along faults and folds, like shutter ridges, sag ponds, fault-formed springs, and pop-up structures. I hope you enjoy it!

[@nothanks3236]

Really appreciate these lectures, Sir. I'm basically teaching myself geology for fun since I've been interested in rocks and fossils since I was young (I've got several university level textbooks that I try - sometimes in vain - to understand) and these lectures really help to fill in the holes. Thank you.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thank you for the positive feedback! I'm trying to get the rest of the videos posted so that all the topics will be covered fully. Thank you for deciding to study geology, even if you have to do it all on your own. I think you'll find it very fulfilling.

[@tadabbor.quran.tanabboaat2029]

@@EarthandSpaceSciencesX I wrote about the stages of creating the Earth and the sky from docking to separation, then raising the sky, then exploding a luminous mass that led to the formation of galaxies and stars,

[@tadabbor.quran.tanabboaat2029]

@@EarthandSpaceSciencesX The climate fluctuates a lot. The earth swelled after a variety of pressures, there were areas that were sea and where deposition then became plateaus and climbed due to pressures and bloating of the earth until they became spherical and the mountains are large not belonging to the Earth and they descended for the stability of the crust

[@patldennis]

@@tadabbor.quran.tanabboaat2029 peddle your pseudoscience somewhere else

[@jeffreystreeter5381]

Check out my comment today. If you love Geology take a cruise from on Rt 22 going west out of Harrisburg PA.

[@marshaezell1546]

Renewing my interest in Geology --- lots has been determined since my Geo 101 class in 1965! Thanks for your lectures.

[@ammaralajlan809]

Thanks for sharing this video.I studied Structural Geology last year and ended up with a confused mine due to the poor teaching skills of my professor. But what you presented in this video was exciting and interesting and hooked me back to study Structural Geology once more. Thanks for this well presented and explained subject 👏🏼

[@Craigdna]

Superb diagrams and pictures and excellent, patient, dissertation. This should be taught all over as you do an informative job and appease all types of learners, covering both auditory and visual learners. Thanks for sharing.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thank you for this comment. Indeed, I made a conscious effort to appeal to both auditory and visual learners in this video and I am thrilled that it has had the success that it has had. Folds, faults, and joints are a tough subject for so many beginning students so I am thrilled that this approach seems to have worked out well. I am also working hard on getting it fully subtitled...a very tedious task but well worth getting done. Once that is completed, I'll be on to the next new video.

[@Craigdna]

Late on my response as I was without internet for a spell. I have watched numerous dissertations on Geology as I believe it is clearly one of the most important awareness's we can retain. I watch a lot of Nick on the Rocks, and Randall Carlson, for the most part. I came across your work and it just clicked. I think you should make a video series between 3-4 videos, and market it to all educational facilities everywhere. It should be used as a standard curriculum across middle/high schools and colleges across the US, as well as other countries. If we are ever going to understand any other planet anywhere in the universe, then we must understand our own. It is by far, the most complex planet that we have acknowledged thus far, as it pertains to geology. If we understand our planet as thoroughly as possible, then we are clearly capable of understanding all others. It is such a fluke thing that we are here to begin with. Without our earth's tilt, the magnetic field, ozone layer, our oceans, plate tectonics, meteorite impacts, volcanism, as well as countless other factors, we would never have come into existence. We must realize this if we are going to continue to exist. We must eradicate narcissism, as nothing intervenes more with the progress of scientific awareness than that.

[@maxinee1267]

Wow! The examples you showed us with the explanations were just amazing, I have heard those terms before but with all the pictures and explanations i can visualize it now. This is the first of your videos I have watched I will subscribe so that i can see more of these lectures. Thank you so much, I am 78 years old and so appreciate this training.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thank you for studying with me. I deeply appreciate the encouraging comments.

[@kinw2436]

Hi, from Chicago, IL USA. The same goes for me and subscribed.

[@otterssilver7299]

Hello My dad was a Geologist and has passed on I'm 64 and so miss our visits and talks about geology and this interesting orb we live on. Thank you so much for your visual support as well as the vocabulary and examples of what we use to talk about! This is my first time to watch your videos. Look forward to watching the others you have made and will make in the future. Blessings and thank you. I agree with Maxine E.

[@uttaranath7950]

Real life examples helped me to understand the concepts easily. Good work.

[@Kakkoii_ne]

There are a lot of folds, here on Okinawa, Japan. Okinawa is caught between the Okinawa Trough and Ryuku Trench. Some fold are almost straight up, while others are wavy.

[@jwcinc12]

I am glad to see you posting videos again!! You and Nick Zentner are the best.

[@KozmykJ]

I must Stress that I Strained to understand the Stress and Strain distinctions before this. So much so that I Folded under the Sheer magnitude. I did not Break but after some Time I was Shattered. Luckily there was little permanent Deformation. My head, though full of rocks, managed to retain some Elasticity. Some Cooling Joints may well have alleviated matters. 😝

[@kathrynchamberlin3405]

I had a hard time following your geologic, but that’s probably my Fault.

[@KozmykJ]

@@kathrynchamberlin3405 😅👍

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Love this!

[@MasterMalrubius]

A return to one of my favorite subjects. And an interesting focus also!

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thanks Andrew! I always appreciate your input!

[@madmaddie4956]

Fantastic lecture. I FINALLY GET IT!!

[@johnlord8337]

Excellent presentation - have always wondered about PNW and dikings through granite or basalt and there is immense mini-dikes, while also having compression features, and you just have to wonder "WTH was going on !" to make such events of multiple intrusions, then deformations.

[@redfastanloud1824]

Fascinating. Thank you for an excellent presentation.

[@efegulcek9024]

Greetings from METU civil engineering, these lectures've been very helpfull for my geology class. Thanks a lot!

[@itstheadventureimtalkingab4016]

Yesssssss! Yes I see this every where. Good information dude thank you

[@ralphnabozny8494]

thank you. I really like the vocabulary.

[@randyriley3860]

Very informative lecture. Thanks for sharing so patiently. Great examples and explanations.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thank you!

[@hollywaller1265]

Yey more videos! Genuinely excited about this, I used your lectures and some books to start teaching myself geology for fun during the lockdown. I'm doing pretty well with understand the concepts (masters degree astrophysics links in quite well) but still can't identify a real rock to save my life, that's the problem with online learning I guess (I should go out more too). Thank you for the great videos! I'm looking forward to continuing learning.

[@rogerdudra178]

Good lecture. The recat structure in northern Africa is a great example too, that I've studied.

[@johnlord8337]

The older I get, the more interested in geology I get. Must be some of these old bones fossilizing, and wondering what else is going to happen with deformation, grabens, and sag ponds (!). And whose folds, creaky joints, and faults is that !

[@ruffrider2626]

Just wait till you're packing rock books into the backcountry and rocks out of it. No other group other than geologists and rockhounds call this "fun." I think you're onto something with the old bones theory.

[@nicholasaustin2717]

I feel like it has to do with experience combined with knowledge. When you’re 10 and your parents drag you to Lassen Volcanic National Park, it’s a 3 on the awesome scale. When you’re 18 and you can see a barb wire fence tilting from the impacts of slope creep, and you can see which part of the hill side is stable and where it isn’t, that’s a 4 on the awesome scale. When you’re 35, and you get to drag bored kids around, you get to stop and look at examples of things you read about in a text book.

[@antoniodelrio1292]

I really enjoy you lectures! Thanks for the videos.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

You're very welcome!

[@mnergizci]

This tutorial is fantastic! I highly recommend it to everyone interested in geology..

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thanks for that!

[@DonzLockz]

Brilliant video, images and explanation!👍😉

[@stevenbaumann8692]

Watching this on the way to work. I can go on about folding for hours, so you’re doing better than I. I flip stress and strain even though I know the difference when speaking too.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Me too. I could do an entire lecture series on the nuances, stuctures, and complexities in folds alone. Maybe once I get through publishing this freshman class level stuff I may add that to the growing list of topics to cover, it would be fun.

[@stevenbaumann8692]

@@EarthandSpaceSciencesX it would be! I always love the look on their faces when you introduce the stereonet to them. As I’ve gotten older graphically solving structural problems is a lot easier than trying to do it on a calculator. Yes. I still do a lot of it by hand. Because I’m old.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

I still plot my stereonets by hand too. It’s an art form. lol

[@biaralier9432]

You the best The video have been looking for all along Thanks a lot.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Glad I could help!

[@guillermorodriguez3844]

01 29 2021 From El Salvador C.A, Thanks a lot for your lecture, Being an MD, haven´t had much time for Geology, never the less I have learn a lot from this lecture. We dont have Mountain Range but, a lot of Volcanos, so our geology is diferent from what you have explained, again thank you very much.Guillermo Rodríguez-

[@chelsea4677]

youre so underrated. i really love your explanations!

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thank you so much! Glad you are studying with me!

[@carramillo2]

Congratulation! Very interesting! Thanks for the magnificent class! I am from Rio de Janeiro state, Brasil.

[@muhammadfahim3736]

Very well & simple way explained

[@santakanna]

Excellent presentation

[@mohammadaman44]

Very helpful lecture thanks for sharing with us

[@daviddamico5144]

Great lecture. Thank you.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Glad you enjoyed it!

[@madmaddie4956]

More more more please!! I want to subscribe but don’t see the link. Guess I need to download this course to remind to see if you have more! THANK you for the SUPERB lecture.

[@sluggou812beotch]

I think I've told you this before but you remind my of my fisheries instructor at Spokane Community College, Brian Gilbert. This guy can put knowledge in ya with little effort. You have a great way of presenting.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Much appreciated!

[@richardsilva-spokane3436]

I’m also watching from Spokane Washington USA 👍👍👍

[@sluggou812beotch]

@@richardsilva-spokane3436 I grew up there but it's not the place it was in the 60's and 70's. A lot of people don't know Spokane was put on the map by The Mob. They built the city after it burned down and managed it quite well until the liberals took it over. I've moved on and live in a remote area of The Selkirks. We have wonderful geology and I'm totally wrapped up in the ice age floods that shaped the area to include most of Washington, Northern Idaho and parts of Montana.

[@richardsilva-spokane3436]

@@sluggou812beotch Hah! We’re birds of a feather! Yeah, the Glacial Lake Missoula really intrigues me, too…that, and the Flood Basalt region in north central Washington. It’s all an amazing place for our little corner of the planet. I had a really good instructor at SFCC back in the 80s (last name Humphreys) taught astronomy. I often recall and appreciate his teaching and enthusiasm, too. Yes (true) the Progressives are embedded everywhere, turning the country upside down. I envy you your new living location. I dream of living in the middle of 10-20 acres, away from the crowd with a good mix of trees, open space, and dark skies at night. Cheers!!!!

[@sentijunglaozukum7673]

THANKYOU 😭🧡

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

😃

[@morenofranco9235]

Excellent. I never go anywhere in the country without wondering what the Story of The Rocks is telling me about The Planet.

[@alicewalls2095]

Thank you so much!!!

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thanks for studying with me!

[@meletmelet4460]

tnx sir send ko to sa anak ko gusto maging geologist

[@nicevideomancanada]

I just found this video. I learned a lot already. Next.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Next one is on the Geology of Mountains. Hopefully have it posted this week!

[@douglasgrant8315]

Hello I'm new to your channel. Thank you for sharing your knowledge. I hope you have visited WA state. We have a lot of interesting basalt dykes and columns that I'm sure you would appreciate. You and Nick Zentner are the tops!!! Gotta Love It!!

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thanks! I agree, Nick is a real superstar and I'm a big fan of his.

[@paradigmbuster]

It seems that in some sedimentary rocks the folding occured before the sediments were solidified. Such as bending clay.

[@CommanderHayes]

Nice surprise, thanks!

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thanks for studying with me!

[@suzannerichardson3208]

Cool! Look at all the gold!

[@DavidHuber63]

Thank you!

[@chriskay4859]

Thanks for the video, been wondering where Geology 15 was, obviously been remade..... Need to find Geology 21 now

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

I'm remaking a bunch of them now and trying to do an improved job over the original ones I have posted. I have also had to renumber the lecture videos, so 21 is now the deserts video.

[@ahmedmohumedabdullahi]

Thanks

[@mhafemann]

Yes, well done !! 😍😊😎🎶😃✨

[@davidpickens6916]

I understand, fracturing and faulting, something that is hard enough when pressure is put on it will break. But something that is hard and you put a lot of pressure on it, will not fold . Thats an implication that the material was not hard but soft at the time when the pressure was applied. I think I heard you say something like that very briefly?

[@nibiruresearch]

This is a very good lecture with many inetesting pictures. It also shows the the earth layers are created perfectly horizontal.

[@thunderbirdsigns]

Love the recommended stuff. Today, you came along. Subbed you Earth is sacred to me, an Alberta Blackfoot woman. Your information is so fascinating. Then at 49:57 THE CHEIF. I am 63 and never knew about the Lewis fault. The Chief is has been viewed by my people for thousands of years. We have a story about it. Not sharing here. Geez, everyone wants our lucky charms. I am Diana. This is a sign.

[@thunderbirdsigns]

just had a huge revelation about the mountains in Waterton Park. The top rock is older than the lower rock. I think I am understanding more how that happened. WOW, just awesome. I will go back nd watch more of your hard work good Sir. hehehe you tickled my grey matter.

[@reidogarimpo1691]

Muito bom esse canal, obrigado

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Que bom que você está aqui!

[@garywheeler7039]

Architect here. Unreinforced concrete can bend over time with loads lasting decades or more. Without even cracking. Just like rock. In structural engineering they call it creep or long term deflection. Geology often works in very long time frames of course and bending rock it turns out is easy given enough time and force, heat probably helps also.

[@FAMILYFUN-un1zm]

Nice Video! My family is getting into gem collecting in AZ . My understanding is that if you can find faults or fractures in the earth you might come across some gems. Any feedback would be helpful and thanks again for the informative video, it will take me a few weeks to best understand it, I wish there was more time in a day haha!

[@David-ng7cr]

Here along the coast of Bay a funday to Brunswick Canada you can see all kinds of this

[@rogerdudra178]

Greetings from the BIG SKY. Again.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Glad to have you studying with me!

[@al-paciyes5722]

Too bad great video like this will never make it to Netflix, unlike stories about Meghan Markle

[@basiclifeskillsasaman1291]

Who’s that?

[@ahmedmohumedabdullahi]

You get back geology

[@sc0repio662]

Very good talk of the typical explanation for those formations, but they are NOT the only possibilities - especially concerning anticline and synclines. They can also be caused by Mega-storms. In some of the examples used in this, the location of where cyclonic source updraft & downdraft can be identified. When it's tightly layered A & S forms, you are literally looking at the petrified hypersonic sawtooth shockwave pattern.

[@naakatube]

THANKS 🌞🌞🌞

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thanks for studying with me!

[@robertbradford3461]

Cool, I saw something like that, the folds, up by coos bay

[@leowhite9873]

It would be really great if you could show us the folding in real time. Would it be possible to replicate under lab conditions so it could easier to comprehend? Also wondering if there is any book's on how this occurs (photos, not diagrams &drawings) because this is truly fascinating. Thankyou for posting.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

I have an older documentary video that does show that but I have not posted it yet. It needs some editing and I need to put some thought into it first.

[@leowhite9873]

@@EarthandSpaceSciencesX thanks for replying , & that would be more than fantastic. I've been jumping around Y T soaking up as much information as possible on this topic from the very informative and sensible to the utterly ridiculous & insane (..only my opinion...) it seems like a very broad and understudied subject with many unanswered questions.....or maybe unaskable (probably not a word) would be an easier way yo phrase it. Hopefully I'll tick a couple of boxes by then. Looking forward to it whenever & however regardless.I can barely type so I can just imagine how editing a video etc must be. Appreciated you are.

[@secularsunshine9036]

*Thanks man* "Let the Sunshine In." “E pluribus Unum"

[@ldoogi-n-roll5687]

Have you ever seen mountains of Borovoe(Kazahstan)? Can you explain their structure?

[@mahneh7121]

great

[@lynnscott8286]

Can you explain places like the Grand Canyon and the level tops on everything?

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Long story there. lol I'll probably do a historical geology series that includes a full description of that situation.

[@jeffbrunswick5511]

Excellent lecture as always. Why does basalt form such ridged lines when it cools? I get that it is due to a contraction, but why is it nearly always around the same diameter of about a foot and vertical to such a large depth? If I'm not mistaken, this is the same phenomena that can be observed with soils containing a high clay content.

[@thevenbede767]

If faults reactivate can they switch the type of fault they were or do they remain the same type of fault

[@markgarin6355]

Apparently I can't read.... Since pressure is difficult to put on liquid or solids, the effect on the targeted material would be related to nature of that material. Heat would have more direct effect.

[@user-wg3yb8ud6l]

Have you thinges for geo techniq and soil mechanik for sturctures safty?

[@LK-pc4sq]

folds are caused by magma dragging on the crust compressing it right?

[@jeffreystreeter5381]

State Rt 22, west of Harrisburg Pa on the NorthWest side of the road has amazing geology with awesome folds in the rock. The Susquehanna River is on the south side of the road. Look on Google Earth at the utterly amazing zigzag hills running north-south west of Harrisburg. Jeff in Ohio

[@hennablossomofficial8942]

If we write a geological history about folds faults and unconfirmity so which can i write . plz guide me

[@sgtsuperhate9796]

What's the biggest subduction of the continental player event that has been recorded? Feet? Inches ? Has there ever been a extreme movements of the plates that would be considered abnormal?

[@sgtsuperhate9796]

Plate not player

[@mahneh7121]

21:10 is it quartzite?

[@pgypg]

The asteroid impacts so pierce the Earth and create a donut vortex mantle convection. That's why the continents split and an undersea mountain range (rift valley) was formed! search ( 인도양 운석공 떨어진 위치 오차가 있지만 )

[@wahidamir9303]

Hello sir m from Ladakh India I want to do a research in ladakh what topic will u suggest me

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

You should learn to map the geology in that region. There are lots of mineral resources there.

[@andreshenriquez3087]

The earth is made of a carcass. Geology’s is biology 🧬.

[@ericroy9748]

Time!...something no matter...linear?...indeed spacetime warps it~!

[@recentparty8369]

a step in balloon ?

[@thevenbede767]

What formed the Michigan basin?

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

It's believed by many geologsits to have formed in response to the building of the Appalachian Mountains to the east (I discuss this event in "Geology 16 - Mountains" but do not discuss the basins there because there is so much to cover on mountains). Syndepositional loading in Illinois and Michigan during uplift of the mountains are believed to have promoted the downwarping.

[@thevenbede767]

@@EarthandSpaceSciencesX man thank you. You've helped me so much for my world building. I've always struggled with how mountains will form and how basins will form and this helps so much keep up the great work.

[@ahmedmohumedabdullahi]

And refrence books of geology course

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

The best textbook written for beginning geology students in English is this one: www.amazon.com/Exploring-Earth-Introduction-Physical-Geology/dp/0130183725/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2D9DVGNEVA46K&dchild=1&keywords=reed+davidson+geology&qid=1635173569&sprefix=reed+davidson+geology%2Caps%2C195&sr=8-1

[@levilam522]

Both overcomplicateing and simplifieing tectonic plate shift....

[@nctunes]

Giant tree rings sometimes look like folding rocks.

[@ahmedmohumedabdullahi]

Grate , request my you help me the ppt

[@Lepermessiah54]

When you say 'nice layers' I'm thinking 'Gneiss layers' and I don't see them 🤔

[@danielr5637]

Most of the mountains are petrified massive trees, with tree stump diameters of over 6-8 kilometres

[@bricktop6216]

Most mountains? Which ones are not trees?

[@bricktop6216]

I just watched one of his videos where he says those mountains he has claimed are trees he was saying we're actually tendons and veins like in our body.

[@tedwhitford9381]

can rocks bend?

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Yes

[@bluesmokerH1]

The same phenomenon can be seen under the same conditions in a homosapien?

[@bluesmokerH1]

Very good deep stuff here. Nice work.

[@bluesmokerH1]

Wish we could calculate the frequency and wavelength of that fold at 19:24 I wonder if the old miners were ever gaslighted in their day? at 37:25 lol

[@johndelong5574]

Petrified flood mud 4500 years old.Rocks dont bend.

[@lawneymalbrough4309]

I will believe that rocke can fold up like that when I see it happen.

[@patrickregan3302]

WOW. So then just who’s fault is all that!!!???

[@jonnonyas2691]

A little slow but good.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

It’s not an easy topic so I tend to take some extra time going through it.

[@aMulliganStew]

I miss Claire.

[@philltaylor8442]

Cuddent this have happened when the world was forming in its mult and larvae then thers millions of years cooling down paired!.

[@lynnscott8286]

Can you explain what is happening in Africa? Is the continent breaking away?

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

East Africa is rifting away from the rest of the continent but northern edge of the African Plate is colliding with Europe and pushing up the Alps and the Carpathian Mountains.

[@interstellarphred]

The ads were overly loud and annoying i will boycott those products

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

KZbin premium removes the ads. I use it and I highly recommend it to all my viewers. Definitely worth the small monthly fee.

[@marcdemell5976]

There are a lot of dead carcasses that form the earth,mud fosill's every where .

[@jasondavis1502]

You ever talked to Roger from Mudfossil University?

[@Oddball5.0]

Yes. He runs away when confronted with actual evidence that contradicts his delusions.

[@jasondavis1502]

@@Oddball5.0 that's a lie.

[@jasondavis1502]

Your a fraud

[@Oddball5.0]

@@jasondavis1502 Roger is a fraud. Study actual geology and figure it out for yourself.

[@jasondavis1502]

@@Oddball5.0 you are a fraud sir. Is ALL BIOLOGY.

[@elizabethbeighley7372]

Where are the new fault lines in the USA

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

California

[@carmenalvarado8742]

Que pena que no tiene subtitulado en español 😔

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

En poco tiempo, viene

[@carmenalvarado8742]

@@EarthandSpaceSciencesX 👏👏👏👏👍🙏