How Computer Memory Works - Computerphile

How do logic gates store information? - We explore how computer memory works with Dr. Steve "Heartbleed" Bagley
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This video was filmed and edited by Sean Riley.
Computer Science at the University of Nottingham: bit.ly/nottscomputer
Computerphile is a sister project to Brady Haran's Numberphile. See the full list of Brady's video projects at: bit.ly/bradychannels

[@seekerperson7]

Lol - I love that bit where he's like "Did I just short everything?" Makes me feel better about my own mishaps in lab ^_^

[@OM-el6oy]

10/10 pun

[@inigoburrell16]

Oscar Miranda not a pun.

[@roninpojedinec5968]

That reminds me working on my apple 2e and I was taking all the expansion cards out and a capacitor on the printer card shocked me then. Right after wards the system had issues booting and I remember lying on the floor hating life thinking I messed up the CPU..... Luckily it was because my ram was bad and before hand the system was running off the expansion card ram which I just removed lol.

[@joshmcneil1086]

I did find that quite validating, myself.

[@davidlight4373]

@@OM-el6oy why are you doing this

[@ScottBeebiWan]

"We have an and and an or." - Steve of Computerphile

[@henrypostulart]

Not very useful…

[@Untilitpases]

It's basic set logic.

[@Untilitpases]

It's basic set logic.

[@williamcolen734]

Scott Blacklock .

[@addemfrench]

And not a not.

[@Maytenus32]

This is well explained in the book "Introduction to computing systems: from bits and gates to C", but Ben Eater's videos are also very good... And finally I discovered this channel too... Great!

[@kif-zallrhat1870]

Holy, thanks so much. This is exactly the kind of book I always wanted to read, starting from small components such as the transistors, going through machine and low-level languages, and reaching up to high-level languages. I don't know why, but I always wanted to understand how it all works, and this looks like a very promising book to help me achieve that.

[@joeybasile1572]

How are you liking it@@kif-zallrhat1870

[@vijayakrishna07]

I find joy in working out logic expressions as a mathematician. I thought I would die without understanding "how computer remembers the data electronically". Now I conquered the world . Thank you so much Dr.Steve. Next think would be proving the consciousness of a computer.

[@jovas14rocks]

its badass you know something that only a few people in the world know!

[@fraser21]

Whoever invented this is a genius

[@ammaryasir2270]

@Archer True

[@068LAICEPS]

Bits for representing information and Boolean Algebra for electronic circuits are both the work of Clauden Shannon

[@darkobakula5190]

@Archer It's a simple idea based on simple question: How to store information in electricty. Answer is simple but is a bit tricky.

[@p89trd]

It's weird but all the technology and logic was around for a while before someone connected all the dots. The book Code by Charles Petzold is amazing for outlining a lot of the history.

[@trashygit]

Archer, above, explained the process well. But if you want one liner slogan: No one and everyone. Different era and different people played different roles. Looking at what's called the 'end result' is misleading. Here the example for this misleading 'end result' is what you called 'this'. What is 'this'? How can you isolate 'this' from the other complementary knowledge?

[@moebius435]

Pay attention. See him struggling to make the simplest of circuits work? That's what it's like learning electronics in college. Rinse and repeat for every single lab assignment. And this is the easy digital stuff.

[@theultimatereductionist7592]

MOST IMPORTANT POINT EVER!! (what you said, telling students to expect difficulties)

[@puterman1999]

@@theultimatereductionist7592 Digital logic labs were (are) HORRIBLE

[@grimlockprime1972]

Absolutely. In the first few lessons of my first electronics course I was afraid my program director had forgotten to enroll me in some introductory classes, because I felt like I had missed something I should have known already.

[@NeelSandellISAWESOME]

What major? EE or ECE?

[@imho2278]

The cutaways to his face and his hands getting in the way and the wires eclipsing each other...no! Ben Eater, save us!!

[@andrius0592]

When I used to study these things, I remember finding pictures, like the one at 8:52, puzzling, until I figured out that each of the logic gates is also connected to the 5V of the power supply by a fourth wire, which is usually not depicted.

[@Mark1Mach2]

wonderful explanation! It’s so nice to see someone explain these things in a bit of a detail, perfect for engineers.

[@realityscorned]

And not once has he used the word "flip-flop" xD

[@bjornolson6527]

realityscorned yes, obviously coming at it from the CS side. UW-Madison ECE grad here. Did you notice he never turned off the power while pluging/unplugging the ICs? And the foil in the packaging used to align the pins into the breadboard? Oi!

[@EvilSapphireR]

@@bjornolson6527 even as 1st year graduates we had marks from Lab deducted if the invigilator caught us plugging/unplugging ICs without turning the power off.

[@vinamarora7049]

@@EvilSapphireR I can't think of a way of how can that harm the IC. Especially just a simple TTL chip

[@andinomm]

I just wanted to say: didn't he just build a flip flop?!?!

[@worstvayneantartic4138]

@@andinomm thats technically a sr latch if im right

[@SigmundSkjelnes]

The Apollo Guidance Computer were built entirely from NOR gates, as NOR were the only available type of gate in a microchip at the time it were built. The AGC were rebuilt some years ago, the number of chips were cut by 2/3 by using modern chips with all types of gates available. Good video.

[@alexmackellar9560]

Still have no idea how memory works.

[@Rlaxox]

PC Systems developed slowly bit by bit over the course of 3 decades if not more and you're trying to learn system that was created in span of such a long time in low amount of time. As you learn new stuff it will fall in like a puzzle little by little. Give it time and you'll see your understanding grow

[@c25789]

Then just buy a mac.

[@Edouardos100]

@@c25789 True true,buy a mac,break it cause its garbage,and u can see the chips and stuff and u can learn how memory works for yourself

[@n_kliesow]

You take your ram and put it into your socket... Turn on the computer and it works.

[@nickharrison3748]

Even if you remove the input, the LED stayed ON

[@st00ch]

Excellent animations in this one. well done. I like how you showed the pinouts of the chip when its still on the breadboard.

[@joshuariddell4550]

You did a great job of making it easy to understand with the animations Sean. Thanks

[@Leonelf0]

now, that's just static RAM, pretty easy, but can you show us how SSD memory works? Or generally all the persistant memory types (PROM, EPROM; EEPROM, FLASH etc?

[@JBinero]

SSD isn't persistent. If you leave it off long enough it'll loose its data.

[@Leonelf0]

Jeroen Bollen and this "long enough time" being multiple years?

[@JBinero]

***** Indeed.

[@theamici]

it's memory... but is it --Random-- Access Memory? I think there used to be a thing before RAM that was more determined, is this not it?

[@JBinero]

emilnyb This is Random Access Memory. It allows you to access any memory cell at the same speed, regardless of the previous cell you tried to access. Technically storage like SSD is also *Random Access*.

[@Fiendxz]

Watching this, something clicked in my head. It all makes perfect sense now, thank you for the video.

[@martylonergan212]

Happily transported back to my Digital Circuits 101 class circa 1991 - Love it.

[@arpyzero]

So much easier to demonstrate with redstone ;D

[@brettefantomet]

Yeah!

[@baymax1550]

Well minecraft physics are a bit non-realistic Still i like to play mcpe

[@baymax1550]

8:28 a t-flip flop

[@DupczacyBawol]

@Baymax15: It is the S-R Latch. T-flip-flop toggles the output with each clock tick, and is more complex ;)

[@sticky4loop227]

Dr. Steve, are you Mumbo Jumbo's father?

[@Zadkiel343]

A fairly good job at explaining a difficult circuit. A good followup would be to explain an XOR gate and how it's used to calculate the parity stripe in RAID5 arrays.

[@blank-vw2sb]

he: I hope this gets edited out me watching it: editor betrayal!

[@FerroNeoBoron]

You wouldn't believe the kinds of tricks memory designers take to make storage and retrieval of data quick. This is a necessary first step to understanding it but man does it turn out to be a small part.

[@JinGwee]

Are there any resources that one can read up more on this?

[@FerroNeoBoron]

JinGwee Unfortunately there aren't really any good consolidated sources online that I know of. Plus there's the fact that memory optimization is so fundamental that it runs up and down the entire abstraction stack of computers and causes massive headaches for anyone trying to write parallel programs. I'll give you some things you search for if you're interested. Logic-Level: SR Latch (what was shown in the video) D Flip Flop (more useful in digital logic but shows how clocks are used) Layout/Transistor-level: (mostly ripped from CMOS VLSI Design; A Circuits and Systems Perspective by Neil Weste and David Harris) Elmore Delay Estimation Domino Logic (touched on in a previous video) and precharge SRAM/6T (6 transistor) SRAM Cell DRAM (as well as the capacitors in it and refresh) Differential Sense Amplifier/Small-Signal Sensing Address line predecoding Hierarchical wordlines Domino Address decoder Hierarchical bitlines Column multiplexing Double Data Rate bus (DDR) Memory Subsystem Level: Direct-map Cache Fully associative/2-way set associative Cache Cache replacement policy Translation Lookaside Buffer (you probably need to understand virtual/physical memory and process address space for this) Cache/TLB miss/fault Memory/Cache hierarchy Burst Transfer/Burst Mode Application: Spatial-Temporal data locality Polytope Model and optimization Pointer Aliasing Operating System/Kernel: Page table and page faults Page replacement policy Cache coloring Parallelism: Race conditions Locking (or if you're adventurous, transactional memory) atomicity and mutual exclusion Non-Uniform Memory Access Architectures Cache coherency protocols Relaxed Memory model False cache-line sharing (usually done at the application level) I apologize if the list is too short.

[@JinGwee]

Ferroneoboron san That's quite a formidable list. Thanks for the reply. I really appreciate it!

[@woodywoodlstein9519]

This guy is very good at explaining things. He’s my second favourite dude here.

[@ericsbuds]

This is great! thanks guys! I have looked all over for videos on this kind of thing.

[@imtypingwords]

props to the person who invented this and or figured out how to make it. i was so lost.

[@0623kaboom]

that would be way back in the tube days when a transistor was the size of a honeydew mellon ....

[@MrOddbodd123]

I always have struggled to learn how RS NOR latches/gates work but computerphile, you just made it a lot more easier to understand.

[@thewhoareyouperson2774]

+Joshua Whiteley Really? I thought I had an understanding as to how they worked, but this just seemed like a really confusing explanation. Whatever works for you I suppose, though.

[@stevieray2804]

I just wanted to say that I think the graphics you used in this video were very helpful. In particular, I enjoyed the pattern of the logic gates you superimposed upon the computer chip that is displayed at 8 minutes, 55 seconds of this video. This inspired me to ask the following question, do you know if anyone has ever manufactured one of these chips with the logic gate patterns either painted on top of the chip or perhaps etched into the top of the chip ? I think this type of display placed on top of the chip would be a nice aid for people learning to use this technology. Or maybe a sticky label could be added showing the pattern on top of the chip ?

[@frollard]

Good video - for the breadboard segment I would have liked to see pushbuttons with led indicators so a person could see the 'positive voltage' inputs rather than a wire dangling and touching stuff. Once the graphical overlay came in the circuits all made more sense.

[@satishrengarajan5806]

Simple, lucid, to the point!

[@mahmudfasihulazam737]

This is brilliant! I wish there was an explanation for why the two outputs start out as the opposites of each other; that is, why, if one is q, the other must be ~q. That's the part that's keeping me from following through the final reasoning.

[@blockhet]

The reasoning behind this is the logic provided by the NOR gate. The basis of this idea starts with the fact that we have a 00 bit input into SR. Q is basically a way of describing the output. If we don't know any state of the circuit then saying the lower gates output is Q' is kind of unintuitive but if you assume you start with the R gate and say R is 0 then 0 NOR'd with a unknown state must be the opposite of whatever came in from the lower gate. With this reasoning, if we don't care what we were given and just call the output Q the output from the lower gate must be Q' (because both S and R is 0). if you instead change S to 1 the gates will assume a definite value regardless of what Q and Q' was.

[@mahmudfasihulazam737]

Thank you, blockhet. This clarifies everything.

[@imho2278]

@@mahmudfasihulazam737 it does?

[@PrashantSingh-ne5hf]

thank you so much Mr. Steve, and this is one of the best demonstration i have ever seen on youtube :)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! just perfect !!!!!

[@tabularasa0606]

Only static RAM works like this, dynamic RAM works completely different. dynamic RAM is just a condensator (MOSFET) holding charge for a brief period that gets refreshed regularly.

[@KonstantinUb]

It's either a capacitor or a condenser, no such thing as a condensator.

[@tabularasa0606]

KonstantinUb Capacitor was the word I was looking for. English is not my native language and haven't used the word in a very long time.

[@KonstantinUb]

It's used in mine as well, although that's still no reason not to know the proper English word (especially if you're into electronics and CS!)

[@3amsleep]

to my knowledge MOSFET has nothing to do with capacitors, MOSFET is a kind of transistor technology

[@mage1over137]

3amsleep MOSFET is not a capacitor but a transistor. The MO is for metal oxide, and the FE stands for Field Effect which explains how the transistor(but other than it acts just like a normal transistor). The circuit basically just ties the leads of the capacitor to the transistor source and drain. and until the collector/gate is given a voltage the cap will almost maintain it's charge. I say almost because every transistor will leak a bit of voltage, and so the voltage has to be reapplied from time to time.This is what tabularasa0606 means by refreshing, and this why it's called dynamic ram. However it basically works the same way,the underlying details are different, with the source being the set and the gate being reset. The reason it looks different is because the q0(q not) is actually an output used in the circuit, the bit is q, q0 is just used to help with calculation. This is really how memory works in abstract sense, while dynamic and static ram are really implementations of this abstraction, if the make any sense.

[@driziiD]

him killing that breadboard/components is basically my electrical engineering degree in a nutshell

[@dannyc.8696]

im glad there are genius people out there making this for us

[@kujmous]

Geeked pretty hard on this one... excellent video!

[@blakekarbon9428]

Omg I loved this video. If someone could just make a series on how a cpu worked (not just a ALU) that would be SOOOO cool.

[@acerIOstream]

Ben Eater

[@AcademiCodeOfficial]

Great demonstration! The short you had reminded me of my days in Digital Logic in college, hahaha

[@PhilippeCarphin]

I already knew that this is how latches work. It's part of the curriculum for me, but seeing it for real at 8:35 was really cool for me. It's not like I didn't believe it before I saw it but this makes it "more" real. This video didn't exist back when I learned this stuff.

[@mitchumsport]

I just loved this. Thanks guys. I remember screwing around with this with redstone blocks in minecraft

[@portaadonai]

I shorted out a 480 volt, 100 amp panel being an electrician.... It wasn't quite as funny... heheh

[@bonesjones3003]

+Jeff Cram Yikes!! I worked as an electrician and automation programmer. Did you get burned very bad? I once shorted the 9200 volt side of a small 9200/480 transformer and it was like a stick of dynamite going off, but the current was low and I didn't get burned, just scared.

[@AbsoluteTrash_]

sounds fun

[@portaadonai]

Bones Jones No the metals were the path of the short, I just stood there stunned, not moving a muscle from the explosion and flash of light. People from across the street came over and asked if I was alright. The worst part was when I had to call my boss and tell him we had to replace a service panel, it would cost about $1,000.

[@okibre]

It helps that with high voltage the current is not so big, especially if it it is AC

[@kasumimello6014]

@@portaadonai did you get fired lol

[@HShango]

great video, very structured and informative

[@courageandpeace1944]

beautiful video I really wanted to know what is the working of the sr latch thanks once again great video...

[@rommelfcc]

minecraft red stone circuits might have been an easier way to demonstrate gates

[@pabloloquencio]

+Arnolds Kļavenieks ahhahaha

[@MadTiger20001]

+rommelfcc Not really.

[@notanimposter]

+Terry Wilson (featherwinglove) I've always wondered how Minecraft people started calling it an RS NOR latch when everyone else seems to call it an SR NOR latch. Also iirc it's more common to use an SR NAND latch in memory irl.

[@MadTiger20001]

+notanimposter I think RS was an accident derived from the initials of "RedStone"

[@zamboozled322]

+rommelfcc I came here to understand complex redstone circuits better XD

[@kaizen9451]

@3:04 is anyone able to determine which book this is? I've looked but can't find it. Edit: Got it: Practical Electronics Handbook by Ian Sinclair Publication date: 1988.

[@0623kaboom]

TTL data book ... is similar but has more info on every 74 series and by extension all 54 series chipsets ... btw when you can use the 54 series as they are the better chips (mil standard spec) the 74xx series chips are tighter parameters but the 54 set have a large operating environment and so last better

[@ri-gor]

Came to the comments looking for this! Thanks!

[@isaiahk325]

Thank You!!

[@Garbaz]

What set/box/board/whateverdo you use to show the circuits? And where to get all this stuff (logic gates & etc.)

[@chair547]

He opened up the 30-yr old Mac

[@MrXanaduMedia]

I made a memory like this at college! Happy Days! :)

[@HotelPapa100]

Would be nice if you'd mentioned that the dynamic ram you showed on that SIMM actually doesn't use complex gate logic anymore. The controller circuitry is more complicated, but the memory cell itself is reduced to one single transistor. Gate logic memory would have way less capacity.

[@DeviousMalcontent2]

This is a great video, wish I had this when I did this at uni.

[@palmomki]

It's one of the first video I watch on this channel and I haven't ever looked into hardware nor software programming. 14 minutes, the only thing I understood was that they create a circuit that loops back forever until you change the external input. But watching the whole 14 minutes made me feel very dumb.

[@TomatoBreadOrgasm]

I'm sure that if you tried drawing the diagram and working it out yourself, you'd understand it just fine. It can be hard to follow an explanation just by listening.

[@ImKingLouie]

You're right. It does loop forever or "flip-fop". When two gates output into each other's inputs, they are called flip-flops which can be used as a type of memory. Because they keep flip-flopping, they can keep their current state until they receive more input and that's why they're useful for computer memory.

[@palmomki]

Darek Amadeus I don't know, I would guess these videos are in fact made for people who don't study it as a profession, because students and professionals sure already know all this stuff. Thanks for the encouraging though, and I don't actually think I'm dumb, but it certainly feels so in such circumstances XD

[@xRawrBawr]

It's not explained very easily, it assumes that the viewer has some knowledge of computer science. If you'd like to learn more I'd recommend a book called 'Nand to Tetris'.

[@MishMash95]

palmomki The difference is, these videos don't give you the full backstory, I mean they make assumptions that you have a very basic level of understanding of both how a computer works, what RAM is used for and how electronic circuits work. If you have never studied circuits, or atleast not in enough detail to have heard of the concept of logic gates, or even resistors for that matter, then it can make it challenging. For an example, its like expecting someone to understand how to use fractions, before being taught what a fraction was. It doesn't make you dumb for not knowing something, it just means that the entire concept is something new. The same is very applicable to other things such as chemistry, engineering etc. The smartest computer scientist in the world might have never studied chemistry, and therefore if he watched a basic video talking about reactions, and didn't understand it, simply because he didn't know the very basics of chemical interactions, it wouldn't make him Dumb, just not experienced in a specific field.

[@WiseGuy508]

Simply beautiful!

[@callum3271]

Never let a Computer Scientist do an Electronic Engineers job ;)

[@unlokia]

I went to see James Bond's mad inventor, "Q", to ask him how to build a computer, but he told me they didn't offer advice to _"mere mortals"_. I told Q to get notted. :p

[@TanTan-ni4mg]

Q touched my pecker.

[@josephgaviota]

Q has upgraded to LGBTQ. Very modern. All the cool kids are doing it.

[@DudokX]

Brady/Sean: How do you find so many great people for your videos?

[@chidiiytec]

This video helped me understand this topic in the Coursera course From Nand to Tetris

[@forced420]

I remember this from high school electronics. As a class project we built a 10kb memory box which needed a cart to move, got really hot, and was very fussy. Oh the memories of way back when.

[@Elesario]

So that's basically Static RAM (SRAM), which is roughly how cache memory in your processor works, very fast memory, but uses a relatively large circuit to maintain the information, so it's harder to put the gigabytes we're used to today into small chips. The memory on the sticks they showed is Dynamic RAM (DRAM), where the basic idea is to use a small capacitor to store a charge for a 1, or remain drained for a 0. This takes fewer component parts to construct, so you can pack more of them into a smaller area on the silicon of a memory chip. The downside is that the charge is lost over time, so you have to cycle over all the bits to refresh the charge in the capacitor every so often, which is why DRAM is slower than SRAM as this adds delays to when you can read the information back out again. Glad I still remember some of my Electronic Engineering training :)

[@doodelay]

I'm a studying biologist and really love physics as well and have noticed that when I speak to people they act as if what I'm saying is well above their comprehension level, but I always feel like they just don't understand the terms, and if they did, it'd be easy to understand. However, this is my first time ever really watching a computer video and it seems to me that this sounds incredibly complex. Its like I can hear what non-scientists hear all the time when a scientist speaks. I have escaped my micro bubble! lol Also, taking a computer apart and trying to figure out how it works is about as difficult as it was for biologists to figure out that the brain processes memory and is the control center of the body, or the discovery that blood carries oxygen. Complex stuff, this video puts much into perspective.

[@krakebolle8204]

Bio-engineering? My sister is bio-eng. I suppose biology is alot more like studying medicine. Alot of reading and remembering. Both require understandment, but I believe computer engineering and computer science is learned in a bit different way. You don't learn programming by reading for example. You have to physically do it until you do it automatically.

[@TomatoBreadOrgasm]

Just for anyone unaware, Brady made a mistake on the diagram for q and not-q "prime". "Prime" does not mean "to the first power", "prime" is just a sort of vertical dash symbol used to mark that q' is the same kind of thing as q but q' may be slightly different in some way.

[@TheGearAge]

Whenever I see such stuff where I understand stuff in one go and see the real life stuff, I just start having raging temptation on my college lectures.

[@xanokothe]

Those interested in this sort of thing, this is what you learn in computer engineering. Soon he began to play with the breadboard, I knew it would give a problem, it is very difficult to get everything right for the first time!

[@TheDevelo]

For anyone who played with Minecraft Redstone logic, he just made the real life equivalent of a RS-NOR Latch (It's called that in real life too. (Side Note: The Name also explains itself, RS standing for "Reset Set", a NOR gate was used to construct this, and Latch is because it latches onto the set signal.)) When you think about how you make one in Minecraft its exactly the same. You feed two torches' (Which act as a NOR, as it takes two inputs, and when it is powered by one it turns off) outputs into each other, and then have the inputs connecting to the torches act as the Reset and Set.

[@majoro7251]

***** Great video! It's so awesome to brush up on this stuff after leaving the too low-level territory. I have one question though, what do you guys use for animating the drawings? I would really want to know if I were to make some video tutorial.

[@anomyymi0108]

I would be nice to see video about ALU.

[@aaronmoore7355]

This is a nice video to explain how logic gates work. Didn't clearly explain how data is stored on devices like Hard Disks or Optical Disks.

[@adelsr7214]

Thanks for great video, can you please tell me name of the book you were holding?

[@TCraats]

Hello! Great video, I was wondering what book is used at 3:04 Could you tell me?

[@CarterColeisInfamous]

Whats that book with all the schematics called?

[@robertxworld]

Have you guys done a video on search spaces with Algorithms? (Like smith-waterman?) I'd love an explanation from one of the professors :)

[@Rudxain]

I wish you explained how muxes and demuxes work, to understand how memory addressing works at the hardware level. I already know big memory drives are accessed using 2 chained muxes, 1 of the muxes selects a row of memory, while the other mux selects a column, together they select a single unit to be retrieved by the CPU. The unit can be of any size, a word, byte, or bit. The chained muxes are used because a single mux would require too much circuitry, making chips big and expensive. So by adding a little bit of latency, they kinda preserve performance while substantially simplifying circuits. Another thing I want to know is whether memory access is truly O(1), or if it's O(log n) while the constant size of the address bus makes it seem like O(1)

[@stachowi]

This video should have explained the differences between memory techonolgies (memory hierarchy)... SRAM, DRAM, ROM, Solid State Drives, etc... If someone is learning don't want them thinking this memory is pervasive throughout the system... some context would have been nice. Keep them coming!!

[@PGDJ88]

I love how he reads the page on the or gate finishes with "The output is on pin one. Okay so let's connect the output to pin 3!" Then is works. Somehow somewhere something is wrong.

[@goininXIV]

Thanks, this is what I've been looking for since I subscribed to this channel (well, maybe not precisely this video, but nice, low-level cs). Now, if you could expand on 6:27 ...

[@RuhitSinha]

Hello admin . First of all thanks for making such nice videos. Can you please mention the author of the book "PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS HANDBOOK" used in this video?

[@FacePalmProduxtnsFPP]

Could you do a video that explains how that binary information gets translated to pixel coordination? I know it is constantly updating pixels on a screen, so surely the time delay you mentioned is actually taken advantage of to loop power cycles to the pixel component.. or is it something else? Very well explained! Thank you greatly.

[@Rudxain]

I think Ben Eater made a video of that when building a "GPU". But the video is too long. I watched it, but it's too technical (but well explained)

[@KALLISSTO]

If anyone's struggling a bit with the video, it may help to look up and learn about boolean algebra, and logic gates, truth tables, and maybe flipflops before watching.

[@OOZ662]

After the way this guy handled the hardware of that Mac and the procedures used in this video, I can only imagine a lot of burnt silicon is left in his wake.

[@GGalich]

what is the name of the book you're using at minute 3?

[@james77011]

It's called 'practical electronics handbook'

[@jaredrice5864]

@@james77011 thank you.

[@james77011]

your very welcome... Hope u can find that book useful

[@jmarshall70]

any suggestion of textbook about these digital logic gates that is cleary explained like this video? and with graphics that teaches you how to experiment it with a breadboard?

[@sherkhan_5050]

Can you please tell which book you referred in this video?

[@fyrerayne8882]

absolutely brilliant

[@karlkastor]

great video! I even understood it... well, a bit of it ^^

[@chakrabortibabu7042]

If not making mistake then its a SR -flipflop which is the basic storage unit of a single bit. And these things together make a register which holds data in CPU.

[@MarsMan2482]

What book does he use to see the circuit diagrams?

[@KubrickFR]

I learned all that several years ago with minecraft's redstone :) A good way to learn the basic of electronic.

[@Rising_Pho3nix_23]

i would like to get the parts to play around with these sorts of circuits. i dont know what the kit is called

[@DFX2KX]

(chokes on a peanut) The two nor gates trick was something I'd figured out in Logisim for making off/on switches. I did NOT know you could make memory with that!

[@chubbard022]

what is the name of that book he was reading with the different logic gates on those chips?

[@arabiccompprograming5161]

how do you find out whether your existing chips have what gates. if you have no manual. should you refer to a online source.

[@marickmanrho94]

It's nice that you managed to put so much info in 14 min. of time. But maybe it was better to split it up into two videos (basic circuitry and memory). Still a good video!

[@WayOfTheWoods]

I'd like to see just a video of a longer memory circuit?

[@roygalaasen]

They should make a video of a simple CPU with programmable "ROM", a small instruction set and registers and half adder etc. It is really not a big project. Maybe this video is a first in a series of logic circuits towards such a project?

[@nullvoid12]

Which animation soft is used in the videos of this channel?

[@perfectcheck]

what book is that and how much on amazon?

[@keithcitizen4855]

I've seen this arrangement using pneumatic valve blocks the pull down resister function was an a air bleed instead.

[@agmm1985]

Where can I find that book with All the chips specs?

[@divyeshkothuru1918]

sir could you tell me which is best book for computer organization

[@TheIpodtouch26]

Where can I buy these chips? That video was extremely nice and informative!

[@FerroNeoBoron]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_7400_series_integrated_circuits These are probably the most straightforward ones. 74HCT00N quad 2-input NAND 74HCT02N quad 2-input NOR 74HCT08N quad 2-input AND 74HCT32N quad 2-input OR octopart.com He had the 74HCT32N on the board as well but it looked like he used one with a different process technology in the demonstration. These should have the same logic circuits in them though. EDIT: Bleck, my comment got mangled. But you should be able to look up the parts at octopart.

[@Dimy111]

This is so helpful

[@DamianReloaded]

I'd love to see a mechanical version of this.

[@HordrissTheConfuser]

Maybe look up Charles Babbage's Difference Engine.

[@phelpsio]

There are some great tutorials that teach AND, OR, NAND and NOR gates (and continuing on to quite complex logic) inside Minecraft. If you want a hands on way of learning this, I've found that its the best method.

[@isaiahdavis.com_]

That is so awesome!!

[@brands2131]

wow reminds me of minecraft, these configurations of these nor gates linked to each other are called SR latch.

[@cyber-dude]

At 5:35 how does the n-and chip make the led light up if there is no power on any of the inputs?