How did wrinkled rock layers form these incredible mountains?

[@josemanuelmurguia8970]

I'm 15 and I've lived in Monterrey all my life, I have loved geology since I was about 10. The explanation and the diagrams you made where exceptional! Ive looked everywhere for a concise and simple explanation on the formation of the Monterrey rise and many of our iconic mountains like the one you gave and failed to do so, this video cleared up sooo much! Thanks!! (BTW I'm obsessed with your channel, keep it up!)

[@TheGeoModels]

Friend it is an honor to receive this comment! I'm glad the diagrams worked out. It's truly a remarkable spot on Earth. I'm not sure why it doesn't show up in more documentaries, etc. The first time I saw a picture of the mountains there was in the movie Cumbia Callera. Prior to that I had no clue myself. If you are studying these ideas at age 15, you will surely become a legendary geologist if you choose to do so!

[@adampryor1289]

Salt glaciers are pretty interesting features too. Amazing how salt can move and flow through denser rock layers. Another awesome video, thanks Philip!

[@TheGeoModels]

yeah it would worth going to Iran to walk around on them. there is a little Persian gulf island that is basically just a salt glacier sticking out of the water. this one KZbin travel guy went to it

[@whateverclever100]

These videos are awesome. Hopefully you get rich for bringing geology to life through visualizations!!

[@TheGeoModels]

It would be nice, but I ain't holding my breath. Very glad you like the visuals though. I'm a picture-oriented guy and always wanted to inject some more of it into the sciences.

[@JusNoBS420]

@@TheGeoModelsI'm a visual learner as well. Really appreciate the time and energy spent on each video. You also have a nice and pleasant way of speaking. Very calming

[@MorganBrown]

@@TheGeoModels at least lay people can appreciate geology. I've tried to take seismic imaging to the masses, and have been unsuccessful! Maybe a lack of charisma has something to do with that. 🤣

[@nicki8731]

@@MorganBrown He speaks calmly, enthusiastically, and kindly with a smile :D

[@greenman6141]

There's an excellent video from Myron Cook, on his KZbin channel of that name, about the weird and wonderful salt features offshore in the Gulf of Mexico. Which I now probably need to watch again. These videos are so interesting. Thank you so much for making and posting them.

[@timothyconover9805]

Yes, these features near Monterrey look like the undersea basins Cook described, with the dynamic being the heavy top layer sinking downward, rather than what I imagine salt domes are more isolated bubbles of salt moving upward.

[@tomslastname5560]

I love your videos. I'm fascinated by geology. When you learn a few basic things about how geological features develop and evolve you never look at the landscape the same way again. The rocks and hills tell you their story, and the land comes alive with character. You never get bored looking at "just some hills" ever again. I also get a sort of ASMR sensation watching you draw the diagrams.

[@TheGeoModels]

thanks! I admit I have considered just drawing the diagrams, but with more detail, and have that be the video…

[@rk41gator]

I love your illustrations. An unusual subject of which I had no idea. Fascinating.

[@johncamp2567]

I admire your skill at being able to so effectively describe such unique, complicated systems in so easily understandable descriptions and diagrams! 👍

[@TheGeoModels]

Thanks! Always trying to improve.

[@nicolodalmonego2785]

One thing that really doesn't matter, when we talk about altitude in Europe we use just meters instead of kilometers, so for example at the beginning of your video we would say 1250 meters instead of 1.25km, anyway i really appreciate you converting for us metric system users. Your videos are fantastic and I'm always looking forward for the next one, they are extremely interesting

[@_Jewski_]

These new videos everyday have been a treat!!!

[@TheGeoModels]

Yeah I got on a period of activity! Things about to get hectic for me so I did what I could

[@swag8724]

Im always impressed by your detail in paint sketches. You illustrate points very nicely

[@brianlance]

I've watched Myron Cook's video on the subject, so as soon as I saw the somewhat circular shapes, I knew it was salt. cool to see another perspective/explanation of the geology.

[@tonyl9051]

I have been to Monterrey many times and I have always wondered how these mountains formed. Thanks! They are very impressive seeing in person.

[@jozews]

If you look Ciénega de González you can find an interesting feature I've been trying to wrap my mind around for a while. You can see the Santa Catarina river path being cut off by a ridge. Water used to flow but now its a dead end. So perhaps that ridge developed later than the river, or at least the easternmost edge of it. This area seems to be the point where the ridge extrudes from the Sierra Madre so perhaps that's a hint. How can this ridge be thought out in relation to the overall sierra madre formation that runs through Mexico south/north? I often thought as the ridges being an independent formation from the sierra madre, that is, a movement in a different direction. However I see similar looking ridges in San Luis Potosi and all the way down to Lacandona Jungle in Chiapas. Now I'm inclined to think of it as a subsystem of the Sierra Madre.

[@1999Valkyrie]

I surely enjoy learning about Geology, and you're a special teacher! Thanks!

[@TheGeoModels]

Happy to hear that!

[@winstonsmiths2449]

Dude, you are really good at communicating what could be dry, difficult topics and make them interesting. It is so interesting how mountains, canyons, etc are formed.

[@TheGeoModels]

Thanks! Fooled with plenty of 250 person lectures back in the day so I have tried to hone the skillz. Glad you enjoyed the vid. Don't know how I ended with the ice cream paint job color scheme on the diagrams but it was fun to do!

[@kenmunozatmmrrailroad6853]

A lot of work went into this- well done👍🏽

[@TheGeoModels]

thank you! enjoyed doing it!

[@williambock1821]

Geology is so dang fun to understand. Great drawing,too. Very good at sketching these diagrams.

[@Brycelovespugs]

never underestimate your table salt

[@TheGeoModels]

pile up about 3000 feet of it and it will do some crazy ish

[@timnitz2654]

Fantastic video, thanks for making it!

[@TheGeoModels]

Thanks!

[@guillermog3870]

thank you for listening to my suggestion!!! it made my night ^_^ So cool!!!

[@TheGeoModels]

Happy to do it! When I got your comment asking for this vid, I was actually working to be sure I could draw La Popa well enough since I'm not a salt guy. I thought the universe was telling me something, for sure!

[@gb57hevy3]

I WILL check out the next one!

[@beezbo7691]

Loved this video, it answered the exact question I had when I first looked at this region on Google Earth. Also, I'd love to see a video about the mountains of the Tucson area, partly because it is my hometown but also because it seems very geologically interesting!

[@TheGeoModels]

This is certainly one of Google Earth's more eye-catching spots, if you're on it and cruising the region.

[@mrtoastyman07]

I feel like Myron Cook and you should team up for some white-board/MS Paint action! No idea what your goals are for this channel, but if you were interested in getting a wider audience - I would be really interested in seeing what you could do with a bit more structured/story-like format. Maybe not all the way to being scripted, but something more akin to taking us on a journey of discovery - the story these rocks tell us about deep time and the mind boggling processes at play right beneath our feet. (see: Myron Cook). Love your content man, keep up the great work!

[@tomslastname5560]

I like Myron Cook too, that's a good idea!

[@Dragrath1]

@@tomslastname5560 The salt tectonics also are part of Myron's specialty as they are where hydrocarbons accumulate so what the fossil fuel industry looks for.

[@Celtic2Realms]

Very good and interesting thanks. Most of the rocks 20 miles around where i live in Ireland are 70 to 90 degrees vertical with a few overflows. One place there is sandstone at 45 degrees facing NW with limestone over it at near vertical running east-west.

[@TheGeoModels]

James Madison University here in the states runs a field camp in Ireland. There is plenty of challenging geology which is fairly well exposed. Thanks for watching!

[@jasonharris2006]

Love it when I learn new stuff!! BTW: love the Bob Ross mention!!!

[@TheGeoModels]

Right on!

[@SmellySkidMarks]

I just found this channel and oh my god, this channel is awesome! Please do some PNW region stuff. So many glacier-carved mountains!

[@maryseeker7590]

Awesome video!

[@justinofearth]

The formation @17:45 is literally a spider who has lost one of it's front legs

[@Standenanian]

Between you and Myron Cook, it's a very good KZbin dynamic of lab/lecture :D

[@TheGeoModels]

Sounds good to me! Thanks!

[@prowlermadmax2]

I've been to Monterrey 4 times, I live in RIo Grande City, tx 120 miles from Monterey, love the mountains.

[@TheGeoModels]

they must look impressive in person

[@lebraza]

I'm not even from Monterrey, but remembering seeing those wrinkled mountains on Google earth already helped me guess it was going to be about Monterrey, they are really an interesting thing to look at

[@TheGeoModels]

awesome! one of the coolest spots.

[@Dragrath1]

The salt tectonics of the Gulf of Mexico the Gulf Coast and related areas of Central America are quite insane in terms of just how much salt there is there. Of these salts the gypsum salts have had some of the most global of impacts of any geologic layer as there is a very prominent hole in the gypsum salt horizons located off the Yucatan peninsula which was excavated by a large carbonaceous impactor to violently end the Cretaceous with a bang and prolonged several years of global darkness from all the sulfur seems to have been the main kill mechanism on a global level in essence leading to the complete collapse of primary production leading to ecological starvation. It also makes the volcanoes which erupt through these gypsum salt layers particularly impactful on the climate as the vast amounts of sulfur gets turned into and emitted as sulfur dioxide equivalent to an eruption of several orders of magnitude larger.

[@eduardogoyzueta5285]

I'm from Monterrey, born and raised. I had to move to another city for my studies, I miss my mountains!

[@TheGeoModels]

awesome! glad you found the video.

[@eduardogoyzueta5285]

I'm studying geophysics so I was very glad to find it ​@@TheGeoModels

[@TheAnarchitek]

Denver has the Front Range, soaring up over the cityscape, Albuquerque has the Sandia Crest, and Salt Lake City has the Wasatch Front. Missoula has a pretty steep crop of rocks, on its north side, too, at least one city in Washington state. San Bernardino has the San Bernardino Mountains rising above its northern edge, and much of eastern Los Angeles has the San Gorgonio Mountains on its northern side. Salt is significant, for some reason. The oceans are saltier than they should be, and a huge salt block lies off the Louisiana coast, in the Gulf. A salt mine deep beneath Detroit, and much of Michigan has been mined since the late 19th Century. The Bonneville Salt Flats are more than 115 miles long, and dribble out into the desert for another 85 miles. Either Earth went through a serious salt-production epoch we're not told about, or a massive salt comet struck the planet, long ago. I am of the opinion the two biggest mysteries still unsolved by science are salt, and electricity. It's not that we don't know things, but we don't know the mechanisms that created those huge deposits, or what drives electromagnetism, how it is bound up with gravity, and why Earth's electromagnetic shield looks like someone took a giant baseball bat to it. The problem with desalinization is that salt, when diluted in water returns to its chemical forms, Sodium and Chloride, making it necessary to remove the individual elements, instead of the compound.

[@john-nl8iu]

Water well driller out of Washington state here. I have a question. Context: I am drilling on a basalt hill near the Columbia river. Drilled 120 feet of basalt; fractured, solid, and scoria. Underneath that was a 10 foot layer of shale, followed immediately by loose sand. If there was enough pressure to form shale, how is it possible to have loose sand underneath, shouldn't the loose sand have been compacted into sandstone?

[@TheGeoModels]

hmmm…can you tell me where exactly it is?

[@john-nl8iu]

@@TheGeoModels Near white salmon Washington. Approximately one mile east of the Columbia highschool stadium.

[@geosamways]

Brilliant story, well told Phillip. The thing that always gets me is time . . . . . . deep time . . . . . . . Is geology still happening, or did it all happen in the past? I started thinking about this when I read about the area where I Live in France, on the western slopes of the Massif Central, which was once a huge mountain chain that formed during the Variscan orogeny, which occurred 370-290 million years ago, during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. The area is now low, rolling hills and valleys, and the rocks that my house is built on, and built from are gneisses, that used to be 10s of kilometres deep. But now they are at the surface! How did that happen? Well, as fast aqs the mountains got pushed up, they got eroded, and they have been eroding every since. The latest phase of erosion began 290 million years ago, and has been going on ever since. But is it still happening? The mineralogy of the gneisses tells us what the temperature and pressure must have been when they were formed, and that suggest that they were possibly formed at a depth of 30km. Wow! 30km of erosion to get them back to the surface! But is all that ewrosion ocuured after the mountain-building, during the last 300,000,000 years, that is only 0.1mm of erosion per year. In reality a lot of the erosion also occurred during the uplift (I think the Himalayas are being uplifted 1cm per year, as India is still crashing into Eurasia, but they are getting eroded at 1cmm per year too!) That is probably still going on in my back garden! Under the soil, the acids leaching down from organic reactions in teh soil, are dissolving the minerals and the rock is slowly being eaten away. I have lived here 20 years, so it is possible that my lawn has eroded 2mm! We know this erosion happened and is happening because this area is famous for Limoges Porcelain. The porcelain is made from Kaolinite, which is a clay mineral that forms when the feldspar minerals in the gneisses are dissolved under the soil. Interestingly, once the feldspar is dissolved, you are left with quartz grains, which make great mortar for building. So when our house was built more than 250 years ago, they scraped back the weathered horizon (the regalith), which made a flat area of rock and a pile of sand (which the loacls call Tuff, pronounced toof). Then they used the local rocks to build directly onto the solid rock that was revealed under the regalith . So the foundations on my house are about 35km thick! When they built the house they used the Tuff, mixed with lime from the limestones down the road, to make lime mortar to hold the stone walls together. Another interesting thing is that many of the gneisses were original deposited as sediments, in a huge ocean that existed 650 million years ago in the Ediacarn period, before they got crushed up into the Variscan Mountains between 370 and 290 million years ago, and then spent 300 million years getting eroded! As a geologist it makes me very happy that the history of my house can be traced back so far ;-)

[@marthavaldez3602]

Pretty nice hikes !

[@quakekatut8641]

Hello Philip ... thanks for another great video! I use to live at the foot of Utah's Wasatch Mountains (Salt Lake segment). Do you know if the Wasatch has a salt layer beneath it? It would make sense, but I never really considered this geology. Also, I've started using Paint to create a North America terrane/accretionary boundary map, which I'll be showing during an online non-pro geology discussion. You were my inspiration ... Its been fun learning and I am doing a lot of "undo-ing" ... lol! Thanks again!

[@Dragrath1]

Hmm I don't think salt plays a big role there the Wasatch fault is the western margin of the Colorado plateau where it meets the larger basin and Range extensional province. Of these the Colorado plateau is special in that it is a large block of what was formerly part of the North American craton which is undergoing massive extensional uplift driven by deep rooted mantle upwelling below. This is associated with what is termed the Aspen anomaly which is a large scale linear mantle anomaly which appears to connect to Yellowstone to the north and a series of other associated anomalies zig zagging diving west emerges as the East Pacific Rise. From GPS the whole region moves clockwise relative to NA with the Pacific frame so it is likely underlain by the mantle currents/flow of the Pacific plate sheering the crust away from North America as the North American Craton is in the process of getting torn apart. This setting is thus very different involving hard rock geology first with major compression during the Mesozoic and the switching to extension since the Eocene with the current phase starting around 17ish Ma as the craton's underlayers delaminate/sink into the mantle under the heat flux of upwelling from the deep rooted ridge like mantle anomaly which seems a strange hybrid of mantle plumes and mid ocean ridges possibly analogous to Yellowstone. Anyways this means that the geology of the Wasatch fault is a normal fault associated with extension where the Colorado plateau rises and the adjacent crust of the Bonneville basin sinks. As old crust there isn't much in the way of large scale salt formations. Lake Bonneville the main source of salt in the area was more or less a result of a lava dam cutting off the Bear river's route to the Snake river diverting it into the Bonneville basin. During the last glacial maximum there were extensive glaciers in the Colorado Rockies which fed meltwater to the Bear river and thus flooded the Bonneville basin turning it into a vast deep freshwater lake with no outlet. Today only remnants of this lake exist which have become highly concentrated in salt if they haven't dried up entirely with the great salt lake lying at what was formerly the deepest part of lake Bonneville. So not nearly enough salt deposition. The thick salt deposits in the Gulf come from the initial rifting of Pangaea allowing salt water to intrude into the continental interior before evaporating depositing vast amounts of salt.

[@MorganBrown]

there are eerily similar buried features (salt waves) in the Paradox Basin, west of Moab. I'm a seismic processing geophysicist and I have seen it with my own eyes! The Paradox Salt is about 3000 ft thick and capped with about 5000 ft of Cretaceous sandstone (think Arches). The potash mine west of Moab is extracting from the Paradox Salt. To my knowledge, the Paradox Salt does not extend anywhere close to SLC. Anyway, the first time I saw those "waves", I couldn't believe my eyes. I've worked other surveys from the general area, and only see the salt waves in one localized area.

[@ScorpionXXXVII]

Awesome! Please keep the dope paint geology videos coming! Good stuff!

[@TheGeoModels]

they will continue until Paint don’t work!

[@aahamp2]

I'm from central Appalachia and have gone several times to this mountain range for motorcycle trips, I've often wondered how the processes differed to produce such different looking features than what you see around home, thank you for taking the time to explain. Could I request a video on the limestone features around Khao Sok National Park in central Thailand? It's the most foreign geology I've ever witnessed in person. Thanks!

[@gbro8822]

Outstanding as always, thank you brother. How did you get so good in Paint ?

[@TheGeoModels]

When I was teaching at Virginia Tech I made all my class lectures and drew the diagrams for them. I often used a light table and traced over things and changed them around to make little animations. Sort of trying to do the same thing here. I am a simple type of guy and I think Paint is as close to a paper and colored pencils as I can get online! Most of my geologic work has been related to processes and qualitative perspectives, so being able to sketch out an idea has been pretty important. I have also just paid more attention to being able to do it well enough--it's been more useful to me than computer modelling, etc.

[@solarwizzo8667]

Your way of visualizing Geology is just superb! You are an Artist! Do me the favor and give Nick Zentner a lesson in 3D visualization, HA! You guys could complement each other in a big way, when it comes to public outreach and making complex geology understandable for simple minded folks like me...

[@TheGeoModels]

Thanks! I have tried to figure out how to make it look decent for quite a while. It would be fun to end up talking to the west coast geology stories folks one of these days!

[@fjkelley4774]

Interesting material. Very interesting use of PC Paint.

[@TheGeoModels]

It's like a dry erase board but with richer colors and finer lines. It's pretty "field expedient" by today's standards. I hope it keeps working on this machine!

[@LDJSFGKJSFDOUKJ]

@@TheGeoModels Do you save your work in Paint? I hope so.

[@lizzzzzzzz]

I LOVE YOUR VIDEOS!!!!!!!

[@TheGeoModels]

Thanks!

[@winterwatson6437]

your diagrams are always so impressive! when you refer to colored sections of the diagrams, pointing to the specific section with your mouse would be helpful for colorblind viewers like me who can differentiate between the tones but not the individual hues

[@TheGeoModels]

I had actually wondered about that. I always try for yellow against darker backgrounds when possible. For the block diagrams, It's always going to be a mix and match. Most folks I work with try to be attentive to red/green at the very least, but it's tough! See if I can draw more pointers and such in next time.

[@MorganBrown]

I'm gonna email you a seismic example that I worked from the Paradox Basin in Utah. The Paradox Salt is about 3000 ft thick, but it's interspersed with ~20 sedimentary layers. I guess the underlying Leadville Limestone is the detachment surface. In this particular area, you can see very similar "waves" on the seismic, because of the interbedded clastics. Though the peak-to-trough height of the waves is maybe 300 ft and I would guess the "wavelength" is around a half mile.

[@cmcmcmcm2354]

Bro you on are an absolute tear. The uploading is prolific. Thanks for your work. Don't get burnt out. Sharing with every soil/geology dork I know.

[@TheGeoModels]

Share away, friend. I will have surges of activity. Day job geology is usually all I can handle, but I got after the vids a bit over the weekend.

[@TheShire26]

Hell yeah! Been waiting for this one!

[@TheGeoModels]

it's a good spot

[@alexmijo]

amazing

[@MattWilliams-t5p]

Can you discuss salt glaciers in Iran. Or, rifting (?) Near Baja California?

[@TheGeoModels]

The salt glaciers might be a good one...

[@donnyleeisfree]

How does this differ from the Los Angeles Basin, which is also urban right up to the base of the mountains. Thanks, these are great and very informative.

[@TheGeoModels]

The mountain coming up out of Monterrey is significantly steeper and is really like a "blade" coming up out of the landscape. LA doesn't have close to that level of steepness, though the overall relief into the San Gabriels is greater over a much longer distance. The Monterrey mountain rises about 4,000 ft in 1.4 miles of ground length. The San Gabriel front in general needs about 3 miles and change of ground length to rise the same distance. Hollywood Hills, etc. are quite a bit smaller than the Monterrey mountain. I would legitimately be nervous to live at the foot of it in Monterrey--the steepness on it is quite exceptional.

[@carlmichaud7916]

for sure these are happy mountains!!

[@carlmichaud7916]

''Ondulos wavy style''

[@jackquillen9120]

Ive then same thing in the upper peninsula of Michigan at a much smaller scale mostly in the shape of the bay they are next too. I wonder if the ice sheets acted as its own tiny tectonic plate and affected the landscape and rocks. Can you also maybe do a video of the river that used to flow through the straits of Mackinac in the ice age?

[@bjjt-nu9dx]

Topics I wish for: The Pine Mountain ridges in west central Georgia, around Harris county/Roosevelt State Park area of Georgia; and the Jasper ridges area of Gilmer and Fannin mountains, Georgia, between the Cohutta range to the west and the Blue Ridge to the east. Why such gentle terrain between two higher, steeper mountain ranges on both sides?

[@tippyc2]

Heyyyyy, some happy little mountains! Surrounded by friends!

[@dallyh.2960]

Look into Cross Lanes, West Virginia. It is nearby the Teays River Valley. It is a bowl of relatively mild rolling hills/ridges, kind of like a plain.

[@MorganBrown]

holy shit, your channel is blowing up!!!

[@GrgKnoell]

An amazing video. This is why I never watch TV anymore lol

[@TheGeoModels]

glad you liked it!

[@JKTCGMV13]

Hell yeah mountains

[@TheGeoModels]

I like em! Got to do Canadian Rockies here directly

[@GaryPaukert]

Exceptional work. Thanks for this. You didn’t mention the concept of a ‘turtle structure,’ which the La Popa basin features essentially are, (or will be when the salt completely evacuates). The term is most used in Gulf of Mexico and North Sea petroleum exploration.

[@TheGeoModels]

Thanks! Doesn't a turtle require a central/axial high? Thought these are still within the minibasin/withdrawal syncline stage. They seem to be quite narrow for section thickness (about 9km wide in outcrop and 8km or so thick)...not sure if this is typical of such structures or reflects mechanical aspects of pre or syn kin materials. I would be interested to know what their ultimate geometry could look like. I think some are interpreted to be welded at their base, so collapse might have been just around the corner? Anyway, they're cool to look at for folks that only mess with frictional detachments all day.

[@TheGeoModels]

More at home trying to determine what sort of horses are packed up on that ramp that "should" be under that thrust sheet but has little or no upsection dip expression...

[@GaryPaukert]

@@TheGeoModels AFAIK a turtle just requires two stages of salt withdrawal. The first withdrawal forms a local depositional area of older sediments, (the ‘turtle’). Later withdrawal of the remaining, surrounding salt causes deposition of younger sediments around the ‘turtle’ created by the first stage. This may be an industry-specific definition, though. I cut my teeth at Exxon and later worked North Sea salt tectonics for Talisman Energy.

[@TheGeoModels]

@@GaryPaukert Interesting...I'd say the industry standard is probably the one to go with! I freely admit that turtles and mock turtles are only textbook and interweb figures to me! Also cool that this vid found some industry folks. Do you do onshore exclusively now?

[@GaryPaukert]

@@TheGeoModels I’m part of a 9-man junior oil and gas company slash consultancy. We have an interest in a license onshore Sumatra (no salt!). It’s more of an investment and way to keep busy in retirement than a job.

[@dennisdrury-rg8ms]

I'd like to see the history of the salt domes under Texas.

[@morgan0]

something i’m curious about, are there any examples of small mountains in an area that sunk down being buried by sediment and later exposed by erosion?

[@jbaez4914]

If you want more extreme examples look at La Huasteca just outside Monterrey. Some of the most insane razor sharp-like peaks in the range.

[@TheGeoModels]

yes, that is awesome. i need to get down there and see the sights from the ground one of these days!

[@robtaylor6638]

Head back to Appalachia😉🔥. Dan River watershed is interesting. All of its peers flow to the New, but the Dan just boogies right off the Blue Ridge.

[@TheGeoModels]

indeed it does…subject of my PhD, actually! might be tale worth telling!

[@davidbrailovsky3006]

Interesting thanks, I shall add that those type of mountains are not limited to Monterrey but widespread in the northern and central region of Chihuahuan Desert region. They indeed represent compaction of the rocks, some part of the compaction was driven by plate tectonics playing forces around the planet, some other part are surely caused by corrugation by means of the increasing radius of the planet, and some other part might be caused by local uplifts and isostatic changes doubt to the drainage of Laramidia inner deep sea millions of years before the arrrival of the plants and animals that now live around, and the megafauna we hunt completely towards extinction.

[@000RAndrzzz]

Can you do a video on Backbone mountain and the potential source of the springs that feed Deer Park, MD? Perchance along the timeline of the Pre/Post Younger Dryas glacier melt to present? I have been looking around for Clovis/Adena/Hopewell lithic structures to explore. Trying to see where the continental slate was wiped totally clean, where might have survived Carolina Bay ice impacts, then really dial in on the remaining geography. Thank ye, kindly. Love your quick paint skills. Give a gander to the channel Theoria Apophasis and Ken's work explaining why the Earths magnetic field is perpetually induced by the sun: molten metal cannot hold an inherent magnetic field. Melt a magnet and it is just metal after. He also explains misconceptions of space, matter, etcetera. May you and your's be well. Holler.

[@Nick-lv6ii]

I was looking at a topographic map of Canada and noticed some circular-ish shaped formations behind the Rocky mountains, I was wondering what they are/how they could've formed? 59°11'14.6"N 115°06'33.0"W Heres the coordinates for the one that stuck out most to me, but there seems to be similar formations going down all the way into Manitoba.

[@RLDavis-h2h]

The layering looks similar to the colorful sandstone formations along the Front Range in CO....

[@farmerj1]

Love the Bob Ross reference!

[@TheGeoModels]

I am flattered when people throw it out there so I guess I am going to try to adopt it

[@chrimony]

I thought those circular basins looked like the Richat Structure in the Sahara desert, but Wikipedia tells me that feature is an eroded dome, so basically the inverse.

[@TheGeoModels]

yep! the ones in La a Popa have been “squished” by regional shortening a bit, I think, but they are like the world standard for exposed salt-withdrawal basins with welds. Richat is cool…got a vid about its American counterpart coming up.

[@Mr.Volcanoes22]

Is it bad to admit a huge draw of mine to geology is the pretty diagrams? I genuinely consider them art. What subfield would this be considered if any, structural geology? Currently working on my major but know that broadly this type of localized tectonics is what I would like to eventually focus on.

[@scoon2117]

Looks like another planet. Trippy

[@TheGeoModels]

It is definitely not "everyday" landscape. I first saw the mountain in the city in Cumbia Callera. It looks unreal.

[@exde9858]

Deamn, I didn't know there was churros under Monterrey :O

[@TheGeoModels]

it does have the look

[@exde9858]

@@TheGeoModels 🤣

[@jw6180]

These remind me of the mountains in Longyearbyen, Norway, that I’ve seen via KZbinr Cecelia in Svalbard.

[@cokemachine5510]

Andrew Hall nailed mountain formation.

[@chrimony]

Lulz.

[@cokemachine5510]

@@chrimony prove him wrong. He nailed it bigtime. Our elites have known this and brain damaged the current crop of Geologist. Poor things. Just keep watching. Lulz

[@chrimony]

@@cokemachine5510 Mountains form along tectonic plate boundaries. How does Andrew Hall explain this?

[@cokemachine5510]

@@chrimony very convincingly . If you're truly intrested, he's part of the thunderbolts project. They are electric universe and plasma universe theorist. They've been right about a lot. Mainstream hates them. Your first clue they're over the target. Subduction at plate boundaries is just a theory.

[@2ddw]

Salt is weird. Apparently a fundamental part of Arches NP.

[@quantumcat7673]

I would not be surprised if you are good in painting. This guy is like another Leonardo Da Vinci.

[@TheGeoModels]

I do enjoy it. my paint files aren’t as cool as da Vinci parchment folios though! thanks for the kind words!

[@kolklown]

Are the circle hill formations located in southern Oklahoma similar to the salt formed circles?

[@TheGeoModels]

Like southeast, up north of Broken Bow?

[@bobfoster687]

Also, LaPopa salt dome in the general area!

[@halfnelsonchoke]

Thank you for taking the time to make the video(s). Your MS-paint style graphics are awesome! If only you cud teach Myron, he cud get rid of his whiteboard 😂

[@TheGeoModels]

I think people like that whiteboard, but I admit it is not my own style! It's kind of fun to see if you can pull off the Paint diagram smoothly enough. Glad you enjoy the vids!

[@BillRicker]

+1 Bob Ross Allusion ❤

[@TheGeoModels]

Thanks!

[@eduardogoyzueta5285]

Monterrey proper is 1.5 million people, but the whole greater area is 5.5 million!

[@Crushnaut]

What are the youngest mountains on Earth? The Andes?

[@TheGeoModels]

could make good case for parts of New Guinea, though several continue to evolve worldwide

[@SethGroover]

Reminds me of Salt Lake City. I only know that because I spend so much time on google earth lol

[@SethGroover]

Maybe not the same geological structures, but mountains none the less

[@ericmaclaurin8525]

So, salt is sort of like surface quartz in that they function almost as a liquid.

[@tombambauer5220]

How does rock fold?

[@boxsterman77]

Did these form the same way as the mountains seen in PA which resemble them.

[@TheGeoModels]

yes, in effect. PA mountains are also an eroded fold thrust belt that is really fold-dominated. difference is that PA fold thrust belt has shale as its detachment instead of salt, and the PA topography is built around sandstone ridges…limestone makes valleys in Appalachia. but, at the end of the day, they are indeed very similar and their appearance does reflect the type of movement and subsequent erosion that formed them.

[@lougan]

So this is pretty much a valley and ridge province if it was underlaid with evaporates rather than bedrock?

[@TheGeoModels]

it is. different structural style as you point out, but the compression leading to repetition and hard rocks making mountains is exactly it.

[@DallasGunther]

I figured you were talking about the Wasatch range in Utah because we have a very similar situation here. Dont move here, we're all haters and forgot to take our meds. Not safe for anyone.

[@TheGeoModels]

Sounds like some areas I work in! Thanks for watching!

[@jlangner2]

That is clearly ancient salt main - can't you just see? The machinery they used were "little" bigger... And you keep compering "black part" to lizard - maybe it was? Could be just tracks... We need a lot of imagination with this rock-forming story or we can just change our perspective... Very cool place - worth investigate what was really there - thank you :)

[@hime273]

So, how exactly would a thick ass layer of Sandstone simply fold like a tablecloth, instead of breaking into pieces? Geology expects us to believe a whole lot of things that don't actually make sense.

[@TheGeoModels]

pore fluid pressure, elevated temperature, mile or two of material above it, slow speed. the confinement is a huge part of it. a late 1800s geo made interesting deformed models with layers of wax buried under huge amounts of lead shot. the wax would shatter if unconfined, but behaved very differently under he’s y confinement

[@Fivemacs]

Explain How the mountains are 'behind' the town

[@TheGeoModels]

Upslope of, and towards the core of the mountain range. To a geologist, the overall movement here in terms of fold development would have been northeast, towards the present-day city. The present flow of water, sediment, etc. is in the same direction, so the overall material movement is and has been from mountains towards coast. You could substitute "next to" I suppose...but the mountains are pretty cool either way.

[@IanZainea1990]

1:00 isn't LA sorta like this though? The Hollywood hills etc.

[@alexchene4064]

Not even close. The Hollywood hills don't rise 4,000 feet above LA

[@kevinrenn9123]

Where did the eroded material end up?

[@TheGeoModels]

Out in basins ahead of the present mountains, towards the gulf, and the gulf itself. Sort of like the sediments under the Great Plains are debris shed from the Rockies, etc.

[@bjswope8797]

Bob Ross and the mountain friends!

[@TheGeoModels]

They are happier with friends

[@bjswope8797]

@@TheGeoModels aren’t we all!

[@peanutbutterjellytme]

You are the king of Paint! Have you ever done an analysis of Comb Ridge in south eastern Utah?

[@TheGeoModels]

I have not…I’ll take a look!

[@recentparty8369]

sink hole and mountain ? a big flush

[@bobfoster687]

Is the salt equivalent to the LouAnn salt of Texas?

[@stevendorries]

7:40 as foretold, MS Paint appears

[@TheGeoModels]

consult farmers almanac. significant numbers

[@roberttaylor6108]

Funny they are called sali-ent when sali-ne helped create this.