How Do Airplanes Fly? | Neil deGrasse Tyson Explains...

How do airplanes fly? On this explainer, Neil deGrasse Tyson and comic co-host Chuck Nice explore the Bernoulli Principle and the aerodynamics of how a plane takes off.
Can you fly a plane upside down? Learn about the wings of airplanes and how they are engineered to take off into the air. Discover how differences in air speed create lift, extra features that reduce drag, and what happens when a plane stalls in the air. Plus, what is the best direction for take off and landing?
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Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up!
#StarTalk #neildegrassetyson
00:00 Introductions
1:13 Airplane Wings
4:40 Neil’s Paper Airplane Demonstration
5:41 Taking Off From The Runway
6:28 The Bernoulli Effect
9:15 Wing Tips
12:46 Force and Speed
18:00 Airport Gates

[@Reach41]

As a licensed pilot, I can offer that the best direction to fly when taking off or landing is the same as the runway heading.

[@MadDragon75]

😉 wise advice.

[@ScienceMouse]

What if you take off from a 3000m x 3000m field?

[@jerryplante4239]

@@ScienceMouse Into the wind is best.

[@Reach41]

@@ScienceMouse Fly the direction that doesn't have any deer on it.

[@theauldscientist]

And any landing you walk away from is a good landing.

[@duncankoelzer676]

Great video as always! I’m an aerospace engineering student who just finished Applied Aerodynamics and there is an interesting note bout how wings generate lift. The part where air moves faster on the top surface than on the bottom surface is 100% true, but the part about an air molecule needed to regroup with the other molecules it was near before encountering the wing is actually a myth. There is no requirement for “air molecule neighbors” to remain neighbors after encountering the wing. The only requirement is that air moves faster on the top. A subtle distinction, but still interesting!

[@BLOXKAFELLARECORDS]

Sure you are.

[@rsteeb]

There is no requirement for the air to move faster on the top of the wing than the bottom. Bernoulli doesn't make airplanes fly, NEWTON does. The angle of attack accelerates air downward, and the reaction to THAT is LIFT.

[@duncankoelzer676]

@@rsteeb you’re right that accelerating air downward creates lift, but both descriptions are actually describing the same phenomena! That’s why positively-cambered wings at zero angle-of-attack can still create lift.

[@StarTalk]

Wow! Thank you for this clarification. Keep up the good work!

[@danielandrade147]

you are 100% CORRECT! Duncan. There is absolutely NO LAW in physics that stipulates that air needs to "reform" into its original pockets of air. None! Simply put the design promotes lower pressure on top, and higher pressure beneath the wing.

[@Maddogsr23]

Chuck is the perfect contrast to Neil's seriousness, the comment "too bad you're not an airplane" cracked me up

[@franky5035]

i freaking love these guys

[@raiderjohnthemadbomber8666]

I love how you can interpret even a complicated theory to a middle school understanding. You're a helluva teacher! Thanks for offering these classes in this format.

[@nageri]

Me who has studied Aerospace Engineering at undergrad level clicking on this video: Neil deGrasse will probably explain this in a way I have never learnt before

[@reh3884]

Because it's completely wrong.

[@threetreasures7698]

@@reh3884 how so? I don’t want to learn faulty info. Share your knowledge please.

[@heatherwoodley8244]

@@reh3884 i I highly doubt that... but I wanna know

[@Rick_Cavallaro]

@@heatherwoodley8244 RE H is right. What NDT is positing is commonly known as the "equal transit time" theory. This suggests that two particles that are separated at the leading edge will meet at the trailing edge. And there are two problems with that. The first is that there's no theory by which that should hold true. And the second is that experiments show that it absolutely is not true. It is true that the air flowing over the top of the wing moves faster - but not so that it can meet its partner at the trailing edge. In fact, it can beat its partner to the trailing edge by a healthy margin.

[@boeing757pilot]

@Rick Cavallaro Interesting. I thought that he was positing the ridiculous ETT theory, but then I told myself that he couldn't possibly be doing so. Strange..

[@OldMotherLogo]

I learned about this when I was eight years old because my dad had been a pilot in WWII and then became an aeronautical engineer. At a point he was designing airplane wings. Sixty + years later I still recall seeing drawings of wings. When Bill O’Reilley did his famous “The tide goes in, the tide goes out, you can’t explain that,” and also mentioned how planes were heavier than air and yet can fly, you can’t explain that, I thought, “I’ve been able to explain that since I was eight years old!”

[@nanayeboah475]

Sounds interesting

[@user-hx9qv9mv2v]

Do you now understand that Neil's explanation is completely wrong? BOTH about Lift and Bernoulli's Principle? . . And that there are people who DO understand and can explain the fundamental physics?

[@thetrax3482]

As a flight instructor I find it fascinating how Tyson explains Lift, and his obvious passion for science. Aerodynamics is a subset of physics, fluid motion to be exact, and vital for us aviators. Edit: as an additional piece of info, most Runways are designed with headings that represent the most frequent average wind directions over the course of a year, for any given location. So the aeroplane has a greater chance of being able to take off into the wind, every time.

[@Observ45er]

Neil is WRONG and completely out of his element! This is probably the worst I've seen ESPECIALLY since Neil is so popular and good at most things he does. NOT THIS ONE!. . Neil has repeated common misconceptions and made some new ones. He needs to have a serious talk with a fluid dynamics expert. This video is EXTREMELY disappointing.

[@boeing757pilot]

Please don't refer your students to this video. While many of his points are accurate, he completely misspoke regarding lift at rotation and lift during inverted flight.

[@boeing757pilot]

Instead, direct them to the book "The Illustrated Guide to Aerodynamics" by Prof. Hubert (HC) Smith. This book is an excellent treatment of conceptual aerodynamics. You can buy the 1st edition used for a low price. It's the very first aerodynamics book I read after I started flying a few decades ago...

[@donabien-aime1884]

@@Observ45er I was also surprised when Neil repeated the Equal Transit Theory to explain lift. I just completed Ground School, where we learned about this common misconception.

[@lisakuntzman7834]

I find it funny that flat earthers don't understand these concepts they should all be sent to some Island

[@damerval]

Bernoulli is incidental but not critical in getting an airplane to fly. Some wings (particularly those of acrobatic airplanes) have symmetrical sections - the curve is the same below as it is above, and this is to allow them to fly just as well inverted as they do right side up. Airplanes fly because of the combination between the reaction force generated by the wing and the coanda effect generated by the trailing edge. You can experience the coanda effect by approaching the back of a spoon to a flowing faucet.

[@Observ45er]

Too bad Neil has repeated common misconceptions and made some new ones. He needs to have a *serious* talk with a fluid dynamics expert. Neil is completely out of his element here. This video is EXTREMELY disappointing. Neil is wrong.

[@judesalles]

According to NASA, the faster air above the wing contributes to a mere 2% of the lift generated. Bernoulli has nothing to do with it because the Bernoulli principle only applies to a closed system. The Coanda effect does add lift forces but the vast majority of majority of lift is from the angle of attack of the wings: air strikes the underside of the wing deflecting it upward. Pilots know to fly angle of attack. Neil de Grasse is not a pilot and does not appear to have studied aerodynamic mechanics

[@jackwickman2403]

@@judesalles This confuses me. If the air flow above the wing is 2% of the lift, then when the wing "stalls" at high angle of attack it should loose no more than 2% of its lift, as the air flow striking the underside of the wing is still "deflecting" it upward. "Stalling" effects the flow over the wing very much and has almost no effect on the flow under the wing. Why does stalling result in a sudden loss of lots of lift, much more than 2%, when the air is still "striking" the bottom of the wing? Are you sure about this 2% number?

[@buzbuz33-99]

Entertaining as always. A couple of bits of trivia that came to mind as I was listening: 1. Airport runways are designed to align with the most common wind direction in that part of the country. In the middle of the US, they are aligned more north and south. In other parts of the country they are aligned more east and west. 2. Like a lot of early aviators, Lindbergh may gotten his information about wind direction by looking to see which direction the cowherds were pointed

[@BLOXKAFELLARECORDS]

Yo bro. Your not impressing nobody. Like... I still don't think your smarter than me.

[@buzbuz33-99]

@@BLOXKAFELLARECORDS Not meant to impress, but to entertain.

[@BLOXKAFELLARECORDS]

@@buzbuz33-99 haha 😄 I remember this one. Haha. Discover my music here! Nba highlights... comedy vids.... I got it all. 🔥

[@StarTalk]

We appreciate these bits of trivia! :)

[@buzbuz33-99]

@@StarTalk Thanks. I've watched Star Talk from the beginning and have always found it educational and entertaining - generally covering topics in which I have little knowledge or expertise. So I was delighted to see you discuss something involving my chosen profession of aviation. I thought the impromptu reference to 88 mph takeoff speed was hilarious, especially since it is close to the takeoff speed of a lot of aircraft.

[@Goldengirl48]

Thanks Neil and Chuck for a great explainer video. I always learn something new each time I watch a new video. Plus I enjoy the process of learning it with the added touch of humor. Happy 2023 to both you and your families. I would love for you to do a explainer video on the stealth technology if you could. Those aircraft are so awesome and, at the same moment, so weird.

[@DougHanchard]

A couple of syllabus words we use in pilot training. Rear Horizontal tail wing: elevator - except delta wings (Concorde) Pitch / pitch changes: Angle of attack. Rear vertical wing: vertical rudder Rear vertical wing controls yaw (crosswind) Cruise flight is when Bernoulli law is most effective. Angle of attack AoA (pitch) is directly proportional to minimal takeoff and landing lift performance / airspeed of an aircraft wing design. Have a nice flight ✈️.

[@lawrencedoliveiro9104]

Delta wings: “elevons” (combination elevator/ailerons). Ever flown a wingless aeroplane? “Lifting body”.

[@Observ45er]

Doug, Those details are BIG hints that he's not up to speed elsewhere. In other words: Unfortunately, he also got the whole lift explanation wrong. Too bad Neil has repeated common misconceptions and made some new ones. He needs to have a serious talk with a fluid dynamics expert. This video is EXTREMELY disappointing. .. If you're going to provide corrections get them right: . There is a "vertical stabilizer" and a rudder (in it's rear). Lift occurs for the same physics at all times. It is NOT changing from "Bernoulli" to something else. To be blunt: Neil is wrong!

[@bkailua1224]

Correct term is vertical stabilizer for the fixed part and rudder for the moving vertical part.

[@davedaniels4967]

I know at my airport in the north central part of the country our wind directions are usually northwest and south. I think that covers the 30 degrees Neil was taking about. Great information.

[@igethighinjets]

Dr. Tyson, I retired from my job as a commercial airline pilot after a 30 year career. It is correct that the lift generated by an airfoil, like a wing on an aircraft, moving through the air is a combination of high pressure under the wing, Bernoulli Eeffect, and the force generated by the air that strikes the bottom of a wing inclined at an angle, Newtons Third Law of motion. The shape of the wing causes the speed of air flowing over the top of the wing to increases and creates low pressure on top and the resulting high pressure under the wing due to the Bernoulli Eeffect (when the speed of a fluid increases the pressure decreases). When air flow strikes the bottom of wing inclined at an angle the air is pushed down and the wing is pushed up due to Newtons Third Law (for every action there is an equal reaction in the opposite direction). The effect that you described for the Bernoulli Eeffect is correct but the description of how it works is NOT correct. When the wing’s leading edge slices through the air, the air molecules going over the top and those going under the bottom of the wing are physically separated and they no longer know where the other group is or care about what they are doing. The air going over the top of the wing does in fact speed up but the reason isn’t because it has to travel a greater distance in order to catch up at the trailing edge with any of the air that traveled a shorter distance going underneath. The classic apparatus used to demonstrate the Bernoulli effect is a Venturi, a tube that has large diameter openings on opposite ends and a smaller diameter in the middle. When air flows over the top of a wing it is bumped upwards and is squeezed up against stationary air. It is this up flow that creates a “virtual” venturi in the air above the wing that causes the air going over the top to speed up and that increased speed lowers the pressure.

[@jackwickman2403]

Your "virtual venturi" concept is totally excellent. This has the inertial mass of the air above the wing resisting upward acceleration and "squeezing" the air flow above the wing. This could be what it takes to resolve the eternal "open system/closed system" debate. This allows Newton's "body at rest" to happily coexist with Bernoulli's "faster flow=lower pressure" and both camp's can take credit for making the plane fly. The Newtonians have always ruled the bottom of the wing, but now maybe they can acknowledge Bernoulli since they get to share the credit for what's happening on the top of the wing. Thank you for your very insightful contribution to the often ridiculous discussion of how airplanes really work.

[@juliecoston7578]

I ABSOLUTELY LOVE this subject!!!! We live near PHX airport and I know how it works, but I’m always amazed 🤓😄

[@Goldengirl48]

I live near Tampa International Airport and a smaller airport in Clearwater. Usually the Clearwater Airport hosts smaller air shows. The third airport is MacDill Air Force Base. Which contributes military aircraft to the air shows. They take off and land the military aircraft back at MacDill. The stealth aircraft will participate occasionally. They are probably the weirdest sounding thing I have every heard, they do not roar, they swish the air as they go by until they are well past where you can see them. Then them them go boom. I would love Neil to do a show on them one day.

[@LukovaMadubo]

Hey Neil, Loved how you highlighted the variation of the airplane wing as you move from the fuselage to the tip. In Structural Engineering will call that a structure a CANTILEVER. It experience maximum Bending Moment and Shear Forces at the support i.e. its connection with fuselage and ZERO of them at the tip. All those disturbing forcesmust be less than the strength of the material and joints by a certain margin called Safety Factor.This explains your strength highlight. I'm interested by the DRAG caused by Turbulence.Will research more on this

[@threetreasures7698]

I so admire - and envy, you folks who are engineers and actually have studied and really understand aeronautics and aviation. I was just today during dinner talking about this subject - how in the heck can the planes + people + fuel + my suitcases (especially on the return trip. 😳 ) become airborne and remain airborne??

[@elijahanonymous4596]

I have seen many videos that say it is either one effect or the other. This video makes it make so much more sense. Thank you

[@clydecessna737]

The downwash at the back of the aero-foil is also a factor. There is an MIT lecture on KZbin that says this is MORE important than the Bernoulli related pressure differential.

[@SpiaggiaVita]

This is the correct response. It's not just more important, downwash is THE explanation for lift. Bernoulli's Principal is a very common misconception.

[@Gouravthappa]

@@SpiaggiaVita yes, aerofoil lift is one of the most misunderstood things in common people and even among teachers

[@A_J502]

@@SpiaggiaVita The downwash generates a sliver of the total lift of an airfoil. The test for this is simple to demonstrate in a wind tunnel; it’s actually one of the first uses of wind tunnels I used in aerodynamics for my aeronautical engineering degree. Create a flat plate which spans the width of the test section and the full length of the test section and set to zero angle of attack. Add a curved upper surface at the center of the plate. At zero angle of attack, the plate will generate lift, even though the airstream isn’t deflected down.

[@SpiaggiaVita]

@@A_J502 do you have a link to a video demonstrating this? What you described sounds like a closed system, which is where Bernoulli's principle does actually take effect.

[@A_J502]

@@SpiaggiaVita Closed system only depends on where you draw the system boundaries. Also, the Bernoulli effect isn’t limited to closed systems, so that critique is useless.

[@counterflow5719]

I had an 8 foot piece of paneling about 2 feet wide. As I held it in front of me at arm's length, I spun myself around in circles. I was able to see and feel it rise and fall as I changed the angle of attack. It gave me a lot of insight into lift and drag and flight itself.

[@wbeaty]

That's the true explanation. With your flat board, when it's tilted, the parcels above are flowing MUCH faster than the parcels below. It's also how the Wright brothers flew, by using a sheet of thin canvas, where the upper and lower path-lengths are identical. Dr. Tyson above got it wrong, because the upper flow is far too fast, so the split parcels never rejoin again ...and wing-shape is known to be irrelevant to creating lift. (Wing shape is extremely important in avoiding stall!) If it weren't for the problem of stall, airplane wings would all be flat plates, eh? (Heh, then the fuel tanks would have to be placed next to your luggage.)

[@counterflow5719]

@wbeaty I did that experiment years ago. I've been thinking ever since to repeat it but adding different weights to the end of flat plate to get a sense of how much lift is actually generated.

[@richardbudgell2374]

Did something similar as a kid ..l used to hold my hand out of dad's car window with a flat palm ..and tip my hand this way and that to achieve the same effect

[@jackwickman2403]

@@wbeaty Are the upper and lower path lengths really identical? A '"bubble" of air, or "vortex", stuck in the concave underside of the wing could allow flow to go straight from the leading edge to the trailing edge, making it's path shorter than the upper flow. If wing foil shape is irrelevant to lift creation, then why is "stalling" relevant if it only effects the flow on the upper surface of the wing?

[@wbeaty]

​@@jackwickman2403In modern fluids, Circulation and "Kutta Condition" determine the behavior, while path lengths do not. The path-length explanation was a "Lie to Children," like teaching kids that venous blood is bright blue like paint, or that electrons zoom through miles of solid copper at the speed of light, or that the sky is blue because it reflects the ocean. These might sound sensible, yet they're completely wrong. In smoke-pulse videos, the fluids ignore the path lengths, and instead the upper flow vastly outraces the lower flow. It happens because a vortex has been set up, a "chordwise circulation" around the wing, and this circulation is controlled by the angle of the trailing edge. We can eliminate all lift by halting this vortex, yet without changing the wing shape or angle. (Fly slow enough, to where "Kutta Condition" fails, and the circulation halts, so the lift suddenly drops to exactly zero. The wing shape never changed.) "Stall" is an entirely separate issue. Flow-separation is extremely nonlinear, akin to turbulence. When it occurs, the air "thinks" that the top of the wing has been replaced by a giant misshapen lump. Notice that in the simple fluid simulations used to explain how lift is created, no boundary-layers, vortex-shedding, or stalls exist. To understand lift, we don't need to even mention stall.

[@Correaovr60yrs]

loved the "adding angle to each other" expression for the runaways.

[@erniemann9379]

Don't forget the upward tilt of the wing relative to the fuselage called the dihedral which also aides in reducing the drag on the wing. Paper airplanes tend to have that dihedral as a part of the folding of the paper. As a kid (60 years ago) I instinctively added a small wiglet at the tips of my model airplanes thinking I was adding the "missing" tail fin not knowing I was adding the turbulence dissipation winglet as well. Also if you watch them in flight many birds have this winglet in their wings when the tip feathers bend upward.

[@WarHoover]

Wing dihedral generally affects aircraft stability. It does not reduce drag.

[@xjpsmithx]

Dihedral counters the effects of the dutch roll. Which as @WarHoover said, improves stability and the tendency of an airplane to return to a wings level attitude when disrupted.

[@kellyrobinson1780]

All my paper airplanes were basically delta wing. I don't know how much good winglets would do on a delta wing. Pretty much the only place to fold the wingtip up into a winglet is where the wingtip IS, back by the trailing edge. By the time the air gets that far back, it has already flowed over 90% or more of the wing surface. I'd think that any drag-inducing turbulence would already have been created by the time the air gets that far back on the wing. What do you think?

[@lawrencedoliveiro9104]

There was an article at Ars Technica just recently about paper gliders and their subtleties. Some interesting aerodynamics going on.

[@jimziemer474]

That’s not dihedral and not the purpose of dihedral. I think you are confused.

[@DinorwicSongwriter]

I remember when the Australians blew away the competition in the Americas Cup when the put a wing on the keel of their sailboat. It was awesome! It had enough lift to get the hull up and reduce the amount of drag on the water significantly.

[@anonemouse3768]

I worked at McDonald Douglas as an engineer building airplanes. I still question the Bernoulli Effect.

[@SpiaggiaVita]

As you should, it doesn't explain lift.

[@AlejandroIrausquin]

You do question the Equal Transit Time fallacy. That is. a wrong assumption. The Bernoulli Effect is part of the lift phenomenom, but not as wrongly described here.

[@A_J502]

@@SpiaggiaVita If the Bernoulli effect doesn’t define lift, why is it almost universally used correctly in design, testing, prediction, and validation of aircraft designs?

[@A_J502]

@@robertcain3426 You have to blow FASTER on the bottom because the reaction is so weak. Fighter jets show how ineffective deflecting air with symmetrical airfoils is. Fighter jets require much more wing area, speed, and additional control surfaces to produce lift. Curved airfoils are vastly more efficient and effective at producing lift which is exactly why more cambered wings are used in the vast majority of fixed wing and rotary wing aircraft.

[@robertcain3426]

@@A_J502 Yes, I was confusing a foiled wing with Bernoulli's principle, since a asymetrically foiled wing is merely an example of Bernoulli's principle. And, rather, asymmetrically foiled wings are an attempt to achieve a level of Bernoulli's principle without an angle of attack. Whereas, flat or symmetrical wings of a jet fighter produce the Bernoulli effect by means of an angle of attack. While lift and diving depends on the Bernoulli principle, level flight does not. Level flight of a flat or symmetrical wing will, having no pressure differential between upper and lower wing surfaces, would, if not for the effect of gravity, fly on an unchanged level path. Thanks for your comment. I find it stimulating.

[@futurevision2317]

Informative and entertaining. That's a very difficult combination. God bless you Mr. Neil deGrasse Tyson.

[@sanandaallsgood673]

A wonderful explanation, Neil. Just an FYI, the rear "wing" is called a horizontal stabilizer. I'm sure you knew that but I felt that perhaps someone might want to know what it's really called. Also, if you watch aircraft streams on KZbin, you could see the flow of traffic change to match the wind direction changes.

[@petera1000]

Except its wrong.. other than that its wonderful

[@jgarbo3541]

Bernouilli Effect accounts for ~5% of lift, Angle of Attack 95% (~4% of the axis wing/fuselage), ie Newton's 3rd Law. If not, how to fly inverted? Why do modern fighter jets have almost symmetrical wing profiles? Power/weight ratio so high that BE irrelevant. (Old pilot here).

[@robjupp]

Finally, some common sense.

[@boeing757pilot]

You fly inverted with a greater angle of attack, which increases the airflow over the wing and increases the pressure differential. Similiar to normal flight.. Inverted flight doesn't violate Bernoulli..

[@ericlarue8010]

There no such thing as "bernoulli lift". Lift is only caused by deflection. The equal transit time hypothesis is false. A pressure differential doesn't cause lift, but rather IS lift caused by deflection. An upward force doesn't cause another upward force. Only a downward one does.

[@steveecrume2423]

To fly, all you need is enough "angle of attack" and enough force. The shape of the plane is just to reduce drag. You could turn a grand piano upside down and make it fly with enough angle and power, since it has has the same "wing loading" (psi) as a 747, if you calculate the weight divided by the lifting area.!

[@steveecrume2423]

Also the "rear wing" is upside down. Pushes the tail down to lift the nose. Also the safest seat on the plant!

[@tfjackson617]

Got the draG part down 👇 👠📿💃😔

[@jackwickman2403]

Brute force and ignorance will make a piano fly, but can you keep it flying? Yes planes are shaped to lower drag, but there's much more to the shapes than that. Flying with stability and control involves tiny, subtle manipulations of the air flow that are easily overlooked by the casual observer. Making a plane that goes straight without constant input from the pilot, and then turns on command without going wildly out of control is not a trivial task. The engineers who figure these things out are brilliant. The more you learn about how these things work, the more impressed you'll be.

[@mrpetebojangles21]

Commercial pilot here, I might’ve heard Neil incorrectly, but the air flowing underneath the wing is a lower velocity but HIGHER pressure, the air flowing over the wing is higher velocity but LOWER pressure. The air going over the top is sped up and stretched out, whereas the air going underneath the wing is generally unchanged and flowing in a straight line. Naturally, a pocket of air likes to balance itself out, so the higher pressure air underneath the wing flows upwards to the lower pressure, generating lift. This also explains how a Venturi system in a mechanism such as a carburetor works. Slower velocity (higher pressure) air is forced into a smaller area, therefore increasing the velocity of that air and decreasing its pressure, which continues the movement of higher to lower pressure air movement. nteresting side note about lift, is that the exact ideas and reasoning for how wings fly, is something that’s consistently being debated, even in modern times. Some argue it’s Newton’s 3rd law that better explains lift. Higher Angle of attack of the wing being pitched upward, pushes the air down and therefore the air is pushing back against the wing generating lift.

[@delharry4392]

It's fun and not a paper

[@ericlarue8010]

There's no such thing as "bernoulli lift ". All lift is caused by deflecting air.

[@gdoodnau]

I always thought Venturi poked holes in the Bernoulli principle! 🛩️ (I’ll see myself out) Great content as usual!

[@ekonomipanou9791]

I am an airplane model maker. I have been ever since I was 8 years old. I love airplanes so much that each time one is flying over I have to look up. Such wonderful machines.

[@Rob-eg8qc]

Neil and chuck do more for humanity than celebrities could ever entertain.

[@GreenAppelPie]

At least for people who want to continue learning throughout their life.

[@Rob-eg8qc]

@@GreenAppelPie well said 👍

[@souverain1er]

With Dr. NGT, I am always learning something new and 😂 at the same time. Tks doc and Chuck!

[@shawnmason2332]

WHAT WAS THE GLIDER QUESTION??? Absolutely love Star Talk

[@rosieroti4063]

Doctor, Could you please do a video explaining how sail ships could travel "into" the wind. For someone like me, it's mind-boggling that people could sail around the world in any direction regardless of the wind for centuries propelled by the wind caught by a bunch of sails tied to giant wooden masts.

[@TimsGarage311]

It's impossible to sail directly, head first, straight on, in to the wind. A sail is used to push the boat at an angle offset of the wind direction. The ships captain will take that heading for a bit, then switch to another heading that. And then changes in a bit. More or less zig zapping towards their destination.

[@morourke2561]

To travel directly into the wind is impossible, it's called "being in irons", once you fall off to either side your sails will fill(at different angles depending on the vessel in question), this position is called "close hauled(tight to the centre)". In this position your power from those sails is between 70-90° off dead ahead, this would obviously make you go sideways, except you have a keel in the water and it is performing the opposite effect under water, the combination of these two forces leaves you with a net effect of only forward motion, it's the slowest point of sail due to these confronting forces but at least you can get where you need to go. I hope this helps

[@lawrencedoliveiro9104]

Here in 🇳🇿, many years ago, there was a guy in the Bay of Islands somewhere who built a boat with a windmill on it, connected to drive the propeller. He could turn the windmill any which way, so it was always facing into the wind no matter which way the boat was steered. Then the question was asked: could he sail straight up 12 o’clock _into_ the wind, powered only by the wind? And the answer was yes, he could.

[@rudbeckia885]

Modern racing sailboats can sail to approximately 22° apparent wind angle before stalling.

[@morourke2561]

@@rudbeckia885 The Americas are closer to 15° now, it's incredibly really

[@MadDragon75]

Kelsey at 74Gear is a great pilot here on KZbin that can explain more about this if you are interested. He got a shout out from one of the KZbin creator's so you know his content is lit.

[@ohheyitskevinc]

Kelsey is great. For the physics, I tend to go to Mentour Pilot - he knows his stuff.

[@MadDragon75]

@@ohheyitskevinc oh yeah... He's a great recommendation as well. Thanks for adding him to the list.

[@spectike]

Startalk is the best! What was up with the most recent episodes intro? Seemed kinda rushed and jumped right into. The introductions and small talk are important too! Love you guys

[@raymondfilson4382]

I have always found it hard to accept it’s the Bernoulli, I think its fundamentally the Newtonian(Law 3) that’s why planes can actually fly upside down, otherwise the Bernoulli cannot make that happen.

[@MarcoBonechi]

Yes that's what he says half way through.

[@rsteeb]

BINGO. Using Bernoulli to explain lift really chaps my hide...

[@A_J502]

Planes flying upside down still produce lift due to positive angle of attack.

[@lawrencedoliveiro9104]

Mainly it’s conservation of momentum: push the air down, the vehicle goes up.

[@cboemannc]

there are 2 parts to lift. 1 is newton but second parts is preassure differential- But it is not caused by the bernoulli effect but rather because air moving in a curve creates a pressure diff.

[@jasonclevenger3848]

Actually, as a military history buff, as far as I'm aware, no WWII aircraft carrier had an angled and straight flight deck (runways). Those were developed in the 1950s. One Is for launching aircraft and the other for recovering aircraft ( the ship turns into the wind when it's launching aircraft)

[@rockinrobbie1985]

1953 USS Antietam was the first US carrier to have an angled deck

[@Nghilifa]

It also turns into the wind when it is recovering aircraft as well. Carriers will also launch & recover aircraft at the same time.

[@jebr055]

And still the angled deck has nothing to do with landing into the wind. The angled deck simply provides a means for aircraft to take off again if they do not connect with the arresting wires.

[@bkailua1224]

@@jebr055 they call it bolter on a carrier.

[@balogungaa2301]

I learned hard and I laughed hard. God bless Neil and Chuck for all these videos.

[@checkfoldcallraise]

In Florida, I lived about 20 minutes away from Patrick afb. When the air show was in town, I would enjoy seeing the blue angels fly over my house in formation. The sound was incredible! 😊 🛩️

[@dunndeal505]

I love this segment very entertaining and educational

[@yousuffarhatkhan6470]

As an avid flight simmer, this video was pretty informational thank you so much 🧡

[@scottakam]

One small correction on aircraft carriers. They have angled decks so planes can be taking off and landing at the same time. The ship always turns into the wind plus makes more wind from the speed of the ship.

[@jccalhoun4972]

That and safety. An airplane that misses off an angled deck is less likely to hit aircraft parked.

[@therustycook]

I figured some people would make a comment on this. Thanks!

[@AL-jn2mn]

This is a great video and helped me understand more about the concept of lift in aerodynamics. I've learned principles behind lift and how it is generated by the wings of an aircraft but there is some misconceptions in this video such as that Bernoulli's effect is the sole cause. We need to consider the fact that lift is also created by the deflection of air downwards and that lift is not only by the longer path of air over the curved surface of the wing. It is also very beneficial to address one major principle in generating lift which is angle of attack. This video is very helpful in us generating lift and how airplanes fly, thank you!

[@Observ45er]

Unfortunately, AL, it is not science. Nope. This really hurts. Neil Is clearly out of his element and has repeated nothing but common misconceptions and made some new ones. He needs to have a serious talk with a fluid dynamics expert. This video is EXTREMELY disappointing. This is NOT correct. I've sent him a message, because we REALLY need to talk.

[@Rick_Cavallaro]

>> lift is also created by the deflection of air downwards It's not "also" caused by the downward deflection of the flow. There are simply two ways to compute the same result. You can use either Bernoulli (change of pressure) or Newton (change of momentum) to compute lift. You'll get the same answer, and for the same reasons.

[@blaaaaaaaargh]

Neil, look up attack angle and coanda effect. Air packets don’t have entanglement where they need to catch up with each other if they’ve been bisected.

[@ChristianMeyer]

Yeah, I was kinda surprised to hear this debunked myth explanation from him

[@rdspam]

Yes, I was hoping he would debunk this long-lived tale. Sadly, it’s perpetuated instead.

[@SpiaggiaVita]

This is correct.

[@rsteeb]

IF Coanda effect is important for lift, how do you account for vortex generators on wingtops?

[@SpiaggiaVita]

@@rsteeb literally a 30 second search and read on Wikipedia has the correct answer for wingtip vortices being the result of downwash. If the wing is redirecting air downward, it is easy to see how that would create vortices at the tip of the wing. Pressure has little if anything to do with it.

[@javiercastro8466]

I believe aircraft carriers have two runways, not for takeoff options as Neil described here, but because they serve different functions. One is for take off and the ship merely changes course to face the wind for optimal conditions, while the other is for landing while allowing it to point away from the ship in the event of a failed landing.

[@akilrangwalla]

The air actually moves much faster on the suction surface, and the top parcel reaches the trailing edge much faster than the bottom parcel. Using good old Newtonian mechanics as applied to fluid flow, you can calculate the force the wing creates. Bernoulli effect is just a statement of conservation of energy.

[@abrahamvivas9540]

Both descriptions are valid descriptions of the flow field, and from both (once a flow field configuration is established) you can deduce that there's a lift force. But the mechanism that leads to the curved flow field distribution is actually caused by the viscous boundary layer detachment on the trailing edge. Without viscosity there's no such thing as lift (potential flow solution for flow field around airfoil)

[@danalex2991]

Actually I have seen a video on KZbin of a university professor disproving this. He showed a wind tunnel time lapse of disproving this idea that top parcel of air reaches trailing edge faster than the bottom edge. Overall Bernoulli effect is minimal on flight.

[@grejen711]

Yeah, nope! There is no magical force pushing the air on the top side of the wing to accelerate back to the trailing edge. On the contrary the air gets shoved more upward than backward as it hits the leading edge. This has been observed in wind tunnels and forms the current models of fluid dynamics.

[@WilliamBarrow]

Mostly about : if I bend the air downwards (over the top) edge of the wing, an equal and opposite force acts on the wing pushing it upwards, and so “lift”. A lot more complicated than this, but Newton is flying the plane, mostly.

[@A_J502]

@@danalex2991 Explain how a wing in which the top and bottom airstreams produce lift if neither is deflected downward.

[@leonkayombo4316]

I like this natural laughter and the whole video is entertaining while it shares some good knowledge !

[@jackpast]

This was the only video on StarTalk where I actually knew most of the facts Mr. Tyson spoke of! Even the winglets! Love flying and love learning about the science about it.

[@petera1000]

Except its wrong and they are not facts.

[@TCASAnalytics]

Aaaahhhh dang it Neil!!! You propagated the stall "speed" myth!!!! An airfoil can stall at ANY airspeed!!! Airspeed is at best indirectly related, and the traditional means of anticipating an aerodynamic stall. An airfoil stalls when the angle of the wind flowing over the airfoil exceeds that airfoil's critical angle of attack. I know, this is meant for the laymen, but this is YOU, Neil! You do stuff right!!!

[@michaeldominick9873]

Neil, Your explanation of the Bernoulli Principle is exactly the same as my very inspirational 5th grade teacher gave. He was probably a large part of the reason I'm in the 36th + year of a career as an aeronautical engineer. However, as many years ago it still leaves me wondering why does the air passing over the top of the wing "feel" compelled to meet up with the air passing over the bottom of the wing? As other commenters have pointed out,the parcel air moving over the top actually tends to reach the rear of the wing even faster than the parcel of air moving across the bottom. Why is this? The reason is air is incredibly viscous or "sticky" if you will. Have you ever tried to get air off of you? Try running your hand at an angle through water. The air sucks down to fill the void behind your hand. The same thing happens with the curved upper wing surface or even a flat plane traveling at an angle though the air (this is why aircraft can fly upside down) . The air tries to fill the void cause by the upper surface of the wing moving downward and not only speeds up, it also gains a downward momentum. This together with the Bernoulli Principle is what generates lift. If you have ever seen older jet aircraft, that generate soot in the exhaust, in level flight, you can see that the air trailing the aircraft is moving downward. As an aside, it must be nice traveling first class and getting hot meals. It's been many years since those of us in steerage have gotten a hot meal.

[@rsteeb]

It is not the viscosity of the air, it's the mass. Lift is the Newtonian reaction to the accelleration of air downward, which is proportional to the ANGLE of ATTACK. The only reason that aircraft wings have thickness is to acccommodate the spar and maybe some fuel tanks. Bernoulli has very little to do with it!

[@A_J502]

@@rsteeb Then why is the Bernoulli effect and derived equations for lift almost always valid?

[@rsteeb]

@@A_J502 Then why do aircraft flying inverted use different "laws of physics"?

[@A_J502]

@@rsteeb Aircraft flying upside down don’t use different laws of physics. For most aircraft, the wings have a positive camber (greater curve across the upper surface relative to a line from the leading edge to the trailing edge). A positive cambered airfoil will need a greater angle of attack when flying upside down than when right side up.

[@rsteeb]

@@A_J502 And the only reason wings have thickness is to accommodate the spar and possibly fuel tanks. Lift is newton's third law in action, full stop.

[@naayou99]

15:40 "Notwithstanding, still ..." that was the best

[@CarrascoWangler]

I love this! Thank you!

[@aurassh]

As a kid in school I've learn about that, but it was called Coanda Effect (Henri Coanda - Romanian), based on Bernoulli's Principle.

[@SpiaggiaVita]

These are two different things entirely. The Coanda effect is in action when you pour a liquid out of a pitcher, and it sticks to the side rather than flowing freely over the edge of the spout. This fluid redirection is how wings create downwash, which then creates a lifting force on the wing. Bernoulli's Principle is almost completely irrelevant in terms of the amount of lift it generates.

[@reh3884]

@@SpiaggiaVita What Tyson did with the paper IS the Coanda effect. It has NOTHING to do with Bernoulli. Aurassh is correct (except for the "based on" part. That part is nonsense).

[@DannyJoh]

Love this video guys! The super interesting science, the humour and now I will appreciate flying home for Christmas even more. Maybe I won't even complain about the salad 😁

[@Eristhenes]

I love these two together🙌🏿

[@melonymyers2436]

Wow, as an engineer in aerospace & RC plane builder, I love this episode. But, I gotta go down the rabbit hole about NdT ROTFL with Nice's "Johnson" remark (after the 7 min. mark). Chuck wasn't aware about the old "My name is Raymond Jay Jonah Johnson Junior" skit, that was part of the short-lived Redd Foxx Variety Show (No, I don't mean "Sanford & Son".) On his show, Redd Foxx introduced to a new generation many old comedians from radio and vaudeville days. (Being seen nationwide revitalized a lot of these actors' careers to go on to other shows and commercials afterwards.) The gag on the show was if someone said "Johnson", comedian Bill Saluga would suddenly show up saying "Ya doesn hav ta call me Johnson..." and go into a non-stop monologe of his full name and all it's permutations. It's funny as heck when I first saw it as a kid, and I still have it memorized! I come for the science, I stay for the off-tangent stuff.

[@diesel46809]

Both you guy's are amazing, I always learn so much from the both of you. Keep up the great work, keep safe. Looking forward for the next video.

[@willarity6927]

I went to the Navy jet engine mech school in Millington, TN in the '70s, and was authoritatively told to ignore all that: planes fly because the wings push the air down

[@truejim]

I think that’s a better explanation. If the shape of wings is what caused most of the lift, then airplanes couldn’t fly upside down, which many airplanes clearly can.

[@StanleyMilgramm]

@@truejim Also there are aircraft with flat wings, including paper airplanes.

[@rsteeb]

Precisely,

[@A_J502]

Wings produce lift UPWARDS. The reaction force of the air pushed downwards is nowhere near enough to create the lift measured and verified with the equation of lift which uses Bernoulli equation.

[@StanleyMilgramm]

@@A_J502 What is your explanation as to how wings create lift?

[@theinterruptedlife1783]

I finally caught up and now I am watching the latest EXPLAINER

[@pavellambracht5823]

Dr. Tyson and Chuck, please do another video over difference in pressure inside and outside of the plane. That is very interesting topic.

[@jccalhoun4972]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_pressurization That certainly won’t be as entertaining as these two, but that describes generally how it works.

[@lpappas474]

The pressure inside a non pressurized aircraft is lower than the outside ambient pressure. A fact pilots are taught when using the alternate static source inside the plane.

[@pavellambracht5823]

@@jccalhoun4972 thank you for the link!

[@harrisonendean6645]

Also 4:52 is only one of many explanations of how lift works but I understand that lift is a controversial topic

[@nicholas31415]

Yeah, I wish he had explained the Coanda Effect since it gives an airfoil more lift than the Bernoulli's Principle. At least he did mention that fighter jets don't need to use Bernoulli's Principle at all though, so I'll give him some credit there.

[@aliasog]

the explanation with bernoulli and the distances is actually not right

[@the_infinity_channel]

Neil is professor we never had 😢😢 thank you sir for all those learning, totaly free ❤

[@ksheppard8052]

Dr. Tyson you are a national treasure. Thank you for these videos. And thank you to you & Chuck for the laughter.

[@saradreaming]

88 keys. 88 constellations. 88 mph.. It makes sense. (I remember that talk

[@GSalem]

Class A science lesson/comic relief. Thank you for the enrichment and the enlightenment. You leave us smarter and happier. That bit about you can call me Ray or you can call me Jay was hilarious. May I be a little maternal with you Mr. Tyson. Please take care of your health and give yourself enough sleep and rest, because we all NEED YOU in our world.

[@clsatc]

I totally learned some very interesting facts on this one. I love the dynamic between neil & chuck. So fun!!

[@kellyrobinson1780]

I used to put control surfaces on my paper airplanes. Just a few snips with the scissors, and you've got combination ailerons/elevators on the trailing edges of the wings, and a rudder in the vertical trailing edge of the "fuselage". You can also use paper clips to twiddle with the center of gravity and the total mass of the plane. More mass means it has to move faster to stay airborne, but it also gives the plane more forward momentum so it doesn't slow down as quickly due to drag. And moving the CH front or back alters the pitch/angle of attack. These simple things can really help you tune the flight characteristics of your planes.

[@donaldsmith8648]

I use to work at O'Hare airport for 2 years on the runway.. airplane ✈️ are awesome and so is this video

[@sidsimon5844]

One basic rule in aviation: Takeoffs are optional - landings are mandatory.

[@BLOXKAFELLARECORDS]

RIP TAKE OFF. 🕊

[@lawrencedoliveiro9104]

Billy Connolly tells of the time he was in the Territorials, as a parachutist. He actually made his first six trips in an aircraft without ever experiencing a landing, because he jumped out every time.

[@GeorgePap99]

StarTalk. Not only do you learn, but also you have good conversation openers 🤣

[@adityakrishnan9970]

Really awesome explanation! Would appreciate some visuals as well so that we can visualise it correctly.

[@Observ45er]

Is it 100% Wrong! Except the part about lift being the Top-Bottom pressure difference. . . It is the worst of the common wrong explanations.

[@Rahulnpx]

Very cool science explainer video. Thanks Neil and Chuck. Looking forward to a video on helicopters and drones and how bees , birds and dragonflies fly too.

[@AceSpadeThePikachu]

I'd love to see a whole episode about helicopters (an excuse for Neil to talk about Ingenuity and Dragonfly again.)

[@montpierce424]

You guys are so fun together. You always make me smile. Thanks !!

[@seth7745]

Aircraft technically have a "stall speed" that changes with load and air density, but ultimately its the high angle of attack associated with that set of conditions that stalls the wing, not the low speed itself.

[@Henchman_Holding_Wrench]

I was just thinking about the Bernoulli effect today when I was looking at different compressed air nozzles at work.

[@justintyson2148]

4:18 he literally describes word for word the Equal Transit Theory which has been accepted as wrong.

[@Observ45er]

OUCH! This hurts. Neil Is clearly out of his element and has repeated nothing but common misconceptions and made some new ones. He needs to have a serious talk with a fluid dynamics expert. This video is EXTREMELY disappointing. This is NOT correct.

[@meridien52681]

I just love seeing these guys cracking each other up! The chemistry is so good!!

[@johnsciara9418]

When I was a jet engine mechanic instructor in the Air Force, I used an interesting demonstration of the Bernoulli Principle. Take a spool of thread that has a hole through the spool. Then take a piece of cardboard, I would use one cut out as a disk. Then put a thumbtack in the middle of the disk. Place the disk with the thumbtack facing up into the center of the hole of the spool. Hold the cardboard up to the spool until you start blowing into the hole. Once you start to blow into the spool, you can take your hand away from the disk. No matter how hard you blow into the spool, the disk will stay up against the spool

[@bhratthakkar4415]

As a matter of fact, we can observe the effect of Bernoulli's principle by simply putting out hand outside of a running car with parm facing down and slightly curved. The hand will get lifted upwards with slightest of the tilt of the palm similar to how wings on the airplanes changes their angle of attack. Pretty amazing experience.

[@kalijasin]

How does that work on tailless aircraft? 🤔

[@bhratthakkar4415]

@@kalijasin An airplane may not be able to pitch up/down or move sideways without a tail, so tail would be required as it controls vertical and horizontal directions of the aircraft.

[@rsteeb]

That's Newton, not Bernoulli...

[@bhratthakkar4415]

@@rsteeb Bernoulli discovered the phenomenon by which pressure differences are caused. Check out the video, Neil explains it.

[@cboemannc]

@@bhratthakkar4415 The video is wrong.

[@abrahamvivas9540]

Science communicators usually get aerodynamics wrong... In fact, air from the top and bottom of the airfoil doesn't arrive at the trailing edge at the same time... What makes airfoils to work, is that the viscous boundary layer detach at trailing Edge and in consequence air is forced to follow the airfoil to the trailing edge... Air being forced to curve around the airfoil (curved airfoil or potato airfoil with angle of attack) push the wing up as a consequence of momentum change...

[@bryansychingiok]

Newton still rules!

[@2684dennis]

actually what ive learn about the small upward wings on the tips of the wings, when they where designing the a380 they where losing to much lift because of the turbelance ad the tips of the wings to make it fly and where looking for a solution for that turbelance on the tip of the wing, and how they found out about the upward tips was by studying big predator birds like eagles, their featers ad their wing tips are curled up and been researching the effects and found out that made the turbelance less and that more of the tips of the wings could be used for lift this way making it work.

[@fredbarnes196]

Air tunnel tests show that the air that curves around the top of the wing travels faster than the air that travels a shorter distance on the other side of the wing. But they don’t meet up at the trailing edge. They don’t have an agreement to stick together

[@carloscampos1824]

Just finished my physics 1 final yesterday. So, I definitely know everything that's going to be explained... Yep, definitely understand everything....

[@rafaelromo4493]

Yo wud up geeks 🤓

[@lovelovelovehappyhappyhappy]

15:20 Wise words Dr Tyson 🙏

[@naayou99]

The best explanation of how airplanes fly. Listening to D.G. Tyson is always a joy. How lucky the members of his household are.

[@vava_pl]

Actually, aircraft carriers have two runways for different reason. Diagonal one is for catapult assisted take off, and angled one is for landing - angling provide clearance in case when plane missed stopping rope. In such case pilot could accelerate and fly securely away for next attempt

[@spaddriver1957]

They will also use both angles with 2 catapults on each to launch aircraft quickly in need. As both are essentially pointing into the wind. Angling the rear area was To allow the aircraft to go around again if it didn't catch any of a series of cables strung along the width of the deck. On the WWII era, straight deck carriers. Missing the cables meant crashing into a web barrier (if the crew had it strung up) or more likely crashing into other planes forward on the deck. Credit the British navy for the angled deck and the catapult.

[@Aethelgeat]

I totally agree. I just wanted to add that an aircraft carrier is also a tiny airbase that can change direction to match the wind.

[@JS45678]

This is my favorite physics principle every time I travel by air! 😃

[@mikenewhouse4787]

The winglets on the tips of the wings of new generation aircraft not only reduce the drag created by wingtip vortices, but also provide a small amount of lift propelling the airfoil forward slightly reducing the effects of "induced drag".

[@lpappas474]

Don't want to forget Newton's Third law of motion.

[@deepakdongre7712]

Bringing tonnes of knowledge is one thing- their laughter is another. Amazing you can have so much fun while discussing serious science topics.

[@knarfx4732]

Ty Prof Tyson ❤Science is the best 🔥🔥

[@kevkfz5226]

Sorry not having this tired explanation. The air on the top of the wings wants to be in a parcel with its friend below . Why is that?

[@bobkile9734]

Vacuum pressure. As the air moves over the wing, the wing gets thicker and then slimmer. This pulls the air away from each other, and then leaves them separate. However, air hates leaving pockets of nothing in it, so it forces the air above the wing to stick to the wing, putting the parcel back together.

[@jackwickman2403]

Quantum Entanglement

[@frankhanson9260]

That was a Good one. I always wondered why the Southwest wing tips had that little upward bend.....😀

[@dmrkscpr]

Favorite topic for sure. Pls do more on flight

[@clark931]

Neil deGrasse Tyson, utilizing every second of his existence.

[@BLOXKAFELLARECORDS]

🤣 So is everyone else who is productive in life. You better get with it too. Or you will be forgotten forever.

[@ranonampangom2185]

@@BLOXKAFELLARECORDS I get your point, but all of us will be forgotten. I'm already forgotten, thankfully, I can disappear at any moment and only the government will care, since they won't get my $$$ anymore. 👍

[@BLOXKAFELLARECORDS]

@@ranonampangom2185 😂😂 right on brother. I make music so hopefully my songs play 100 years from now. #johnnyx100

[@ranonampangom2185]

@@BLOXKAFELLARECORDS Nice. By then we'll need music more than ever before.

[@penkast1605]

You two, have a wonderful chemistry going on! Thank you for making me laugh! My hubby travelled all over the world, and loves airplanes. I love them too, but am much more anxious than him at takeoff and landing. Your explanations are excellent! I hope more people overcome their fear of flying! I have ❤️

[@greasemonkey815]

As a kid I always liked to watch diffrent aircrafts flying over and try to hear it's engine sound to feel how much power it's making to keep that thing up in there.

[@arpitpatel5814]

Neil never ceases to impress 👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻