How DO PILOTS KNOW which HEADING to FLY??? Explained by CAPTAIN JOE

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00:00 Introduction
01:10 True Heading
02:44 Magnetic Heading
03:59 Magnetic Variation
05:57 Compass Heading
06:27 Compass Deviation Chart
07:04 Which heading do I have to fly?
10:14 Quiz Questions
10:34 When to fly True Heading?
11:27 Outro
In today’s video we’ll be talking about …
Heading. The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an aircraft is pointed, usually expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic, compass or grid). (Source: ICAO)
Track. The projection on the earth’s surface of the path of an aircraft, the direction of which path at any point is usually expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic or grid). (Source: ICAO)
Radial. A magnetic bearing extending from a VOR/VORTAC/TACAN. (Source: UK CAA)
Bearing. The horizontal direction to or from any point, usually measured clockwise from true north, magnetic north, or some other reference point through 360 degrees. (Source: US FAA)
Description
Heading Vs. Track
The heading of an aircraft may be different than its track due to the wind. This difference is called drift angle. For an airliner at cruising speed, it is usually within 5 degrees. Depending on the specific circumstances, however, the drift angle can be bigger. For example, if the aircraft true airspeed is 400 kts, and there is a crosswind of 100 kt, the drift angle will be 15 degrees.
Heading, track and drift angle
The heading is used for vectoring while the track is not.
If an aircraft is flying on a specific track then its path is a straight line. If it is flying on a heading, the line may turn to the left or right, depending on the wind change.
If an aircraft is flying on a track, the heading may need to be adjusted several times to compensate for the drift caused by the wind.
Radial Vs. Bearing
The radial is a variant of the bearing. It is always related to the magnetic direction from a radio aid. The bearing is a more general term, because
* it can be measured from any point (radio aid, navigation point, aircraft or just a point with coordinates)
* it can be related to any North, not necessarily the magnetic one
Heading Vs. Radial
The radial gives the relative position of an aircraft to e.g. a VOR. There is no mathematical relation between the radial and the heading (or track) of an aircraft, i.e. one cannot be derived from the other. For example, if an aircraft is on the 360 outbound radial (to the north of the VOR), it could be flying on any heading (or track) albeit for a short time.
I hope you enjoyed this video and learned a little aviation fact for today! More to come tomorrow!
Wishing you all the best!
Joe
ALL COPYRIGHTS TO THIS VIDEO ARE OWNED BY FLYWITHCAPTAINJOE.COM ANY COPYING OR ILLEGALLY DOWNLOADING AND PUBLISHING ON OTHER PLATFORMS WILL FOLLOW LEGAL CONSEQUENCES

[@flywithcaptainjoe]

Answer to the first quiz question is 220 degrees! Typing error! My bad! You got it right 😉

[@dshack4689]

oh thank god for that, i was tearing my hair out having gotten 220 and wondering where i'd gone wrong. thanks for the update!

[@tilakmistry3438]

Can we still book an online zoom session with you? I wanted to book it for may, after my finals to know the next step towards being a pilot in India.

[@AnakinSkyobiliviator]

Oh whew! I thought I did something wrong, thanks Cap!

[@Gorkhepilot]

Finally relieved 😅

[@ervinm.5065]

Heck, I felt so dumb for a moment

[@WECB640]

Mag-nificent explanation! I have so much more respect for not only our pilots, but also our early sea captains. I think this is proof positive that we need more science instruction in our classrooms. Thank you Capt. Joe!

[@flywithcaptainjoe]

Glad you enjoyed it!

[@orpattmaks490]

Mag-nificent ey? 😂😂

[@cessna880]

FINALLY, after 12min only, by watching Captain Joe' "FlightSchoolVideo", I finally understand a topic, which 12 hours of PPL-classroom failed to get transmitted to me. Big hands and thx for CPT Joe! 👏👏👏 🙌🙌🙌 📝✅ 🤩💡

[@dennisb6853]

I understood very little when I was in flight school but when I got flying I spent the few hours saying to myself now I understand. By the way I scored 98 on the test without understanding.

[@cessna880]

@@dennisb6853 😂👏👍 have you ever thaught to play lottery with your gifted intention of guessing? :)

[@flywithcaptainjoe]

Glad it was helpful! And really appreciate your comment!!!

[@cessna880]

@@flywithcaptainjoe if you like to have a flight or at least a visit inside a DC-3, you may like to come once to LSZG, where she is homebased. (sie fliegt öfters mal ihre Kreise :-) MFG Chris

[@mildlemon7866]

9:30 Strongly reminds me of my navigation lessons for my boating licence, with just one single difference: When navigating a boat or ship, you cannot go to a place with a vastly different magnetic variation within few hours!

[@BruceCarbonLakeriver]

well, there aren't that many boats coasting with up to 500kts ground speed xD

[@faskedfask8012]

Finally I can listen something about heading and navigation for my PPL(A) theoretical exam from you. Thank you :)

[@felixvialva652]

Thanks Captain

[@BhaveshDiwan]

Thanks a lot Joe for a long(er) video which actually teaches something worthy. Honestly, I prefer this anytime over the youtube shorts.

[@flywithcaptainjoe]

Thanks man! I won’t stop with the longer videos, Promise😉

[@selimeylul8292]

Very friendly both in person and on the screen. Thank you, Captain Joe, for consistently shining your enthusiasm for aviation by increasing accessibility into aviation topics.

[@sheldonbeckford9929]

I must tell you captain u are a great teacher in the aviation industry...and having you as a teacher you can never go wrong captain. I know there are many more like you out there and I honestly want to say thumbs up to all you pilots out there who is doin this fantastic job in the aviation industry. Respect to you all,and I hope one day I will be able to join all you guys because THE SKY IS THE LIMIT. Respect to you Joe

[@karlospineda371]

Very well ex-planed, on school, teachers just give a sheet of theory, you explain it and put multiple examples, thank you very much for your great teaching Joey

[@burakozer1778]

As a Cadet candidate, I feel like learning such things will be very helpful for my training! Thanks, Cpt. Joe 👍🏻

[@catdoctrigeek1464]

Perfect timing. Right where i'm at in my on-line ground school. It really helps to hear a slightly different wording of an important topic.

[@Elanthiel]

Question about the results of the questions at 10:28 - I get 220 when working out the first question: True corse 219, with wind factored in 215, with magnetic variation 222, and with deviation 220. The answer should be 216 so what am I missing? Or is the answer incorrect?

[@rothaarig]

same sht

[@manvithkumarchalla3562]

Even me also

[@jedisith25]

even me too

[@chabadagyorgy8310]

I'm also getting 220 for multiple times, please help me if I'm missing something. Even watched the example twice but still...

[@kaibngwtz]

Me too. It’s like those damn EASA ATPL questions :D Jokes aside, great Video as always. Thanks for the great content

[@lockheedelectra]

sorry guys, i left the 778th like i should have left it at 777 😄

[@Johnnydoxx]

Very fine explanation and examples. Some anecdotal stuff: When I was an instructor for Mountain Search And Rescue, it was not uncommon for a student to get incorrect compass readings.. Often because of a metal pen, or SAR radio, near the compass on their neck lanyard, or sometimes because they rested the compass on a metal fence post for 'stability'! But in the field as a searcher, an odd situation occurred while searching in the lava fields in western New Mexico Those fields had magnetic anomalies that attracted the needle of the compass. We used the sun angle to keep a reference for our direction. As a rule, we penciled in the declination lines onto our field topo maps, to compare the magnetic readings to the true direction of the map. That way, laying the compass on the map, with its markings aligned with the penciled lines, told us the 'true' story! The declination there was 11 - 15 degrees east, depending on longitude and latitude.

[@onzlojaunwilliams8176]

The timing of this vid is incredible....I have my Navigation exam tomorrow and wasnt confident with the headings and the conversions between them...and now i fully understand thanks to your easy and simple explanation....Thanks Captain!!

[@yusufphoto]

Really intrigued by your videos, keep it up Joe!

[@Hondalover3000]

Powerful geography lesson. Thanks Cpt. Joe!

[@christophesch4070]

With Concorde always in the picture. I have similar ideas from using a sail boat. Quite complex on the fly if you have to do it once in a while. Thanks for the video.

[@primatefurtif6367]

What a timing, I’m starting my ppl without any knowledge and from all the topics, that one was the most difficult for me. Now I understand. THANKS A LOT. 👍

[@milk-it]

Perfekte Zusammenfassung wie immer! Danke Dir!

[@a-8007]

I saw many are saying similar. This was one of the subjects that tripped me up and you explained it well in 12 minutes 👍

[@elcastorgrande]

Great explanation ! Welcome back.

[@Rafaelvalentim]

0:29 How to show the world you’re German

[@cessna880]

reminds me on quentin tarentiono's "inglorious bastards" bar-scene. ✌️vs👆 😁

[@gladyslopezmurillo6170]

Un excelente video Joe muy motivador

[@Beardedexpat7614]

That’s made my understanding clear now Joe. Thanks for the explanation. 😊

[@mafaruqui]

WoW, you took me back in 1995 when was a a student in flying club and I can still remember how my instructor used to stand and teach us all that, I can still hear his voice

[@user-rp5vx2pb9i]

Had to watch part of video twice but finally got it. Thank you Captain Joe!!

[@user-oo8zt1sc1c]

Top quality material you are sharing dear Captain! Thx so much for your dedication.

[@shelleyclow]

Excellent video. Thanks Captain Joe.

[@rikardlalic7275]

Top quality lessons

[@TheNafanny1]

Having watched many of your videos and also Mentor Pilot ones, I just want to say what an amazing job pilots do. How you know and remember the 1000s of different settings, instruments, charts, maps, ATC, weather and hundreds of other things involved in safely operating a passenger aircraft I will never know!

[@PilotJoe2]

Amazing video! Loved the graphic aids!

[@LeppAviation]

One of the best videos yet if I do say so myself 😉

[@alexkazzeo6208]

Brings me back to old and fun days!

[@catherinecollyns3021]

Thanks for info in regards how to work out headings

[@klausbellroth5451]

This drove me nuts during my training. Remembering when to add/subtract variation, breaking down wind speeds into head or tailwinds vs crosswinds and worst of all, knowing when given wind directions are magnetic or true (if tower gives you a wind direction, it's magnetic, if you check the METAR/TAF they are true). Feels good to see this reviewed by Capt. Joe and not getting confused anymore. Thanks for the video 😀

[@crazy4gta1]

I remember this rule of thumb” if you hear it, it’s magnetic. If you read it, it’s true north”

[@NIAPRA]

Well done CJ I appreaciated 👍

[@thomaspartin8968]

Captain Joe, I have to say, despite being an aviation geek my whole life, and having over 1000 hours in various pc simulators, I never knew this. I'm going to watch this several more times. Excellent explanation, sir. Thank you!!!

[@brianloughlin6060]

Another great video. As an officer working I the shipping industry I enjoy seeing the things in aviation thay are similar to ships onboard every 4 hours we do a compass error check. The main factor that effects us is the steel used in the ship itself. This causes the compass to deviate slightly, but also depending on the area of the world the variation will differ slightly to abkut 3/4° E/W. Through taking a sight of a Celestial body and using calculations we can work out the error and which course to steer to get the true heading.

[@nikitapodgorny6906]

Yeah boy, I had 2 weeks ago my navigation exam which I passed with 100%, and know I have a short video, which is nice to listen again and again for not forgeting about the navigation basics every time, thanks Joe 👍🏻

[@flywithcaptainjoe]

Well done! Happy to hear that!

[@jorgevasco777]

Can't wait for the magnetic dip and turning errors related videos!

[@ShannonStrings200304]

You always inspire me, the more i watch you the more sure I am that I am gonna get my CPL. Thank you for sharing all the knowledge. Love learning from you. I really hope one day I get the opportunity to fly with you.(even if its a small Cessna/Dimond 😂)

[@xTeamUNITx]

You really make me actually wanna get it right. Amazing teacher, Sir!

[@y_fam_goeglyd]

As a passenger (well, if I ever do it again), knowing that the big planes still have the old-fashioned compass + chart to fall back on, makes me happy!

[@Gorkhepilot]

Very informative video for me merci Cpt Joe

[@flyingcheff]

Well said, Joe!

[@UraFlight]

Very very educational. Clear short explanation. Thank you so much Joe 😊

[@tariqbutt4122]

Joe you are A Great Teacher as well 👏👏👍👌

[@rogerbrown5558]

Did this on my 'boat masters' course. Yep, same stuff applies. Nice little refresher.

[@frank_av8tor]

Well explained! So glad my EHSI is Track Up so I don't need to worry about all this anymore. This did bring back many good memories of way back when. What's the difference between track vs heading? I'm sure Captain Joe will explain in a future video. Hint track is what really matters.

[@MrT------5743]

Fun Fact The Earth's magnetic north pole, is a magnet's south pole. This is why the North compass needle is attracted to the Earth's magnetic north even though opposites attract.

[@maximilianpfeiffer4567]

It's 25 years ago but I still remember our physics teacher in 5th grade telling us exactly this. Funnily there was an error in our atlas where this was mixed up. :D

[@NavneetSingh-io4jh]

Best of the best explanation Sir thank you so much ♥️♥️

[@justinwilliammee2150]

Wow, that was great. So articulate and the examples actually make sense. You can tell he puts himself in the shoes of a student and asks " if I were a student, would what I as the teacher just taught make any sense"? So many people are great at their profession, but just awful teachers or trainers. Thank you so much for your videos!!

[@umarsebyala9920]

Clearly I haven't been clapping hard enough for the Captain on every safe flight! What you people do is nothing short of magnificent miracles every single time! Thank you for this insightful look at bearings in flight, Captain Joe! Mad respect from Uganda for you and your gravity defying colleagues all over the world!

[@birds_eye_view]

Very good explanation and also not missing out on the banking error of the magnetic compass and so on. Looking forward to your next video 👍

[@thegamingguy877]

Thanks for sharing ur knowledge with us joe 😊😊 Joe, could you please make a video about the trim of aircrafts?

[@laderlappentv6402]

Just as my PPL(A) class was introduced to this topic. Thanks a lot, very well explained :)

[@flywithcaptainjoe]

Most welcome!

[@mohammedalibassim4749]

Cool stuff! And cool ad 😎

[@Eyes_On_Sky]

Wow so easily explained

[@anthonnwar]

Thank good this video is more understandable than when I did NAV in ground school , thanks @captainjoe

[@DanSmithBK]

I am so grateful for my tablet and SkyDemon... I just touch two locations, and follow the magenta line! I remember doing it the old way, but I’m glad that’s becoming a thing of the past...

[@srikrishnan1595]

Dear Joe, You are GEM of pilots .

[@susanmitrano1007]

Love your videos , I learn alot. Was surprised to see you use vero beach as example, I live in Vero. I really like your videos on holding procedures. I ran out of money for lessons so I watch videos and bought instrument procedures and instrument flying textbooks to learn as much as I can. Keep those videos coming , thanks.

[@ramoramo962]

Great explanation!! More flight-school related videos please!!!

[@flywithcaptainjoe]

You got it!

[@karlospineda371]

Very helpful

[@2PistonRolling]

Thank you for sharing valuable knowledge explained in layman language. Made my day easy :)

[@BryanDorr]

Excellent explanation, Captain Joe! A downside to the magnetic pole shift is the havoc it plays with runway numbering. I recall landing at Boeing Field where it was runways 13/31. Then recently I was at Boeing Field and saw the runways were renumbered 14/32.

[@aninwokouchechukwu7656]

Wow wow wow like seriously ? Like I understood most of this stuff just a little which I don't but I will still rewatch it for full understanding. My Head of department in my university was teaching something very related to this few weeks ago and I was confused and was trying to understand it but this video made me remember about what he was teaching and i was matching both and I was just understanding what he was teaching. Much thanks to you captain joe you are more than just a pilot you are a inspiration to me and someone I look up to soo much to, thank you for this wonderful video and explanation, Thank you

[@PRCOM]

Great video cpt hope u and family are well.

[@juanflyer8443]

Captain Joe, Thanks for your helpful insights. I just completed my Instrument Rating 3 days ago. Loved the basic clear explanations. Holds were a nightmare at first All done Now, Thank you. Cheers from Sunny Florida

[@SD45-ET44AC]

I won’t be piloting an aircraft in the foreseeable or unforeseeable remainder of my life but I liked this educational opportunity. Thanks! Great video!

[@sandeepKumar-jz7sc]

You are a excellent teacher sir.... All of your videos catch the students nerve ..... Very easy to understand with the way you explain.... It shows how well you understand the students in front of you and the possible complex error which a student can make. Lots of respect for your contribution to students ☺️🙏🙏

[@sameeralazawee7524]

Thank you

[@kevinheard8364]

First class video, sir

[@daverotors]

Small correction (3:35) : The dashed lines on the VFR chart do not point to the magnetic north. They're isogonals, showing that the variation is the same along that line. You need to look for the label along that line that shows the actual variation. You can't measure the angle against those lines or you will lose orientation real quick!

[@user-uh8ct3ys8l]

Even though it’s a year . Thank you captain Joe

[@sigwx1]

During my flight school we associated magnetic declination as "w" "wiskey(the drink of course), then put some more" that's why we add to the true heading.

[@thomasgiovinozzo4059]

Loved this explanation, but every time an aero map showed up, my head started spinning! I’m sure with practice I could figure it out, but as a layman, it may as well be Esperanto. I read music and my friends who don’t tell me a similar story (i.e. it’s all gibberish dots and lines and Italian words!). Great video.

[@anonymous138]

Wieso kannst du das alles sooooooo gut erklären😍 Habe wirklich alles verstanden🙌🙌

[@carloscrack3]

Cool!

[@olmynuwen]

Excellent explanation thanks but there is another problem we did not talk about. Consider you want to fly direct from Iceland to Alaska. You must start heading north and switch mid flight to heading south. How would you figure that one out?

[@mari2na43]

We just do that at school, what a nice coincidence!

[@ahmedmaalem8739]

Great lesson. Thanks Captain. Could you please explain us the external blinking lighting of the aircraft? Thx in advance.

[@ZK-APA]

He's already made a video on aircraft lights

[@radamus210]

You make it sound so easy Captain, but now that it comes back to me, it wasn't that easy in instruction but I didn't have you as a teacher either. Density altitudes next?? 😁 that's a quickie easy one

[@daftDAFdriver]

That little bit of hair sticking out is putting me off my heading Hahaha 😅😅😅 great video thanks for the explanation

[@SadBstard]

I think you should do the workings for all questions!!

[@tmting4942]

nice Vid.. airman, what about GRID HEADING, can you make an awesome work like this one about GRID NORTH with exemple.. let's say from Iqaluit (CYFB) to Resolute Bay (CYRB)

[@dennisb6853]

More flight related instructions pls

[@daverotors]

Awesome video! Unfortunately, I could never deal with the West Best, East Least mnemonic. What did work perfectly for me was this one: "From true to false, false sign(-), from false to true, true sign(+)". Meaning: From true to magnetic to compass heading, you subtract the variation or deviation value. From compass to magnetic to true heading, you add the deviation / variation value as you get closer to the true heading Got me through ATPL theory just fine :-)

[@leakd]

New Upload!!

[@jpdutoit6277]

A fun mnemonic I was taught to remember the relationship between these headings was, "Can Dead Men Vote Twice?" in other words, Compass hdg, Deviation, Magnetic hdg, Variation, True hdg. Variation sits between Magnetic and True and Deviation sits between Compass and Magnetic.

[@clearthings9282]

New book👌👌👌👍👍👍👍👍

[@boltlightning7804]

The calculations are actually pretty simple.

[@michael_viteritti]

Great video! Took me a moment to understand it, check now =)

[@bastianhanschitz2839]

And for those confused about which way to add what: "Empty sea, add water" -> Map to Compass, add West

[@skatersurfersnowboarder3545]

Fascinating! With no flight knowledge i was able to figure out all 3 headings! Excellent instructions I do have 2 follow up questions. You stated in a small Cessna you would have to recalculate every 5 minutes? For what? What changes? Wind can significantly affect the heading, what would be the case for a breezy day with multiple wind gusts from different directions? To what degree are commercial flights using these? or is it all automated by computer? and finally landing is important obviously! wouldnt the direction of flight want to set us up to be in the path of the runway? or would that be only done and aimed for as we make the approach? Thanks so much for the informative videos!

[@radamus210]

LOL! Man, it's been a while doing a flt plan but "West is Best" flipped a switch and BOOM! it all came back. I'm lucky though. Here in the midwest cornfields we live in a grid system, 1 mile squares chessboard. Waypoint verifications are a piece of cake. I'm also a fair weather, $100 burger kind of guy. This is the stuff you spend time grinding in the classroom and hitting the books and building a relationship with the Whizz wheel and charts with lots of interpolation.

[@johnopalko5223]

I learned to fly in Illinois. With near zero magnetic variation and all those section lines it was almost like cheating. It was quite an eye-opening experience when I moved to the Pacific Northwest. Here the variation is 15 degrees east and there's not a straight line to be found. Plus, mountains.

[@rickebert7548]

“If you think the world is flat, this video is not for _you_ !” 😂 👍🏼

[@Sayan_Debbarma]

Please release more flight school training based videos every week, Capt.

[@danilocastro6611]

Just some mnemonics guys, so you cannot forget nevermore.